Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Diverse production systems:
Local management of plant genetic resources
Bhuwon SthapitBioversity International13-14 February 2008FAO, Rome
Starting point
•Community concern is with extreme events, their
frequencies and predictability!
•Knowledge gap on how
these farmers and
communities are coping with climate change over
the years?
•What are those traditional knowledge and practices
that we can build upon?
Community estimates of diversity for
traditional varieties in crops (n=15; 8 countries) Jarvis et al., 2008)
0.640.7014.01.8Weighted average
0.760.6714.01.4Millet
0.660.9660.32.1Cassava
0.700.608.51.6Maize
0.640.7734.82.2Rice
Average Divergence (TV)
Community Evenness (TV)
Community Richness (TV)
Average Farm Richness (TV)
Crops
Diversity for adversity
Portfolio of varieties-69 cultivars
Ekle-stability
Bhatti-wetter years
Anga-drier years
Mansara-marginal
Portfolio of management practices
Seed priming
Mixed farming
Portfolio of use practicesUncultivated food
Cooking methods
Asahana
Gene Bank(ex situ)
Breeding
FORMAL SYSTEM
Seed production
Seed quality control
Distribution
Seed
Planting
Cultivation
Harvest
Storage
INFORMALSYSTEM75-97%
Exchange
Consumption
Market
Farmers
Traditional system of local innovation and
local crop development
Forest / wild
1. Saved own
2. Barter/gift3. Sale/purchase
3-25%
4239193867616Purchase
6517303836423031Gift
525664675458516453Exchange
200520042001200520042001200520042001
Bara (100m)K/ Chheu (600m)Begnas (1200m)
Change (%) in Flow of Genetic MaterialsMeans of
Flow
Flow of genetic materials
Exchange and gifts are most common social customsChanges are happening –increase in sale of seed
Informal seed system: Access for farmers a
secure source of locally adapted seed
Baniya et al., 2003
97RiceNepal
Mellas, 200087Durum wheat
Morocco
Ortega-Packkaet al., 2000
75MaizeMexico
Kabore, 200095SorghumBurkina Faso
ReferenceContribution of farmer seed
system (source) %
CropCountry
In India alone-100 million farms-15-20% of them use seed from the regular seed trade; the remaining 80 m farms depend on self saved seed or seed supply from farmers! (Swaminathan, 1998)
Farmer seed system functions:
Germplasm base
– diversity, flexibility, selection
Seed production and quality
– germination, vigor, disease problems, quantity
Seed availability and distribution
– seed sources, social networks, markets
Knowledge and information
– adaptation, growing methods, utilization, knowledge of new materials, traits trade off
(Source: Hodgkin and Jarvis, 2003)
53
26OS
182
181
81115
48
OSOS
Madhese
Purchase
EklePurchase
Rato
anadi
Gift
Jeth
obudho
Gif
tPakhe
Gift
Gurdi
Purchase
EklePurchase
Man
sara
Purc
hase
Dud
hean
adi
Gift
Kat
he
gurd
i
Purc
has
e
173
172
Ekle, anadi
Exchange
Madhese
Exchange
47151
23
152
67
199
125
126
EkleGiftGurdi
Exchagne
Kat
he
gurd
i
Exch
ange
Mad
hes
e
Purc
has
e
Kathe gurdi
Exchange
Panhele
Exchange
K.
gu
rdi
Exch
ange
Set
ogu
rdi
Exch
ange
37110
389
144
Sano madhesePurchase
Man
sul i
Exch
ange
Madhese
Exchange
Man
am
uri
Exch
ange
Rad
haE
xcha
nge
156
157
158
159
90
RadhaExchangeMixed grainExchangeMadhese
Exchange
Radha
Exchange
Thulo madhese
Gift
Man
suli
Gif
t
Pak
heja
rnel
i
Pur
chas
e
78
8
206
207 OS
Pakhe jarneli
Exchange
Mansuli
Exchange
Naltumme
Gift
Nal
tum
me
Gift
MansuliG
ift
16
41
76
40
165
164
205
204
OS
OS
163
OSOS
111
167
Radha 9ExchangeRadha 9Exchange
Radha 9Exchange
Rad
ha 9
Excha
nge
RadhaExchange
Thu
lom
ansu
liE
xch
ange
Radha 9Exchange
Rad
ha
Exch
ange
Radha 9
Gift
Exchange
Food grain
ExchangeFood grain
Exchange
Radha 9
Exchange
Rad
ha
9
Gif
t
Mad
heG
ift
Khumal4
GiftSabitri
Gift
Fig 1. Farmers’ network on rice seed flow in Begnas eco-site (Subedi et al 2003)
Social seed networks: Who maintains diversity and how?
