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The main objective of this study was to document the role of District Governors in addressing, or not addressing, social and economic development needs expressed by their constituent communities through petitions.
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DISTRICT GOVERNMENT ASSESSMENT AFGHANISTAN LOCAL GOVERNANCE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT (LGCD) PROGRAM
USAID Contract Number: DFD-I-00-05-00250 DISCLAIMER: United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by the Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization (APPRO) for LGCD.
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Acknowledgements
APPRO would like to thank the IDLG, Provincial and District Governors in Badghis, Farah, Ghazni, Helmand, Herat, Kabul, Kandahar, Khost, Laghman, Logar, Nangarhar, Paktiya, and Zabul for their collaboration in this research. We appreciate the time and effort that the clerks at the District Offices, representatives of line ministries in the provinces for this research and in Kabul spent with APPRO discussing the program and sharing their experiences of processing community petitions. Thanks also go to the field teams stationed in Jalalabad, Ghazni, Helmand, Herat, Kabul, and Kandahar that collected information in those provinces. Thanks to Ahmad Shaheer Anil, Ehsan Saadat, Nafasgull Karimi, and Zarghona Saifi for coordinating field work and processing the data. Ana Hozyainova and Saeed Parto wrote this report. Andrea Janes edited this report. This work was funded by DAI/LGCD.
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List of Acronyms
ALGAP Afghanistan Local Governance Assistance Project
ANDS Afghanistan National Development Strategy
APPRO Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization
ARD Associates in Rural Development, Inc
AREU Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit
ASGP Afghanistan Sub-‐national Governance Programme
ASOP Afghanistan Social Outreach Program
ASP Afghanistan Stabilization Program
CDC Community Development Council
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency
CRDA/Japan Children Rights Defence Association
DAA District Administration Assembly
DAI Development Alternatives, Inc
DDA District Development Assembly
DDA District Development Assembly
DfID Department for International Development (UK)
DRRD Department of Rural Rehabilitation and Development
EU European Union
HARDP Helmand Agriculture And Rural Development Programme
IARCSC Independent Administrative Reform and Civil Service Commission
IDLG Independent Directorate…
(I)NGO (International) Non-‐Governmental Organization
ISAF International Security Assistance Force
LGCD Local Governance….
MAIL Ministry of Agricultures, Irrigation, and Livestock
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MOI Ministry of Interior
MRRD Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development
NABDP National Area Based Development Programme
NGO Non-‐governmental Organization
NSP National Solidarity Programme
OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
PC Provincial Councils
PDC Provincial Development Committee
PRT Provincial Reconstruction Team
SMC School Management Committees
UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
USAID United State Agency for International Development
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6
1. INTRODUCTION 9
2. SUB-‐NATIONAL GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN 10
2.1. LEGAL FOUNDATION 10 2.2. KEY DONORS AND IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES 11 2.3. STRUCTURES OF SUB-‐NATIONAL GOVERNANCE 12 2.4. SUB-‐NATIONAL GOVERNANCE PARAMETERS AND DYNAMICS 17 2.5. RESPONSIBILITIES OF DISTRICT GOVERNORS 20
3. RATIONALE FOR THIS ASSESSMENT 24
4. OBJECTIVES 25
5. METHODOLOGY 27
5.1 DISTRICT SELECTION 27 5.2 UNIT OF ANALYSIS 28 5.3 RESEARCH TOOLS 28 5.4 CHALLENGES IN DATA COLLECTION 29 5.5 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS 31 5.6 STAFFING 32
6. FINDINGS 33
6.1. STRAINED PUBLIC RELATIONS 33 6.2. MULTIPLE PROCESSES 34 6.2.1. INITIATION 37 6.2.2. RECORDING, APPROVAL, FUNDING AND IMPLEMENTATION 37 6.3. DISTRICT GOVERNANCE MATURITY 41 6.3.1. DISTRICT GOVERNORS – FROM FIGUREHEADS TO FACILITATORS 42 6.3.2. EMERGENCE OF DDA AND DRRD AS KEY AGENCIES 44 6.3.3. PROVINCIAL RECONSTRUCTION TEAMS (PRTS) 46 6.3.4. INSTITUTIONALIZATION AND BEST PRACTICES 48
7. CONCLUSIONS 49
8. RECOMMENDATIONS 53
REFERENCES 55
APPENDIX 1: LIST OF INTERVIEWEES 56
APPENDIX 2: INTERVIEW GUIDE 57
APPENDIX 3: MONITORING FORMS 59
APPENDIX 4: PROCESS MAPS 60
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List of Boxes, Figures and Tables Box 1: District Governance at a Glance_________________________________________________ 22 Figure 1: Optimal Institutional Structure for Sub-‐national Governance _______________________ 19 Figure 2: Administrative and Political Structure of National and Sub-‐national Governance________ 20 Figure 3: Districts with consistent petitions processing within the province____________________ 36 Table 1: Security rating of the provinces for the assessment________________________________ 27 Table 2: Steps in the process of submitting petitions______________________________________ 34 Table 3: Process matrix for submitting community petitions________________________________ 35 Table 4: Number of petitions on file in DAI office ________________________________________ 38 Table 5: Reported number of community petitions _______________________________________ 40 Table 6: Indicators of good governance used by various institutions _________________________ 41 Table 7: Meetings with communities and residency status of the district governor______________ 43 Table 8: PRTs in the districts _________________________________________________________ 47
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Executive Summary
District Governors are a part of the sub-‐national governance system in Afghanistan. Their
current role is to represent the central government at the local level and to address the
needs of the communities in their district. District Governors interact with a range of other
actors in the sub-‐national governance system in Afghanistan. They officially report to
Provincial Governors, and work in close partnership with District Development Assemblies
(DDAs), and line ministries at the district level. According to the Constitution all District
Governors must be locally elected. To date, however, there have been no District Governors
elections in Afghanistan. The main objective of this study was to document the role of
District Governors in addressing, or not addressing, social and economic development needs
expressed by their constituent communities through petitions.
The key data collection tool for this rapid assessment was semi-‐structured interviews. These
interviews were conducted in 33 Districts in Badghis, Farah, Ghazni, Helmand, Herat, Kabul,
Kandahar, Khost, Laghman, Logar, Nangarhar, Paktika, Uruzgan, and Zabul provinces.
Formally, District Governors are expected to act as a key part of the community petitioning
process. A key broad finding from this assessment is that the Governors are not accountable
to their constituencies and their largely arbitrary responses are widely varied across the
districts. Part of the explanation for the current actual role of the District Governors is to be
found in the fact that they are appointed, rather than elected, and as such they largely work
to promote the interests of their patrons and/or social networks rather than serve their
would-‐be constituents. Another explanation for this seemingly random behavior or
performance could be the fact that District Governors do not have direct access to financial
resources to respond to the declared needs of the communities.1 The arbitrariness and the
wide variation of decision making processes among the District Governors is very likely
symptomatic of a system without adequate human and financial resources and lacking
enforceable systems of accountability upwards and downwards.
A related observation from this assessment is that various donors, NGOs, and Provincial
Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) are viewed by many community petitioners as the official
means through which to obtain funds for community projects. The processes of submitting
petitions are thus disparate and reflect a nascent system of governance whose maturation
requires reform, restructuring, legislative change, new resources, and, most importantly,
time.
1 There are regulations that govern how financial resources of District Governors should be allocated and accounted for. However, given the autonomous way in which District Governors operate, it is quite conceivable that proper records of financial are not maintained. This, however, is an issue that requires more specific attention starting with systematic audits of District as well as other levels of government.
7
The current arrangements within the sub-‐national system of governance are complicated,
and unsustainable in the longer term, due to the fact that there are many players within the
system with overlapping roles and responsibilities. This situation is compounded by
overlapping roles and responsibilities of actors outside of the system, not least those of the
PRTs and national and international NGOs. A number of provisions are being built and
proposed, notably by the Independent Directorate of Local Governance (IDLG), to ensure
that community needs are systematically heard and addressed. However, a number of
entities including PRTs and donor organizations unwittingly compete with these efforts for
what they rationalize as practical reasons.
The majority of the efforts to institute a functioning system of sub-‐national governance are
either aimed at the provision of basic infrastructure and equipment at the local level or are
undertaken at the macro level through such measures as legislative change,
professionalization through training, and holding elections – without sufficient resources
being allocated to develop internal systems, such as filing, recording, collating, auditing, and
analyzing information channeled to and from District Governors and their offices.
In all 33 districts (across 13 provinces) where this assessment took place only in 4 districts (2
provinces) were there similarities in how community petitions were addressed. In some
districts the communities used various approaches to promote their needs resulting in a
number of parallel processes for processing community petitions. These parallel processes
point to a significant degree of (bureaucratic) immaturity and/or disorganization at the
district level. It is not is not possible, or advisable, to arbitrarily assign good/bad values to
processes for which no criteria exist to measure accountability, transparency, and legitimacy
in a political and legal environment which is still evolving.2 One may, however, partially
distinguish between performance levels based on the number of petitions processed, record
keeping, and openness to questions from ordinary actors (such as researchers) outside of
the district level governance.
District Governors are viewed as key entities to provide good governance under the Local
Governance and Community Development (LGCD) program. However, given the fact that
the District Governors are appointed political figureheads without adequate access to
resources and unable to generate revenues locally, they are, perhaps, not (yet) the most
effective governmental body for delivering local services. To fill this void, international
donors, PRTs, international NGOs, District Development Assemblies, and district offices of
DRRD have emerged as local actors with significantly higher capacities (and resources) to
address local needs.
2 A specific objective of this assessment was to create a ranking / rating system of good governance across districts. However, the widespread randomness of the petition processes makes the creation of a ranking / rating system impracticable and arbitrary.
8
There is, nevertheless, much value in learning from the LGCD experiment. First, further and
more in-‐depth investigation over a longer period of time is required to establish why the
petition process in some districts is unpredictable, non-‐standardized, and unnecessarily
complicated whereas it is reasonably straightforward in others. Indeed, future and more in-‐
depth studies into the workings of district governments can and should be expected to
reveal at least approximations of efficiency (what works best and why), effectiveness
(measurable improvements in the well-‐being of the petitioning communities), accountability
(upwards to higher levels of government and downwards to the community), accessibility
(community’s perception of), and other indicators as appropriate.
Second, every effort should be made to find innovative ways to strengthen the more
straightforward petition processes that utilize the relevant structures in the sub-‐national
system of government while taking measures, including allocating new resources, to bring
order into petition processes in districts where there is little or none so as to establish
predictability and orderliness in how petitions are carried from one stage in the sub-‐national
system of government to the next. The reasons behind the willingness by some governors to
act as facilitators need to be further investigated and understood as crucial contextual detail
to inform future programming.
Provision of trained local administration staff needs to be intensified to become a major
component of future programming in the districts, especially since many governors
throughout the country lack sufficient or adequate education or formal training to mange
their responsibilities or run their offices in a professional manner. Most importantly, trial
and error with an emphasis on learning from every phase of the project and a longer term
planning horizon for development programming in sub-‐national governance must become
key considerations in future programming since fulfilling such a fundamental task as
changing the way people relate to one another and govern themselves is likely to be a
generational challenge.
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1. Introduction
USAID’s Local Governance and Community Development (LGCD) program, implemented by
DAI from 2006 to 2011, is aimed at building capacity of provincial and district levels of
governments to deliver services in an effective and collaborative manner. LGCD was
designed to promote and contribute to building good governance, enabling communities to
take an active role in their own development while supporting counterinsurgency operations
and addressing the root causes of instability. To meet these objectives, LGCD has partnered
with the Government of Afghanistan to identify community priorities, resolve community
concerns during the implementation of LGCD projects, and conduct opening and closing
ceremonies for development projects. The funding for the projects is dispensed through
local structures of (sub-‐national) Government. The main goal for LGCD has been to provide
assistance to Government officials at the local level to gain increased legitimacy as service
providers for local communities.
Given the often highly localized nature of LGCD’s project activities, district governments are
seen as key partners for the implementation of LGCD. The project was designed so that
LGCD did not accept requests or petitions for development projects directly from local
communities. Rather, LGCD would collect community petitions from district governors in an
attempt to boost the legitimacy and efficacy of formal Government structures as the link to
the donors’ resources and the key to the delivery of development projects. This rapid
assessment was commissioned by LGCD to gain an understanding of the processes through
which district governments address community petitions, and to provide some measure of
the program’s success in fostering linkages between communities and their district
governments.
This remainder of this report is structured as follows. The next section provides a
background to sub-‐national governance in Afghanistan. Sections 3 and 4 describe the
rationale for this rapid assessment and the objectives, respectively, based on the Scope of
Work provided by LGCD. Section 5 provides details of the methodology used in carrying out
this assessment. Section 6 reports on the key findings from this assessment while Section 7
concludes with a series of recommendations.
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2. Sub-‐national Governance in Afghanistan Sub-‐national governance in Afghanistan is a focal area of activity for a number of major
donors and filled with a wide range of actors and institutions at multiple levels, from
Community Development Councils to the National Government in Kabul. The area has seen
rapid development and re-‐organization since 2005. From 2006 to 2009 governance was one
of the key words in major documents outlining development strategies for Afghanistan:
London Compact (2006), Afghanistan National Development Strategy (ANDS, 2008), and The
Hague Conference (2009). Spending on governance-‐related programming also increased in
the same period. During 2002-‐2005 international donors spent a total of USD 1,689 million
on government and civil society in Afghanistan, compared to USD 5,198 million in 2006-‐
2009, a three-‐fold increase. 3 To provide the larger context of this assessment, the remainder
of this section outlines the legal foundation for the development of sub-‐national
governance, identifies key donors and actors, and discusses their interactions.
