DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (SOUTH TRIPURA DISTRICT, TRIPURA)

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (SOUTH TRIPURA DISTRICT, TRIPURA)

Prepared by : RSP Green Development & Laboratories Pvt.Ltd.Howrah,West Bengal Page 1

CONFIDENTIALITY CLAUSE

This District Survey Report (DSR) of South Tripura District, Tripura, has been

prepared by RSP Green Development and Pvt. Ltd., Howrah, West Bengal,

India.

Any reproduction, direct or indirect other than for the specific purpose for

which the report has been prepared, should not be carried out, without prior

written consent of RSP Green Development and Pvt. Ltd. and Govt. of Tripura.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Last but not the least, RSP Green Development and Pvt. Ltd. Record their

sincere thanks and gratefulness to the Government functionaries of Tripura

and prominent citizens of South Tripura district and also the villagers in and

around the villages who have offered their fullest cooperation unhesitatingly

but for which the execution of the work would have not become as smooth as

it has been.



With Thanks ……………….

Depertment Respected Person(s) Designation

Forest

Respected Dr. Alind Rastogi, IFS, PCCF & HoFF “ Shri Sanjib Das , IFS, DFO “ Shri Biplab Datta SDFO “ Shri Pradip Brata Debbarma SDFO “ All Officers Forest Dept (H.O)

District Administration

Respected Shri Debapriya Bardhan, IAS District Magistrate (DM)

“ All Officers Addl. District Magistrate & Others Officers

DSTE Respected Shri Shivanand S. Talawar IFS Director

“ All Officers Science, Technology & Environment Deptt

TSPCB

Respected Sri Manas Mukherjee Member Secretary “ Dr. Mihir Kumar Das Scientist-C & HoO All Officers Tripura State Pollution

Control Board Rural Development

Respected Swapan Das Chief Engineers

“ All Officers RD Depertment



Contents

Sl NO Chapter Page No 01 Preface 06-07 02 Introduction 08-09 03 General Profile of the District 09-32

04 Physio graphy of the District 33-34

05 Land use Pattern of the District 35-39

06 Geology 40-50 07 Mineral Wealth 51-59 08 Over view of Mining Activity in the

District 60-60

09 Details of Revenue Generated from Mineral Sector During last three years

61-61

10 Transport 62-63 11 Executive Summary 64-64



"Landaus patterns are an expression of deep political

economic and cultural structure; they do not change when an

ecologist or forester sounds the alarm that a country is

losing its resource base".

Anonymous



1. PREFACE

On 15 January 2016, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of

India issued a notification and in which Para 7(iii) (a) and Annexure (x) purpose and

structure of District Survey Report has been discussed. District Survey report (DSR) will

be prepared in every district for each minor mineral. The District Survey Report will guide

systematic and scientific utilization of natural resources, so that present and future

generation may be benefited at large. The guidelines of MoEF will support that

fundamental concept, promoting environmental protection, limiting negative

physiological, hydrological and social impacts under pinning sustainable economic

growth. Sand is naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and

mineral particles between 115 µ to 4.75 mm in diameter (IS 383-1970). Sand is formed due

to weathering of rocks due to mechanical forces. In the process the weathered rocks form

gravel at first and then sand. It is also felt that the grater use of substitute material

(manufactured sand, artificial sand etc.) and construction technology and sustainable use

of the resource could drastically reduce adverse impact of mining on the environment.

The broad principal on which any sustainable sand mining guidelines or policy can be

based is that river or natural resources must be utilized for the benefit of the preset and

future generation, so river resources should be prudently managed and developed.

The purpose of District Survey report (DSR) has been described as"identification of areas

of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed; and identification of areas of

erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and installations where mining should

be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for

replenishment after mining in that area". The District Survey report (DSR) will contain

mainly data published and endorsed by various departments and websites about Geology

of the area, Mineral wealth details of rivers, Details of Lease and Mining activity in the

District along with Sand mining and revenue of minerals. This report also contains details

of Forest, Rivers, Soil, Agriculture, Road, Transportation and climate etc.



The total geographical area of the District is 1514.3Sq. Km. (approx). Although

the district is situated in the southernmost tip of the State; it has the

advantage of being connected with the State Capital through National

Highway 44. The anticlinal hill ranges forms the watersheds from which

various drainage channels emerged. The district is drained by many

perennial rivers. The major rivers are Gomti, Muhuri, Fenny, Laugang etc.

Physiographically, the area can be divided into two parts, Anticlinal Hill

Ranges and Synclinal flat-bottomed valleys. The major hill ranges are

Baramura and Atharamura. The trend of the hill ranges is almost N – S.

Disclaimer: - The data may vary due to flood, heavy rains and other natural

calamities. Therefore, it is recommended that DEIAA may take into

consideration all its relevant aspects / data while scrutinizing and

recommending the application for EC to the concerned Authority.



2.INTRODUCTION

South Tripura district is situated between North Latitudes 22º58/ 00// and

23º45/ 00// and East Longitude 91º15/ 30// and 91º58/ 30// falling in the Survey of

India degree sheet number 79M. It is bounded by Bangladesh on south, east

and west sides, by west Tripura district on north and northwestern sides and

by Dhalai district on northeast side. The total geographical area of the district

is 1514.3 sq.km.



Map 1: Administrative Map of South Tripura District

Source : South Tripura District Profile



3. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

a) GENERAL INFORMATION

Geographical Area & Geographical Position: -The total geographical area of

the District is 1514.322 sq. km. Although the district is situated in the

southernmost tip of the State, it has the advantage of being connected with

the State Capital through National Highway 44. The project for extension of

railway line up to Sabroom Town via Belonia would further improve the

transportation and communication link with the rest of the State. While

Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary under Rajnagar Block and Pilak under Jolaibari

have the potential to become major tourist attractions, Belonia and Sabroom

Towns have the potential to become major export-import hub.



Map 2: Location Map of South Tripura




Administrative Divisions (Sub-Divisions, Blocks): - District has three sub

divisions (Belonia, Sabroom and Santirbazar). The district resides in two Lok

Sabha constituencies: Tripura West (shared with West Tripura district)

and Tripura East (shared with Dhalai and North Tripura districts).

