Dissertation Bopape Mj

7/25/2019 Dissertation Bopape Mj

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THE MANAGEMENT OF DIAMONDBACK MOTH, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA

(LINNAEUS) (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE), POPULATION DENSITY ON

CABBAGE USING CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS

By

MALESELA JONAS BOPAPE

Submi !" i# $%%&'"$#%! i ! '!*ui'!m!# +&' ! "!-'!! &

MASTER OF SCIENCE

i# ! +ub.!%

AGRICULTURE

$ !

UNI/ERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA

SUPER/ISOR: PROF D0M0 MODISE

CO1SUPER/ISOR: DR R0S0 NOFEMELA

NO/EMBER 2345


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Declaration

I, M$6!+!6$ J$+ B&7$7!, "!%6$'! $ ! !+i+, i% I !'!by +ubmi &' ! "!-'!! &

Master of Science (A-'i%u6 u'!) $ ! U#i8!'+i y & S&u A 'i%$, i+ my & # &'9 $#" $+

#& 7'!8i&u+6y b!!# +ubmi !" by m! &' $ "!-'!! $ i+ &' $#y & !' !' i$'y i#+ i u i

SIGNATURE: 000000000000000000000000000000000000

DATE: 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000


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TABLE OF CONTENT

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Chapter 1: General Introduction

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)u$lication arisin% !rom this thesis

B&7$7!, M0J0, N& !m!6$, R0S0, M&+i$#!, M0S0 $#" M&"i+!, D0M0 (234;)0 E !% + & $

+!6!% i8! $#" $ b'&$"1+7!% 'um i#+!% i%i"! 7$'$+i i+m '$ !+ & Plutella xylostella (L0)

(L!7i"&7 !'$: P6u !66i"$!) $#" +7!%i!+ 'i% #!++ & i + 7'im$'y 7$'$+i &i"+0 African Entomology 22 : 44=142


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Ac.no/led%ements

I %!y +7!%i$6 $#9+ & ! &66& i#- i#"i8i"u$6+ $#" &'-$#i+$ i+ &+! $++i+ $#

m$"! i+ &'9 7&++ib6!:

I $#9 M0S0 M&+i$#!, D0K0 P&&!, M0 M& +$m$i, F0 R$m&66&, D0M0 M& i$#- $#" S

M&9&!#$ (I#+!% E%&6&-y Di8i+i, ARC P6$# P'& !% i R!+!$'% I#+ i u !) &'

!% #i%$6 $++i+ $#%!0 I %!y my +7!%i$6 $#9+ & my +u7!'8i+&'+ D' R&b!' S0 N& !m

$#" P'& 0 D$8i" M0 M&"i+! &' !i' -ui"$#%! $#" &' +&u'%i#- i#$#%i$6 +u77&' I +& mu%

'!*ui'!"0

I $6+& $#9 ! D!7$' m!# & C&''!% i$6 S!'8i%!+: B$8i$$#+7&&' M$#$-!m!# A'!$ &'

$66& i#- m! & u i6i ! !i' '!+&u'%!+ &' ! ! 7!'im!# +0 I $m -'$ ! u6 & ! ARC1PPRI

&' $66& i#- m! & u i6i+! !i' 6$b&'$ &'y +7$%! &' '!$'i#- i!6"1%&66!% !" +$m76!+ &

"i$m"b$%9 m& $#" i + 7'im$'y 7$'$+i &i"+0

Fi#$66y, I &u6" 6i9! & $#9 my i ! (M$8i+) &' !' u#"!'+ $#"i#- !# I $" & &'9

6- &u'+ $#" &8!' !!9!#"+, $#" my ++ (L!+ib$ $#" L!+! +$) &' !i' !#%&u'$-i#-

&'"+0


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Dedication

I dedicate t is t esis to my late younger !rot er "r. Elias #o$a$e for a%ing encouraged

and moti%ated me to furt er my studies.


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List o! plates

P6$ ! 404: A"u6 Plutella xylostella 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

P6$ ! 402: Plutella xylostella 6$'8$!0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000


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List o! !i%ures

Fi%ure '1: P$'$+i i+m & Plutella xylostella 6$'8$! $#" 7u7$! $ !!96y i# !'8$6+

u# '!$ !" %$bb$-! 76$# + (C '&6) "u'i#- O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 2344 ("& !" 6i#!) $#"

M$'% M$y 2342 (+&6i" 6i#!)'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''20

Fi%ure '2: T ! '!6$ i+ i7 b! !!# Plutella xylostella i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+ $#" !

7'&7&' i & %$bb$-! 76$# + $ !'! i# !+ !" u# '!$ !" %$bb$-! 76$# + (C '&6)2,

Fi%ure *'1: T ! i# 6u!#%! & i#+!% i%i"!+ i"!# i y $#" +7'$y '!-im! i#%i"!#%! &

Plutella xylostella imm$ u'! + $-!+ $#" 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ "u'i#- O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 2344

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *

Fi%ure *'2: T ! i# 6u!#%! & i#+!% i%i"!+ i"!# i y $#" +7'$y '!-im! i#%i"!#%! &

Plutella xylostella imm$ u'! + $-!+ $#" 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ "u'i#- M$'% 1 M$y 2342''''''''' ,

Fi%ure *' : S7!%i!+ %&m7&+i i $#" '!6$ i8! $bu#"$#%! & Plutella xylostella 7$'$+i &i"+

i# "i !'!# '!$ m!# + "u'i#- O% &b!'1D!%!mb!' 2344'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Fi%ure *'*: S7!%i!+ %&m7&+i i $#" '!6$ i8! $bu#"$#%! & Plutella xylostella 7$'$+i &i"+

i# "i !'!# '!$ m!# + "u'i#- M$'% 1M$y 2342''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Fi%ure *',: R!6$ i8! $bu#"$#%! & Plutella xylostella 6i ! + $-!+ %$bb$-! 76$# + $ !'

"i !'!# '!$ m!# + "u'i#- O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 23440 T ! '!$ m!# + $'! $''$#-!" 8!' i%$66y

'&m &7 6! $+ C '&6, Di7!64, Di7!62, Di% 6&'8&+4, Di% 6&'8&+2, Di% 6&'8&+5 $#" Di7!6 5

........................................................................................................................................ *1

Fi%ure *'3: R!6$ i8! $bu#"$#%! & Plutella xylostella 6i ! + $-!+ %$bb$-! 76$# + $ !'