2.1. Legal foundation
The legal foundation for Afghanistan’s sub-‐national governance system rests on the
following key documents and decisions:
-‐ The Provincial Council Law (2005, amended 2007): Describes in full detail the functions
of the provincial councils, particularly the provision of consultation and oversight
(without veto power) services to the provincial administration.
-‐ Presidential Decree (November 2006): Institutionalizes Community Development
Councils (CDCs) as local government units at the village level.
-‐ Cabinet decision (November 2005): Establishes the Provincial Development
Committees.
-‐ The MRRD Memorandum (July 2005): Provides guidelines for the establishment of
District Development Assemblies and District Development Plans in relation to
provincial planning processes.
-‐ The Constitution (2004): Calls for the provision of elected councils at the village, district,
municipality, and provincial levels.
-‐ The Local Administration Law (2000): Defines the structure and the role of the Ministry
of Interior in provincial affairs.
-‐ The Municipal Law (1957): Provides for the election of municipal assemblies, municipal
councils, mayors, and deputy mayors.
3 Poole (2011).
11
2.2. Key Donors and Implementing Agencies
International donor organizations with contributions to sub-‐national governance include
UNAMA4 (working with Provincial Development Committees), UNDP/ASGP5 (sub-‐national
policy support and capacity building), UNDP/NABDP6 (working with District Development
Associations and providing economic and reform support), USAID7 (working with IDLG,8
Provincial Councils, Kabul Municipality, and District Governors through contracting
organizations such as DAI9), World Bank (support for CDCs10), EU11 (working on national level
justice sector reform, rural development, and health services), CIDA12 (working on capacity
building with NSP13, NABDP, and Provincial Development Committees), DfID14 (working on
capacity building with NSP15, ASP16, and provincial budgeting). In addition, the PRTs17
(financed by various aid providing nations) and numerous NGOs fill a variety of functions at
the local level from basic infrastructure development to service delivery in such areas as
education and healthcare.
Key donor-‐supported organizations working on sub-‐national governance include:
ARD18: ARD’s Local Governance and Community Development (LGCD) was to complement
ARD’s previous sub-‐national governance program, Afghanistan Local Governance Assistance
Project (ALGAP), which worked on capacity building with the Provincial Councils. By the end
of its run in 2006, ALGAP had organized a number of regional and national conferences for
PC members to facilitate contact with national government officials. Concentrated in the
north and the west, LGCD’s mandate was to build the capacity of the Offices of the
Provincial and District Governors, Provincial Development Committees, selected provincial
Line Ministries, and District Offices and centers. LGCD was also to mediate between aid
NGOs and the local communities as well as working with PRTs. ARD’s portfolio was
transferred to DAI in September of 2009.19
4 United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan 5 United Nations Development Programme / Afghanistan Sub-‐national Governance Programme 6 United Nations Development Programme / National Area Based Development Programme 7 United States Agency for International Development 8 Independent Directorate of Local Governance 9 Development Alternatives, Inc 10 Community Development Councils 11 European Union 12 Canadian International Development Agency 13 National Solidarity Program 14 Department for International Development (UK) 15 National Solidarity Programme 16 Afghanistan Stabilization Program 17 Provincial Reconstruction Teams 18 Associates in Rural Development, Inc 19 This transfer of programmatic responsibility from ARD to DAI was reported by DAI in the review of the first draft of this report.
12
DAI: Since October 2006 DAI has been contracted by USAID to implement the Local
Governance and Community Development (LGCD) program in 24 provinces across the
Eastern, Southern, and Western regions of Afghanistan. DAI’s mandate is to implement
small and medium-‐scale projects in currently underserved provinces and districts. These
projects are typically labor-‐intensive and include irrigation canal cleanings, road
rehabilitations, and district center upgrades. DAI also helps villages and rural communities in
remote and isolated areas resolve conflicts through collaborative implementation of
community-‐based development projects as well as build the capacity of provincial and
district governments to deliver services in an effective and collaborative manner.20
UNDP / Asia Foundation’s Afghanistan Sub-‐national Governance Program (ASGP): The
IDLG was created in late 2007 in response to criticisms about major deficiencies in
Afghanistan’s sub-‐national governance system. IDLG reports directly to the President and
has supervisory responsibility at the provincial level. Supported with funds from UNDP and
assisted in setup by the Asia Foundation, IDLG is mandated to ensure participation,
eliminate discrimination, promote involvement of women in leadership, and fight against
corruption in the public sector. To this end, IDLG is to establish and strengthen institutions
at the sub-‐national level and to ensure that they are open, transparent, and accountable.
2.3. Structures of Sub-‐national Governance
IDLG (2010) characterizes the current state of sub-‐national governance as lacking a clear and
coherent policy or legal framework, resulting in a system with insufficient transparency,
openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and efficiency. As a result roles and
relationships between the various entities of the system are unclear and vary widely across
jurisdiction. This situation applies as much to the relations between the provincial level of
governance and lower levels such as districts and villages as it does to the relations between
provinces and the national government. The existing laws, according to IDLG (2010), do not
provide sufficient provisions for accountability and transparency downward to the
communities:
There is nothing in the laws stating that people or their representatives can hold the sub-‐
national government entities to account. Since the laws do not demand accountability to the
people, these entities are not responsive to the people. (IDLG 2010:59)
The sub-‐national governance structure for each of the provinces in Afghanistan consists of a
Provincial Governor (and Governor’s Office), Provincial Council (PC), Provincial Development
Committee, Provincial Administrative Assembly, representation from at least some of the
20 Based on DAI’s Terms of Reference for this rapid assessment (November 26, 2010).
13
various ministries as Departments (line ministries), national independent agencies and
offices (some provinces only), provincial chief of police, and representative of the National
Directorate of Security.21 At the district level, the system consists of the District Governor
(and Governor’s Office), District Administrative Assembly (DAA), District offices of line
ministries, District Chief of Police, District Office of the National Security Department, and
District Prosecution Office. At the village level there are the Village Council (or
Administration), Community Development Councils (CDCs), and a host of traditional
governance personalities including Qaryadars (village heads), Khan (persons of influence),
rish safids (white-‐bearded community elders), Mirabs (water masters), Ulema (religious
elders), Mullahs, and Qumandans (tribal leaders).22
There are currently four main jurisdictional levels in the sub-‐national system of governance.
These are:23
Provincial Level:
-‐ Provincial Governors: Appointed by the President with considerable formal and informal
powers including sign-‐offs on expenditures, participation in procurement, and power
over provincial appointments.
-‐ Provincial Councils: Elected with advisory, oversight, and conflict resolution roles. PCs
have no budgeting authority.
-‐ Provincial Line Ministries (Provincial Departments): Responsible for service delivery in
key sectors such as health, education, and utilities.
-‐ Provincial Development Committees: Charged with limited coordinating and planning
(including budgeting) functions.
Provincial Governors are appointed by the President, through a process controlled by the
Independent Directorate of Local Governance (IDLG), and vetted by the Special Advisory
Board on Appointments. The governors can and do exercise considerable power in such
areas as expenditure approval, dispute resolution, and appointment of other officials and
civil servants at the provincial level. The new sub-‐national governance policy gives the
governors the power to chair provincial administrative assemblies of provincial line ministry
heads, provincial security officials, and the provincial prosecutor. There are no directly
elected officials on these assemblies. In addition, the governors have approval powers over
the appointment process for some provincial civil service positions and authority over cross-‐
ministerial programs.
21 The information for this section is drawn from AREU (2008), Asia Foundation (2007), Cookman and Wadhams (2010), IDLG (2010), Katzman (2011), Malkasian and Meyerle (2009), SIGAR (2011), World Bank (2007), and interviews with IDLG officials in March 2011. 22 See IDLG (2010:10-‐13). 23 Based on IDLG (2010).
14
Provincial Development Committees (PDCs) are responsible for drafting Provincial
Development Plans but do not have spending authority. The committees are chaired by
provincial governors and tasked with the coordination of service provision by line ministries,
national government, nongovernmental and international aid organizations, and Provincial
Reconstruction Teams (PRTs). The committees were formalized by a government decree in
2005. The Ministry of Economy is responsible for staffing and secretariat duties of PDCs
while the new sub-‐national governance policy guarantees a seat on each PDC for the
chairperson of the relevant Provincial Council.
Provincial Administrative Assemblies consist of the Governor as the chair, heads of the
provincial Departments (line ministries) and agencies, Provincial Prosecutor, Deputy
Governors, Provincial Security Chief, and Mustufiat (Provincial Departments of the Ministry
of Finance).
Provincial Councils are elected every four years with the most recent election having been
held in August 2009, at the same time as the Presidential Elections. 25% of council seats are
reserved for women with the total number of seats varying from 9 to 29 depending on the
provincial (estimated) population. IDLG allocates PCs’ budgets and oversees their role in
development planning, monitoring, and advice in matters of provincial development. The
new sub-‐national governance policy has made some provisions to strengthen the oversight
powers of PCs, giving them the responsibility for monitoring and evaluation of government
service delivery and citizen complaints. The policy also makes provisions for PCs to approve
Provincial Development Plans and provincial budgets developed by the PDCs before
submission to the national government.
Line Ministries in each province receive funds from their Kabul parent ministry on the basis
of the province’s population size and needs. Most of the provinces have the key line
ministries such as Health, Education, and Rural Rehabilitation and Development. When
these key ministerial departments are not present, the Governor’s office takes over the
responsibilities for performing their functions. The Afghanistan Statistical Year Book 2010
provides some information on governmental structures at different levels from 2008 but has
no breakdown on government employees in each ministry broken down by province.
District Level:
-‐ District Governors: Appointed by the President and with a relatively limited formal role.
-‐ District Development Assemblies (DDAs): Created as part of MRRD’s National Area
Based Development Programme (NABDP), DDAs are charged with the coordination,
planning, and budgeting across sectors at the district level. The responsibilities of DDAs
include identifying priorities at the district level and developing strategies that reflect
the interests of their communities and villages to assist the District Councils in preparing
15
district development plans.
-‐ District Administrative Assemblies (DAAs): Consist of the district governor as the chair
and the heads of district departments of line ministries and agencies.
-‐ District Offices: Local offices of some line ministries with limited functional
responsibilities, typically the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD),
Ministry of Interior (MoI), and Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL).24
District Governors preside over district governments and district level affairs as provincial
governors preside over provincial council and provincial level affairs. District governors are
appointed by the presidency through IDLG. The provincial governors generally make
recommendations on these appointments. IDLG’s new sub-‐national governance policy is not
clear on how the district governors are to be selected and vetted, but calls for a future
agreement with the Independent Administrative Reform and Civil Service Commission
(IARCSC) to consider district governors as civil servants rather than political appointees.
The formal actors at the district level governance are the District Governor, District
Administrative Assembly, District Chief of Police, District offices of provincial Departments
(line ministries), and District Prosecution Office. Operating at a lower level of jurisdiction
than provincial governors, district governors’ role is also one of coordination and control of
service delivery by higher levels of government. As with provincial governors, the
Constitution calls for district governors to be elected and work closely with district
development committees. No elections have been held since 2001 to elect provincial or
district governors, however. These positions continue to be filled through appointment by
the presidency, albeit in conjunction with IDLG.
As with the provincial level of government, districts are expected to request funding from
the national government in Kabul. The type and amount of funds allocated are supposed to
be a function of the population and district needs. There is no evidence to suggest, however,
that the allocations are carried out systematically, evenly, or equitably. In addition, district
and provincial boundaries throughout the country remain poorly defined. The government’s
sub-‐national governance policy identifies 364 districts in the country while some estimates
are as high as 398.25
The presence of international military and (I)NGO entities the provinces creates a great
potential for undermining this already uneven and inequitable process of fund allocation at
all levels including the district. There are various estimates of how much aid is disbursed
bypassing the government institutions. The Government of Afghanistan estimates that only
24 See the remainder of this section for more detail on the district level of governance. 25 See AREU (2008).
16
23% of aid is delivered via the government entities while the OECD26 Creditor Reporting
System reports that 38.9% of aid from OECD was disbursed via the government in
Afghanistan.27 Services delivered via NGOs tend to cluster around “safe” provinces and large
cities while military clusters around insecure provinces provide various services in attempts
to win hearts and minds in key terrain districts.
The new sub-‐national governance policy requires a minimum of 25 percent of the provincial
level spending be used on projects identified by the PDC plan. A Cabinet Committee on Sub-‐
national Planning and Finance is supposed to control how to split revenues between the
national, provincial, district, and municipal levels. This Committee is chaired by a vice
president and co-‐chaired by the IDLG Director, the Minister of Finance, and the Minister of
Economy, none of whom are directly elected or accountable to the provincial government
authorities.
Municipal and Village Levels:
-‐ Municipalities: Municipal administrations led by mayors who are appointed by the
President and have functional and service delivery responsibility for urban services
-‐ Community Development Councils (CDCs): Elected according to different systems
depending on the area and responsible for local infrastructure development and some
administrative functions. There are CDCs in two thirds of the country, funded by
numerous donor-‐provided infrastructure funds.