SUB DIVISION/

MAHAKUMA

REVENEU CIRCLE TEHSIL

SANTIR BAZAR SANTIRBAZAR RAJAPUR, BIRCHANDRANAGAR,

SANTIRBAZAR, BAIKORA, BOGAFA

JOLAIBARI JOLAIBARI, LAKKHICHHARA, PURBO PILAK, PASCHIM

PILAK, MUHURIPUR, KALSI,

DAKHSIN HICHACHHARA BILONIA BILONIA BILONIA, SARASHIMA,

MAICHHARA, RISHYAMUKH, KRISHNAGAR, MOTAI,

RATANPUR, CHITTAMARA, DAKSHIN BHARATCHANDRA

NAGAR

RAJNAGAR BARPATHRI, RAJNAGAR, RADHANAGAR, SIDDHINAGAR

SABROOM SABROOM SABROOM, MANU BANKUL, BAISNABPUR, HARINA,

BRAJENDRANAGAR

MANU BAZAR MANU, BHORATOLI, SRINAGAR, DAKHSIN

BIJOYPUR, RAJNAGAR

Ref:https://jami.tripura.gov.in)



Population (As per Census 2011):-

As per 2011 census, the total population of the district is 453079 persons with

a density of 299 persons/ sq.km.

b) CLIMATIC CONDITION

The climate in the area is characterized by moderate temperature and is

highly humid in nature. There are three prominent seasons summer, rainy

and winter. The summer season spans from March to May and is followed by

SW monsoon lasting till September. Winter season starts from November

and lasts till the end of February.

The temperature in the area varies from 5.10C to 35.60C. The humidity is

generally high throughout the year. In summer season the relative humidity

varies between 50 to 90 percent and in rainy season, the relative humidity is

over 85 percent in morning and in evening it varies between 70 to 80 percent.



c) RAINFALL (MONTH-WISE) AND HUMIDITY

The co-efficient of variation of rainfall in the area ranges from 6 – 32%

suggested a low variability of annual rainfall.

Humidity is generally high throughout the year. In the summer season the

relative humidity is between 50 percent to 74 percent whereas in the rainy

season it is over 85 percent.

SN MONTH AVERAGE RAINFALL (cm)

1 January 0

2 February 3.22

3 March 18.63

4 April 38.62

5 May 32.58

6 June 44.40

7 July 35.66

8 August 22.85

9 September 19.40

10 October 10.55

11 November 12.55

12 December 0



Fig 1: Bar diagram of average rainfall (South Tripura District)

0 10 20 30 40 50

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER

RAINFALL IN cm

RAINFALL IN cm



Fig 2: Pie chart of average rainfall (South Tripura district)

d) TOPOGRAPHY & TERRAIN



Baramura and a hill range at west boundary. The trend of the hill ranges is

almost N – S. The height of the hill ranges increases from west to east. A

broad synclinal valley is located along Manu-bazar, Jolaibari, Laogang

Bazar. The valleys are gently undulating with intermittent flood plains of

rivers and streams. The undulations formed by 10 to 30 m high mounds with

gullies in between them, locally called “loonga.”

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER



e) WATER COURSE & HYDROLOGY

The anticlinal hill ranges forms the watersheds from which various drainage

channels emerged. The district is drained by many perennial rivers. The

major rivers are Laugang, Muhuri, and Fenny etc. These perennial rivers are

a part of Gomti sub-basin which in turn forms a part of Meghna basin. The

common drainage patterns are sub-parallel to parallel and dendritic. Up to

4th order streams are found in the area.

There are three hydrogeological units / water bearing formations identified

in the district are Alluvial formation, Dupitila formation and Tipam formation.

The details of the water bearing formations are as follows:

Alluvial formation: It occurs along the banks of main rivers and its thickness

varies from 10 to 15 m. Ground water occurs under unconfined condition.

Ground water development in the area has not been very significant because

of high clay and sandy clay content. Ground water is developed through dug

wells and ordinary hand pumps.

Dupitila formation: Dupitila formation is nearly horizontal in disposition and

its thickness varies from 10 to 30m. The formation consists of mainly clay and

silt with some intercalations of gritty and ferruginous sandstones. It is

exposed in the central portion of Udaipur valley. In general, it has low

permeability and low storage capacity due to high clay content. It has been

developed through dug wells and hand pumps.



Tipam formation: This formation consists of sub-rounded, fine to medium

grained, friable sandstone with intercalated clay. Tipam formation is found in

the majority of the valley portion. Sandstone of Tipam formation constitutes

the principal aquifer in the area. The permeability of this sandstone is much

higher than that of Dupitila sandstone or Surma sandstone. The recharge

area of the sandstone is in the anticlinal hills. Ground water occurs under

semi-confined to confined conditions. This sandstone is developed by deep

tubewells and shallow tubewells.



Map 3: River system map of South Tripura District

Source :South Tripura District Profile



f) GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT

In shallow aquifer ground water occurs under unconfined and semi-confined

to confined conditions. In major part of the area ground water occurs under

unconfined condition in shallow depth. Ground water occurs under confined

condition within shallow depths in small isolated zones, e.g., in central part of

Kakraban block, in northern part (Rajapur – Kanchannagar area) of Bagafa

block, in Srirampur area of Rajnagar block, in the southern part (Jalefa –

Harina area) of Satchand block. In deeper aquifers ground water occurs

under semi-confined to confined conditions. Ground water occurs under

artesian condition in Tulamura, Dhuptali, Rajnagar, Muhuripur, Charakbai,

East Pipariakhola, Fulkumari and Satchand area.

Nature and depth of Aquifer systems in the area

Aquifer system of the area is divided into two types, viz, shallow aquifer

within 50 m bgl and deep aquifer between 50 to 300 m below ground level.

Udaipur – Subroom valley:

This valley is a southern extension of Agartala valley. This valley is dominated

by thick sandstone horizons with thin intervening shale / clay horizons

particularly in the northern and southern part. In the central part around

Baikhora and Satchand the sandstone is quite thick and forms almost a

single aquifer system. In Rajapur – Tulamura area four aquifers can be

identified. The first granular zone is encountered in the depth range of 25 to

56 m below ground level. The thickness of the zone varies from 14 to 25 m.

The second granular zone occurs between 60 – 140 m below ground level. In

Subroom – Manubazar area 60 – 90 m thick granular zone occur between 35



– 135 m below ground level and second granular zone encountered at a depth

of 150 – 195 m below ground level. In the southern part of Belonia and eastern

part of Manu Bhanga hill Range (around Srinagar area) the sediment is more

argillaceous.