"i !'!# '!$ m!# + "u'i#- M$'% 1M$y 23420 T ! '!$ m!# + $'! $''$#-!" 8!' i%$66y '&m

&7 6! $+ C '&6, Di7!64, Di7!62, Di% 6&'8&+4, Di% 6&'8&+2, Di% 6&'8&+5 $#" Di7!6 5 *2


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List o! ta$les

Ta$le '1: M!$# ( S0E0) #umb!'+ & Plutella xylostella 6$'8$! $#" 7u7$! $ !!96y

i# !'8$6+ %&66!% !" %$bb$-! 76$# + #& '!$ !" i i#+!% i%i"! (% '&6) $#" '&m 7

+ub.!% !" & i#+!% i%i"$6 $776i%$ i+ & Di7!6 &' Di% 6&'8&+ $ 8$'i&u+ '!$ m!# i#

"u'i#- O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 2344 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1

Ta$le '2: T ! i# 6u!#%! & Di7!6 $#" Di% 6&'8&+ i#+!% i%i"!+ $776i!" $ "i !'!# '!-im!+

%&m7$'!" & ! u# '!$ !" %$bb$-! 76$# + (C '&6) m!$# ( S0E0) #umb!' & Plutella

xylostella 6$'8$! $#" 7u7$! $#" *u$6i y (i0!0, mu6 i76! !$"+, m$'9! $b6! !$"+ $#"

%$bb$-! !i- ) "u'i#- O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 2344 $#" M$'% M$y 23420 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''21

Ta$le ' : M!$# ( S0E0) #umb!'+ & Plutella xylostella 6$'8$! $#" 7u7$! %&66!% !"

%$bb$-! 76$# + #& '!$ !" i i#+!% i%i"! (C '&6) $#" '&m 76$# + +ub.!% !"

i#+!% i%i"$6 $776i%$ i+ & Di7!6 &' Di% 6&'8&+ $ 8$'i&u+ '!$ m!# i# !'8$6+ "u

M$'% M$y 2342'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2


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AB4T-ACT

T ! "i$m"b$%9 m& , Plutella xylostella (Li##$!u+) (L!7i"&7 !'$: P6u !66i"$!), i+ $

%&+m&7&6i $# i#+!% 7!+ & #rassica %'&7+0 I# S&u A 'i%$, !'! $'! #& $% i '!+ &6"+

&' i + % !mi%$6 % '&6 i% m$9!+ i "i i%u6 &' -'& !'+ & m$9! i# &'m!" "!%i+i

!# & $776y i#+!% i%i"!+ $#" & '!*u!# 6y & $776y !m i# &'"!' & $% i!8! &7 im$6

%'&7 yi!6"0 T& % 'ibu ! & $'"+ &7 imum $776i%$ i & i#+!% i%i"!+ $-$i#+ P. xylostella ,

i+ + u"y %&m7$'!" ! im7$% & !!96y $#" bi1 !!96y $776i%$ i+ & $ +!6!% i8

i#+!% i%i"! Di7!6 ( #acillus t uringiensis B!'6i#!' 8$'0 &ursta&i) $776i!" $ 2=3 - $, $#" $

b'&$"1+7!% 'um i#+!% i%i"! Di% 6&'8&+ ($# &'-$#&7 &+7 $ !) $776i!" $ 4 m6 L $-$i#+

bi&6&-i%$6 % '&6 (C '&6) ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i "!#+i y %$bb$-! "u'i#- O% &

D!%!mb!' 2344 $#" M$'% M$y 23420 T ! u+! & b& +!6!% i8! $#" b'&$"1+7!% 'umi#+!% i%i"!+ &' ! 7!'im!# + !#$b6!+ u+ & u#"!'+ $#" i ! &' + & &7 imi+! %$bb$-! yi!6"

"!7!#" m$i#6y ! !% i8! +u77'!++i & P. xylostella "!#+i i!+0 Fu' !'m&'!,

i#8!+ i-$ i+ !'! %$''i!" &u & "! !'mi#! ! im7$% & !+! % !mi%$6+ 7$'$+i i+m

'$ !+ & P. xylostella $#" +7!%i!+ 'i% #!++ & i + 7'im$'y 7$'$+i &i"+0

Du'i#- ! O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 2344 -'& i#- +!$+, ! 6& !+ i# !+ $ i & P. xylostella

&%%u''!" %$bb$-! 76& + $ '!%!i8!" !!96y $776i%$ i & Di7!6 $#" ! i- !+

u# '!$ !" % '&6 76& +0 C$bb$-! !i- + !'! #!-$ i8!6y '!6$ !" & i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+,

im76yi#- $ !!96y $776i%$ i & Di7!6 yi!6"!" bi--!' %$bb$-! !$"+0 Du'i#- M$'%

M$y 2342, P. xylostella i# !+ $ i+ !'! $-$i# i- !' ! % '&6 &66& !" by !!96y

$#" bi1 !!96y '!$ m!# + & Di% 6&'8&+, !# !!96y $#" bi1 !!96y $776i%$ i+ & Di7!60

D!+7i ! ! +i-#i i%$# "i !'!#%!+ &b+!'8!", i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+ !'! mu% 6& !' ( 4 P.

xylostella 7!' 76$# $8!'$-!) i# $66 '!$ m!# + "u'i#- i+ +!$+ C+!*u!# 6y #&

+i-#i i%$# "i !'!#%!+ i# %$bb$-! !i- + !'! &b+!'8!" $m- ! '!$ m!# +0 T ! 6& !'

i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+ !'! $ 'ibu !" & i- !' 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ ( =3 ), !+7!%i$66y "u'i#- !!$'6y + $-!+ & %'&7 "!8!6&7m!# 0

A & $6 & &u' 7$'$+i i% Hym!#&7 !'$ +7!%i!+ !'! '!%&'"!" '&m P. xylostella 6$'8$! $#"

7u7$! "u'i#- O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 2344, i6! '!! +7!%i!+ !'! '!%&'"!" "u'i#- M$'%

M$y 23420 H& !8!', 'otesia %estalis (H$6i"$y) (B'$%i"$!) $%%&u# !" &' >3 & & $6


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7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ i# $66 '!$ m!# +0 P$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ !'! #& +i-#i i%$# 6y "i !'!# $m-

! '!$ m!# + i# b& +!$++0 P$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ 'i% #!++ $+ i- !+ ! %

A6 &u- & 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ !'! '!%&'"!" i# $66 Di7!6 $#" Di% 6&'8&+ '!$ m!# +

"u'i#- O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 2344, y ! 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ $+ '!%&'"!" i# ! Di7!6

'!$ m!# + "u'i#- M$'% M$y 2342 %&m7$'!" & & +7!%i!+ i# Di% 6&'8&+ '!$ m!# +0

A6 &u- !!96y $776i%$ i+ & Di7!6 !#+u'!" -&&" yi!6" $#" %'&7 *u$6i y "u'i#-

O% &b!' D!%!mb!', !!96y $776i%$ i+ & ! % !mi%$6 "i" #& 6!$" & b! !' *u$6i y %'&

"u'i#- M$'% M$y %'&7 -'& i#- +!$+ T u+, i i+ #& #!%!++$'y & $776y i#+!% i%i"!+

"u'i#- 7!'i&"+ i# i% #$ u'$6 m&' $6i y & P. xylostella i+ i- "u! & 7$'$+i &i"+0 Si#%!

