Diurnal Water Use & Implications for Master Planning Michigan Section AWWA Annual Conference August 13, 2010 Janice Skadsen Michigan Section AWWA Annual

Diurnal Water Use & Implications for Master Planning

Diurnal Water Use & Implications for Master Planning

Michigan Section AWWA Annual Conference

August 13, 2010

Janice Skadsen

Michigan Section AWWA Annual Conference

August 13, 2010

Janice Skadsen

Co-AuthorsCo-Authors

Molly Wade, City of Ann Arbor

Pete Perala, City of Ann Arbor (retired)

Stan Plante, CDM

Henry Fan, CDM

Mark TenBroek, CDM

Goals of the Master PlanGoals of the Master Plan

IMPROVE city’s capacity to predict flow and pressure in existing distribution system.

DETERMINE system improvements needed to meet current and projected water demands

PRIORITIZE capital improvement projects that will sustain reliable water distribution into the future

Water Master Plan ProjectWater Master Plan Project

Data Collected

– Collect detailed diurnal and seasonal water use patterns for different types of customers

Data Purpose

– Use patterns in hydraulic model (InfoWater) to provide more realistic water demands

City of Ann Arbor StatisticsCity of Ann Arbor Statistics

Service area about 50 square miles

Population about 115,000

5 pressure districts

About 27,000 meters

All pipe InfoWater hydraulic model

Automatic Data Readers (AMR)Automatic Data Readers (AMR)

Installed in 2004 to:

– Reduce FTEs for manual meter reading

– Reduce workman’s comp claims

– Improve data information and timeliness

– Improve customer service

Provides real-time detailed data

– Collect data twice per day

Cost $6.9M for approximately 27,000 meters

AMR Pattern ApproachAMR Pattern Approach

Reprogrammed 100 meters:

– Used 30 minute data collection intervals

– Meters selected to represent a range of user types

– Data collection between February, 2009 and April, 2009

– Data collection completed September, 2009

Processed data:

– Develop weekly patterns

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Flo

w (m

gd

)

Ann Arbor WTP Production

Average Maximum Minimum

AMR Data PatternsAMR Data Patterns

Residential patterns:

– Consistent

– Outdoor Waterers

– Irrigation only meter

– Snowbird (not sampled)

Small commercial patterns

Large user patterns

Irrigation & outdoor waterer patterns

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0Residential Consistent Pattern

Hours

No

rma

lize

d W

ate

r U

se

Sample size = 22Sunday Saturday

Sample size = 6

More peaks than consistent userPattern is average over May-AugustApply this pattern to summer months

Use constant pattern for winter months

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Residential Outdoor Waterer Pattern

Hour

No

rma

lize

d W

ate

r U

se

Sunday Saturday

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Dedicated Irrigation Summer/Max Pattern

Hours

No

rma

lize

d U

sa

ge

Additional Residential PatternsAdditional Residential Patterns

Snowbird:

– No samples showing reduced winter use

– Recommend consistent residential


Residential patterns


Large user patterns

Irrigation & outdoor waterer pattern

Pattern comparisons

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Commercial Restaurant Average Pattern

Hours

No

rma

lize

d W

ate

r U

se

Sample size = 4

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Commercial Multi-Family Housing Pattern

Hours

No

rma

lize

d W

ate

r U

se

Sample size = 8

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Commercial Office Pattern

Hours

No

rma

lize

d W

ate

r U

se

Sample size = 5

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Commercial Retail Pattern

Hours

No

rma

lize

d W

ate

r U

se

Sample size = 4




Large user patterns


Pattern comparisons

Demand Distribution - Largest 200 UsersDemand Distribution - Largest 200 Users

1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 1001091181271361451541631721811901990

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Usage Ranking

Av

era

ge

Us

ag

e (

GP

M)

39% of total system demand

27% from Top 50 users

Large UsersLarge Users User types:

– 12 Campus (Univ. of Michigan, community college)

– 12 Medical (2 major hospitals)

– 7 Student Housing

– 3 Hotels

– 2 U of M Power Plant connections

– 2 Wholesale Customers

– 1 Retirement Home

– 1 Office

– 1 Unique (mixed commercial /residential)

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Campus

U/M SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH

U/M MICHIGAN UNION

U/ M PALMER DRIVE COMMONS

U/M LAUNDRY NC

U/M ELECTRICAL ENG & COMPUTER SCEINCE

U/M MASON HALL

U/M EAST HALL

U/M LITERATURE SCIENCE AND THE ART

U/M INTRAMURAL SPORTS BLDG

U/M LURIE ENGINEERING

U/M (Chemistry Building)

(WCC)