Depth to water level and seasonal fluctuation

The Board is monitoring water levels of observation wells four times in a

year i.e., during January, March, August and November. There are seven

observation wells in the district which are located at Manurmukh,

Dhawajnagar-udaipur, Gaptalli, Gorjee bazaar, Hryshamukh, Santirbazar

and Sabroom. During pre-monsoon period (March 2008), depth to water

level in unconfined aquifer varies from 1.42 – 5.82 m below ground level.

During post-monsoon period (November 2008), depth to water level in

unconfined aquifer varies from 0.90 – 5.10 m below ground level. The

seasonal fluctuation of water level (2008) varies between 0.20 to 1.04 m.

Long term Trend of Water Level

The Board is generating water level data over the years through monitoring

of network stations. There are 7 nos. network stations in the district. The data

generated was utilised for long-term trend of water levels.

During pre-monsoon season, the trend of water level for the last decade

(1999 – 2008) shows a rise of water level in 3 stations ranging from 0.173 to

0.205 m/yr and fall of water level in 1 station in order of 0.011 m/yr.



During post-monsoon season, the trend of water level for the last decade

(1997 – 2008) shows a rise in 4 stations with 0.035 to 0.081 m/yr and fall in 4

stations with 0.059 to 0.205 m/yr.

g) DRAINAGE SYSTEM (GENERAL)

The anticlinal hill ranges forms the watersheds from which various drainage

channels emerged. The district is drained by many perennial rivers. The

major rivers are Laugang, Muhuri, and Fenny etc. These perennial rivers are

a part of Gomti sub-basin which in turn forms a part of Meghna basin. The

common drainage patterns are sub-parallel to parallel and dendritic. Up to

4th order streams are found in the area.

Feni River rises from the hill ranges of the Indian state of tripura at 23°20'N

and 91°47'E, flows southwest marking the boundary with the Chittagong hill

tracts, then flows west, separating Tripura from Chittagong up to Aliganj and

then emerges out of the hills and passes through the plains dividing

Chittagong from Noakhali before falling into the Bay of Bengal at 22°50'N

and 91°27'E. This river belongs to Bangladesh as it used to form the

demarcation line between Chittagong, Noakhali and Tripura State of India.

But since 1960, India is using the river, claiming their right up to the

midstream.

The river is 116 km long from the source to the Bay of Bengal and 80.5 km of it

up to Ramgarh is navigable throughout the year by small boats.

During monsoon, it remains full of water but with every heavy shower in its

catchment area it becomes furious with rapid currents and whirling eddies at

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tripura

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_Hill_Tracts

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_Hill_Tracts

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_District

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Noakhali_District

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bay_of_Bengal

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Monsoon



sharp turns. The Muhuri from Noakhali district, also called little Feni, falls

into it near its mouth but it has no important affluent from Chittagong district.

The river is gradually silting up due to reckless extraction of timber tree from

the hill slopes and consequent heavy erosion of the hills.

Muhuri River, also called Little Feni, from Noakhali District joins it near its

mouth. The river is navigable throughout the year by small boats up to

Ramgarh, some 80 kilometres upstream.

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muhuri_River

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Little_Feni_River

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Timber_Tree

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhuri_River

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noakhali_District



Map 4: Drainage Pattern Map of Khowai District




h) DEMOGRAPHY

PARAMETERS PARTICULARS

Total population 4, 53,079 Nos.

Male 2, 34,118 Nos.

Female 2, 18,961 Nos.

SC Population (No. and % of total population) 74,020 Nos. (16.33%)

ST Population (No. and % of total population) 1, 62,463 Nos.

(35.85%)

Rural Population (in lakh) 4, 14,426 Nos.

Urban Population (in lakh) 38,653 Nos.

Population Density (Ratio) 299 per Sq. Km.

Sex Ratio 935 Female per 1000

Male

Literacy Male (in percentage) 93.39%

Literacy Female (in percentage) 79.54%

Literacy Total (in percentage) 85.09%

Total geographical area (in Sq. Km.) 1514.3 Sq. Km.

(Ref: southtripura.nic.in)



Fig 3: Bar diagram of population, South Tripura

Fig 4: Pie chart of male and female population, South Tripura

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

Male Female SC Population

ST Population

NO OF POPULATION

NO OF POPULATION

NO OF POPULATION

Male

Female



Fig 5: Pie chart of ST & ST population, South Tripura

Fig 6: Pie chart of rural & urban population, South Tripura

NO OF POPULATION

SC Population

ST Population

NO OF POPULATION

Rural Population

Urban Population



i) CROPPING PATTERN

The major crops grown in the area are rice, pulses, oilseeds, potato and other

crops. Cropping pattern in the area is paddy oriented. During the year 2006-

07, rice is a major crop grown with 28,813 ha.

PARAMETERS AREA IN HECTARE

NET SOWN AREA 41840

CURRENT FALLOW 475

AREA SOWN MORE THAN ONCE A

YEAR

24647

GROSS CROPPED AREA 72685

NET CROPPED AREA 41840

AREA UNDER FOOD GRAIN 44376

AREA UNDER SRI 17252

(ref: DISTRICT PROFILE, SOUTH TRIPURA, GOVT OF TRIPURA)



Fig 7: Bar diagram of cropping pattern, South Tripura District

j) LAND FORM AND SEISMICITY








gullies in between them, locally called “loonga.” The South Tripura district

comes under Earthquake prone Zone-V.

0 20000 40000 60000 80000

NET SOWN AREA

CURRENT FALLOW

AREA SOWN MORE THAN ONCE A YEAR

GROSS CROPPED AREA

NET CROPPED AREA

AREA UNDER FOOD GRAINS

AREA UNDER SRI

AREA IN HACTARES

AREA IN HACTARES



k) FLORA

The most important crops that are associated with this north-eastern state of

India are paddy, pulses, oilseeds, jute and different kinds of fruit and

vegetables. (ref: mapsofindia.com)

The forests of Tripura are varied. On the basis of large-scale studies in other

North-Eastern States, Deb(1981) considered the classification of forest types

suggested by Champion and Seth (1968) as better suited for describing and

correlating the forest types in India. Deb‟s description of the flora of tripura

has beenfollowed here.

Based on climate (also altitude and longitude), the forests of Tripura are

treated under tropical forest types. They are grouped and described as

follows:

A. Climate Types

B. Seral types

C. Subsidiary Edaphic types

Bamboo brakes widely in character and aspect cover very large areas in

Tripura as in Burma and Chittagong. Continuous bamboo forests are

interrupted with scattered evergreen treesor deciduous secondary stands.