What is farmer system?� own saved seed� exchange� gifts� purchase
Who is nodal farmer?� high frequency of exchange seed and information to other farmers
TrustReciprocityCustom
Who is innovator?� search� select� maintain� exchange
Meta-population Theory� migration� colonization
137
25
Ind
65
50
119
121
34
11
120
130
129
OS
70
Ind
81 2
97
75
197
196
195
Ind
41OS
145
146
144
126
6
183
182
Ind
184
OS Ind
31
37
OS OS
OS
136
OS
71
Ind
89127
OS
588
90
Ind
91 16
OS
64
180
181
OS
60
179
56
174
173
3
OS
OS
84
83
82
OS 54
160
100
159
17
101
OS
OS
102
45
RS116
OS
RS
OS
24
114
115
113
68
Ind
118
119120
121
188
77
IndInd
49
58
OS
OS
RS
OS
154
171 170
169
168
OS
172
Ind
S. m ansuli
ExchangeS. m
ansuli
Exchange
S. man
suli
Gift
S. m ansuli
E xchange
Sona mansuli
Exchange
S. man
suli
Exch
ange
M utmur
Exchange
Chin
a 4
Exch
ange
M asula
Gift
Kan
chhi m
ansu
liG
ift
M asulaExchange
Mas
ula
Exchange
M asula
Exchange
BG 1442Gift
Masu
la
Gif
t
Sona m ansula , masula
Exchange
SabitriE xchange
Sona m ansuli
Exchange
Nat m
asula
Exchange
Nat masulaExchange
Sab
itri
Exchange
Masu
la
Exchange
Nat masulaExchange
China 4, Phi llips
Gift
Chi
na 4
Exch
angeM
asulaPurchase
M asula
Exchange
Jaya
Purchas
e
Masu
la
Exch
angeJayaExchange
N . m asulaExchange
Jaya
Exchange
Jaya
Exc
hang
e
Masu
l a
Gi f
t
Sab
itri
Exch
ange
Mas
ula
Exch
ange
China 4E xchange
China 4
GiftM
ansu
l i
Pu
rchaseC
hina 4
Exch
angeChina 4
ExchangeC hin a 4
Exchange
Chin
a 4
Exchan
ge
Chin
a 4
Gif
t
K. m ansuliExchange
Rani pan
kaj
Gift
K. m
ansu
li
Exch
ange C
hin
a 4
Gift
Chi n
a 4
Gif
t
Pokhreli m asino
ExchangeChina 4Gift
Chin
a 4
Gif
t
China
4
Gift
China 4
Gift
HybridPurchase
Jaya
Ex
cha n
ge
Nat
mas
ula
Exchange
China 4Exchange
SabitriExchange
Televis
ion
Exchange
Chin
a 4
Exch
ange
Nat
mas
ula
Gift
SabitriBorrow
Chin
a 4
Borr
owSab
itri
Borr
ow
Lajhi
Purchase
Chi
na
4E
xchan
ge
Faram
Exchange
Ram pur m ansuliGiftSabitri
Exchange
Chandina
Exchange
Phi
llip
sPur
chas
e
Mas
ula
Exch
ange
Masu
la
Exch
ange
M asula
Exchange
Sona man
suli
Exchange
Sab
itri
Exch
ange
Sab
itri
Exch
ange
Son
am
ansu
liP
urc
has
e
Sabitri
Exchange
Sona mansuli
Exchange
BG
144
2Pur
chas
e
Rad
ha
32
Purc