P. xylostella $bu#"$#%! $+ $ "! !'mi#i#- $% &' & %'&7 *u$6i y, !+! '!+u6 + im76y $

i#+!% 7!+ m$#$-!m!# + &u6" &%u+ m$i#6y +u77'!++i#- i + #umb!'+0 Fu' !'m&'!,!'! $+ #& !8i"!#%! $ $776i%$ i & !i !' i#+!% i%i"! y7! $" $ #!-$ i8! im7$%

7$'$+i i+m '$ !+ & P. xylostella. T ! 6& !' 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ 'i% #!++ Di7!6 '!$ !"

76& + $+ ! %+!*u!#%! & i + i- !' ! i%i!#%y i# +u77'!++i#- ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i i

+ub+ $# i$66y '!"u%!" $8$i6$bi6i y & 7& !# i$6 &+ + &' 7$'$+i &i"+, !#%! y ! !

'. %estalis $+ '!%&'"!" $ 6& &+ "!#+i i!+0


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4

General introduction

1

404 Li !'$ u'! '!8i!

C$bb$-!, #rassica oleracea L0 8$'0 ca$itata , i+ ! & ! m&+ im7&' $# 8!-! $b6!

%'&7+ i# S&u A 'i%$, 7$' i%u6$'6y i# 'u'$6 $#" 7!'i1u'b$# $'!$+ !'! %+um7 i i+

i#%'!$+i#- (K i', 4??@)0 T i+ %'&7 i+ m&& !" & $8! %$#%!'17'!8!# i#- 7'&7!' i!+ (B'&&9+

et al 0, 2334), $#" i+ 'i% i# /i $mi# C, 1%$'& !#!, 6u !i#, DL1 1 &%&7 !'&6 $#" 7 !#&6i%+(Si#- et al 0, 233


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)late 1'1 A"u6 Plutella xylostella

Plutella xylostella $+ i'+ '!7&' !" i# S&u A 'i%$ i# ! !$'6y 4?33+ by Gu##

(4?4@), & $6+& + u"i!" i + bi&6&-y0 H& !8!', i $+ y i# ! 4?53+ $ +!'i&u+ i# !'!+

$+ "!8!6&7!" i# i + 7!+ + $ u+0 U66y! (4?;@) + u"i!" i + #$ u'$6 m&' $6i y $% &'+,

%i !" 7$'$+i &i"+ $+ ! m&+ im7&' $# m&' $6i y $% &' $% i#- i# $ "!#+i y1"!7!#"

m$##!'0 H& !8!', -'& !'+ % i#u!" & 8i! i#+!% i%i"!+ $+ $# !$+i!' &7 i, $#" #&

$ !m7 $+ m$"! & ! 76&i ! u+! & #$ u'$6 !#!mi!+ $-$i#+ P. xylostella 0 F&' $ 6-

im!, P. xylostella $+ #& %+i"!'!" $# !%&mi% 7!+ i# S&u A 'i%$, $+ i#+!% i%i"!

$77!$'!" & 7'&8i"! ! !% i8! % '&6 (N& !m!6$ $#" K i', 233=)0 H& !8!', ! 7!+ $+

$-$i# b'&u- b$%9 i# & ! #$ i$6 '!+!$'% $-!#"$ i# ! !$'6y 4??3+, $+ +&6u i+ !'!

u'-!# 6y #!!"!" & %u'b ! i#+!% i%i"! '!+i+ $# 7&7u6$ i+ $ !'! %$u+i#- +!'i&u+

!%&mi% 6&++!+ i# "i !'!# 7$' + & ! %&u# 'y (D!##i66 $#" P'! &'iu+, 4??= K i', 4??@)0

I $+ +ub+!*u!# 6y !+ $b6i+ !" $ P. xylostella $" "!8!6&7!" mu6 i76! '!+i+ $#%! &%$'b$m$ !+, +y# ! i% 7y'! '&i"+ $#" &'-$#&7 &+7 $ !+ (S!'!"$et al. , 4??@), y! !+!

% !mi%$6+ $'! + i66 ! 6i+ & '!%&mm!#"!" i#+!% i%i"!+ &' u+! $-$i#+ i (A#ym&

233@)0 Cu''!# 6y, P. xylostella '!+i+ $#%! & i#+!% i%i"!+ i+ +& +!'i&u+ $ $'m!'+ +7'$y

!i' %'&7+ $ 6!$+ i%! $ !!9 u+i#- i- "&+!+ $#" &' %&%9 $i6+ & i#+!% i%i"!+ i#

$ !m7 & +u77'!++ i + 7&7u6$ i "!#+i y (D!##i66 $#" P'! &'iu+, 4??= S!'!"$et al 0,


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4??@)0 Fu' !'m&'!, i '!m$i#!" u#"! !'mi#!" i $66 #rassica -'& !'+ $" !'! &

'!%&mm!#"$ i+ &' '!"u% i & '!+i"u! 6!8!6+ &' !$% %6$++ & i#+!% i%i"! b! &'! $'8!

& ! %'&7 $+ -i8!# i# A#ym&u+ (233@), $+ & ! b!+ & my 9#& 6!"-! !'! i+ #&

+ $ u &'y b&"y $ i#+7!% + 7'&"u%! &' i#+!% i%i"! '!+i"u! 6!8!6+ 7'&"u%! +&6" 6&%$

T i+ 7'$% i%! %6!$'6y $+ +!'i&u+ im76i%$ i+ &' ! !$6 & %+um!'+ $#"

!#8i'm!# 0

)late 1'2 Plutella xylostella 6$'8$! !!"i#- $ %$bb$-! 6!$

F&66& i#- ! '!7&' + & i#+!% i%i"! '!+i+ $#%! i# P. xylostella , !'! $+ '!#! !"

i# !'!+ i# bi&6&-i%$6 % '&6, 7$' i%u6$'6y i# ! u+! & 7$'$+i &i"+ $-$i#+ P. xylostella

(K i', 4??@)0 T i+ $+ 7'&m7 !" by ! $% $ P. xylostella $" +!i !" & b! $# !%&mi%

7!+ i# +&m! %&u# 'i!+ !'! 7$'$+i &i"+ $" b!!# i# '&"u%!", $#" i#+!% i%i"! $776i%$ i+

'!"u%!"0 Lim (4?>


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$b+!#%! & i + #$ u'$6 !#!mi!+ (N& !m!6$ $#" K i', 233=)0 C&m7$'i+ & 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+

'i% #!++ $#" $bu#"$#%! !# i#+!% i%i"!+ $'! i# !#+i8!6y u+!" (D!##i66 $#" P'! &'iu+,

4??=) $#" !'! #& i#+!% i%i"!+ !'! u+!" (K i', 4??@) #!$' P'! &'i$, + & !" $

i#+!% i%i"!+ $" $ #!-$ i8! ! !% 7$'$+i &i"+, $+ K i' '!%&'"!" 24 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+

%&m7$'!" & y ! 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ i# ! D!##i66 $#" P'! &'iu+ + u"y0 K i' (233;)

u' !' "!m+ '$ !" $ ! i#"i+%'imi#$ ! $776i%$ i & i#+!% i%i"!+ %$# b! "! 'im!#

& 7$'$+i &i"+, $+ P. xylostella &%%u''!" i# mu% i- !' "!#+i i!+ i# +7'$y!" $# i#

i#+!% i%i"!+ '!! %$bb$-! i!6"+, !# u+i#- $# i#+!% i%i"! % !%9 m! &"0 T ! i#+!% i%i"!