Sheltered hollows and other favourable sites are dominated by bamboo. The

vast preponderance of bamboo forest may be the result of activity of man in

his practice of shiftingfavourable for bamboo growth. It is also possible that

bamboo holds the ground as a primary edaphic sub-climax.

(ref: biodiversity.tripura.gov.in/flora)



Map 5: Forest Map of South Tripura District




l) FAUNA

Wide variety of wild animals belonging to different groups are found in

Tripura. The richness of fauna could be attributed to its unique bio-

geographical location and zoo-geographical position. Literature shows that

there were large populations of rhinoceros, elephant, tiger, leopard, langurs

and monkeys in Tripura (Gupta, 2000).

Of a total of 15 species of non-human primate in India, 7(46.70%) are

documented from Tripura (Gupta, 2000). These also include some of the

highly rare, endemic and endangered species, viz., Hoolock gibbon, slow

loris, capped langur, Phayre‟s langur, stump-tailed macaque and pig-tailed

macaque. The other endangered and threatened mammalian species in

Schedule 1 of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 are elephant, sloth bear, Indian

wolf, Binturong, leopard, marbled cat, leopard cat, Chinese pangolin and

serrow, etc.

Seven Primate species have been documented in Tripura out of a total 15

found in India. Of these Primates slow loris and stumped tailed monkeys have

become rare. Phayre‟s leaf monkey (locally known as „Chashma Banar‟), has

a very restricted distribution in India, and is found in Tripura. Hoolock gibbon

is the only ape found in India, and its population has been rapidly dwindling in

Tripura.

(ref: biodiversity.tripura.gov.in/fauna)



4. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT








gullies in between them, locally called “loonga.”

In general, soils of the area are acidic in nature. The pH of soil ranges from

5.50 to 5.68. Nitrogen and phosphate is low, available potash is medium to

high, calcium, magnesium and sulfur are deficient in these soils. In the area

lateritic soil is found in tilla (hilly / small mounds) area, younger soils or river

valley soils are found along all major river courses, clayey soils are found in

paddy fields. Apart from these, sandy loam, clayey loam and loamy soils are

also available.

Aquifer system of the area is divided into two types, viz, shallow aquifer

within 50 m bgl and deep aquifer between 50 to 300 m below ground level.



Udaipur – Subroom valley:

This valley is a southern extension of Agartala valley. This valley is dominated

by thick sandstone horizons with thin intervening shale / clay horizons

particularly in the northern and southern part. In the central part around

Baikhora and Satchand the sandstone is quite thick and forms almost a

single aquifer system. The first granular zone is encountered in the depth

range of 25 to 56 m below ground level. The thickness of the zone varies from

14 to 25 m. The second granular zone occurs between 60 – 140 m below

ground level. In Subroom – Manubazar area 60 – 90 m thick granular zone

occur between 35 – 135 m below ground level and second granular zone

encountered at a depth of 150 – 195 m below ground level. In the southern

part of Belonia and eastern part of Manu Bhanga hill range (around Srinagar

area) the sediment is more argillaceous.



5. LAND USE PATTERN OF THE DISTRICT:

The land use pattern of the district is given below

Classification of land Area (ha)

Forest Area 120038

Unclassified government forest 31530

Reserve forest 61441

Protected reserve forest 23988

Protected forest 3079

Gross cropped area 72685

Net sown area 41840

Area sown more than once a year (in ha) 24647

Land under nonagricultural use 21794.31

Uncultivable land 2187

Permanent pasture 392.39

Land under miscellaneous tree crops 7951.76

Cultivable waste land 4724

Current fallow 475

(ref: DISTRICT PROFILE, SOUTH TRIPURA, GOVT OF TRIPURA)

Rest of the area is used as built up area and other purpose.



Fig 8: Bar diagram of Land use pattern, South Tripura District

Fig 9: Pie chart of land use pattern, South Tripura District

0 40000 80000 120000

Forest Area

Unclassified government forest

Reserve forest

Protected reserve forest

Protected forest

Gross cropped area

Net sown area

Area sown more than once a year (in ha)

Land under nonagricultural use

Uncultivable land

Permanent pasture

Land under miscellaneous tree crops

Cultivable waste land

Current fallow

Area (ha)

Area (ha)

area used (Ha)

total forest

total cropped

irrigation



Fig 10: Pie chart of Forest land (in Ha), South Tripura District

UNCLASSIFIED GOVT.

FOREST, 31530

RESERVE FOREST, 61441

PROTECTED RESERVE

FOREST, 23988

PROTECTED FOREST, 3079



Map 6: Land use map of South Tripura District




Map 7: Forest Classification Map, South Tripura District




6. GEOLOGY:

Physiographically, the area can be divided into two parts, Anticlinal Hill Ranges and

Synclinal flat-bottomed valleys. The major hill ranges are Baramura and

Atharamura. The trend of the hill ranges is almost N – S. The height of the hill

ranges increases from west to east. The broad synclinal valleys are Udaipur and

Amarpur. The valleys are gently undulating with intermittent flood plains of rivers

and streams. The undulations formed by 10 to 30 m high mounds with gullies in

between them, locally called “loonga.”

There are three hydrogeological units / water bearing formations identified in

the district are Alluvial Formation, Dupitila Formation and Tipam Formation. The

details of the water bearing Formations are as follows: Alluvial Formation: It

occurs along the banks of main rivers and its thickness varies from 10 to 15 m.

Ground water occurs under unconfined condition. Ground water development

in the area has not been very significant because of high clay and sandy clay

content. Ground water is developed through dug wells and ordinary hand

pumps. Dupitila Formation: The Formation consists of mainly clay and silt with

some intercalations of gritty and ferruginous sandstones. It is exposed in the

central portion of Udaipur valley. In general, it has low permeability and low

storage capacity due to high clay content. It has been developed through dug

wells and hand pumps. Tipam Formation: This Formation consists of sub-

rounded, fine to medium grained, friable sandstone with intercalated clay.

Tipam Formation is found in the majority of the valley portion. Sandstone of

Tipam Formation constitutes the principal aquifer in the area. The permeability

of this sandstone is much higher than that of Dupitila sandstone or Surma

sandstone.



REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF TRIPURA

The study of rocks of Tripura dates back to 1908 when H.C. Dasgupta first classified the

folded sedimentary rocks into 'coal measures' and ' Tripura Groups'. The rocks

encountered in Tripura state range in age from lower Tertiary (40 million years old) to

Recent (less than 1 million years old).