has
e
S. m ansu li
Gift
S. mansuli
Gift
Mansu
li
Exch
ange
Phillips
ExchangeLalsar
Exchange
China 4
Exchange
Basm ati
Exchange
Masu
la
Exchange
B 44
Gift
Pus
abas
mat
i
Purc
has
e
Sona
man
suli
Gif
t
B 4
4
Exchange
China 4
E xchangeS. mansuliGift
S. mansuli
Exchange
S. m
ansu
li
Exch
ange
S. m
ansu
li
Exchan
ge
S. man
suli
Exc
hange
Ram pur m ansuli
Trial
Sona m ansuliExchange
K. mansul i
Gift
BasmatiExchange
K. m
ansu
li
Exch
ange
Kan
chh
im
ansu
li
Bo
rro
w
Jiri
Borrow
China 4
Borrow
Sab
itri
Exch
ange
Chin
a 4
Exch
ange
K. mansuliExchangeSabitri
Purchase
S. mansuli
Purchase
1
79
Ind
80
Ind
67
RS OS
59
186
OS
187 Masula
Exchange
Nat
masu
liP
urc
has
e
China 4
Gift
Masula
Exchange
Kanchhi m
ansuli
Exchange
Dip
ahiy
a
Exchan
ge
Ram
pur
masu
li
Purc
hase
Chaite 4
Gift
Masu
la
Gi f
t
S. masuliExchange
Mas
ulaExch
ange
4
87
86
85
Chandina
Borrow
Chandina
Borrow
Cha
ndi
naB
orr
ow
927Masula
Exchange
8
201
202
Nakhi saro
Exchange
K.
man
suli
Ex
chan
ge
10 96
OS
Masula
Exchange
Nat
man
suli
Gif
t
43
149
OS
148
RS
Masula
Exchange
R. m
asu
liP
urc
has
e
S. mansuli
Gift
Masula
Exchange
98
12
OS
OS
Ind
S. m
ansuli
Exchange
Faram (71)
Exchange
China 4
Exchange
Panjabi
Exchange
S. M
ansu
liE
xch
ang
e
9915Masula
Exchange
18 102
Ind
China 4
Exchange
Mansu
li
Gift
200
19978
Chi
na 4
Exc
hang
e
R. Mansuli
Exchange
China 4Exchange
10319Chandina
Exchange
109
1099
108
107
Jaya
Exchange
N. sa
roP
urc
has
e
Television
Exchange
Jaya
Exchange
104
Jaya
Ex
chan
ge
20
105Nat mansuli
Exchagne
57
64163
164
165
166167
Jaya
ExchangeJaya
Exchange
JayaExchange
ExchangeJaya
Jaya
Exc
hang
e
Jaya
Ex
chan
ge
Jaya Ex
chan
ge
11021N. mansuli
Exchange
111
112
Jaya
Exchange
Sab
itri
Ex
chan
ge
22
ShopSokanPurchase
128
72
33
ChandinaPurchase
Chan
din
a
Pu
rchase
China 4
Purchase
27 OSMansuli
Gift
122
106
118
117
China 4Exchange
Sab
itri
Pu
rchas
e
Sona mansuli
Gift
Sabitri
Exchange
28 124
106
125
MasulaExchange
Chia
n4
Ex
chan
ge
Chaite 2
Gift
30
62RS
Masula
Exchange
Chi
na 4
Exc
hang
e
Chaite 2
Trial
Size of networks-strong vs weak; open vs close network (Paudel et al., 2008 in press)
Social seed network in Bara, Nepal
Impact on diversity?Community interventions?