Municipal, Community, and Village Government: As with provincial and district governor
positions, mayors are to be elected according the Constitution. The estimated number of
municipalities is currently 217, according to the World Bank though Ministry of Finance puts
this number at 159. No elections have been held to date and mayors continue to be
appointed by the presidency, with recommendations from provincial governors. A key and
significant difference between municipalities and all other levels of government is that
municipalities are empowered, formally at least, to enact municipal legislation, approve
annual budgets, and set tax rates. Further, municipalities are empowered to collect their
own revenues (from customs or local taxes, for example) and allocate them to local needs
and service provision. Some problems have surfaced in relation to generating municipal
revenues through opaque deals in selling public lands and imposition of illegal taxes and
user fees, however.
The district is the lowest level of formally recognized administration in Afghanistan’s system
of sub-‐national governance. Formally, each district usually has a District Governor
(woleswal), district offices of line ministries, a police department, a prosecutor, and a
26 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 27 Poole (2011).
17
primary court. District governors are appointed by the President. Given this direct link to the
highest authority, district governors have significant influence upwards and downwards in
the national system of governance. At the lower level, district governors are expected to
attend to the petitions received from the citizens by referring them to appropriate
governmental bodies above the district level.
Despite the fact that the Constitution calls for the Provincial Councils, Governors and Mayors
to be elected, to date the Provincial Councils and Community Development Councils are the
only two elected bodies. All other bodies are run and staffed by appointees including at the
district level, although IDLG has made various attempts to monitor these appointments
through a system of checks and balances.28
2.4. Sub-‐national Governance Parameters and Dynamics
The system of sub-‐national governance has been described as one of having systemic
contradictions due to the formal and informal allocation of roles and responsibilities and the
de facto power of some of the main actors in the system. The World Bank (2007) and others
have highlighted the following among the main characteristics of the sub-‐national system:
-‐ The authority for the provision of key services such as health, education, and
infrastructure development (e.g., water and energy) is concentrated in highly
centralized and vertically organized Line Ministries (provincial departments of national
ministries) with insufficient horizontal linkages among them. Compounding this setup at
the provincial level is the authority vested in the Provincial Governors and their offices
which allows for intervention in the operations of Line Ministries and other sub-‐national
governmental bodies such as Municipalities. The Provincial Governors have the power
to appoint civil servants to provincial line ministries and to approve expenditures by
them. This situation raises serious accountability and operational issues.
-‐ Line ministries in provinces are further constrained by over-‐centralization and top-‐down
reporting power exercised by the national ministries located in and operating out of
Kabul.
-‐ There are regional variations as far as the power relationships between the Governor
and other provincial governance actors such as line ministries. In Herat and Balkh, for
example, the Governors are able to exercise more autonomy than other provincial
governors.
-‐ Per capita expenditures on service delivery vary widely among the provinces without a
systemic explanation as to why this is the case.
28 For an elaborate description of this process see IDLG (2010), particularly pages 19-‐20.
18
-‐ Community Development Councils (CDCs) and Municipalities are the lowest level of
government representation in the sub-‐national governance system. While CDCs are
elected and have been the subject of much discussion as a necessary component of
democratic governance in rural areas, Municipalities are yet to hold their own elections.
The CDCs have been the main mechanism through which community input is sought on
the provision of services and for selecting development projects in rural areas.
However, key to the CDCs’ existence has been various funding streams that have
sustained the CDCs as formal governance bodies and enabled them to deliver services
through availability of development funds and technical expertise. With the prospect of
the external inputs such as funds and expertise being withdrawn in 2009, it is likely that
many CDCs will no longer be able to continue in their current role.
The main constraint in the current arrangements for sub-‐national governance is the sub-‐
optimal and far from clear or transparent division of roles and responsibilities rather than
inadequacies in the formal levels of sub-‐national governance.29 If anything, there is an
overabundance of formal structures in the sub-‐national system of governance. This is further
exacerbated by the fluidity of the de facto division of labour in the sub-‐national governance
system and the still evolving relationships between the different levels of government and
the donors (including PRTs).30
Figure 1 is the rearrangement of the actors in the sub-‐national governance system and their
inter-‐relations, as proposed by the World Bank (2007), as the way toward a more optimal
system. In 2007 the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development started developing
District Development Assemblies (DDAs) which, as yet, have not been officially recognized.
DDAs are made up of volunteer civilians, most of whom have been active as CDC members
in the past, who act as mediators between the community, CDCs and district government
officials. DDAs collect and prioritize requests by CDCs and community shuras for submission
to the district government office. Where they exist, DDAs are made up of 30 individuals (15
male and 15 female). The influence of DDAs varies from district to district.
In Figure 1, DDAs are denoted as “CDC Federation”. It is noteworthy that the as yet to be
fully formalized CDC Federation (now DDAs) and Municipalities are given prominence, as are
district offices of line ministries and NGOs, in this schematic while district councils and
district governors are absent.
29 See, for example, Asia Foundation (2007) and World Bank (2007). 30 See, for example, McNerney (2006).
19
Figure 1: Optimal Institutional Structure for Sub-‐national Governance
Source: World Bank (2007) Figure 1 as the conceptualization of sub-‐national governance in Afghanistan by one major
player, i.e., the World Bank, stands in significant contrast to the overall programming on
sub-‐national governance involving other major players such as USAID, one of whose main
foci in the sub-‐national governance system is district governance. Despite this omission,
Figure 1 importantly emphasizes cross-‐linkages to cut across the current silo-‐like
arrangements among the key actors and a redefinition of roles and responsibilities as a
means to eliminate duplication and increase accountability. At the lowest level in Figure 1
are Governance & Delivery Units such as school management committees (SMCs).
Figure 1 is the only publicly available graphical articulation of how sub-‐national governance
should work in complex realities of Afghanistan. There are a number of other publications
describing actors in national and sub-‐national governance. However, most fail to show how
these structures are, or are supposed to be, inter-‐related (e.g., Figure 2).
The discussions about sub-‐national governance intensified between 2006 and 2009 resulting
in a sharp increase in the number of reports and other documents about sub-‐national
governance in Afghanistan. A new turn in these discussions emerged in 2009 when sub-‐
national governance began to be viewed as a key and integral aspect of stabilization and
reconstruction efforts.
20
Figure 2: Administrative and Political Structure of National and Sub-‐national Governance
Source: Asia Foundation (2007).
2.5. Responsibilities of District Governors
IDLG (2010:134) defines the roles and responsibilities of District Governors as follows:
… to maintain peace, security, order and stability; to maintain the Rule of Law; to realize,
protect, promote and extend human rights of the citizens; to promote social, economic,
educational and cultural development; to ensure that people get services they value most; to
ensure good governance arrangements; to reduce poverty and disease; to achieve MDGs31
for the people; to mitigate and manage natural disasters; to eliminate poppy cultivation and
to promote alternative livelihood; to protect environment and to make sustainable use of
natural resources; to promote Islamic values and to assist in implementation of ANDS and
national priority programmes.
In addition, the district governors are charged with acting as the executive heads of the
District Administrations with responsibility for heading planning and coordination at the
district level, monitoring and overseeing district police, and district offices of provincial line
departments. District governors also chair District Committees on counter narcotics and
disaster management.
31 Millennium Development Goals
21
Officially, district governors report to the provincial governor. However, given the volatile
security conditions in many areas of the country, communication is often limited and as a
result there is insufficient capacity at higher levels to monitor the activities of district
governors. Decisions made by district governors in response to community petitions are not
systematically monitored by higher levels of governance, creating decision making situations
at the district levels which can be far from fair, transparent, or accountable. For example,
citizen access to police, prosecutors, and courts is subject to the decision of the district
governors. Given this de facto power, and given the formidable task of dealing with such
local issues as insurgency, narcotics production, resolving local disputes, and all forms of
trafficking, the likelihood of becoming corrupt or acting corruptly at the district level of
governance is quite high. This situation is compounded by the system of appointing district
governors. It is widely know that the transfer, and re-‐assignment of district governors
among provinces are often used for co-‐opting the local power holders in the government
(IDLG 2010:70-‐71).
Box 1 provides an overview of the roles and responsibilities at the district level of
governance. According to IDLG (2010:10), sub-‐national governance responsibilities at all
levels, including the districts, should include:
-‐ Maintaining peace, security, order and stability
-‐ Maintaining the Rule of Law
-‐ Realizing, protecting, promoting, and extending human rights of the citizens
-‐ Promoting social, economic, educational, and cultural development
-‐ Providing services to the people [including]… Justice, Security, safe passage of people
and goods on public roads, water and sanitation, Health and Nutrition, Education,
Electricity, Roads, Local Transportation, Rural and Urban Infrastructure, Agriculture and
Irrigation, Natural Resource Management, Land Registration, Social Protection, Identity
Card, Private Sector Development, civic services such as Solid Waste Management,
Traffic Management, Street Lighting, Recreational Facilities, Libraries and such other
services that people value most.
The fuller description of these tasks is listed in Box 1, below, drawn directly from IDLG
(2010).
22
Box 1: District Governance at a Glance District Governor’s Roles and Responsibilities: -‐ Executive Head of District Administration -‐ Security, Public Order, Stability and Peace -‐ Maintaining Rule of Constitution and Rule of Law -‐ Protection, Promotion and Extension of Human Rights
-‐ Oversight, Monitoring, Quality Assurance, and Performance
-‐ Management of the public services delivered in the district
-‐ District Development Planning -‐ Local Economic Development -‐ Private Sector Development -‐ Good Governance -‐ Public Administration Reform and Capacity Development
-‐ Poverty Reduction -‐ Attainment of MDGs -‐ Implementation of Regulations -‐ Administration and Coordination -‐ Fiscal Authority of Expenditure and Financial Management
-‐ Environmental Protection -‐ Counter Narcotics -‐ Disaster Management -‐ Land Registration and Land Acquisition for public purpose
-‐ Mapping of Villages -‐ Promotion of Islamic religion -‐ Liaison with Communities, Civil Society and Media District Level Governance Entities: -‐ District Council -‐ District Courts -‐ District Governor -‐ District Development Assembly (DDA) -‐ District Administrative Assembly (PAA) -‐ District Police Chief -‐ District Offices of Provincial Line Departments -‐ Private Sector -‐ Civil Society including Shuras and Councils, Media -‐ Communities District Council Roles and Responsibilities: -‐ Reach an agreement on District Development Plan -‐ Oversight, Monitoring and Evaluation, Quality Assurance,
-‐ Performance Management over the District Administration
-‐ Liaison with Communities, Civil Society and Media -‐ Help maintain Security, Public Order and Rule of Law -‐ Elimination of customs contrary to the law and sharia
-‐ Protection, Promotion and Extension of Human Rights
-‐ Environmental Protection -‐ Counter Narcotics
District Administration Responsibilities: -‐ To maintain peace, security, order and stability in the district
-‐ To maintain the Rule of Law in the district -‐ To realize, protect, promote and extend human rights of the citizens of the district
-‐ To promote social, economic, educational and cultural development of the district
-‐ To provide services to the people. These services include Justice, Security, Safe passage of people and goods on Public Roads, Water and Sanitation, Health and Nutrition, Education, Electricity, Roads, Local Transportation, Rural and Urban Infrastructure, Agriculture and Irrigation, Natural Resource Management, Land Registration, Social Protection, Identity Card, Private Sector Development, civic services such as Solid Waste Management, Traffic Management, Street Lighting, Recreational Facilities, Libraries and such other services that people value most.
-‐ To ensure good governance arrangements in the district i.e. to ensure: o Openness/Transparency o Accountability to People o Participation of People, especially Women and
Youth o Participation of Civil Society and Private Sector o Local Democracy o Effectiveness-‐Efficiency o Equity and Inclusiveness o Gender Justice o Coherence, and o Rule based system at all levels
-‐ To reduce poverty and disease and to achieve MDGs for the people of the district
-‐ To mitigate and manage natural disasters -‐ To eliminate poppy cultivation and to promote alternative livelihood
-‐ To protect environment and to make sustainable use of natural resources
-‐ To support Islamic religion and promote Islamic values
-‐ To assist in implementation of Afghanistan National Development Strategy and national priority programmes
District Administration Entities: -‐ District Governor -‐ District Administrative Assembly (DAA) -‐ District Police Chief -‐ District Offices of Provincial Line Departments
Source: IDLG (2010:130-‐132)
23
Much additional detail on goals, objectives, and outputs is provided for the District Governor
by IDLG (2010: 134-‐148), District Councils (IDLG 2010: 150-‐155), and how District Governors
and District Councils (should) communicate and interact. However, as this rapid assessment
shows, the mechanisms described for functions and responsibilities of the district governors
and the councils as stated by IDLG remain an ideal state and very far from what actually
takes place on the ground. This is, at least in part, due to the immaturity of these and other
sub-‐national governance entities and the fact that effective monitoring and evaluation
cannot take place in many of the districts due to a general lack of security, leaving the
governors and the councils to their own devices in attending to business.