The sedimentary rocks of Tripura can be divided into 'Formations', 'sub-Groups' and

'Group' on the basis of their lithological composition, depositional characteristic and

structural features.

Regional Lithology of South Tripura

Group Sub-Group Formation Rock type

Recent Recent

(Unconformity

)

Unconsolidated silt, and clay with

decomposed vegetable matter and

gravels

Dupitila Dupitila

(Unconformity

)

Sandy clays, clayey sandstone,

ferruginous sandstone with pockets

of plastic clay, silica and laterite.

Tipam Tipam Champanagar Sandstone, occasional sandy shale

and abundant lumps of fossil wood

Manu Bazar Sandstone with laminated layers and

lenses of sandy shale, siltstone and

mudstone.

Surma (Contact

transitiona

l)

Boka Bill

Thinly bedded repetition of

sandstone, siltstone/shale, mudstone

and ferruginous sandstone.

Bhuban Hard compact sandstone, olive shale,

sandy shale and siltstone repetitions



Stratigraphy of South Tripura

Age Group Formation

Holocene Khowai Formation

Ghilatoli Formation

Teliamura Formation

Kalyanpur Formation

Quaternary Dupitila Dupitila Formation

Upper Pliocene to

Pleistocene

Pliocene

Tipam Upper Tipam

Formation

Lower Tipam

Formation

Micocene- Lr. Pliocene

Upper most Oligocene

Surma Bokabil Formation

Upper Bhuban

Formation

Middle Bhuban

Formation

Lower Bhuban

Formation (Not

exposed in Tripura)



Local Geology



Baramura and Atharamura. The trend of the hill ranges is almost N – S. The

height of the hill ranges increases from west to east. The broad synclinal

valleys are Udaipur and Amarpur. The valleys are gently undulating with

intermittent flood plains of rivers and streams. The undulations formed by 10

to 30 m high mounds with gullies in between them, locally called “loonga.”

There are three hydrogeological units / water bearing Formations identified

in the district are Alluvial Formation, Dupitila Formation and Tipam

Formation. The details of the water bearing Formations are as follows:

Alluvial Formation: It occurs along the banks of main rivers and its thickness

varies from 10 to 15 m. Ground water occurs under unconfined condition.

Ground water development in the area has not been very significant because

of high clay and sandy clay content. Ground water is developed through dug

wells and ordinary hand pumps. Dupitila Formation: Dupitila Formation is

nearly horizontal in disposition and its thickness varies from 10 to 30m. The

Formation consists of mainly clay and silt with some intercalations of gritty

and ferruginous sandstones. It is exposed in the central portion of Udaipur

valley. In general, it has low permeability and low storage capacity due to

high clay content. It has been developed through dug wells and hand pumps.

Tipam Formation: This Formation consists of sub-rounded, fine to medium



grained, friable sandstone with intercalated clay. Tipam Formation is found in

the majority of the valley portion. Sandstone of Tipam Formation constitutes

the principal aquifer in the area. The permeability of this sandstone is much

higher than that of Dupitila sandstone or Surma sandstone. The recharge

area of the sandstone is in the anticlinal hills. Ground water occurs under

semi-confined to confined conditions. This sandstone is developed by deep

tubewells and shallow tubewells.



Map 8: Geological map of South Tripura District




Sedimentation Study

Drainage system is the pattern formed by streams, rivers and lakes in a

drainage basin. In a drainage system, streams or rivers always connect

together to form networks. Many factors such as topography, soil type,

bedrock type, climate and vegetation cover influence input, output and

transport of sediment and water in a drainage basin (Charlton, 2008). These

factors also influence the nature of the pattern of water bodies (Twidale,

2004). As a consequence, drainage pattern can reflect geographical

characteristics of a river network to a certain extent. There are several types

of drainage pattern. So far, much research has been done on the description

of drainage patterns in geography and hydrology (e.g. Howard, 1967;

Lambert, 1998; Twidale, 2004; Pidwirny, 2006). In addition, sediment

transport knowledge is important in river restoration, ecosystem protection,

navigation, watershed studies and reservoir management. Bed load

represents the lower portion of sediment load in natural rivers. Fluvial

sediment load materials are transported by rivers. Sediment load can be

divided into bed load and suspended load based on the mode of transport.

Bed load is transported close to the bed where particles moved by rolling,

sliding, or jumping (Adegbola, 2012). Xlaoqing (2003) explained that bed load

transport in natural rivers is a complicated phenomenon. Its movement is

quite uneven in both the transverse and longitudinal directions, which vary

considerably.



Erosion has been defined as the detachment of soil and rock fragments or

particles from their initial resting place by water and other geological agents

such as wind, ice, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc. Geological erosion and soil

erosion are the two basic terms usually used to describe the erosion process.

A third term used in this report is water course erosion which is

predominately stream bank or channel erosion and in some cases is a part of

both the geological and soil erosion processes. Although man's activities

have had their greatest effect on soil erosion and water course erosion, he

has suffered and felt the effects of all forms of erosion and deposition of

sediments. Geological erosion is the erosion that has scarred the earth's

surface creating mountains, chasms, flood plains, deserts, and deltas under

natural or relatively undisturbed conditions. Weathering is a process of rock

disintegration by mechanical and chemical processes and in this report is

considered to be a part of the geological erosion process.

GEOLOGICAL EROSION is caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes,

landslides, mudflows, and gullying and has to a varying degree been

influenced by man's activities and may require partial control by man.

SOIL EROSION is more closely associated with agricultural land because by

definition soil is the unconsolidated mineral or organic material that will

support plant growth. Soil particles located on the surface of agricultural

lands, forest lands, or grazing lands are detached by rainfall or eroded away

by surface runoff. This may take place in the form of sheet erosion with a thin

sheet of water flowing down a gentle upland slope. Rill erosion is another

form with runoff occurring in well-defined yet small incisions in the land



surface. Gully erosion is the dissection of the soil surface with a deep cut in

the land channel formed below an uncut reach thus creating a sudden break

in surface slope.

WATER COURSE EROSION is the erosion of a stream channel's bank and bed

caused by flowing water. A river channel or water course transports or

carries sediment that originates from surface runoff in the upland reaches by

the erosion processes previously described of geological or soil erosion. The

water course's ability to transport its sediment load is dependent on channel

velocity or energy. If the upland sediment inflow to the river channel or water

course is low then there is unspent energy which will pick up or erode the

bank and bed of the channel. A meander pattern may develop with erosive

forces active on the bank and bed of the channel on the outside or concave

bends in the water course meander. A more spectacular and unusual form of

water course erosion is a waterfall with the erosive forces of water acting on

a more resistant geological formation.

DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENT is the end product of the sedimentation cycle.

Temporary deposition of the rock or soil particle is the most common form

that is visible in earth's surface landscape development. As previously

described a single particle of sediment may be deposited in a flood plain and

wait thousands of years in a stream bank before being eroded away. In

considering a river basin of any size, large or small, sediment particles once

moved by any of the erosive forces described may be temporarily deposited

at any point. Typical depositional environments are mountain valleys, talus



slopes along mountain foothills or high plateaus, gravel plains below steeper

mountain channels, alluvial fans, flood plains and deltas.

Methodology: The catchment area of river will be analyzed with the help of

ArcGIS approach. The mined affected area of the river will be measured

through ArcGIS approach and ground based survey by GPS approach. The

stretch of the mined area of river is divided in various segments depending

on stretch of the rivers. The width (meters) and GPS information at each

segment is collected to quantify the total mined area of river. The geo-

morphological patters in terms of stream orders were also observed using

ArcGIS methodology. Besides, the mined affected area of the river is divided

in to various segments to analyze grain size distribution in river bed.

Bed Load: - The mixture of sediment that composes a streambed. Bed

material is stationary, but particle size is important to sediment transport

because as energy level of a stream increases, some bed-material particles

are mobilized and become part of the bedload or suspended load. In this

report, composition of bed material is defined by particle-size distribution.

Suspended sediment Load:-usually small particles, suspended by

turbulence of the flow or existing as colloids, and transported at about the

same downstream velocity as the flowing water. Suspended sediment is

distributed at all depths in flowing water. In this report, suspended sediment

is expressed as concentration in milligrams per liter. Suspended-sediment

load:- A general term referring to the quantity (weight) of suspended

sediment in transport. In this report, annual suspended-sediment load is



expressed in tons. Suspended-sediment discharge: A computed value of the

quantity (weight) of suspended sediment per unit time, also referred to as

suspended-sediment transport rate.

Total sediment load:- The sum of bed load and suspended sediment load. In

this report, total sediment load is expressed in tons. Total sediment

discharge: The sum of bed load discharge and suspended-sediment

discharge.



7.MINERAL WEALTH/RESOURCES

Overview of mineral resources (covering all minerals)

Overview of mineral resources (covering all minerals)

Khowai district of Tripura is a unique place with rich and varied geology. It has preserved

many important rock groups from earliest to the geologically “Recent” time. The varied

geological base has been host to many important minor minerals and major minerals.

The Central Government has declared the following minerals as minor minerals:

Sl.No. Minor Minerals

i) Boulder

ii) Shingle

iii) Chalcedony pebbles used for ball mill purposes only

iv) Lime shell, kankar and limestone used in kilns for manufacture of lime

used as building material

v) Murrum

vi) Brick-earth

vii) Fuller's earth

viii) Bentonite

ix) Road metal

x) Reh-matti

xi) Slate and shale when used for building material

xii) Marble

xiii) Stone used for making household utensils

xiv) Quartzite and sandstone when used for purposes of building or for

making road metal and household utensils

xv) Saltpetre, and

xvi) Ordinary earth (Used for filling or leveling purposes in construction or

embankments, roads, railways building) by MoEF 2010



Proper depiction about River Bed Mining:

Environment damage being caused by unregulated river bed mining of sand,

bajri and boulders is attracting considerable attention including in the courts.

The following recommendations are therefore made for the river bed mining.

(a) In the case of mining leases for riverbed sand mining, specific river

stretches should be identified and mining permits/lease should be granted

stretch wise, so that the requisite safeguard measures are duly implemented

and are effectively monitored by the respective Regulatory Authorities.

(b) The depth of mining may be restricted to 3m / water level, whichever is

less.

(c) For carrying out mining in proximity to any bridge and / or embankment,

appropriate safety zone should be worked out on case to case basis, taking

into account the structural parameters, locational aspects, flow rate etc. and

no mining should be carried out in the safety zone so worked out.

In the section “Minerals Wealth”, the details of geological association, origin,

reserve estimation, exploitation, industrial utilization of different deposits

and their sustainable development are beyond of advanced scientific tools

for exploration would possibly lead to discovery of new deposits in near

future.

The mineral resources of any state provide an avenue for economic

development but the process of mining may have extensive impact on land,

soil and water resources. The mining projects have as a consequence

become a part of development sector requiring environmental clearance

under Environmental Protection Act, 1986, EIA Notification 1994



In Tripura, the mineral resources are mainly glass sands, limestone, plastic

clay and hard rock; all of these materials are being used to a variable degree.

However, the single most important resource in the state is oil and natural

gas. ONGC or Oil and Natural Gas Commission has initiated massive

exploration programme in the State.

As for the other minerals, provides an account of locations, deposit, current

uses, etc. Details of clay deposit in Tripura has been dealt in the State of

Environment Report for Tripura (1989). The impact of mining and quarrying of

mineral resources in Tripura has so far been insignificant.



Mineral Resource of Tripura

Mineral Location Uses

Hard Rock Jampui Hills

Longatari Hill

Road metals

Limestone Sakhan&Jampui Range

Manpui area (990,000 t. reserve)

Not suitable Cement Suitable for inferior quality of Lime Puzzolana mix.

Clay All over the State generally in river bank deposit

Good clay deposit in West and South region.

Total 1.73 million ton deposit in four zone out of six zones*

[* Mohanpur-Bamutia-Kamalghat; Bisramganj-Bagma;

Champamura-Baldakhal-Jogendranagar; Khowai-Teliamura-

Ampi; Shantirbazar-Udaipur; Kumarghat and Baidyathakurpara- Anadanagar- Maheshkhola-Dukli-

Sonamura area]

Sanitary ware

Stone wares

Sewerage pipes

Electric insulator

Refractory grade

Glass Sand Bishramganj (160,000t)

Old Agartala (16,000t)

Jogendranagar (3627t)

Sekerkota (80,000t)

Dasharambari (5330t)

Mohanpur (97,875t)

Baidyathakurpara- Anadanagar Maheshkhola and Dukli (NA)

Total Reserve 3,62,832 tonnes

Many uses



[Source: GSI Report 1982, 1999]

Of the total geographical area of Tripura, 76% can be marked as of “Tertiary”

origin and 24% belong to Quaternary period; none of these contain any major

mineral resource. A GSI Report of 1982 provide a list of Non-metallic and

metallic mineral vis-a-vis their location or otherwise in Tripura indicating the

poor profile.