Resilient to climate change
96.63.431.82614
CBR 2003
(n=349 HHs)
83.316.767.82033
Baseline 1998
(n=202 HHs)
MVsLRsMVsLRs
% of area occupied by
% of no. of LRs
growers
No. of LRs/MVs
Year of study and
type
(Source: Shrestha et al., 2006)
Impact of poor social networks
Community actions to improve access of local varieties
87114016 (40)19 (48)5 (12)2003
69133515 (43)14 (40)6 (17)2004
197238733 (38)37 (42)17 (20)2005
80216432 (50)25 (39)7 (11)2006
1032810245 (44)34 (33)23 (23)2007
TotalPoorMediumRich
Seed (Kg)
No. of landrace
s
Number of farmers of different socio-economic
Year
Access to landraces from Community Seed Bank
Local community based interventions
• What are tools and methods that empower communities to assess community diversity and
develop both conservation and development actions?
• What are the possible community based interventions that support farmers and
communities to cope climate change through use
of plant genetic resources?
• Change management to adaptation and mitigation
and assessing change
Community action 1: Seed diversity fair
Community action 2: Participatory learning for understanding local context and
associated traditional knowledge
Tools: Four cell analysis, TK Journal, CBR, Participatory diagnostic tool; PRA, Survey etc
Large area;Few HHs
Small area;Many HHs
Small area;Few HHs
Large area;Many HHs
Ex situconservation
On-farmconservation
Improve materials
Value additionMarket links
Community action 3: Empowering community for setting development and
conservation agenda
Recognition
Improve access
CBR
Ac
tio
n 4
: D
ivers
ity
Fie
ld
Fo
r a
/ C
BM
Community action 5: Community
biodiversity register and community seed bank
Community bio-
diversity register;
Community seed
bank
National
Genebank
Options• VA• PPB
Diversity fair/ block*
Household
seed store
Formal Breeding
Farmer’s seedsupply system
CommunityCommunity--based PGR managementbased PGR management
Strengthening local capacity for management Strengthening local capacity for management
of local crop diversity for rural livelihoods and of local crop diversity for rural livelihoods and
incomeincome
(Source: Sthapit and Jarvis, 1999)
Consolidating role of farmers as conservers, promoters of diversity and as dynamic Innovators ??
Basic concerns:(1) ACCESS;(2) IPR;(3) MARKET;(4) BIOSAFETY (Sajise et al., 2007)
Wild
relatives
Selection SelectionField
Farmer
Varieties
Farmer’s
seed system
Outside
Farmer’s Varieties
(1, 2, 3) (1, 2, 3) (1, 2, 3)
(1, 2, 3)
Selection(1, 2, 3)
PPB
(1, 2, 3)Selection
Biotechnology (4)
Adapted
gene pool
Breeders’
Varieties
Breeders’
seed system
Commercial
farmers(1, 2, 3)
(1, 2, 3)
Community
seed storage and exchange
Plant, animal
microbe species
(1, 2, 3)
UPOV - NDUS
Patent – NDNew, non-obvious inventive step, utility
CertificationDUS
(1, 2, 3)
Selection
Knowledge/skills
Social customs/practices
Rules/ institutions
CBM
Creating Local Varieties
Improve on-farmConservation
Conceptual framework
Farmersempowerment
Community basedCrop improvement
Mitigation
Adaptation
Momordica cochinchinensis L. Sechium edule L. Trewia nudiflora L.
Luffa cylindrica L.Cyphomandra betacea L.
Coccinea grandis L.Cucurbita moschata L.
Capsicum microcarpum L.
Dolichos lablab L.Brassica juncea var. rayoDioscorea spp. L.Colocasia esculenta L.
Reality: There will never be enough plant breeders for all crops for all situations!
Approach: Teach how to fish rather than providing a fish!
Challenges
How can we support the system that empower community to make decision on local
management of crop diversity and prepare them for coping vulnerability and opportunity?
How can global forum assist capacity of farmers and local institutions for searching, selecting and
exchange plant genetic resources and associated
knowledge that benefits poor farmers?
How these local management strategies could be
used for global relevance?
Take home messages
• Maintaining healthy seed systems at local level should be a coping strategy for climate change
• Community-based CBM approach is a holistic way
to integrate crops, forestry, fish, and livestock for mitigating negative effects of climate change at
local level
• Need mechanisms for strengthening community
capacity to access genetic resources and associated information and skills in breeding at
local to global levels
Thank you very much
