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8/12/2019 Distinguishing Between Different Organic Compounds
1/4
Organic Synthesis and
Analysis
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS
Distinguishing between different OrganicCompounds
It is possible to compare most of the organic compoundsthat you have coveredthrough simple chemical tests. A number of these tests arecovered below.
Test for alkenes
Due to the fact that they undergo electrophilic
additionwith bromine, alkenes will decolourise
bromine water.
To test:
Add few drops on bromine water to your sample.
Shakethe mixture.
If:
the bromine decolourisesthen an alkene is present.
the bromine does not decolourise no alkene is present.
Test for haloalkanes
If you heat haloalkanes with dilute sodium hydroxide halide
ions are produced due to a nucleophil ic substitution
reaction.
To test:
Add aqueous sodium hydroxide to your sample.
Heat the mixture and then allow it to cool.
Add dilute nitric acid followed by aqueous silver nitrate.
If:
a white precipitatethat is soluble indilute
ammonia forms then a chloroalkane was present.
a cream precipitatethat is soluble inconcentrated ammoniaforms then a
bromoalkanewas present.
a yellow precipitatethat is insolublein ammoniaforms then an iodoalkane
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Organic Synthesis
Distinguishing between
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Distinguishing Between Different Organic Compounds
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was present.
Test for aldehydes
It is possible to oxidisedaldehydes using a mild oxidising agent
like Tollens reagent or Fehlings solution.
Tollens reagent:
Add Tollens reagent to your sample.
Heat the mixture.
If:
a silver mirror forms then analdehyde is present.
Fehlings solution:
Add Fehlings solution to your sample.
Heat the mixture.
If:
a brick-red precipitateforms an aldehyde is
present.
Test for carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acids are able to free carbon dioxidefrom
carbonates.
To test:
Add sodium carbonate solution to your sample.
If:
effervescenceis produced and the gas causes the
lime water to become milkythen a carboxylic acid is
present.
Test for acyl chlorides
Chloride ionsare released readily by acyl
chlorides which produces the gas, hydrogen
chloride .
To test:
Add water slowly to your sample.
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If:
white, misty fumesare produced then an
acyl chloride is present.
Test for amines
Amines are alkaline.
To test:
Add universal indicator to your sample.
If:
it turns blue/purpleand has a fishy smellthen an
amine is present.
Test for alcohols
When sulphuric acidis present, alcohols will react with carboxylic acidsto produce
esters.
To test:
Add ethanoic acid followed by sulphuric
acid to your sample.
Heat the mixture.
If:
the mixtures begins to smell swee t and fruitythen an alcohol was present.
Distinguishing tests for primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
All react differently when oxidised:
primaryalcohols form aldehydes
secondaryalcohols form ketones
tertiaryalcohols cannot be oxidised
To test:
Add dilute sulphuric acid and potassium dichromate to your mixture.
Warm the mixture gently.
If:
8/12/2019 Distinguishing Between Different Organic Compounds
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the mixture turns greenthan a primary or secondary alcohol is present.
the mixture does not turn greenthen a tertiary alcohol is present.
If the mixture turns green then add Fehlings mixture and heat again.
If:
a brick-red precipitateforms then a primary alcohol w as present.
no brick-red precipitateforms then a secondary alcohol was present.
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