% !%9 m! &" m$9!+ u+! & ! +!6!% i8! & i%i y & $# i#+!% i%i"! & 9i66 $ 6$'-! 7'&7&

& #$ u'$6 !#!mi!+ i6! 6!$8i#- ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i u#$ !% !" (D! B$% $#" Hu $9!',

4?@4)0 Lu%9et al 0 (4???) "!!m!" i+ & b! $ -&&" ! 7!'im!# $6 !% #i*u! &' !8$6u$ i#-

! ! i%$%y & #$ u'$6 !#!mi!+0 N!8!' !6!++, !'! i+ $ -!#!'$6 7$u%i y & 6$'-!1+%$6! ( 4$) $#" 6-1 !'m ( 2 y!$'+) + u"i!+ $ $8! i#8!+ i-$ !" ! im7$% & i#+!% i%i"!+

#$ u'$6 !#!mi!+ & i#+!% 7!+ + (M$% $"y!# $#" $6u%9i, 2342)0

402 M& i8$ i &' ! + u"y

I# m$#y 7$' + & ! &'6", ! 7!+ + $ u+ & P. xylostella b!-$# & i#%'!$+! i# !4?=3+, $#" by ! 4?@3+ i $" b!%&m! $# !%&mi% 7!+ 0 A6 &u- '!+i+ $#%!

i#+!% i%i"!+ $+ 6- +u+7!% !" & b! ! %$u+! &' i + i- 7!+ + $ u+, i $+ y i#

4?>3+ $ + u"i!+ % i'm!" $ P. xylostella $" "!8!6&7!" '!+i+ $#%! & %&mmy u+!"

i#+!% i%i"!+ & ! "$y (T$6!9$' $#" S !6 , 4??5)0 Si#%! !#, T$6!9$' $#" S !6 (4??5)

$#" $&et al 0 (233


17/90

'!+i+ $#%! (S$ !#$et al 0, 4?>? R$bi#"'$ et al 0, 4??= J&i$et al 0, 4??< R!#u9$ $#"

R!-u7$ y, 4??5 /$# D'i!+% ! et al 0, 4??4)0 F&' i# !-'$ !" 7!+ m$#$-!m!# , 7$'$+i i+m

6!8!6 i+ u+!" $+ $ &&6 & "!%i"! ! !' &' #& i#+!% i%i"!+ + &u6" b! $776i!" i# '! !'!#%!

& ! 7'!"! !'mi#!" !%&mi% '!+ &6" & ! 7!+ (D!# , 4??4 N& !m!6$, 2345$)0

Si#%! 7$'$+i &i"+ m$y #& $6 $y+ 7'&8i"! ! !% i8! +u77'!++i & i#+!% 7!+

7&7u6$ i+ "u! & i# 6u!#%! & $bi& i% &' bi& i% $% &'+ (C$+ 6! $#" N$'$#.&, 233? $et al 0, 233? N& !m!6$, 2345b), $# & !# $"8&%$ !" $77'&$% &' +u+ $i#$b6! m$#$-!m!#

&' P. xylostella i#8&68!+ $776i%$ i & i#+!% i%i"!+ y !# ! im7$% & bi&6&-i

% '&6 $-!# + i+ 6& , $ &'m & i# !-'$ !" 7!+ m$#$-!m!# (IPM) (B!%9et al 0, 4??2

T$6!9$' $#" S !6 , 4??5 H!i++ &6 et al 0, 4??@ $69!' et al. , 2332)0 H& !8!', !

i# !-'$ i & i#+!% i%i"!+ $#" bi&6&-i%$6 % '&6 $-!# + $+ 7'&8!# "i i%u6 & 7'$%

m$#y %'&7 +y+ !m+ (Hi-6!y $#" P! !'+, 233? N& !m!6$, 2345$)0 T'umb6! (4??>)

$ 'ibu !+ ! 6& $"&7 i & IPM & &%%u''!#%! & mu6 i76! i#+!% 7!+ +7!%i!+ $ +

%'&7 +u% $ !y m$y '!*ui'! '!*u!# $776i%$ i & i#+!% i%i"!+. I# +u% %$+!+, i m$y

b! $"8$# $-!&u+ & u+! b'&$"1+7!% 'um i#+!% i%i"!+ i $ + &' '!+i"u$6 7!'i&"0 T u+, i i+

im7!'$ i8! & "! !'mi#! i b'&$"1+7!% 'um i#+!% i%i"!+ i $ + &' '!+i"u$6 7!'i&" i#"!!"

$8! $ 6i 6! "i+ u'b$#%! 7&7u6$ i "!#+i i!+ & ! bi&6&-i%$6 % '&6 $-!# +0 H&


18/90

!'! i+ 7$u%i y & + u"i!+ $ $8! "i'!% 6y % '$+ !" ! !% + & +!6!% i8! $#" b'&$"1

+7!% 'um i#+!% i%i"!+ bi&6&-i%$6 % '&6 $-!# + i# ! i!6"0

405 P'&b6!m + $ !m!#

L-1 !'m "$ $ +! + ! i+ i# 6u!#%! & 7$'$+i &i"+ 7&7u6$ i "y#$mi%+ & P.

xylostella i# S&u A 'i%$ (K i', 4??@ $6$""!et al. , 2334 N& !m!6$ 2345%)0 A6 &u-

!+! + u"i!+ + & $ 7$'$+i &i"+ 76$y $# im7&' $# '&6! i# +u77'!++i#- 7!+ 7&7u6$ i&

"!#+i i!+ "u'i#- N&8!mb!' M$y, bu i '!m$i#!" u#"! !'mi#!" i i+ im7$% i+ !*ui8$6!#

& $ & $776i%$ i & $# ! !% i8! i#+!% i%i"!0 I# $""i i, i '!m$i#!" u#"! !'mi#!"

i#+!% i%i"!+ #!!" & b! $776i!" $ !!96y b$+i+ "u'i#- 7!'i&"+ & 6& 7$'$+i &i" im7$%

i# &'"!' & $% i!8! &7 im$6 %'&7 yi!6"0 Fu' !'m&'!, 7'!8i&u+ + u"i!+ %&m7$'i#- !