24
3. Rationale for this assessment
There is ample anecdotal evidence to suggest that local communities are now more likely to
see their district officials as the link to the donor, and route their concerns through
government channels instead of coming directly to USAID or LGCD. However, there has been
no systematic analysis of how effective district governments have become in handling
community petitions, and partnering with LGCD in the design and implementation of
projects. This assessment was intended to gauge how capacity to handle community
petitions varied across district governments, and how district government engagement in
local development projects might be changing as a result of LGCD activities. Figure 2
represents the flow of information between actors that may or may not be involved in the
process of addressing a particular community grievance or request for aid.
Figure 2. Communication of Community Grievances to Project Implementation
Source: Scope of Work (November 26, 2010)
The assessment is intended to provide greater understanding of how district governments
enroll various actors in the process of addressing particular types of community grievances
and requests.
25
4. Objectives
This assessment has three specific objectives as outlined in the Scope of Work.32
Objective 1: Development of a rigorous and replicable methodology for data collection and
systematic, comparative analysis of how district governments gain awareness of community
grievances and needs. The methodology will enable the quality of governance across
districts to be indexed to a set of quantitative indicators forming the weighted components
of an aggregate ranking of all 30 districts from best to worst governed.
The key data collection tool for this assessment was semi-‐structured interviews. These
interviews were conducted in 33 Districts in Badghis, Farah, Ghazni, Helmand, Herat, Kabul,
Kandahar, Khost, Laghman, Logar, Nangarhar, Paktika, Uruzgan, and Zabul provinces. (See
Appendix 1 for the list of districts). Section 5 of this report discusses the methodology used
for this assessment in detail, including how the methodology was implemented, challenges
faced in the field, and strategies developed by APPRO to mitigate these challenges. Section 5
also discusses the tools used for the analysis and the challenges in devising quantitative
indicators to rank districts from best-‐ to worst-‐governed, and how these challenges were
mitigated.
Objective 2: Identification of the best and worst practices of different district governments
acting to organize and prioritize the community grievances and needs that they seek to
address through development projects.
After careful review of the data collected it was not possible to attribute good and bad
values to the practices of possessing community petitions, not least because of the fluid
political and legislative environment, and a lack of consistency in how community petitions
were processed in the districts visited. All the processes documented were different from
one other and in some districts communities used more than one approach to promote their
needs resulting in a number of parallel processes for processing community petitions in the
same districts. The number of parallel structures within the same districts suggest
institutional volatility and even immaturity characterized by weak (and unpredictable)
bureaucracy. Given these operating parameters, it is prudent not to attribute absolute
values to processes. Section 6.2, Multiple Processes, discusses this issue in greater detail.
32 For consistency wording of the objectives in this section is lifted from DAI’s Scope of Work for this rapid assessment (November 26, 2010).
26
Objective 3: Identification of bodies and institutions to whom district governments
communicate community grievances and needs, and how they determine the proper
channel of communication to request a particular development project activity.
This objective was met partially by developing the community petition processing maps. Yet
it was impossible to identify how the District Governors determine the proper channel of
communication as very few of them were willing to discuss the issue. In the process of
looking at the identification of appropriate channels for communication DDAs and
Departments of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (DRRDs) were identified as important
points of contacts in the processing of community the petitions. For details on efforts made
to meet this objective and the main findings, see Section 6.2, Multiple Processes, and 6.3.2,
Emergence of DDA and DRRD as a key agency.
27
5. Methodology
This assessment was conducted in the period from late January to early March 2011 in 33
Districts across Southern, South Eastern, South Western, Central and Western parts of
Afghanistan. This period coincided with the seasonal dip in the conflict. Security of the 13
provinces for this assessment varied from low insecurity (1) to extremely insecure (6). (See
Table 1). Data collection on average lasted between six to ten working days per district.
Table 1: Security rating of the provinces for the assessment Province Security Rating Badghis Moderately Insecure Farah Highly Insecure Ghazni Extremely Insecure Helmand Extremely Insecure Herat Deteriorating Kabul Low Insecurity Kandahar Extremely Insecure Khost Extremely Insecure Laghman Moderately Insecure Logar Moderately Insecure Nangarhar Highly Insecure Paktiya Extremely Insecure Zabul Extremely Insecure
Prior to data collection the research team obtained permission letters from IDLG to
interview District Governors. In addition, for some districts permissions had to be obtained
from the Provincial Governors to talk to the District Governors. The research was introduced
to the district officials as an assessment of the capacity of the district governance system to
address local needs. Only in the cases where the officials were highly uncooperative did the
research team indicate that this work was done for DAI/LGCD. This, however, did not seem
to make much difference in the level of cooperation between the researchers and the less
approachable district governors and their staff.
5.1 District Selection
The districts were selected by APPRO from an original list of 40 districts provided by DAI.
These 40 districts were narrowed down to 30 on the basis of their accessibility by the
research team. The original number of districts were set at 30. However, in the process of
planning and implementing the fieldwork, APPRO suggested three additional districts in
provinces where the Provincial Governors insisted that a district closest to provincial center
would provide good information on how the petition processing system worked. Of the
revised total of 33 districts, two did not respond to interview requests from the research
team (Lashkar Gah in Helmand and Qalat in Zabul).
28
5.2 Unit of Analysis
The primary unit of analysis of this study is the District Governor function in 33 LGCD target
districts selected in consultation with DAI. In each of the districts the Governor was
interviewed about the process of submitting and processing petitions. In central districts
where there were no District Governors, APPRO attempted to interview the Provincial
Governors who assume the functions of district governors. However, the provincial
governors approached for this research refused to participate in the study on the basis that
this was a district governance study. In addition to interviewing the district governors,
APPRO researchers interviewed at least one other district government official. In 13 cases
this meant community organizers or clerical staff. (See Appendix 1 for the list of
interviewees). Not all interviews were formal, particularly since some of the respondents
asked for the researchers not to report their participation in the study due to fears of
repercussion by their superiors.
5.3 Research Tools
The assessment tool for this evaluation was a list of open-‐ended questions designed for
semi-‐formal interviews. (See Appendix 2 for the interview guide). This approach allowed the
District Governors and other relevant officials to describe the process of identifying,
communicating, and addressing community grievances in an informal manner and in their
own words. The information from the semi-‐structured interviews was used to map out the
processes of receiving and addressing community petitions and requests. (See Appendix 4
for the process maps).
The meetings with the District Governors during the field visits were aimed at establishing:
- How and through which intermediaries community requests are communicated to the
district government
- How the requests reach various project implementing agencies
- How the district government is involved in project implementation, and
- How and through what means the district governor refers the petitions to relevant
governmental department and agencies or donors.
Further, the researchers examined and documented as many verbal and written requests for
development projects as the district government officials were willing and/or able to share.
The data collection and the subsequent analysis were aimed at:
29
1. Recording the Governors’ estimate of the number of verbal requests for development
projects received in a typical month.
2. Gathering all written community requests for development projects stored at each
district government office and photographing each written request using a digital
camera, security and protocol permitting, or otherwise copying (sometimes through
hand-‐copying) the written requests.
3. Assigning each written request a number and filling in a table with the attributes of the
request, including the date of request, the village or community it came from, the type
of project requested, whether the request was addressed through a development
project and, if so, through what government ministry, PRT, and/or donor agency. If any
of this information were missing, the researchers requested knowledgeable district
government officials to provide additional information orally.
4. Recording how the district government was involved in projects implemented in
response to written community requests. Forms of involvement in each project could
include communication with the community, District and/or Provincial Development
Councils, higher levels of Government, PRTs and specific donor agencies, and
participation in the planning, implementation, monitoring and opening and/or closing
ceremonies of the project.
5. Identifying the reasons for rejection of the proposals.
5.4 Challenges in Data Collection
The initial plan was for the Governors and other key district officials responsible for
prioritizing, handling, and communicating community requests to draw diagrams to visually
represent how, and through which intermediaries, community requests were communicated
to the district government, how the request reached various project implementing agencies,
and how the district government involved itself in project implementation. None of the
governors gave the research team enough time to pursue this approach with them and
many stated that there was not much point in investing in the exercise since there would be
no tangible rewards or benefits for the Governor and their staff.
An additional complication was that none of the interviewed staff who were approached
after the governors refused to cooperate, were aware of the full details of processing
community petitions. The maps ( Appendix 4) are thus highly schematic and lack intricate
details. Nonetheless, the process maps have been constructed to best of the available
information obtained through interviews, observation notes, and reviewing actual
community petitions. In cases with gaps in the available information, the maps were
completed and verified through subsequent follow-‐up calls to local actors.
30
Some of the district governors were uncooperative and reluctant to engage with the
research team. When the District or Provincial Governors were uncooperative the
researchers found lower level staff who were interested to talk about the process of
submitting and processing community petitions. This, however, resulted in a much longer
and slower process of data collection than initially envisioned. In one case the researchers
had to resort to introductions from USAID to facilitate a conversation with the Provincial
Governor.
Resistance by the governors ranged from general disinterest in answering questions to
active resistance and, sometimes, outward hostility. In Zabul province researchers were told
that the letter of introduction from IDLG was not adequate as it did not name the
researchers but the organization, APPRO, and that they would have to return the next day to
speak with the Governor. The next day the Governor met with the researchers but refused
to answer their questions on the grounds that the researchers did not really care about his
problems and what they were doing in his office was only to make money. He refused to
show the researchers any evidence of the petition process and the researchers were asked
to leave. On their way out the researches engaged one of the clerks who quickly described
the petition process.
In Ghazni, the Provincial Governor refused to talk to the researchers on the basis of
inadequate letters of permissions from IDLG. Only after direct involvement of IDLG/LGCD
the governor agreed to talk to the researchers; even then he insisted that the team should
visit districts other than those selected, justifying this on the grounds that he too was
interested in how the districts in insecure areas were doing. In Kandahar the Governor
refused to answer our questions because he deemed our questions as “political”.
In Logar one of our researchers completed asking his general questions of the District
Governor and then asked if it would be possible for him to have the Governor’s phone
number in case there were additional questions or need for clarification later. The Governor
picked up the ashtray from his desk and threatened to throw it at the researcher unless he
left immediately. The researcher was not given copies of the petitions and had to obtain
them through a friend who worked at DRRD.
Such attitudes are not new. In APPRO’s other research projects similar resistance has been
noted. This resistance and hostility is partially attributable to “research fatigue”, a seemingly
31
post-‐2001 Afghan phenomenon, whereby everyone from ordinary citizens to government
officials and international donor organizations complains about providing information to
researchers whose findings or contributions do not find their way back to the individuals and
organizations that provided the information. Information sharing appears not to be in wide
practice even among people who work in the same organizations or government agencies.
In a number of interviews the researchers were told that sharing information on the petition
process was a waste of time and resources. This reluctance to share information may be in
part due to the upward only accountability arrangements the district governors have
assumed for themselves since they are appointed from higher levels and not elected.
Attitudes displayed by the District Governors serve as an interesting indicator of their
accessibility from the perspective of the local communities. Since the district governors are
appointed, their positions are not dependent on performance in serving their communities.
The governors are not accountable to their own constituency. By the same token, the
district governor or office staff are less likely to be viewed by the community as the points of
call to express community development or service provision requests. In fact, out of the 52
processes documented in this assessment, only a third (16 processes) approached the
District Governor directly (Table 3).
The current arrangements point to a distant and, to a degree, semi-‐autonomous relationship
between local and other levels of government. To illustrate, all researchers involved in this
assessment had letters from IDLG introducing the research and asking for cooperation.
While these letters were received courteously, they had little or no bearing on the decision
of the district or provincial governors to cooperate. This attitude may be reflective of the
unspoken complaint that many District Governors receive insufficient support from the
national Government.
5.5 Data Processing and Analysis
After the data collection was complete all the interview notes were transcribed, along with
the field notes, and descriptive forms. The transcribed data were compiled into descriptive
summary forms (see Appendix 3 for format) with information from the fieldwork monitoring
sheets, interviews with District Governors, and hard copies of the petitions. The tables,
completed participatory tools, and observation field notes were analyzed to produce this
32
report. In the process of analysis the team looked for commonalities and differences in how
district governments handle and communicate community requests and participate in
project implementations, across the districts assessed.
5.6 Staffing
This rapid capacity assessment was led by two senior researchers, working with a team of 16
field researchers tasked with visits to the District Governor offices in selected districts and
data collection. For the 8 highly insecure provinces in the assessment (6 extremely insecure
and 2 highly insecure), APPRO worked with part-‐time local researchers instead of sending
full time researchers from Kabul to the provinces. With all fieldwork, monitoring forms were
filled out on a daily basis and follow-‐up calls were made to field researchers as and when
necessary. Each researcher was briefed either on the phone or in person about the
objectives of this assessment. Daily contact was maintained with all research teams to
ensure security and consistency in the quality of the data collected. A team of 2 researchers
at the APPRO office in Kabul was responsible for daily monitoring and security checks. The
two senior researchers had the overall responsibility for the execution of field plans,
interviews, site scoping for security, data analysis, and the delivery of the final report.
33
6. Findings
The information in this section is based on the data collected during field visits to selected
districts.
6.1. Strained Public Relations
District Governors are political appointees with little or no incentive to act accountably. Sub-‐
national governance in Afghanistan has been characterized as catering to the needs of
powerful individuals rather than in pursuit of longer term reconstruction objectives (IDLG
2010). There is general reluctance by major figures of the system, such as the provincial or
district governors, to engage in dialogue about performance or political responsibility. In the
most extreme cases this reluctance is openly hostile and perhaps originates from the fact
that the governors are appointees rather than elected public figures who could be voted out
of their positions.