Hours

No

rma

lize

d w

ate

r u

se

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Campus - representative

Hours

No

rma

lize

d w

ate

r u

se

Sample size = 11

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Medical

U/M CANCER & GERIATRIC

U/M UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

U/M UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

U/M MEDICAL SCIENCE II

U/ M BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH BLDG

VETERANS ADMIN HOSP

U OF M/ CARDIO VASCULAR BLDG

U/M MEDICAL SCIENCE III

U OF M CANCER & GERIATRIC

U/M DENTAL/KELLOGG

U/M MEDICAL SCIENCE III

U/M DENTAL/KELLOGG

Hours

No

rma

lize

d w

ate

r u

se

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Medical - representative

Hours

No

rma

lize

d w

ate

r u

se

Sample size = 12

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Student U/M BURSLEY HALL

HURON TOWERS APTS

U/M MARY MARKLEY

U/M NORTHWOOD V APTS 2701

U/M WEST QUADRANGLE

U/M VERA BAITS II COMAN HSE

U/M SOUTH QUAD

Hours

No

rma

lize

d w

ate

r u

se

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Student - representative

Commercial Multi-Family Average pattern

Student - straight average pattern

Hours

No

rma

lize

d w

ate

r u

se

Sample size = 7

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Hotel

WEBERS INN

DALHMAN APTS LTD (Campus Inn)

WINSTON HOSPITALTY (Marriott)

Hours

No

rma

lize

d w

ate

r u

se

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Hotel - representative

Hours

No

rma

lize

d w

ate

r u

se

Sample size = 3

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

Retirement Homes

Hours

No

rma

lize

d w

ate

r u

se

Sample size = 1

Retirement Homes ApproachRetirement Homes Approach Assume two types of use:

– Assisted living:Recommend using monitored pattern

– Retirement community:Recommend using multi-family pattern

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Scio Township

SCIO TOWNSHIP

SCIO TOWNSHIP

Hours

No

rma

lize

d w

ate

r u

se

Scio ApproachScio Approach

Monitored pattern reflects tank operation

Composite demands unknown

Recommend using Ann Arbor’s composite pattern

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Large User Average Pattern

Hour

No

rma

lize

d W

ate

r U

se




Large user patterns


Pattern comparisons

Seasonal PatternsSeasonal Patterns

Criteria:

– Consider all AMR data for 2 years

–Standard deviation > 40% of monthly

averages

–Summer use (May – August) > rest of year

(Sept, Oct, Mar & Apr)

Seasonal Water wUsersSeasonal Water wUsers

20% of residential

22% of small commercial

0% of large users

Irrigation only meters (746 accounts, 4 large user) – develop generated pattern due to lack of data

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Hours

No

rmal

ized

Wat

er U

se




Large user patterns


Pattern comparisons

– Average day

– Non-summer day

– Summer max day

– Max day

Existing diurnal pattern

Year Round Non-Summer Summer Max Max Day0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Demands by User Type

TOP 200Small Commercial - AverageCommercial RetailCommercial RestaurantCommercial OfficeCommercial Multi-FamilyCommercial IrrigationResidential Outdoor WaterersResidential ConsistentUFW

Sy

ste

m D

em

an

d (

MG

D)

1.5~2.0

0 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132 143 154 1650

10

20

30

40

50

60

Annual Average Patterns


Sy

ste

m D

em

an

d (

MG

D)

14.8

0 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132 143 154 1650

10

20

30

40

50

60

Non-Summer Patterns


Sy

ste

m D

em

an

d (

MG

D)

13.3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 1600

10

20

30

40

50

60

Summer Patterns


Sy

ste

m D

em

an

d (

MG

D)

20.8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 1600

10

20

30

40

50

60

Max Day Patterns


Sy

ste

m D

em

an

d (

MG

D)

30.3

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680

10

20

30

40

50

60

Diurnal Pattern Comparison – Average Day

Year RoundYear Round - Original Diurnal

Sy

ste

m D

em

an

d (

MG

D)

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680

10

20

30

40

50

60

Diurnal Pattern Comparison – Max Day

Max DayMax Day - Original Diurnal

Sy

ste

m D

em

an

d (

MG

D)

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1680

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3Comparison of Diurnal

Demands in ModelUFWResidential ConsistentResidential Outdoor WaterersSmall CommercialTOP 200Original Diurnal

No

rma

lize

d W

ate

r U

se

BenefitsBenefits

Higher peaks and lower minimums observed versus typical assumptions

Improved understanding of water use, particularly local conveyance

Effort minimal to reprogram and collect data, but some effort to analyze

Data collection limited by volunteer participation & battery life

RecommendationsRecommendations

Consider developing residential user classes

– Consistent year-round use

– Summer waterer with increased summer peaks

Use large user flows and patterns directly where available

Consider a variety of commercial and small industrial patterns where possible

Documents

Diurnal Water Use & Implications for Master Planning Michigan Section AWWA Annual Conference August 13, 2010 Janice Skadsen Michigan Section AWWA Annual