'!6$ i8! ! i%$%y & 7$'$+i &i"+ &' & !' #$ u'$6 !#!mi!+ & i#+!% 7!+ + $#" % !mi%

% '&6 !i !' i#8!+ i-$ !" !i' im7$% i# y ! +!$+ $#" i# +m$66 #'!76i%$ !"

76& +, $#" y ! i#+!% i%i"! $+ u+!" (D!B$% $#" Hu $9!', 4?@4 Lu%9et al 0, 4???

K i', 233; M$% $"y!# $#" $6u%9i, 2342)0 D&%um!# $ i & i!6" "i !'!#%!+ i+ #!%!++$'y

b!%$u+! 6$b&'$ &'y bi&$++$y+ m$y #& b! "i'!% 6y ! '$7&6$ !" & i!6" %"i i+0

! $m76!, i $"u6 7$'$+i &i"+ "i! $+ $ '!+u6 & i#+!% i%i"! $776i%$ i+, bu ! 7'&-!#y

+u'8i8! !# !y $'! "!8!6&7i#- i#+i"! i#+!% i%i"!1'!+i+ $# P. xylostella imm$ u'! + $-!+

(I*b$6 $#" 'i- , 4??


19/90

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4?>;), bu ! b$+i+ & i- "i8!'+i y & i + i6" &+ 76$# + $#" $ 'i% -ui6" & 7$'$+i &i


20/90

+7!%i!+ $++&%i$ !" i i , K i' (4??>) i+ & ! 8i! $ i m$y $8! &'i-i#$ !" '&m

S&u !'# A 'i%$0 T i+ 7!+ i+ #& 7'!+!# !'!8!' #rassica +7!%i!+ &%%u', $#" i i+

%+i"!'!" ! m&+ u#i8!'+$66y "i+ 'ibu !" & $66 L!7i"&7 !'$ (M!y'i%9, 4?2>)0 Plutella

xylostella $+ i- #! '!7'&"u% i8! 7& !# i$6 $#" !$% !m$6! %$# 6$y $b&u 233 !--+

m$i#6y u77!' 6!$ +u' $%! &' ! + !m b$+!+ #!$' ! +&i61+ !m i# !' $%! (S$' '$et

al 0, 233@)0A6 &u- i !!"+ $#" &8i7&+i + i# #!$'6y $66 #rassica +7!%i!+, i $+

"!m+ '$ !" 7'! !'!#%! &' +&m! +7!%i!+ &8!' & !'+(S$' '$ et al 0, 233@)0

E--+ $ % $ !' ; > "$y+ "!7!#"i#- !m7!'$ u'! $#" 6$'8$! !!" 6!$8!+, bu"+,

6& !'+, +i6i*u!+, ! -'!!# &u !' 6$y!' & + !m+ $#" $6+& "!8!6&7i#- +!!"+ i i# ! &6"!'

+i6i*u!+ (A#ym&u+, 2333)0 D!7!#"i#- &&" +u776y, ! m& $+ $ + &' 6i ! %y%6!

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I i+ mu6 i18&6 i#! i u7 & 23 &8!'6$77i#- -!#!'$ i+ $ y!$' i# '&7i%$6 $#" !m7!'$ !

$'m %&u# 'i!+ (H$'%&u' , 4?>< /i%9!'+et al 0, 233;) i#%6u"i#- S&u A 'i%$ (N& !m!6$,

2343)0

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m$ u'i y &' $ 6!$+ & ! 7u7$6 + $-! &' i i# $ +i#-6! &+ , $#" u6 im$ !6y 9i66i#- !&+ (N& !m!6$ $#" K i', 233>)0 M&+ i#+!% 7$'$+i &i"+ $ $%9 y $ 7$' i%u6$' 6i ! +

& !i' &+ +7!%i!+0 T ! imm$ u'! 7$'$+i &i"+ %$# '!-u6$ ! ! "!8!6&7m!# $6 '$ ! & !i'

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+ $-!+ & ! +$m! &+ (/i#+, 4?>; G&" '$y, 4??; 8$# A67 !#$#" J!'8i+ 4??


21/90

b! !' $# ! '!!16i8i#- $"u6 +, bu imm$ u'! 7$'$+i &i"+ "i! i !i' &+ $'! 9i66!" by

i#+!% i%i"! 7&i+i#-0

40= Hy7& !+!+

4) I i#+!% i%i"!+ $'! #& $776i!" !8!'y !!9 u# i6 %'&7 $'8!+ , ! %'&7 i+ & 6&*u$6i y0

2) P$'$+i i+m '$ !+ $#" 7$'$+i &i" "i8!'+i y $'! i- !' 76& + +7'$y!" i +!6!% i8!

i#+!% i%i"!+ $# b'&$"1+7!% 'um i#+!% i%i"!+0

40< Aim+ $#" +7!%i i% &b.!% i8!+ & ! + u"y

T ! +7!%i i% &b.!% i8!+ &' i+ + u"y $'!:

() T& %&m7$'! ! i# 6u!#%! & +!$+ ! i%$%y & % !mi%$6 $#" bi&6&-i%$6 % '&6 m

i# +u77'!++i#- P. xylostella*

2) T& %&m7$'! %$bb$-! yi!6" $#" *u$6i y 76$# + +7'$y!" i "i !'!# i#+!% i%i"! '!-im!+

$-$i#+ &+! $ !'! #& +7'$y!",

5) T& $++!++ ! !' ! b'&$"1+7!% 'um i#+!% i%i"! $+ $ -'!$ !' #!-$ i8! ! !%

7$'$+i i+m '$ !+ & P. xylostella , $#"

;) T& "! !'mi#! ! !' 7$'$+i &i"+ +7!%i!+ 'i% #!++ "i !'+ "!7!#"i#- ! i#+!% i%i"! y7!

u+!"0


22/90

General materials and methods

2

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T ! ! 7!'im!# + !'! %"u% !" $ B$8i$$#+7&&' C&''!% i$6 S!'8i%!+ C!# '!

(2= 5>QS 2> 53QE, $6 i u"! 44


23/90

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24/90

43

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4 m6 L !8!'y !!9 u# i6 %$bb$-! !$"+ "!8!6&7!"0 T !+! i#+!% i%i"!+ $" #& b!!# u+!"