Efforts to develop capacity of district governors have thus far focused on “institution
building”, e.g., the creation of elected bodies such as community development councils and
provincial councils, and working with other (appointed) formal structures such as provincial
and district governors. Significant amounts of fund have been and continue to be allocated
by major donors to provide infrastructure and equipment so that these formal structures
could function in organized, predictable, and accountable ways. Based on the review of the
available literature on sub-‐national governance and visits to the selected districts for this
assessment, it appears that the impact of efforts to develop the means and mechanisms to
facilitate communication between the communities and the various levels of government on
the one hand, and between the various structures of government on the other, has been
insufficient.
Despite the many efforts to build sub-‐national government in Afghanistan, there is no firm
evidence to suggest that changes made and entities created as part of state building in
Afghanistan have sufficient motivation, means, and capacity to persist in the longer term
and without the top down political support and funding from the donors in various forms.
34
The elected bodies of CDCs and Provincial Councils may, of course, prove to be more
resilient than the appointed ones.
6.2. Multiple Processes
The process for submitting and processing community petitions is different in each of the
districts visited. On average it takes nine steps to process community petitions starting from
the community expressing a need for a development project to its implementation.
However, the number of steps can vary from 5 to 13 (Table 2). Of the 33 districts assessed, 12 districts had two or three parallel processes for submitting and processing community
petitions (Table 3). Overall there are 52 distinct processes for submitting and processing
petitions in the 33 districts. Table 3 is a visual representation of the maps outlined in
Appendix 4. Had the processes been the same or somewhat synchronized the table would
have had single strips of lines such as the first line in the table – yellow – representing
communities. From the second step onwards the table becomes a patchwork of colors due
to the wide variety of petition processes between and within districts.
Table 2: Steps in the process of submitting petitions Number of steps from submission to implementation of the project
13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5
Number of petition processes
1 0 2 10 9 13 10 6 1
Only in Logar and Badghis provinces were the processes within the provinces synchronized
(Figure 3). In Logar province both Pul-‐e-‐Alam and Mohammad Agha followed the same
pattern of submitting petitions: from community to CDC and then to District Governor,
Provincial Governor, Department of Economy, DRRD, and MRRD where the petition was
registered and returned back to DRRD, which formed a three way agreement between the
CDC, DDA and DRRD to implement the project. The final step in this process was the
issuance of a tender to implement the project. Due to Pul-‐e-‐Alam being a provincial capital,
there is no District Governor, thus this step is redundant. In Badghis petitions were
generated at the community level from where they moved to CDC, District Governor,
Department of Public Works, and the PRT which then informed the District Governor about
allocation of funds, starting the tendering process to implement the project.
35
Table 3: Process matrix for submitting community petitions
District Steps # Province 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1 Muqur 2 3
Badghis Qadis
4 5
Farah
6
Farah
Pusht-‐e-‐Rod 7 8
Jaghori
9
Ghazni
Ghazni 10 11
Lashkar Gah
12 13
Nad Ali
14
Helmand
Nawa-‐e-‐Barakzai 15 Gozara 16 Injil 17
Herat
Pashton Zarghon 18 Khaki Jabar 19 20 21
Bagrami
22 23
Kabul
Deh Sabz
24 Daman 25 26
Kandahar
27 Dand 28 29 30
Kandahar
Maiwand
31 Sabari 32 33 34 35 36
Nadirshah Kot
37 Jaji Maidan 38 Shamal 39
Khost
Tani 40 Mehtarlam 41
Laghman Alingar
42 Pul-‐e-‐Alam 43
Logar Mohammad Agha
44 Jalalabad 45 46
Behsood
47
Nangarhar
Shinwari 48 49 50 51
Paktya Gardez
52 Zabul Qalat
Community
CDC
DDA
DRRD
MRRD
PRT
Donors
District Governor
Provincial Governor
Another provincial entity
Dep of Public Works
Dep of Economy
Tender
Implementation
Other entities
36
Figure 3: Districts with consistent petitions processing within the province
The processing of community petitions does not follow a straightforward line of submitting,
recording, approval, processing, identification of funding, and implementation. There are a
number of government and donor agencies involved in processing the petitions. Besides
District Governor these consistently include various branches of the Ministry of Rural
Rehabilitation and Development (27% of the processes exclude DDA, DRRD and MRRD from
the petition process), Ministry of Economy (17% of the processes), Donors (17%)
Department of Sectoral Services (15% of the processes), and Department of Public Works
(12% of the processes). These entities usually are not present in the same processes, except
in Khost where 3 processes in Nadirshah Kot and one process in Tani had both Department
of Economy and Department of Sectoral Services, and in Jalalabad (Nangarhar) Donors and
Department of Economy were in the same chain of processing community petitions. There
are other entities that are unique to individual processes such as Vakil-‐e-‐Guzar in Jalalabad
or Village Malik in Behsood (Nangarhar); Mullah in Alingar (Laghman) or Department of
Ershad and Awqaf in Nawa-‐e-‐Barkzai (Helmand).
37
6.2.1. Initiation
The petitions originate with the communities in most of the districts. Only two districts
reported DDAs as the initiators of the petitions – Khaki Jabar (Kabul) and Gardez (Paktiya).
Gardez also uses a parallel process where both the communities and DDAs initiate petitions.
The remaining steps for the petitions across the districts are very different. (See process
maps in Appendix 4). The first step for submitting a petition is to communicate the need for
a project to CDC and obtain their signatures on the petition (33% of cases), or approach
District Governor directly (29% of cases), or a varying mix of other actors (38% of cases).
6.2.2. Recording, Approval, Funding and Implementation
Once a petition is generated it is submitted to various government agencies for approval and
verification. There is no clarity regarding the registration of the petitions (Table 5). Only some of the petitions are recorded (through keeping copies) in district governors’ offices. In
eight of the districts no petitions were available. In the remaining 25 districts there was
some documented evidence of petitions. A total of 154 petitions were collected from these
offices for the period from 2005 to 2010, which represent a much lower volume of
reportedly processed petitions in the same period of time. Based on anecdotal information
from the interviews, 50 to 60 petitions come through the District Governor office each year
and about 20 to 30 petitions are being approved each year (Table 5). Thus if all the petitions were indeed registered, it should have been possible to find records of at least 600 petitions
in each year.
The petitions collected for this project were stored at the District Governor’s office. Some
were kept neatly in binders while others were stored in paper folders. There was no registry
of petitions in any of the offices visited for this assessment. Only the government offices of
Damand, Dand and Maiwand (Kandahar province) had a list of previously funded petitions,
as part of the paperwork left with the district governor by the project officers from DRRD’s
National Area Based Development Project. In 8 of the 33 districts visited researchers were
not able to see any records or copies of the community petitions at all (Table 5). Of these, 5 were the districts where researchers were not able to secure formal interviews.
APPRO also collected petitions that were on file in DAI/LGCD office. These included 167
actual petitions and a number of supporting documents such as introduction letters for
project focal points, guarantee letters, and invoices. These petitions covered 24 districts in 8
provinces (Table 4). Only 10 districts in DAI database were the same districts covered under
this assessment. DAI and APPRO databases are based on two almost completely different
38
sets of petitions as they cover the same provinces but different districts in those provinces
for the most part. In those districts where both DAI and APPRO collected petitions these
petitions covered different needs and were not the same.
Table 4: Number of petitions on file in DAI office #
Province District No of petitions on file
(2009 -‐ 2010)
No of petitions overlapping with APPRO
database 1. Farah Bakwa 8 0 2. Herat Gozara* 1 0 3. Herat Shindan 15 0 4. Kabul Deh Sabz* 2 0 5. Kabul Khaki Jabar* 4 0 6. Kabul Bagrami* 5 0 7. Kandahar Kandahar* 9 0 8. Laghman Dowlat Shah 17 0 9. Laghman Alingar* 18 0 10. Laghman Alishang 8 0 11. Logar Baraki Barak 7 0 12. Logar Mohammad Agha* 3 0 13. Logar Arza 6 0 14. Logar Charkh 7 0 15. Logar Pul-‐e-‐Alam* 4 0 16. Nangarhar Shinwari* 7 0 17. Nangarhar Nazyan 2 0 18. Nangarhar Spinghar 5 0 19. Nangarhar Achin 3 0 20. Paktiya Yousof Khil 1 0 21. Paktiya Khairkot 3 0 22. Paktiya Sayed Karam 5 0 23. Paktiya Zormat 23 0 24. Paktiya Gardez* 4 0
* Districts overlapping between districts in DAI database and those looked at by APPRO
There is no rational explanation as to why some district governors keep records of petitions
while others do not. Part of this could be explained by the fact that the District Governors
are appointed though a system of patronage and thus are not accountable for what and how
they are doing their job; as such there is no need to keep a record of community petitions or
other documentation. The job of district governors is very much viewed as symbolic and part
of realpolitiking exercises by the national government to cement local influence. Another
explanation is due to the fact that a significant number of development projects are
implemented without involving District Governors so as not to complicate the process. As
the District Governor of Jagori put it:
We only have the records for 5 or 6 petitions which have been directly referred to us. I don’t
have the rest of the copies submitted last year. Some of the projects were contracts
implemented directly, sometimes with no district office interference. The reason we have
only a few documents here is the direct and stubborn approach of some organizations which
implement projects without notifying the district office.
39
The petitions are considered registered if there is a date and a signature of the district
governor on the petition. As a result the registration process is not clearly and easily
traceable. For example, in Gozara district (Herat) it appears that the petitions reach the
District Governor’s office after they are registered with the Provincial Governor and the
Department of Public Works. In contrast, in the Dand district (Kandahar) the District
Governor signs the petition when it is first submitted and then signs off on it after it has
been signed by a number of other signatories. In Pusht-‐e-‐Rod (Farah) the District Governor is
not a part of the signing / approval process. Similarly, in Lashkar Gah (Helmand) and
Bagramin and Deh Sabz (both in Kabul), the district governors are not always involved in the
process. Tracing the sequences requires deciphering signatures and dates, often illegible,
from paperwork where they exist.
The process for submission, registration and funding petitions is not clear to the District
Governors themselves. For example, the governor of Muqur district (Badghis) claimed that,
“We were responsive to all of the petitions and in accordance with rules and regulations.”33
However when pressed to explain the Governor changed the subject. The Governor of
Pahstun Zarghon district (Herat) stated: “I have put my remarks on all the projects, but am
not aware if any of them was successful”34, suggesting that his role in the processing and
approving petitions was marginal. A governor of Bagrami (Kabul) reported: “The District
Governor is only paving paths for the development petitions and projects. We have no
information if any of them have been implemented.”35 Even in cases where the District
Governor appeared confident about how projects were processed, further corroboration by
the research teams revealed that the governors were not being entirely truthful about the
level of their involvement in the petition process. Even in situations where the process itself
was clear and had no parallel system of processing the projects were stalled: “20 of the
community petitions were approved, but due to internal conflicts and competing interests in
the communities, none of them were implemented and they are now suspended.”36
Funding sources for community petitions may be divided into three categories: donors,
government institutions, and PRTs. It is not clear who has the final say in whether or not to
give funding to a community petition. Direct donor access for the petitions was identified in
Jalalabad (Nangarhar), Daman (Kandahar), Kandarhar (Kandahar), Dand (Kandahar), and
Maiwand (Kandahar) districts. PRTs were clearly identified as a source of funding in four out
of the 29 districts: Behsood (Nangarhar), Alingar (Laghman), Farah (Farah), and Lashkar Gah
(Helmand). In cases where funding is disbursed via government structures the decision
making process is less clear. 33 Muqur district, Badghis province 34 Pashtun Zarghon district, Herat province 35 Bagrami district, Kabul province 36 Shamal district, Kabul province
40
Table 5: Reported number of community petitions
Province District
Petitions Collected (2005 – 2010)
No of Petitions in DAI Database (2009 – 2010)
No of overlapping petitions between
APPRO’s and DAI Database
Number of steps in petition process
Petitions Reportedly
Processed via District Governor
in the Last Calendar Year
Reportedly Successful
Petitions In the Last Calendar
Year
Badghis Muqur 3 0 0 8 No estimation No estimation
Badghis Qadis 3 0 0 8, 7 No estimation No estimation
Farah Farah 23 0 0 9, 8 No interview No interview
Farah Pusht-‐e-‐Rod 5 0 0 7 91 20
Ghazni Jaghori 6 0 0 9, 10 6 No estimation
Ghazni Ghazni 0 0 0 7 No interview No interview
Helmand Lashkar Gah 0 0 0 5, 6 No interview No interview
Helmand Nad Ali 9 0 0 7, 8 1000 600
Helmand Nawa-‐e-‐Barakzai 0 0 0 7 50 35
Herat Gozara 1 1 0 8 35 35
Herat Injil 3 0 0 9 100 30
Herat Pashton Zarghon 0 0 0 10 10 No estimation
Kabul Khaki Jabar 11 4 0 6 35 35
Kabul Bagrami 7 5 0 7, 8, 10 100 No estimation
Kabul Deh Sabz 6 2 0 7, 8 No estimation All submitted
Kandahar Daman 10 0 0 10 No interview No interview
Kandahar Kandahar 0 9 0 6, 9 No interview No interview
Kandahar Dand 9 0 0 11 451 451
Kandahar Maiwand 11 0 0 6, 7, 9 100 100
Khost Sabari 0 0 0 10 No estimation No estimation
Khost Nadirshah Kot 5 0 0 6, 7, 8, 9, 9 No estimation No estimation
Khost Jaji Maidan 1 0 0 10 60 20
Khost Shamal 6 0 0 6 60 20
Khost Tani 5 0 0 8 1000 1000
Laghman Mehtarlam 6 0 0
10 70 Conflicting reports
Laghman Alingar 1 18 0 13 100 24
Logar Pul-‐e-‐Alam 0 4 0 9 No interview No interview
Logar Mohammad Agha 3 3 0 11 No estimation No estimation
Nangarhar Jalalabad 8 0 0 10 741 350
Nangarhar Behsood 3 0 0 7, 8 350 100
Nangarhar Shinwari 3 7 0 8 1000 96
Paktiya Gardez 6 4 0 8, 8, 9, 10 310 100
Zabul Qalat 0 0 0 10 No interview No interview
41
6.3. District Governance Maturity
District governance maturity can be described as the ability of the district governance
institutions to address community needs and generate and channel appropriate resources to
provide adequate responses to community’s demands. Any number or combination of
actors in the District could deliver such services. Discussion about district governance
maturity is slippery as to date no coherent and universally accepted indicators for good
governance have been developed. There is however a myriad of indicators developed to
measure good governance (eg see Table 6), UNDP cites 33 tools currently used around the world to measure good governance.37
Table 6: Indicators of good governance used by various institutions Center for Democracy and Governance38
UNDP and EU39 World Bank40
Respect for Rule of Law and Human Rights
Electoral Systems Voice and Accountability
Genuine and Competitive Political Process
Corruption Political Stability and Absence of Violence
Politically Active Civil Society Human Rights Government Effectiveness Accountable and Transparent Government Institutions
Public Service Delivery Regulatory Quality
Civil Society Rule of Law Gender Equality Control of Corruption
District Governors are considered a key entity in the overall system of sub-‐national
governance in Afghanistan. However, given the fact that the District Governors remain
largely political figureheads and have generally under-‐resourced budgets and no clearly
defined ways to raise funds locally, they might not be the most effective structure for
delivery of community services, at least not reliably or consistently. Other actors such as
international donors and PRTs have emerged as entities to reckon with, yet others including
DDAs and DRRDs have emerged as possible contenders for effective delivery of services to
address social and economic development needs.
