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Distance Education
Farhad Saba, Ph. D.ProfessorEducational [email protected]://distance-educator.com
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
How New, How Old!
1880’s Chautauqua, NY Correspondence Education
Educational Radio (1920-1940) Educational Television (1940-present)
Cable (1970-present) Satellite (1980-present)
Internet (1990-present)
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Definitions
Geographic separation of the learner and the teacher
Large lecture halls?
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Transactional Distance
Quality of communication Student-Instructor Student-student
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Why Distance Education?
Increasing cost Increasing time-to-degree Increasing debt
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Modern Era
Standardization One size fits all system of education Performing uniformed tasks
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Post-Modern
Individualization Personal differences
Differential personalized learning Critical thinking Problem solving
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Who Are Our Students? Largest generation (36% of total population). 31% are minorities; more diverse than the
adult population. Have come of age along with the Internet. Information has been universally available to
them. Community is a digital place of common
interest, not just a shared physical space.
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Education Beliefs 96% say doing well in school is important in their
lives. 88% of students report that attending college is
critical or very important to future success. 76% of students would like to learn more about the
world. 28% of high school students use a foreign news
source to learn about current events.
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Internet Use by Age
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2-5 6-8 9-12 12-15 16-18 19-24 25-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 65+
Age2000 2002
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Even Young Children
72% of all first graders used a home computer during the summer on a weekly basis.
Over 85% of young children with home computers used them for educational purposes.
By 1999, 97% of kindergartners had access to a computer at school or home.
35% of children ages 2-5 use the Internet.
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Online Teens
71% of online teens say they relied mostly on Internet sources for the last big project they did for school.
48% say their use of the Internet improves their relationship with friends.
94% of online teens report using the Internet for school-related research.
74% of online teens use instant messaging. 24% of online teens have created their own Web
pages.
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Virtual Schools 40,000 to 50,000 Students in 1999-
2000 (Clark 2000) Virtual High School (VHS)
(http://vhs.concord.or) Florida Virtual School (FLVS)
(http://www.flvs.net/) Electronic classroom of Tomorrow
(ECOT) (http://www.ecotohio.org/)
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Corporate Universities Expenditure on Web-based training
was estimated to be $5.5 billion in 2002. (Berge, 2001). The Thomson Corporation provides
innovative online learning to as many as 86,000 GM salaried employees through General Motors University
Ford has 20,000 online students in one of its programs
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Government (1) U. S. Armed Services
TRADOC The U. S. Navy Video TeleTraining (VTT) The Air Force Institute for Advanced
Distributed Learning (AFIADL) Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL)
SCORM (http://adlnet.org) The Defense Activity for Non-Tradition
Education Support (DANTES)
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Government (2) eGovernment initiative (eTraining)
Gov Online Learning Center (http://www.golearn.gov)
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) The Emergency Education NETwork (EENET)
FBI Virtual Academy Departments of Education, Labor and
Agriculture
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Government (3)
State Human Resource Development Programs
Law Enforcement Municipal, water and power agencies
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
0
10
30
40
50
20
60
70
80
90
100
All Institutions
Private 4-year
Public 2-year
Public 4-year
Fall 1995 1997-98
1222
58
7262
79
4433
Growth of Distance Education
Source: U. S. Department of Education
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Total Number of Students
1995 754,000 1997-98 1.6 Million 2001 3 Million Current Estimate 6 Million(U. S. Department of Education)
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
“Baby Boom Echo” Growth in General Student Population
1997-2007 21% 2007-2011 17%
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Faculty Involvement35
30
25
20
15
10
5
02.5% 13.5% 34 % 34% 16%
Inn
ovato
rs
Earl
y A
dopte
rs
Earl
y M
ajo
rity
Late
Majo
rity
Lagg
ard
s
Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation model
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Faculty Involvement35
30
25
20
15
10
5
02.5% 13.5% 34 % 34% 16%
Inn
ovato
rs
Earl
y A
dopte
rs
Earl
y M
ajo
rity
Late
Majo
rity
Lagg
ard
s
Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation model
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Investment in Technology National
The Internet Super Computers Internte2
Local Fiber and Phone
Lines Servers PCs
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Level of Investment
Millions Billions Trillions
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Industrial Age Standard Goods and Services On size fits all
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Post-Industrial Society
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Post-Industrial Society Critical thinking Decision making Problem solving
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Differences
• 150 Miles/hr
• 2000 passenger/run
• Safe & Comfortable
• 50 Miles/hr
• 200 passenger/run
• Unsafe & Uncomfortable
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Feedback Loops: Positive
KnowledgeKnowledge LearningLearning
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Feedback Loops: Negative
Room TemperatureRoom Temperature HeaterHeater
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Transactional Distance
structurestructure IndependenceIndependence
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Distance in education…
…depends on individual differences
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Individual differences
Prior-Learning Differential progress
Course Structure Mini Courses Micro courses Learning Objects
Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005Farhad Saba, Ph. D. © 2005 Distance EducationDistance Education
Structural Issues
Flexible organization (Time to establish a new course)
Flexible Process (Time to degree)