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% !mi%$6 +&6u i+ !'! $776i!" u+i#- 4< 6i '! $#"1&7!'$ !" 9#$7+$%9 +7'$y!'+ i 6$

$# #& 6!+ $ ;0>1=0= b$', $#" ! *u$# i i!+ u+!" !'! $".u+ !" $%%&'"i#-6y0

T ! +!8!# '!$ m!# + !'! $66&%$ !" $m- ! 2> 76& + i# $ %&m76! ! '$#"&mi !" b6&%9

"!+i-# m$9i#- ; '!76i%$ !+ &' !$% '!$ m!# 0 A66 % !mi%$6 $776i%$ i+ %&mm!#%!"

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i''i-$ i $+ i !6" &' 2 "$y+ $ !' !$% i#+!% i%i"! $776i%$ i

205 Plutella xylostella i# !+ $ i+ $#" "$ $ %&66!% i

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i# !'8$6+ '&m 5 !!9+ $ !' '$#+76$# i#- %$bb$-! +!!"6i#-+ u# i6 4 !!9 b! &'! $'8!+ &

%$bb$-! !$"+0 I# !$% '!$ m!# 76& , 43 '$#"&m6y +!6!% !" 76$# + (! %6u"i#- &u !' 2 '& +

i# !$% 76& ) !'! &'&u- 6y i#+7!% !" !8!'y !!9 $#" ! #umb!'+ & P. xylostella 6$'8$!

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i#+!% i%i"! $776i%$ i+ !'! ! "$y &66& i#- %'&7 mi &'i#- !8!# +0

20; C'&7 *u$6i y $#" yi!6"


25/90

44

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26/90

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i# ! !$'6y + $-!+ & 76$# "!8!6&7m!# +u% $ +!8!'$6 +m$66 %$bb$-! !$"+ $'! &'m!"

'&m ! +$m! + !m0 C$bb$-!+ !'! '!-$'"!" $+ m$'9! $b6! !# ! !$" +i ! ! %!!"!"

53 %m i# "i$m! !' '&m b$+! $%'&++ ! %i'%um !'!#%! & ! & !' +i ! & ! b$+! u+i#- $

6! ib6! m!$+u'i#- $7!0 A $'8!+ , 433 m$'9! $b6! %$bb$-! !$"+ !'! '$#"&m6y +!6!% !"

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!i- i#- I#"i%$ &', M&"!6 DI123, T!'$&9$ !i- Sy+ !m+ PTE LTD, Si#-$7&'!)0

20= D! !'mi#$ i & P. xylostella 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+

I# &'"!' & "! !'mi#! 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+, +$m76!+ & P. xylostella 6$'8$! (5 '" $#" ; i#+ $'+)

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T ! "!%i+i & !+ im$ ! 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ y '&m i'" $#" &u' i#+ $' &+ + i+ b$+

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xylostella 6$'8$6 7$'$+i &i"+ %&m76! ! !i' 6$'8$6 "!8!6&7m!# %! ! &+ $+ '!$% !"

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50/90

$"mi#i+ !'!" "&+!+ $# ! 7$'$+i &i"+ (K i', 2332 Fu'6-et al 0, 233> B&mm$'%&et al 0,

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& +!6!% i8! i#+!% i%i"!+, i0!0, % !mi%$6+ $ y 9i66 $'-! i#+!% 7!+ + $#" +7$'! #$

!#!mi!+ (C'&++, 2342)0 S u"i!+ $8! + & # $ $776i%$ i & +!6!% i8! i#+!% i%i"!+ %$#

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T&''!+ $#" Rub!'+, 233@ Ni% &6$+et al 0, 233= B!'#$'"i et al 0, 2345) $#" 7$'$+i &i"+

(Fu'6- et al 0, 233> Liuet al 0, 2342)0 H& !8!', %+!'8$ i & "i8!'+! $++!mb6$-!+ &

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i %+!'8$ i & 7$'$+i &i" "i8!'+i y0

Imm$ u'! + $-!+ & Plutella xylostella $'! $ $%9!" by $ "i8!'+! -ui6" & i#"i-!#&u+

7$'$+i &i"+ i# S&u A 'i%$ (K i', 4??>)0 A6 &u- i + 7!+ + $ u+ i+ 6& i# S&u A

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7&7u6$ i+ i# % !%9 "u'i#- +7'i#- m + (S!7 !mb!' $#" !$'6y O% &b!') i%

#!%!++i $ !+ $776i%$ i & i#+!% i%i"!+ (N& !m!6$ $#" K i', 233= N& !m!6$, 2343

H& !8!', 7$'$+i i+m '$ !+ i#%'!$+! '&m 6$ ! O% &b!' "u! & #um!'i%$6 '!+7+! & 9!y

7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ & 6!8!6+ $ $'! +u i%i!# 6y i- & m$i# $i# ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i "!#

6$'-!6y b!6& ! P. xylostella 7!' 76$# 7!' !!9 '&m N&8!mb!' M$y (N& !m!6$, 2343

2345$)0 T !'! &'!, i i+ im7!'$ i8! & "! !'mi#! i% i#+!% i%i"! y7! (+!6!% i8! 8+0 b'&$"1

+7!% 'um) 7'&8i"!+ ! 6!$+ "i+ u'b$#%! 7$'$+i &i" $bu#"$#%! $#" "i8!'+i y0 I# i++ u"y, ! %&m7$'!" ! ! !% + & $ +!6!% i8! i#+!% i%i"! (Di7!6) $#" $ b'&$"1+7!% 'um

i#+!% i%i"! (Di% 6&'8&+) 7$'$+i i+m '$ !+ & P. xylostella $#" +7!%i!+ 'i% #!++ & i +

7'im$'y 7$'$+i &i"+ $-$i#+ $ % '&6 '!$ m!# 0 Di7!6 +!6!% i8!6y 9i66+ 6$'8$! &

L!7i"&7 !'$0 Fu' !'m&'!, ! i#8!+ i-$ !" ! ! !% + & $776i%$ i '!-im!+ & !i !'


51/90

i#+!% i%i"! y7! &+ "!#+i y, $#" ! !' 6& &+ "!#+i i!+ i# 6u!#%!+ 7$'$+i &i"

+7!%i!+ 'i% #!++0

*' 6aterial and 6ethods

T ! "! $i6+ $b&u ! ! 7!'im!# $6 +i !, ! 7!'im!# $6 "!+i-#, '!$ m!# + $#" !

$776i%$ i '!-im! & i#+!% i%i"!+ $'! 7'&8i"!" i# C $7 !' 20

;0504 D$ $ $#$6y+i+

O#!1 $y $#$6y+!+ & 8$'i$#%! (ANO/A) !'! 7!' &'m!" & %&m7$'! 4) 7$'$+i i+m

'$ !+ $#", 2) P. xylostella "!#+i y b! !!# '!$ m!# +0 P'i&' & ANO/A, ! "$ $ !'!

% !%9!" &' #&'m$6i y u+i#- S $7i'&1 i69+Q !+ $#" &' &m&-!#!i y & 8$'i$#%! u+i#-

L!8!#!Q+ !+ 0 T ! "$ $ &' 7$'$+i i+m '$ !+ !'! +*u$'!1'&& '$#+ &'m!" 7'i&' & $#$6y+i+0

!'! +i-#i i%$# "i !'!#%!+ !'! "! !% !", ! m!$#+ !'! %&m7$'!" u+i#- Fi+ !'Q+

7'& !% !" 6!$+ +i-#i i%$# "i !'!#%! (LSD) !+ 0 T ! + $ i+ i%$6 $#$6y+!+ !'! 7!' &'m!" &

S $ i+ i%$ (2345) $ = 6!8!6 & +i-#i i%$#%!0

*'* -esults

. .( P$'$+i i+m & P. xylostella

Imm$ u'! P. xylostella !'! 7$'$+i i !" i# $66 '!$ m!# + "u'i#- O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 2344 (Fi-0 ;04) $#" M$'% M$y 2342 (Fi-0 ;02)0 P$'$+i i+m '$ !+ &66& !" $ +imi6$' '!#" i#

$66 '!$ m!# + "u'i#- ! & +!$++0 T !y !'! 6& !' ( =3 ) i# ! !$'6y + $-!+ & %'&7

"!8!6&7m!# "u'i#- O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 2344 u# i6 $b&u = !!9 !# !y i#%'!$+!"

$b&8! =3 $#" !'! 6$'-!6y m$i# $i#!" $b&8! i+ 6!8!6 u# i6 ! !#" & ! +!$+ (Fi-0

;04)0


52/90

Fi%' *'1: T ! i# 6u!#%! & "i !'!# i#+!% i%i"!+ $#" +7'$y '!-im!+ i#%i"!#%! & Plutella

xylostella imm$ u'! + $-!+ ("& !" 6i#!) $#" 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ (+&6i" 6i#!) "u'i#- O% &b!'

D!%!mb!' 2344


53/90

Fi%' *'2: T ! i# 6u!#%! & "i !'!# i#+!% i%i"!+ $#" +7'$y '!-im!+ i#%i"!#%! & Plutella

xylostella imm$ u'! + $-!+ ("& !" 6i#!) $#" 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ (+&6i" 6i#!) "u'i#- M$'%

M$y 2342


54/90

I# % '$+ , i#i i$6 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ !'! i- ( =3 ) "u'i#- M$'% M$y 2342 u# i6

$b&u = !!9 !# !y + $' !" & "!%6i#! b!6& =3 (Fi-0 ;02)0 N& +i-#i i%$#

"i !'!#%!+ i# 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ !'! &b+!'8!" $m- ! '!$ m!# + "u'i#- O% &b!'

D!%!mb!' 2344 (F


55/90

"&mi#$#%! & '. %estalis +u--!+ + $ i+ 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ m$y #& b! #!-$ i8!6y

$ !% !" by i#+!% i%i"! $776i%$ i+ $# ! & !' 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ $% i8! i# ! +y+


56/90

H& !8!', '. %estalis i+ 9#& # & b! 8!'y ! i%i!# i# u i6i i#- y&u#-!' P. xylostella i#+ $'+

(K$ $-u+ i $#" T$#$9$, 4??? N& !m!6$, 233;) +u% $ $ 6& &+ "!#+i i!+ i + i-

! i%i!#%y 6imi + $8$i6$bi6i y & &+ + &' &+! 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ $ $%9i#- $"8$#%

6i ! + $-!+ (N& !m!6$ 2345b)0 T u+, i b!%&m!+ 8i $6 & !+ $b6i+ i i#+!% i%i"! $776i%$

$6 !'!" ! $-!1+ 'u% u'! & ! &+ 7&7u6$ i & ! $"8$# $-! &'. %estalis by 7'&m& i#-

7'!7"!'$#%! & y&u#-!' P. xylostella 6i ! + $-!+Z


57/90

5>

Cotesia vestalis Apanteles halfordi Oomyzus sokolowskii Diadromus collaris

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

!ontrol "ipel1 "ipel2 "ipel3 "ichlor#os1 "ichlor#os2 "ichlor#os3

1

e r c e n t a $ e o f t o t a l


58/90

5?

2 Fi%' *' : S7!%i!+ %&m7&+i i $#" '!6$ i8! $bu#"$#%! & Plutella xylostella 7$'$+i &i"+ i# "i !'!# '!$ m!# + "u'i#- O% &b!'

3 D!%!mb!' 2344

4


59/90

Cotesia vestalis Oomyzus sokolowskii Diadromus collaris

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

e r c e n t a $ e o f t o t a l


60/90

!ontrol "ipel1 "ipel2 "ipel3 "ichlor#os1 "ichlor#os2 "ichlor#os3

5< Fi%' *'*: S7!%i!+ %&m7&+i i $#" '!6$ i8! $bu#"$#%! & Plutella xylostella 7$'$+i &i"+ i# "i !'!# '!$ m!# + "u'i#- O% &b!'1

@ D!%!mb!' 2344


61/90

;3

;0;05 Plutella xylostella $-!1+ 'u% u'! $#" 7&7u6$ i "!#+i y

Du'i#- O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 2344, ! $-!1+ 'u% u'! & P. xylostella (Fi-0 ;0=)

+u--!+ + $ ! 7!+ &%%u''!" i# &8!'6$77i#- -!#!'$ i+, $+ 4+ i#+ $' 6$'8$! $#" !

7u7$! ($+ !66 $+ i#+ $'+ i#1b! !!#) !'! '!%&'"!" i# $66 '!$ m!# + #!$'6y '&u- &u

! +!$+ H& !8!', !'! $+ $ 7'!7"!'$#%! & 4+

i#+ $'+ i# ! i'+ $6 & !

+!$+ i# m&+ '!$ m!# +, i% +u--!+ + $ ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i $+ i#%'!$+i#-

(Fi-0 ;04)0 A+ ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i "!%6i#!" 6$ !' i# ! +!$+ (Fi-0 ;04), $"8$#%!" 6i !

+ $-!+ & P. xylostella b!%$m! m&'! $bu#"$# (Fi-0 ;0=)0 T ! % i#u&u+ 7'!+!#%! &

$66 ! 7!+ 6i ! + $-!+ im76i!+ $ i#+!% i%i"! $776i%$ i+ "i" #& $6 !' i + $-!

+ 'u% u'!0 T u+, !'! i+ $ !&'! i%$6 % $#%! $ !$% 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ $% i8! i# !

+y+ !m %$# i#"

&+ +0 H& !8!', i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+ !'! +i-#i i%$# 6y 6& !' (F


62/90

;4

3035b) $#" Di% 6&'8&+5

(302= 3035b) $#" 6!$+ Di7!64

(3035 3034%), Di7!62

(303?