District government institutions are new developments and at present fail in performance
against the currently available indicators of good governance outlined in the Table 6. For this assessment the focus was to identify and document the key developments and features
of district government, the emergence of new structures such as District Development
Assembles, and role of donors and PRTs in conjunction with the functions of district
governments.
37 UNDP and EU. No Date. Governance Indicators: A User’s Guide. (UNDP and EU, New York). 38 Center for Democracy and Governance. 1998. Handbook of Democracy and Governance Program Indicators. Technical Publications Series. (USAID: Washington, DC) 39 UNDP and EU. No Date. Governance Indicators. 40 http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp
42
6.3.1. District Governors – From Figureheads to Facilitators
District governors are appointed mainly for political reasons and as part of political deal
making. Not all district governors live in the district they are supposed to govern. Out of 27
districts with district governor offices only 11 reside in the district and only on official days
while considering their places of permanent residence as being elsewhere (Table 7). Another
three district governors visited their districts a few days every month while one district
governor refused to specify his schedule. Only 12 governors were living in the district
permanently, yet two of those had their families living elsewhere in the country. Due to lack
of security, these governors spend much of their time in their protected compounds.
All district governors (or their staff) reported that when the petitions come to the District
Governor Office they are verified, approved, and signed. However, it was not possible to
establish the degree of importance for the role of District Governor Offices in clearing the
petitions. As is the case with many processes within the Afghan bureaucracy, it is difficult to
ascertain whether such approvals and verifications are genuine and aimed at ensuring that
legitimate concerns are addressed or whether this is more of a courteous formality designed
at best to provide stature for local individuals or, at worst, an opportunity to collect “speed
money” for processing the petitions.
There is general discontent among the district governors and their staff about resource
insufficiency and disconnect between district and provincial administrations. As one district
governor put it:
Communities do not approach us for support or liaison with NGOs, they always approach
them on their own through their personal connections. Therefore, we have no files and
proposals filed in the office and we are lacking a functional filing system. The district office
has very little human resources. A lot of organizations come to us only to obtain approval or
permission to proceed. The rest of the process is very much independent of us.41
Similar sentiments on not being fully informed or being part of the process were expressed
by other District Governors. Perhaps acting on this frustration, the Provincial Governor in
Ghazni insisted that APPRO’s team of researchers should go to a number of districts that
were out of bounds due to security concerns even for Afghan officials. When the teams
raised concerns regarding security, the Governor responded that the best use of research
was to collect information on sub-‐national governance activity in areas that are neglected
because of concerns about security.
41 Pashton Zarghon District, Herat Province, District Governor
43
There are a number of districts, such as Puste-‐e Rod (Farah), where the District Governors
are not involved in the petition process at all and communities approach Provincial
Governor directly instead. There is no District Governor in Lashkar Gah (Helmand), but the
communities do not seem to approach Provincial Governor for their petitions. In one of the
parallel process in Bagrami and Deh Sabz (Kabul) District Governors are not involved either
but are involved in other processes.
Table 7: Meetings with communities and residency status of the district governor
# Province District Frequency of community meetings
Status of residency in the district
1 Badghis Muqur Twice a week During official days only
2 Badghis Qadis Twice a week Resides in the district permanently
3 Farah Farah No interview No interview
4 Farah Pusht-‐e-‐Rod On needs basis Lives outside of the district and only visits and stays for a few days in his office.
5 Ghazni Jaghori Twice a month Resides in the district permanently
6 Ghazni Ghazni No interview No interview
7 Helmand Lashkar Gah No interview No interview
8 Helmand Nad Ali Twice a month I stay in the district 24 days a month
9 Helmand Nawa-‐e-‐Barakzai Weekly Lives in Lashkar Gah with his family, but he is present at his office everyday
10 Herat Gozara Twice a month Is present in official days at his office
11 Herat Injil Monthly Lives in Herat city, but comes to visit his office anonymously
12 Herat Pashton Zarghon Monthly During official days only
13 Kabul Khaki Jabar Monthly Resides in the district permanently
14 Kabul Bagrami On needs basis Resides in the district permanently
15 Kabul Deh Sabz Twice a month Resides in the district permanently
16 Kandahar Daman Unknown Unknown
17 Kandahar Kandahar No interview No interview
18 Kandahar Dand On needs basis Stays in the district, but the family lives in Kandahar city
19 Kandahar Maiwand Weekly Resides in the district permanently
20 Khost Sabari None During official days only
21 Khost Nadirshah Kot Monthly Resides in the district permanently
22 Khost Jaji Maidan Weekly During official days only
23 Khost Shamal Twice a month During official days only
24 Khost Tani Twice a month During official days only
25 Laghman Mehtarlam Weekly Lives in the government office, but his family lives somewhere else
26 Laghman Alingar Monthly Visit the office 15 times per month
27 Logar Pul-‐e-‐Alam No interview No interview
28 Logar Mohammad Agha Weekly During official days only
29 Nangarhar Jalalabad On needs basis Resides in the district permanently
30 Nangarhar Behsood Twice a month Resides in the district permanently
31 Nangarhar Shinwari Monthly Resides in the district permanently
32 Paktiya Gardez Twice a week During official days only
33 Zabul Qalat No interview No interview
44
Despite all these impediments, the interview data suggest that district governors are starting
to play a facilitation role in connecting communities to government institutions in some
districts. Many district governors meet on a regular basis with the communities and their
representatives to communicate messages from the central government or to discuss any
local issues. Regularity of meetings varies from twice a week (3 districts) to weekly (5
districts), twice a month (7 districts), once a month (6 districts), or on an as-‐needed basis (4
districts) (Table 7). In the six districts without district governors, the district governor duties
are delegated up to the provincial governors. It is not immediately clear whether or how
often Provincial Governors meet with the communities. The District Governor of Sabari
(Khost) stated that he had difficulties in meeting with communities because there was open
threat by the armed opposition against those cooperating with the government.
6.3.2. Emergence of DDA and DRRD as Key Agencies
In the process of this assessment District Development Assembles (DDAs) featured
prominently in the sub-‐national governance structure, yet DDAs are not a formal institution
and are currently not recognized by the government.
The DDAs are formed from a number of CDC representatives in a district. Each CDC sends
two representatives to the cluster meeting, where on average a total of 30 members – 15
are males and 15 females – are elected to form a DDA. The DDA then elects four officers –
chair, assistant chair, secretary, and treasurer. As of January 2011 MRRD has established 382
DDAs across the country.
All districts visited for this assessment had DDAs. Only one district (Dand, Kandahar) did not
appear on the MRRD database of DDAs.42 The DDAs in the remaining 32 districts were
registered in the MRRD database. The DDAs receive some training support from the
Departments of Rural Reconstruction and Development, and there is funding available for
the establishment and maintenance of DDA offices. There is no funding to support projects
promoted by DDAs or to pay salaries to DDA officers who currently work as volunteers. Due
to its informal status and lack of clear funding sources DDAs function on an as-‐needed basis.
DDAs currently facilitate communication between DRRDs and CDCs. DDAs help to put
together District Development Plans and then to follow up on them. The National Area
Based Development Program funded by UNDP relies on DDAs to feed the community needs
into the development of District Development Plans and then to monitor funding disbursed
via the program. DDAs appear to play an important role in promoting communities concerns
42 It is unclear why Dand is not on this register.
45
at the district level, with a potential to raise funding from a variety of sources including the
central government, donors, and PRTs.
The relationship between DDAs district governors is undefined. They work with district
governors to process community petitions and secure funding from the NABDP, yet there
are multiple reports of the DDAs struggling to establish working relationships with district
governors due to their informal status.
Donors usually work closely with CDCs, Provincial Councils, and DDAs in their attempts to
access communities and understand their needs. DDAs serve as an important link between
the communities, donors, and district governance structures. For example, the District
Governor in Dand (Kandahar) reported that from 2007 to early 2011 a total of 88 projects
had been implemented under the National Area Based Development Project that facilitated
the creation of District Development Assemblies. Of these, four projects were funded by
USAID, eight by UNICEF, six by CRDA/Japan and the remaining 70 by CIDA.43 In Daman
(Kandahar) during the same period a total of 66 projects were funded and implemented. Of
these 6 were funded by UNICEF and the remainder by CIDA. Quite possibly there have been
other projects implemented on petitions submitted by the communities but it is difficult to
quantify this because the district governor offices do not keep full and accurate records.
The Department of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (DRRD) also plays an important
role in processing and channeling funding to address community petitions. DRRD is involved
as either supporting DDAs’ initiatives or directly as the implementing government agency
with the following notable exceptions:
-‐ Lashkar Gah (Helmand): Communities approach PRTs for funding directly bypassing
district governor and DRRD altogether. However, in a parallel process for processing
petitions DDA and DRRD are involved, unlike the district governor.
-‐ Gozara (Herat): The Provincial Governor directs decision making on implementation to
the Department of Public Works
-‐ Injil (Herat): The community petitions are submitted to various donors via the
Department of Economy
-‐ Kandahar (Kandahar): Community petitions are submitted to Kandahar Municipality
which then approaches various donors directly
-‐ Nadir Shah Kot (Khost): The District Governor bypasses the DRRD and directs the
petitions to the Department of Economy which then issues a tender for (mainly)
construction projects, and
-‐ Tani (Khost): The District Governor directs petitions to relevant line ministries other than
DRRD.
43 These projects were implemented under the Provincial and District Development Plans developed by CDCs, DDAs and Provincial Development Assemblies under the guidance of DRRD and MRRD.
46
Despite the apparently central role of DDAs and DRRD in processing community petitions
there are signs suggesting that donors are not entirely clear about which of the sub-‐national
governance structures they should support. For example, DfID is funding a Helmand
Agriculture And Rural Development Programme (HARDP) via the MRRD.44 Since 2006 the
project has provided funding for community petitions under the coordination of MRRD and
involving DDAs. In March 2010 DfID started a nine-‐month project to support IDLG in playing
“a coordinating role in developing and enabling the District Delivery Program.”45 IDLG,
however, is refusing to engage with DDAs as unconstitutional and nonelected entities and
insists on establishing elected District Councils to coordinate social, political and
developmental activities in the districts. This approach is likely to undermine the legitimacy
of the DDAs and can potentially prevent their becoming established and institutionalized.
Similar problems are associated with funding from USAID. USAID is both contributing to
MRRD/UNDP administered National Area Based Development Program (NABDP) and
Afghanistan Social Outreach Program (ASOP).46 The latter works with IDLG to establish
district councils which do not work with DDAs.
6.3.3. Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs)
PRTs play a sometimes significant role in district governance. In this context PRTs are seen as
a potential source of funding and at times described as partners in development of the
district. One district governor reported: Of those projects that are submitted by the
communities a number of them were implemented by MRDD, and the rest were successful
and accepted by the PRT.”47
The researchers asked government representatives to name key entities that work in
collaboration with the District Governors on development projects. In 11 out of 27 districts
PRTs were named among other entities considered important for the development of the
district (Table 8). One of the District Governors explained partnership and development
contributions in the following way:48
“In the last 6 months, 3 bridges and stone laying on pathways have been implemented by
the Polish PRT. Two school buildings, and other development projects were also built
through PRT and the district office. Sometime PRT lists the priorities and implements them
44 http://projects.dfid.gov.uk/project.aspx?Project=107171 45 http://projects.dfid.gov.uk/project.aspx?Project=201703 46 http://www.aecom.com/What+We+Do/Government/Development+and+Response/_projectsList/Afghanistan+Social+Outreach+Program+%28ASOP%29 47 Maiwand district, Kandahar province 48 Jaghori district, Ghazni province
47
accordingly through private firms, like a paved road project from main bazaar to the district
office.”
Yet PRTs were identified in only four districts as direct players for funding projects from
community petitions. In four areas -‐ Behsood (Nangarhar), Lashkar Gah (Helmand), Alingar
(Laghman) and Farar (Farar) -‐ PRTs were approached for funding directly. PRTs were present
in all of the provincial capitals covered under this assessment. It is unclear why other
districts do not feature PRTs as a part of the process to obtain funding for community
petitions, especially the districts that consider PRTs as important partners.
Table 8: PRTs in the districts
Province District Location of the nearest PRT
PRT named as a partner
PRT is a part of the petition process
No of petitions
collected by APPRO
Of those collected by
APPRO processed via PRT
Badghis Muqur Qala-‐e-‐Naw, Badghis X X 3 3
Badghis Qadis Qala-‐e-‐Naw, Badghis X 3 0
Farah Farah Farah, Farah X 23 1
Farah Pusht-‐e-‐Rod Farah, Farah 5 0
Ghazni Jaghori Ghazni, Ghazni X 6 1
Ghazni Ghazni Ghazni, Ghazni 0 0
Helmand Lashkar Gah Helmand, Lashkar Gah X 0 0
Helmand Nad Ali Helmand, Lashkar Gah X 9 0
Helmand Nawa-‐e-‐Barakzai Helmand, Lashkar Gah X 0 0
Herat Gozara Herat, Herat X 1 0
Herat Injil Herat, Herat 3 0
Herat Pashton Zarghon Herat, Herat 0 0
Kabul Khaki Jabar ISAF, Kabul X 11 0
Kabul Bagrami ISAF, Kabul 7 0
Kabul Deh Sabz ISAF, Kabul X 6 0
Kandahar Daman Kandahar, Kandahar 10 0
Kandahar Kandahar Kandahar, Kandahar 0 0
Kandahar Dand Kandahar, Kandahar 9 0
Kandahar Maiwand Kandahar, Kandahar 11 0
Khost Sabari Khost, Khost 0 0
Khost Nadirshah Kot Khost, Khost X 5 1
Khost Jaji Maidan Khost, Khost 1 0
Khost Shamal Khost, Khost 6 0
Khost Tani Khost, Khost 5 0
Laghman Mehtarlam Laghman, Laghman X 6 0
Laghman Alingar Laghman, Laghman X X 1 0
Logar Pul-‐e-‐Alam Pule-‐e-‐Alam 0 0
Logar Mohammad Agha Pule-‐e-‐Alam 3 0
Nangarhar Jalalabad Jalalabad, Nangarhar 8 0
Nangarhar Behsood Jalalabad, Nangarhar X 3 0
Nangarhar Shinwari Jalalabad, Nangarhar X 3 0
Paktiya Gardez Gardez, Paktya X 6 0
Zabul Qalat Qalat, Zabul 0 0
48
6.3.4. Institutionalization and Best Practices
The institutionalization of the petition process to attend to community needs remains in its
infancy. A good indicator is the inconsistency of language used to describe the process and
lack of standardization in the steps that need to be taken from inception to implementation.
There is great variation in processing the petitions among the districts. References to an
office of NABDP in DRRD could be “Development Program”, “Area Based Program”,
“Reconstruction Specialist” or, simply, “the Office at DRRD”. Similarly the office of Social and
Sectoral Services under District and Provincial Administration becomes Department of Social
and Economic Services, Sectoral Services Department, Department of Technical and Sectoral
Services. There appears to be no unified terminology or description of the provincial
departments (line ministries) or specific offices in the provincial departments. In part this is
due to a lack of sufficient standardization of the steps in the process and the variations
among the districts in so far as the steps taken to process petitions.
Given the situation described above, it is not possible to speak of “best practices” in petition
processing. It is possible to state with some qualification, however, that there is some
degree of standardization in processing community petitions in 17 out of 29 districts while in
the remaining 12 districts there are two or three different ways for processing the petitions.
To illustrate, Bagrami (Kabul) seems to have the most haphazard way of processing the
petitions. In one instance the community approaches Kabul Provincial Council, which refers
the petition to DRRD. From DRRD the petition goes to Department of Engineering, then to
MRRD, then back to DRRD and then put out to tender. In a second approach, Bagrami
community petitions are submitted to MRRD directly, which then refers them to DRRD,
Program Administration, Department of Engineering and then out for tender. Finally,
community petitions can be submitted to the Provincial Council, which refers to the District
Governor, who passes it on to a Representative of the Presidential Office in the District, then
to MRRD, Registrar, back MRRD, Program Administration, Department of Engineering, and
then out to tender.
As a result it is impossible to name a number of processes outlined as the best practices for
possessing community petitions. All the processes were different from one another and in
some districts communities used various approaches to promote their needs resulting in a
number of parallel processes for processing community petitions. It is not possible to state
categorically that one petition process is “better” than another since being better can be a
function of the length of time it takes to process a petition, the number of steps, the degree
of support from the district governor (and his office), the size, value, and type of request
being addressed, and so forth. Having said that, the data and the analysis in this assessment
should be used as a starting point for developing such evaluation criteria to inform future
programming on sub-‐national governance at the district and other levels.
49
7. Conclusions
This assessment began with a review of the reports and other documentation on sub-‐
national governance in Afghanistan to provide an up to date overview and synthesis. The
review was used in conjunction with the Scope of Work and consultations with DAI to
generate a set of guiding questions for data collection in the 33 districts (Appendix 2). The
data were used to generate a series of maps ( Appendix 4) to document the actual processes
to which community development petitions are subjected.
There is much value in further attempts to establish and legitimize the functions of district
governors. A major challenge appears to be a disconnect between the district governors and
other actors within the sub-‐national governance system. At the higher level there is a
disconnect between the districts and the provincial and national levels while at a lower level
district governors are often insufficiently involved in the processing of the community
petitions. To a degree the international community has recognized this challenge but has,
thus far, failed to acknowledge that the legitimization of such new structures as district or
provincial governance systems is likely to take decades rather than years. This is
compounded by the fact that there are competing entities, interests, and functions within
the sub-‐national governance system and insufficient understanding of what would work best
in the complex Afghan context. There continues to be widespread confusion over the
mandate and jurisdiction of numerous departments (line ministries), new and emerging sub-‐
national governance structures such as District Councils, PRTs, and national and
international NGOs.
Understandably, the communities and their representative organizations such as
associations and/or I/NGOs tend to choose the path of least resistance and utilize their own
social networks and personal relations to take as many shortcuts as possible in securing
funds for community development projects. This results in the emergence of random
processes which sometimes can involve the Department of Ershad and Awqaf, the
Department of Economy, Provincial Executive Office, or Department of Private Sector
Development. The outcome of these processes is an idiosyncratic system that is hard to
standardize or penetrate unless the intervening body utilizes the same set of social and
personal relations that are used to address other informal issues. While there is much
potential for DDAs to streamline these disparate processes, expectations of what can be
achieved have to be moderated and viewed as longer term objectives rather than instant
goals.
The sub-‐national governance system has not worked in the manner perceived and expected
by the international community. In part at least, this may be attributed to a lack of
coordination among donors involved in sub-‐national governance and competitive visions
50
and priorities of the donors. In addition, as is the case with all policies, the outcome of the
interventions to institute a functioning, accountable, and transparent system have not
unfolded or evolved as expected. There is currently a conglomeration of formal entities with
unclear mandates and overlapping jurisdictions. The net result of these developments is
confusion for the potential users of the sub-‐national system of governance, particularly
communities and their proponent organizations, which may choose to pursue their interests
by bypassing the formal entities.
At the most basic level, many district governor functions are delegated up to the provincial
governor while those that maintain some degree of presence in districts lack the capacity to
fulfill their role. Capacity is lacking in some district governor offices in such fundamental
areas as a functioning filing system. From a Government and donor community perspective,
it is nearly impossible to monitor whether and how district governor offices fulfill their
responsibilities since there is no functioning, or verifiable requirement for an audit trail of
the petition process or, more importantly, whether the funds allocated to successful
community petitions were diligently and legitimately appropriated.
Despite these challenges, and given the amount of funds and other resources allocated to
building the system of sub-‐national governance, attempts will need to be made to monitor
the workings of district governor offices. Monitoring should draw on information collected
through carefully designed indicators such as, but not limited to, the following:
- Number of recorded and processed petitions
- Length of time it takes to process a petition
- A number of steps required to process a petition
- The degree of support from the district governor and his office to the community
- The size and the value of the development project
- Types of requests for petitions
- Relationship between the district governor and the community (partially through
establishing the governor’s place of the origin, ethnicity, and place of residence)
- Frequency of meetings with the community and its representative organizations
- Subject of the meetings between governors and communities / community
representative organizations
- Role of the governor in addressing community petitions
- Existence of a paper trail for all petitions
- Relationship between district governors other stakeholders: type of relationship, topic
of communications, etc.
- Relationship of the district governor with traditional forms of authority
- Direct attacks against the governor compound and its staff
51
These possible indicators are not all measurable or comparable across the districts. Yet such
indicators as the relationship between district governors and the traditional forms of
authority or communities are important in understanding whether or not the Governor is
accepted as a leader and is able to understand and address community needs.
While the findings from this assessment may be disappointing from an intervention impact
effectiveness perspective, there is much value in learning from the developments in sub-‐
national governance in the last five years. First, further and more in-‐depth investigation over
a longer period of time is required to establish why the petition process in some districts is
unpredictable, non-‐standardized, and unnecessarily complicated whereas it is reasonably
straightforward in others. For example, the petition process is more logical, standardized,
and straightforward in Mohammad Aga (Logar) than in Deh Sabz (Kabul) (see Table 5). Understanding the reasons for this divergence is likely to inform future programming in
support of sub-‐national governance.
Second, every effort should be made to find innovative ways to start streamlining the
petition processes while taking measures, including allocating new resources, to bring order
into petition processes in districts where there is little or none so as to establish
predictability and orderliness in how petitions are carried from one stage to the next. The
development of context specific (and useful) indicators of good governance must thus be
viewed as a subsequent task and easier to accomplish when the more straightforward
petition systems stabilize and assume a much higher degree of legitimacy and permanency
over time.
Third, there are indications that in some districts the governors are starting to play a
facilitation role in connecting communities to other levels of government. Many district
governors meet on a regular basis with their communities and community representatives
to communicate messages from the central government and to discuss local issues and
concerns (Table 7). Understanding why these favorable practices continue, despite there
being numerous incentives and structures to guide the governors to behave otherwise, is
crucial in setting the expectations (and outcomes) for future programming.
Fourth, all districts, to varying degrees, indicated that they had insufficient or inadequate
financial and human resources and facilities in governor offices. Provision of trained local
administration staff needs to become a major component of future programming in the
districts, especially since many governors throughout the country lack sufficient or adequate
education or formal training to mange their responsibilities or run their offices in a
professional manner.
52
Last but not least, trial and error with an emphasis on learning from every phase of the
project and a longer term planning horizon for development programming in sub-‐national
governance must be crucial components in future programming since fulfilling such a
fundamental task as changing the way people relate to one another and govern themselves
is likely to be a generational challenge.
53
8. Recommendations
Four basic but fundamental recommendations can be made based on this rapid assessment
of district governance:
Recommendation 1: It is widely recognized that evaluations, and even more so research, are
often an afterthought in reconstruction programming. Much of the resistance by the district
governors and their staff to engage with researchers from “outside” is due to the fact there
is no understanding or formal obligation to account to donors who sustain their existence
and operations. Given the general lack of contextual information and the widespread
“research fatigue” in all strata of Afghan society, research (and ongoing monitoring and
periodic evaluations) must become an early and integral part of program design in all
manner of reconstruction programming. Introducing research, monitoring, and evaluation in
the beginning of the process is likely to enforce as system of accountability, at least to the
funders.
Recommendation 2: Major problems plague the sub-‐national system of governance.
Patronage, political favoritism and deal making, insufficient legitimacy characteristic of weak
governments are major obstacles to a functioning, accountable, and transparent system of
governance. These obstacles must not, however, be reasons for inaction but, rather,
opportunities for innovation in working through the myriad of traditional power relations
through which much of Afghanistan continues to be governed. Many of these innovations or
possibilities to innovate come to light, however, when the work with district governors by
DAI and others is coordinated with and complemented by all other efforts aimed at
modernizing government and governance in Afghanistan. Future programming around
district governors must thus be done in conjunction with the work with Provincial Governors
and Councils at the higher level and Villages and Municipalities at the lower level.
Recommendation 3: Develop an applied governance training program to provide a
backbone for District Governance office function. This should include a tracking mechanism
to establish when and who submitted what petitions in the district governance offices. Focus
more on the internal structures of the District Government, such as filing, collating and
analyzing information that is coming into the District Government Offices. Support District
Governors in managing public relationships to provide for a greater engagement with
communities and other public entities on development issues.
Recommendation 4: Consider providing a dedicated funding to the District Government to
be able to address local needs, possibly including provisions for their ability to collect local
taxes. Alternatively channel all funding via government institutions and ensure that all
54
decisions are made at a designated point with an appropriate oversight. A major part of this
will need to be a development of actual maps of the process to be followed published in the
official places such as District Governors, using symbols as well as written text to overcome
illiteracy barriers. Maps could be structures as one of the maps in the Appendix 4. The
decision making process needs to be redefined and related to district governance offices and
other provincial entities.
Recommendation 5: Fund as few Governance development programs as possible to
maximize capacity to provide mentorship and support to the District Governors office by a
single agency. A major part of this approach is coordination and encouraging umbrella
programming consisting of interrelated projects rather than funding disparate projects.
Recommendation 6: Review timescale and action plans for sub-‐national governance and
District Governance in particular to adjust for a slower pace of changes. Given the fact that
institutions take time to develop even in more stable and secure environments than
Afghanistan, future sub-‐national governance programming will need to extend timelines for
new structures to be tested, accepted, and hence instituted.
55
References
AREU (2008). “The Changing Face of Local Governance? Community Development Councils in Afghanistan”. (Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit).
Asia Foundation (2007). “An Assessment of Sub-‐national Governance in Afghanistan”. (San Francisco: Asia Foundation).
Colin Cookman, C. and C. Wadhams (2010). “Governance in Afghanistan: Looking Ahead to What We Leave Behind”. (Washington DC: Centre for American Progress).
IDLG (2010). “Sub-‐national Governance Policy”. (Kabul: Independent Directorate of Local Governance).
Katzman, Kenneth (2011). “Afghanistan: Politics, Elections, and Government Performance”. (Washington DC: Congressional Research Service).
Malkasian, Carter and Gerald Meyerle (2009). “Provincial Reconstruction Teams: How Do We Know They Work?” (PA: Strategic Studies Institute). Available from: http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/
McNerney, M.J. (2006). “Stabilization and Reconstruction in Afghanistan: Are PRTs a Model or a Muddle?” Parameters (Winter 2005-‐2006): 32-‐46.
Poole, L. 2011. “Afghanistan, tracking major resource flows 2002 – 2010”. (Development Initiatives: Wells).
SIGAR (2011). “Governance, Rule of Law, and Human Rights”. (Kabul: The Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction). Available from: www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/Jan2011/HiRes/Governance.pdf
World Bank (2007). “Service Delivery and Governance at the Sub-‐national Level in Afghanistan”. (Washington DC: World Bank).
56
Appendix 1: List of Interviewees
# Province District Agency or Department 1 Badghis Muqur District Government Office 2 Badghis Qadis District Government Office 3 Farah Farah Provincial Government Office 4 Farah Pusht-‐e-‐Rod District Government Office 5 Ghazni Jaghori District Government Office 6 Helmand Lashkar Gah District Government Office 7 Helmand Lashkar Gah Legal Department 8 Helmand Lashkar Gah Prosecution 9 Helmand Lashkar Gah Provincial Government Office 10 Helmand Nad Ali District Government Office 11 Helmand Nad Ali Department of Irrigation 12 Helmand Nawa-‐e-‐Barakzai Sectoral Services 13 Herat Guzara District Government Office 14 Herat Injil District Government Office 15 Herat Pashton Zarghon District Government Office 16 Kabul Bagrami District Government Office 17 Kabul Deh Sabz Administrative Department 18 Kabul Deh Sabz District Government Office 19 Kabul Deh Sabz DRRD 20 Kabul Kabul Department of Economy 21 Kandahar Kandahar District Government Office 22 Khost Sabari District Government Office 23 Khost Nadirshah Kot District Government Office 24 Khost Jaji Maidan District Government Office 25 Khost Shamal District Government Office 26 Khost Tani District Government Office 27 Khost Khost Executive Office 28 Khost Khost IRC office 29 Laghman Mehtarlam Sectoral Management 30 Laghman Mehtarlam Provincial Offices 31 Logar Mohammad Agha Provincial Government Office 32 Logar Pul-‐e-‐Alam DRRD 33 Nangarhar Behsood District Government Office 34 Nangarhar Jalalabad Provincial Management 35 Nangarhar Jalalabad Presidential Office 36 Nangarhar Jalalabad Services Sectors 37 Nangarhar Shinwari District Government Office 38 Paktiya Gardez Provincial Government Office
57
Appendix 2: Interview Guide Name of the District: ________________________ Date of the visit: ___________________ Name of the interviewer: ________________________
1. Name of the Governor: __________________
2. Length of service in this district: _______________
3. Ethnicity of the Governor: _________________
4. Political affiliation of the Governor: _________________
5. Name of the previous Governor: ________________
6. Length of service in this district of the previous Governor: _____________
7. Total estimated population for District: ______________
8. Predominant ethnicities in the District: _____________________________
9. Ethnicity of the previous Governor: __________________
10. Political affiliation of the previous Governor: ___________________
11. Relationship (political support, close trade, etc) if any with other district Governors__________________________________
12. District Governor Resides (Tick one): 12.1. In the district permanently 12.2. In the district part of the time (specify number of days) 12.3. Outside of the district and only visits the district sometimes (how many times per
month?) 12.4. Outside of the district and never visits the district
13. District Government Office (Tick one): 13.1. Located in a designated/separate building 13.2. Located in a shared building with other governmental offices 13.3. Located in a private/rented house 13.4. No dedicated office (explain where they are located)
14. District Government Staff 14.1. Number of staff (how many males and females?) 14.2. Their duties (Describe):
15. Attacks on District Governor’s Staff (Describe with dates and frequency):
16. Threats (verbal and written) against District Governor’s Staff (Describe with dates and frequency):
58
17. Attacks on District Governor’s Office (Describe with dates and frequency)
18. Threats (verbal and written) against District Governor’s Office (Describe with dates and frequency)
19. Ways District Governor engages with communities: 19.1. Community meetings (how frequently are they held? What is discussed?) 19.2. Public Notices (Flyers distributed / Radio and/or TV and Mosque announcements /
Other?) (Describe and copy examples where appropriate)
20. What does the District Governor’s Office do with the expressed wishes of the community? (Describe the process, ask to see evidence to use as example)
21. How successful is the District Governor’s Office in addressing the community’s needs? (If petitions are submitted to higher authorities to meet the community’s needs, to whom are these petitions submitted? What is the process? How long does the process take from submission to receiving a response from higher authorities?)
22. Other key stakeholders who support District Governor (NGOs, Military, Political Parties, etc.)
23. Format in which district governors document communities wishes and needs for social and economic development
24. How many of these requests submitted in the last year?
25. How many of these requests were addressed?
26. How does the deliberation process work at the Governor’s Office in addressing the community’s wishes?
27. On what basis does the Governor’s office decide what community wishes to pursue and promote?
59
Appendix 3: Monitoring Forms Province District Key Researcher Research Coordinator
Date Who was contacted in District
Governor’s office? Contact details What information verified? Notes Action Points Next monitoring meeting
Muqur Qadis
Community Community
CDC CDC
District Governor(Office for Registra<on of Pe<<ons)
District Governor
PRT/ISAF
District Governor(informed about alloca<on of funds)
Badghis Province
PRT/ISAF
Department of Public Works
Department of Public Works
District Governor(informed about alloca<on of funds)
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Appendix 4: Process Maps
60
Pusht-‐e-‐Rod
Community
DRRD
Department of Engineering
Farah
Community
Department of CSO
Farah Province
CDC
Provincial Governor
CDC
Department of Social and Economic Services
PRT
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Provincial Governor
DRRD
DRRD
DRRD
Department of Engineering
DRRD
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Provincial Governor
61
Ghazni
Community
Relevant line ministry
Provincial Governor
PDC
Donor
Jaghori
Community
CDC
District Governor
DRRD
MRRD
Provincial Governor (informed about alloca<on of funds)
Sectoral Services Department
District Governor(informed about alloca<on of funds)
Ghazni Province
Ministry of Public Works
District Administra<on
District Governor
IRD
CDC
DDA
Elected District Representa<ve
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
62
Nad Ali
Community
DDA
Department of MAIL
Community
Department of Ershad and Awqaf
DDA
Helmand Province
Lashkar Gah
Community
CDC
PRT
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
District Governor
Execu<ve Office
District Governor
Relevant Sector
Nawa-‐e-‐Barakzai
Mustofiyat
District Governor
Construc<on companies
DRRD
Department of MAIL Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Department of Ershad and Awqaf
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Planning and Development Department OfficeProvincial Governor
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
63
Herat Province
Pashton Zarghon
Community
CDC
District Governor
DRRD
MRRD
Provincial Governor (informed about alloca<on of funds)
Provincial Execu<ve Office
Injil
District Governor
Department of Technical and Sectoral Services
Execu<ve Office
Gozara
Community
CDC
District Governor
Department of Public Works
Provincial Governor
Department of Public Works
Department of Economy
CRDSA
Department of Water
Community
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
District Governor (informed about alloca<on of funds)
64
Deh Sabz
Community
DDA
District Governor
DRRD
MRRD
DRRD
Kabul Province
Bagrami
Community
CDC
MRRD
DRRD
Khaki Jabar
DDA
District Governor
DRRD
MRRD
Provincial Council
Presiden<al Office Representa<ve
District Governor
MRRD
DRRD
Provincial Council
Department of Engineering
DRRD
MRRD
DRRD
MRRD
Department of Public Works
Department of Engineering
MRRD
Department of Engineering
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
DRRD
Department of Engineering
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
65
Kandahar Province
Kandahar
Municipality
UN Habitat or Other Donors
Daman
Community
District Governor
CDC
DRRD
District Governor
Dand
Community
District Governor
DDA
Dep of Economy
District Governor
District Governor
District Governor(informed about alloca<on of funds)
Donor’s Zonal Administra<on Office
Provincial Council
Donor’s Field Zonal Office
Provincial Council
Provincial Governor
Departments of Line Ministries
Municipality
UN Habitat or Other Donors
Donor’s Field Zonal Office
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
DRRD
Community
CDC
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
66
Maiwand
District Governor
DDA
DRRD
District Governor
District Governor
Provincial Governor
DRRD
DDA
District Governor
DRRD
Community
Field Zonal Office
Program Administra<on
Field Zonal Office
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Kandahar Province
67
Khost Province
Nadir Shah Kot
Community
CDC
District Governor
Department of Economy
Sabari
Community
CDC
District Governor
DRRD
MRRD
Provincial Governor (informed about alloca<on of funds)
Provincial Execu<ve Office
DDA
DDA
CDC
District Governor
DRRD
Sectoral Service department
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
PRT
68
Shamal
Community
District Governor
DRRD
Provincial Governor
Jaji Maidan
Community
CDC
District Governor
DRRD
MRRD
Execu<ve Branch of Provincial Governor
Tani
Community
CDC
DRRDReconstruc<on
Specialist
Sectoral Service department
Department of Economy
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
District Governor
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Provincial Governor (informed about alloca<on of funds)
District Governor (informed about alloca<on of funds)
Khost Province
69
Laghman Province
Mehtarlam
Community
Provincial Development Assembly
Provincial Governor
Department of Energy and Water
Planning Commi[ee
Alingar
Community
Department of Private Sector Development
District Governor
CommunityProposal Wri<ng
Provincial Governor
Provincial Governor
Coordina<on Body (DRRD, Energy and Water, Emergency)
Department of Energy and Water
CDC
DDA
Mullah
Youth Commi[ee
Village Malik
PRT
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
70
Logar Province
Pul-‐e-‐Alam
Community
CDC
Provincial Governor
DRRD
MRRD
Department of Economy
Mohammad Agha
Community
CDC
District Governor
DRRD
MRRDThree way agreement: CDC/DDA/DRRD
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Provincial Governor
Department of Economy
Three way agreement: CDC/DDA/DRRD
DRRD
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
71
Nangarhar Province
Jalalabad
Community
Vakil-‐e-‐Gozar
Provincial Governor
Provincial Execu<ve Office
Department of Economy
Provincial Governor (informed about alloca<on of funds)
Project implementa<on
Department of Private Sector Development
Donors
Behsood
Community
Village Malik
DRRD
Shinwari
CDC
District Governor
DRRD
Sectoral service department
CDC
DDA
District Governor
PRT
Construc<on Companies
DRRD
Project implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
Community
DDA
Project implementa<on
Construc<on CompaniesProject
implementa<on
Construc<on Companies
DDA
District Governor
72
PakGya Province
Gardez
Community
CDC
District Governor
MRRD
CDC
DDA
Provincial Governor
DRRD
DRRD
Donor’s Zonal Provincial Office
Three way agreement: CDC/DDA/DRRD
MRRD
CDC
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
DDA
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
73
Zabul Province
Qalat
Community
CDC
District Governor
Provincial Governor
Departments of Line Ministries
Project Coordina<on Office
DDA
Provincial Development Assembly
Construc<on Companies
Project implementa<on
74