Mineral Resource potential in Tripura

Sl. No. Mineral Status

A. Non-metallic 1. Lime stone Commodity not located or

absent 2. Dolomite Commodity not located or

absent 3. Coal Commodity not located or

absent 4. Clay Commodity not located or

absent 5. Refractories Commodity not located or

absent 6. Glass sand Good reserve, low grade 7. Graphite Commodity not located or

absent 8. Fertilizer Commodity not located or

absent 9. Gravel sand silt Good reserve, low grade

10. Building stone Commodity not located or absent

B. Metallic 11. Ferrous Commodity not located or

absent 12. Non-ferrous Commodity not located or

absent 13. Noble metals Commodity not located or

absent



[Source: GSI Report 1982]

The current production of natural gas in estimated at one million cubic

meters per day. The available figure for 1990-91 to 1997-98 shows a fast

increasing rate of production from 70 million tonnes per year in 1990-91 to

2.7x in 8 years reaching 196 million tonnes in 1997-98.

A) Sand and other River bed minerals: (i) Drainage System

a) Drainage system with description of main rivers/Cherras

S.NO Name of the River or

Stream

Total Length in the

District (in km)

Percentage area drained

in the district

1 Feni River 86.80 100%

2 Muhuri River 56 100%

3 Manu River 60 100%

4 Lowgang 16 100%

B(a).

Name of the streams

(Cherra) Manu River

under Tributary

Total Length in the

District (in km)

1. Abhoya Cherra 25

2. Balujuri Cherra 15

3. Mandaria Cherra 15

4. Belonia Cherra 35

5. Manu Cherra 19

6. Magroom Cherra 21



7. Sabroom Cherra 17.11

8. Chikan Cherra 3.55

9. Kuki Cherra 3.80

10. Rajbura Cherra 2.91

11. Ludhua Cherra 6.46

12. Aliamara Cherra 9.69

13. Chalita Cherra 9.50

14. Sonai Cherra 5

15. Rupai Cherra 3

16. Monu Cherra 49.04

17. Baikhora Cherra 12

18. Betaga Cherra 10

19. Manu Cherra 18

20. Takma Cherra 9

21. Patichari Cherra 5

22. Amchhara Cherra 2



b) Salient Features of important Rivers & Streams/Cherras:

ii) Annual deposition of riverbed minerals

Process of deposition

Being situated in very high rainfall zone, the district receives and an average annual

rainfall of 2500-3000mm. This heavy rainfall associated with steep sloppy terrain and

loose soil structure results in heavy soil erosion which ultimately deposited in the

river beds and shores as sediments. This sediment mainly consists of course to file

sand and silt.

Evaluation based on following parameters:

a) Geomorphological studies

i. Place of origin of Feni River-South Tripura District, Muhuri River- Lushai Hill

of Tripura.

ii. Catchment area of Feni River-800sq.km & Muhuri River-839sq.km.

iii. General profile of Feni River/Stream: iv. Annual deposition factor: It depends on load carrying capacity of the flowing river

along with the competency and capacitance of river. Provenance of sediment, mode of

transport, quantity of suspended load and bed load, rate of sedimentation,settling velocity

of sediments all together enhance the process of sedimentation giving high yield value of

sand.

S.NO Name of the River or

Stream

Total Length in the

District (in Km)

(Approx.)

Place of origin Altitude at

Origin

1 Feni River 86.80 South Tripura

District

10-30m

2 Muhuri 56 Lushai Hill

of Tripura

2157m



v. Replenishment : Replenishment of the sand takes place during monsoon season

every year.

vi. Total potential of minor minerals in river bed: 1,60,000 tonnes.

b) Geological studies

i. Lithology of catchment area: ,Sandy clay, Gritty and Ferruginous sandstones, Shale

and Alluvium.

ii. Tectonics and structural behavior of rocks: Seismicity prone zone-V. Environmental

condition is governed by local tectonic movement.

c) Climatic Factors

i. Intersity of rainfall: Average rainfall 2500mm-3000mm.

ii. Climate zone : Tropical monsoon climate.

iii. Temperature variation : Maximum temp. 10degree celsius to 35degree celsius.



8. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT

(a) General overview

Sand lifting/mining used to take place mainly from the river and few streams

from the district for all purposes. There are no sand mines or quarries in

South Tripura except rivers and streams. The lifting of sand was carried out

from main rivers and its tributaries in the entire District. All illegal activities

in regard to sand mining in the South Tripura have been stopped till any

decision received from the appropriate authority.

(b) List of existing mining leases of the districts with location, area, period for

each minor mineral.

Attached latter

(c ) Detail of production of sand and other minor minerals during last three

years.

YEARS 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

MINERAL NAME SAND SAND SAND SAND

PRODUCTION

( in Cum.)

66725.00 111654.00 123994.50 127007.00



9. DETAILS OF REVENUE GENERATED FROM MINERAL

SECTOR DURING LAST THREE YEARS.

YEARS 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

MINERAL

NAME

SAND SAND SAND SAND

REVENUE 2335403.00 3908269.00 4340140.00 4447635.00



10. TRANSPORT/LOGISTIC FACILITY

PARAMETERS PARTICULARS

ROAD LENGTH OF NATIONAL HIGHWAY

(Km) 66.78

LENGTH OF STATE HIGHWAY (Km) 95.50 LENGTH OF MAJOR DISTRICT ROAD

(Km) 66

LENGTH OF OTHER DISTRICT ROAD (Km)

649.61

LENGTH OF VILLAGE ROAD (Km) 1241.835 NUMBER OF RCC BRIDGE 30

NUMBER OF BAILEY BRIDGE 63 LENGTH OF WATERWAYS VIA

BANGLADESH Nil.

RAILWAYS ESTIMATED LENGTH OF RAILWAY

(Km) 56

LENGTH OF RAILWAY LINE CCOMPLETED (Km)

NIL

LENGTH OF RAILWAY LINE UNDER CONSTRUCTION (Km)

JUST STARTED

NUMBER OF OPERATIONAL RAILWAY STATIONS (Km)

NIL

(Ref: DISTRICT PROFILE, SOUTH TRIPURA, GOVT OF TRIPURA)



Map 9: Transportation Map of South Tripura District

Source : DISTRICT PROFILE, SOUTH TRIPURA



11. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report indicates prima facie availability of requisite area for sand mining and

serves the purpose of District Survey report (DSR) which includes "identification of

areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed; and identification of

areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and installations where

mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and

allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area". The District Survey Report

(DSR) will contain mainly data published and endorsed by various departments and

websites about Geology of the area, Mineral wealth details of rivers, Details of Lease

and Mining activity in the District along with Sand mining and revenue of minerals. This

report also contains details of Forest, Rivers, Soil, Agriculture, Road, Transportation

and climate etc.The main minor mineral of the district i.e. sand will be replenished

annually and available for excavation in the next post- monsoon season. Additional

areas may be further assessed on the basis of various ecological, environmental,

social consideration. It can be further studied as potential area for mining and revenue

generation.

There is a gap of feeling which might be attributed to the factors of immediate benefit

as the very question of subsistence is involved particularly when the majority of the

people in Tripura are below poverty line. Exploitation and not extinction should be the

way of life. If that be the case the forest resources which are national wealth should be

preserved in such a way that they are exploited and not extinct. Else danger is inherent

in expressing their displeasure. The signs of danger, are apparent when we see

erosion of soils due to indiscriminate felling of trees. There is uneven rainfall. Water

flows merry- go-round. It carries sands which turn into deposits causing heavy

damage to fertile lands which are going to be scarce particularly when the population

is increasing in geometrical progression.

APPENDEX A

SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY

SUSTAINABLE SAND MAINING

1

Sl. No. STATE SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY


01

TRIPURA

1. While attempting to prepare a model Guideline/Policy for the State,.

2. For environmentally sustainable sand mining a strict and comprehensive sand mining policy need to be framed .

3. To ease the process of EC granting, SEIAA may have benches across the state with each bench having a SEAC under it. Time bound clearance with ease of access and grant.

4. Working cum Environment Management Plan has been Made mandatory. The mining activities are allowed after submission of environment clearance.

5. Compliance Report is mandatory every 6 Month. (ie July, Dec.) Every 2 Year's Revised Mining Plan submit are mandatory.

6. Mining should be done in accordance with an approved mining plan.

7. EC Should be valid for settlement Periode subject to ceiling of five years.

8. Sand mining operation has to carried out between 6 am to 7 PM.

9. River width are between 30 meter to 90 meter, so 10% width river can be restricted for mining activities from the river bank.

APPENDEX A

SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY


2

Sl. No. STATE SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY


01

TRIPURA

10. . Since the most of the main rivers of Tripura are of Perennial origin (i.e., water remains all through out the year) hand mining is not a suitable methodology. In this case, recovery of sands is not possible manually from river bed. To trigger the mining of sands & other minor minerals mechanised mining methods are to be adopted applying modern mining tools. Needless to say, in the case of river bed mining of perennial river, necessary arrangements for avoiding accidents/fatal are to be taken into account on priority basis: otherwise it may cause a huge loss of human property and the concerned mining project which ultimately will jeoperdise the economic viability of the entire project. So, mechanised mining may be allowed.

11. As per Guideline of SUSTAINABLE SAND MINNG GUIDELINE (Page No 85-92) Some State (Like Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, UP etc.)allowed Some Mechanised/Semi-mechanised Mining Process.

SAND BLOCK DETAILS OF SOUTH TRIPURA Sl. No. Sand

Block Area Ha Area

Sqm. River Name RESERVE

(in Cft.) Mouza

1 ST-1 0.84 8400 Manu River 593286.96 BiujoyNagar

2 ST-2 0.52 5200 Manu River 367272.88 Betaga

3 ST-3 0.68 6800 Manu River 480279.92 Harina

4 ST-4 0.49 4900 Manu River 346084.06 Chalita Chhara

5 ST-5 1.19 11900 Manu River 840489.86 Chalita Chhara

6 ST-6 0.38 3800 Manu River 268391.72 Manu Bazar

7 ST-7 0.6 6000 Manu River 423776.4 Sindukpathar



10 ST-10 0.5 5000 Manu River 353147 Kathal chhari


12 ST-12 0.22 2200 Manu River 155384.68 Uttar Manubalkul

13 ST-13 0.19 1900 SonaiChhara 134195.86 Ruapi Chhara

14 ST-14 0.11 1100 SonaiChhara 77692.34 Ruapi Chhara

15 ST-15 0.17 1700 RupaiChhara 120069.98 Dakshin Manubalkul

16 ST-16 0.15 1500 RupaiChhara 105944.1 Dakshin Manubalkul

17 ST-17 0.3 3000 KalapaniChhara 211888.2 Dakshin Kalapania



20 ST-20 1.11 11100 Muhuri River 783986.34 Sarasima

21 ST-21 2.39 23900 Muhuri River 1688042.66 Sarasima

22 ST-22 1.49 14900 Muhuri River 1052378.06 Uttar Sanaichharai

23 ST-23 0.97 9700 Muhuri River 685105.18 Ratanpur

24 ST-24 0.33 3300 Muhuri River 233077.02 Tuigamari

25 ST-25 0.81 8100 Muhuri River 572098.14 Paschim Muhuripur

26 ST-26 0.4 4000 Muhuri River 282517.6 Paschim Pilak



29 ST-29 0.45 4500 Muhuri River 317832.3 Jolaibari

30 ST-30 0.51 5100 Muhuri River 360209.94 Jolaibari

31 ST-31 0.8 8000 Muhuri River 565035.2 Tuigamari

32 ST-32 1.18 11800 Muhuri River 833426.92 Ratanpur

33 ST-33 0.81 8100 Muhuri River 572098.14 Uttar Sanaichharai

34 ST-34 0.42 4200 Chhara 296643.48 Sarasima

35 ST-35 0.35 3500 Chhara 247202.9 Belonia

36 ST-36 0.49 4900 KalapaniChhara 346084.06 Manu Bazar

37 ST-37 0.27 2700 KalapaniChhara 190699.38 Phul Chhari


DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (SOUTH TRIPURA DISTRICT)

" To illustrate my meaning and intention more plainly,

I would compare the relationship existing between forestry

and agriculture to that which exists in ordinary life

between husband, dark, stern and strong, but protecting

and cherishing; agriculture, bland benignant and

bountiful, may, in my parable, be described as the wife.

Deprived of the aid and resources derived from the forest,

agriculture pines and languishes and becomes barren and

unfruitful"

G.K.B Indian Forester

XV-330, Sept. 1889

Documents

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (SOUTH TRIPURA DISTRICT, TRIPURA)