3032%) $#" Di7!6 5 (3034 3034%)0


63/90

Fi%' *',: R!6$ i8! $bu#"$#%! & Plutella xylostella 6i ! + $-!+ %$bb$-! 76$# + $ !'

"i !'!# '!$ m!# + "u'i#- O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 23440 T ! '!$ m!# + $'! $''$#-!"

8!' i%$66y '&m &7 6! $+ C '&6, Di7!64, Di7!62, Di% 6&'8&+4, Di% 6&'8&+2, Di% 6&'8&+5

$#" Di7!6 50


64/90

Fi%' *'3: R!6$ i8! $bu#"$#%! & Plutella xylostella 6i ! + $-!+ %$bb$-! 76$# + $ !'

"i !'!# '!$ m!# + "u'i#- M$'% M$y 23420 T ! '!$ m!# + $'! $''$#-!" 8!' i%$66y

'&m &7 6! $+ C '&6, Di7!64, Di7!6

2, Di% 6&'8&+

4, Di% 6&'8&+

2, Di% 6&'8&+

5$#"

Di7!650

*', Discussion

P$'$+i i+m '$ !+ & P. xylostella !'! %&m7$'$b6! i# $66 '!$ m!# + "u'i#- b&

+!$++0 T !y &66& !" $ -!#!'$6 7$ !'# i# b& +!$++ !y + $' !" 6& ( =3 ) $#"


65/90

i#%'!$+!" =3 $+ ! O% &b!' D!%!mb!' +!$+ 7'&-'!++!", !'!$+ i#i i$6

7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ !'! i- ( =3 ) $#" "!%6i#!" =3 & $'"+ ! !#" & M$'%

M$y +!$+ T i+ 7$ !'# i# 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ i+ !66 !+ $b6i+ !" i# S&u A 'i%$, $#" i

$+ + & # & b! "u! & 7&+i i8! ! !% & !m7!'$ u'! "!8!6&7m!# $6 '$ !+ & !

7$'$+i &i"+ (N& !m!6$, 2343)0 A6 &u- 7$'$+i &i"+ !'! $b6! & %&6i ! $66 '!$ m!# 76& + "!+7i ! i#+!% i%i"! $776i%$ i+ $#" $776i%$ i '!-im!+, '. %estalis $+

"&mi#$# i# $66 '!$ m!# + i# b& +!$++0 i6! 6& !' 7$'$+i i+m '$ !+ & P.

xylostella by '. %estalis !'! &b+!'8!" !# b'&$"1+7!% 'um i#+!% i%i"!+ +u% $+

D!6 $m! 'i# !'! '&u i#!6y $776i!" (Fu'6- et al 0, 233>), ! '!+u6 + & i+ + u"y

i#"i%$ !" $ Di% 6&'8&+ $" #& +i-#i i%$# ! !% 7$'$+i i+m '$ !+0 Si#%!

Di% 6&'8&+ $+ $ 8!'y + &' '!+i"u$6 7!'i&" & #& m&'! $# & "$y+ ! %'&7

(A#ym&u+, 233@), ! "i+ u'b$#%! %$u+!" by i + $776i%$ i ! 7$'$+i &i"

7&7u6$ i $77!$'+ & b! + &' 1 6i8!", $+ ! %'&7 i+ '!1%&6i !" by ! 7!+ $#" i + 7$'$+i &i"+ i i# $ !!9 & $776i%$ i H& !8!', 7u7$6 + $-!+ & 7$'$+i &i"+ $'!

i#8u6#!'$b6! & m&+ i#+!% i%i"! $776i%$ i+ (S iet al 0, 2345)0 Fu' !'m&'!,

$776i%$ i+ & Di7!6 "i" #& i# !' !'! i 7$'$+i i+m '$ !+ & ! 7!+ , $+ & b!

! 7!% !" !# $776i%$ i+ & $ +!6!% i8! i#+!% i%i"! "& #& !6imi#$ ! $ 7!+

7&7u6$ i (Fu'6- et al 0, 233> Liu et al 0, 2342)0 H& !8!', $776i%$ i & b&

i#+!% i%i"! y7!+ '!"u%!" 7$'$+i &i" "i8!'+i y i''!+7!% i8! & !i' $776i%$ i '!-im!+0

A6 &u- $66 P. xylostella imm$ u'! + $-!+ !'! &b+!'8!" i# $66 ! '!$ m!# +, !i' i#%i"!#%! $#" u+ i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+ "i !'!" -'!$ 6y b! !!# '!$ m!# +0 Du'i#-

O% &b!' D!%!mb!', P. xylostella i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+ !'! +i-#i i%$# 6y 6& !' i# Di7!64

$#" Di7!65

'!$ m!# + &66& !" by Di7!62, !# Di% 6&'8&+

4$#" Di% 6&'8&+

5$#" i- !'

i# Di% 6&'8&+2

$#" % '&6 '!$ m!# +0 T !+! '!+u6 + im76y $ 7$'$+i &i"+ $" $ -'!$ !'

% $#%! & !#%&u# !'i#- &+ + i# ! % '&6 $#" Di% 6&'8&+2 '!$ m!# + $#" 6!$+

Di7!64 $#" Di7!6 50 T i+ i+ !+7!%i$66y 'u! ! i#%6i#! 7 $+! & ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i

"!7i% !" by ! 7'!7"!'$#%! & 4+

i#+ $' &+ 6$'8$!0 i6! 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ 'i% #!++

$+ i- !+ ( &u' +7!%i!+) % '&6, y & +7!%i!+ !'! '!%&'"!" '&m !

Di% 6&'8&+2

'!$ m!# "!+7i ! +imi6$' i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+0 I# b& % '&6 $#"

Di% 6&'8&+2

'!$ m!# +, '. %estalis $%%&u# !" &' m&'! $# ?3 & & $6 7$'$+i i+m

'$ !+ !'!$+


66/90

". collaris $+ '!+7+ib6! &' $b&u = 0 Si#%! !'! $+ $ +imi6$' +$m76i#- ! &' i#

b& % '&6 $#" Di% 6&'8&+2 '!$ m!# +, ! $""i i$6 & +7!%i!+ '!%&'"!" !

% '&6 '!$ m!# m$y i#"i%$ ! 6$%9 & "i+ u'b$#%! 7$'$+i &i" 7&7u6$ i+, i# i%


67/90

%$+! b& A. alfordi $#" O. so&olo,s&ii $ &%%u''!" i# 6& "!#+i i!+ $ !

6$#"+%$7! 6!8!6 7$'$+i i !" $ 6& m&'! &+ +0 T ! $% $ y'. %estalis $#" ".

collaris !'! $6+& '!%&'"!" i# b& ! +!6!% i8! (Di7!6 2 $#" Di7!6 5) $#" ! b'&$"1

+7!% 'um (Di% 6&'8&+4

$#" