Distribution by Oc, Bc Sc, St and the Occupations

7/21/2019 Distribution by Oc, Bc Sc, St and the Occupations

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Indian social/economic environment- Distributionby oc, bc sc, st and the occupations.

By,Vaisakh VimalanVishnu Sankar SZakariya M !areem



OCIAL INEQUALITY

The unequal opportunities toaccess various commoditiesand services available insociety to diferent sections o

society are termed as “socialinequality”.

These socially dened sections aregender, age, class, cast and race

etc.Similarly commodities andservices as reerred here areeducation, healthcare, jobopportunities, employment etc.



aste system in modern !ndia

The leaders o independent !ndia decided that !ndia "ill bedemocratic, socialist and secular country. #racticing untouchability ordiscriminating a person based on his caste is legally orbidden. $long"ith this la" the government allo"s positive discrimination o thedepressed classes o !ndia. The lo"er classes "ere listed in three categories. The rst category iscalled Scheduled astes. This category includes in it communities "ho"ere untouchables.The second category is Scheduled Tribes. This category includes in it

those communities "ho did not accept the caste system andpreerred to reside deep in the jungles, orests and mountains o!ndia. The Scheduled Tribes are also called $divasi, meaningaboriginals.The third category is called sometimes %ther &ac'"ard lasses. Thiscategory includes in it castes "ho belong to Sudra (arna and alsoormer untouchables "ho converted rom )induism to other religions.This category also includes in it nomads and tribes "ho made a living

rom criminal acts.$ccording to the central government policy these three categories areentitled or positive discrimination. *+ o !ndia-s population areScheduled astes. $ccording to central government policy *+ o thegovernment jobs and *+ o the students admitted to universitiesmust be rom Scheduled astes. or the Scheduled Tribes about /.+places are reserved "hich is their proportion in !ndian population.The %ther &ac'"ards lasses are about +0 o !ndia-s population, butonly 1/ o government jobs are reserved or them.



The scheduled tribes population

•

"he #$$% census put the number o& personsbelon'in' to Scheduled "ribes in India at ().* million

+hich is (.# o& the total population.

-"here +ere about $ maor tribal 'roups

-ver %$$ medium tribal 'roups and %*$ minor tribal

'roups.

•ccordin' to #$$% census, S"s are lar'est in M0&ollo+ed by Maharashtra, rissa, 1aasthan and 2harkhand. "he S" &ormed the lar'est proportion o&the total population in 3akshad+eep, Mi4oram and5a'aland.

• "he decadal population 'ro+th bet+een the censusyears %6(%-%66% in tribal population has been hi'herat *%.) than that &or the entire population at

#*.7%.



!arnataka has +itnessed hi'hest 'ro+th rateo& ($.(# &ollo+ed by 5a'aland 8.#*."he

lo+est 'ro+th rate as per #$$% census +asrecorded in ndaman and 5icobar Islands at%$.$( &ollo+ed by 9imachal 0radesh at%#.$#.

"he se:-ratio amon' S"s stand at 688 per%$$$ males. In all states e:cept 0 and "amil5adu and ;ttaranchal the S" se:-ratio as per#$$% census +as more +omen centric.

"he literacy rate &or S"s increased &rom#6.# to )8.%$ ."he &emale literacy rateamon' tribals increased &rom %(.%6 to*).8 in #$$%.



23ploitation and 4nrest o the tribes

<or a'es tribals are considered primitive se'ment o& Indian society. "hey lived in &orests and hills +ithout any contact +ith civili4ations.

Durin' British rule they consolidated their position and theirpolitical aspirations and administrative needs necessitated to openup the entire country.

"he British introduced the system o& lando+nership and revenue.

nnual ta: +as trebled +hich +as beyond the payin' capacity o&tribal cultivators.

Many nontribals be'an to settle in the tribal areas o=erin' credit&acilities. Initially it provided relie& to tribals but 'radually thesystem became e:ploitative.

ver the years the tribal population &aced all types o& e:ploitation.

"his aroused the tribal leaders to mobili4e the tribals and starta'itations.Thus it is the cumulative result o a number o actors.!ndiference &rom administrators and bureaucracy in dealin' +ithtribal 'rievances.



Tribal Struggles

5umerous uprisin's o& the tribals have taken place be'innin' +ith

the one in Bihar in %88# &ollo+ed by many revolts in ndhra 0radesh,ndaman and 5icobar Islands,runchal 0radesh,ssam,Mi4oram and5a'aland."he important tribes involved in revolt in the %6th century+ere Mi4os >%(%$?,!ols>%867@%(*%?,Mundas >%((6?,DaAas

>%(87?,!hasi and aro >%(#6?

$ter independence the Tribal struggle may be classied into

three groups5Stru''les due to e:ploitation o& the outsiders.

Stru''les due to economic deprivations

Stru''le due to separatist tendencies

The tribal movements may also be classied on the basiso their orientation into our types5

Movements seekin' political autonomy and &ormation o& separatestate.

'rarian movement

<orest -based movements

Socio-reli'ious movements



rimes against scheduledtribes

"he number o& crimes committed a'ainst S"Cs +as- ),*$ in%66#

*,7# in %66*

7,$%6 in %66)

%*.6 +ere cases o& hurt, 8.8 cases to rape,#.%cases to murder, %.* case s to kidnappin' and)(.( to other cases.



Scheduled aste #opulation

ccordin' to #$$% census thepopulation o& Scheduled Eastes inIndia +as %. million +hich is

%.# o& the total population o& thecountry. "he SEs are lar'est in ;0,Maharashtra, Bihar and Fest Ben'al. "he hi'hest proportion o& scheduled

caste population +as in 0unab +hilethe lo+est is in 5a'aland.



4plitment o the scheduledcaste

Introduction & all the sections the shudras, once put on the

lo+est run' o& the social hierarchy +ere destinedto su=er all types o& deprivations. "heseuntouchables and depressed classes came to bedesi'nated as Scheduled Eastes.

"he term Hrst appeared in the overnment o&India ct, %6*7. In pril %6*, the Britishovernment had issued the overnment o& India

>Scheduled Eastes? rder, %6* speci&yin' certaincastes, races, and tribes as Scheduled Eastes inthe then provinces o& ssam, Bombay, Ben'al,Bihar, Eentral 0rovinces and Berar, Madras, rissa,0unab and ;nited 0rovinces.



6iferent #lans or 4plitment o Ss

"he implementation o& the special strate'ies o&the Special Eomponent 0lan >SE0? &or SEs and the

Special Eentral ssistance >SE? to SE0, has beenreceivin' special attention, since their inception,as these +ere e=ective instruments to ensureproportionate Ao+ o& &unds &or SEs &rom the other'eneral development sectors.

In respect o& the Special Eomponent 0lan >SE0?,the situation at the central level +as not &ound tobe very encoura'in' as the earmarkin' o& &unds+as adhered to only by thirteenMinistries/Departments.



S, ST, %&

Scheduled Eastes >SE? %.(Scheduled Eastes >S"? (

ther Back+ard Elasses #8

>or more?

ven +ith conservative estimates,it appears that more than 7$ o&

IndiaCs population su=erssystematic disadvanta'e anddepravation





!ndicators

"he commission used three indicators &oridenti&yin' a speciHc caste/class asback+ard.

"hey +ere-social,educational,and economic.

"he social indicators +ere 'iven a +ei'hta'eo& * points,the educational indicators #points and the economic indicators +ereaccorded % point.

"he total value +as ## points.Easstes +hich secured the score o&

7$,i.eJ%% points or above, +ere listed asKback+ardC.



Social

Elasses considered as socially back+ard by others.

Elasses +hich mainly depend on manual labour &or their livelihood.

Elasses +here at least #7 per cent &emales and %$ per cent males above the stateavera'e 'et married at an a'e belo+ %8 years in rural areas and at least %$ per

cent &emales and 7 per cent males do so in urban areas.Elasses +here participation o& &emales in +ork is at least #7 per cent above the

state avera'e.

2ducational

classes +here the number o& children in the a'e 'roup o& 7L%7 years +ho neverattended school is at least #7 percent above the state avera'e.

classes +here the rate o& student drop-out in the a'e 'roup o& 7L%7 years is at

least #7 percent above the state avera'e.classes amon'st +hom the proportion o& matriculates is at least #7 per cent belo+

the state avera'e.

2conomic

classes +here the avera'e value o& &amily assets is at least #7 per cent belo+ thestate avera'e.

Elasses +here the number o& &amilies livin' in kuccha houses is at least #7 percent above the state avera'e.

Elasses +here the source o& drinkin' +ater is beyond hal& kilometer &or more than7$ per cent o& the households.

Elasses +here the number o& households havin' taken consumption loans is atleast #7 per cent above the state avera'e.

lso kno+n as Ereamy layer, this criteria o& separation is i'nored by the'overnment +hich is kno+n as the most controversial issue o& reservation





#resent position

"he supreme court 'ave its verdict on 5ovember %7,%66#based on V.0 Sin'hCs 'overnmentCs notiHcation.

"he maority ud'ment held that #8 reservations in 'ovt.service on the basis o& caste are permissible.

But it 'ave certain directions &or chan'e in this policy, they+ere-

%. KEreamy layerC o& back+ard class should be e:cluded.

#. rmed &orces and sensitive hi'her civilian posts should bekept outside the purvie+ o& caste reservations.

*. Fhile commission had identiHed *,8)* back+ard classes,the supreme court reco'ni4ed only hal& this number as

BECs.). "hose castes +hich +ere +ell represented in 'ovt. obs

should be e:cluded &rom the list o& BECs.

7. Supreme court recommended reservations only in ori'inalappointments.



. Supreme court 'ave directions &or treatin' unHlledvacancies as unreserved.

8. 1eservation o& %$ seats &or +eaker sections in thehi'her castes as constitutional.

(. "he reservation Nuota should not 'o beyond 7$



!mplementation

ll the recommendations o& the report are not yet implemented. s on #8 2une#$$( there is still a backlo' o& #(,8$ BE vacancies in 'overnment obs."herecommendation o& reservations in 9i'her educational institutes +asimplemented in #$$(.5<9S Survey estimated only 9indu BE population."otal BE population derived

by assumin' Muslim BE population in same proportion as 9indu BEpopulation.

"he 5ational Sample Survey puts the H'ure at *#."here is substantial debateover the e:act number o& BEOs in India, +ith census data compromised bypartisan politics. It is 'enerally estimated to be si4able, but lo+er than theH'ures Nuoted by either the Mandal Eommission or and 5ational Sample Survey. "here is also an on'oin' controversy about the estimation lo'ic used by Mandal

commission &or calculatin' BE population. <amous Indian Statistician,Mr.Po'endra Padav +ho supports 1eservations

a'rees that there is no empirical basis to the Mandal H'ure. ccordin' to him It

is a mythical construct based on reducin' the number o& SE/S", Muslims andothers and then arrivin' at a number.5ational Sample SurveyOs %666-#$$$ round estimated around * per cent o& the

countryOs population is deHned as belon'in' to the ther Back+ard Elasses>BE?. "he proportion &alls to *# per cent on e:cludin' Muslim BEs. surveyconducted in %66( by 5ational <amily 9ealth Statistics >5<9S? puts theproportion o& non-Muslim BEs as #6.( per cent.

Documents

Distribution by Oc, Bc Sc, St and the Occupations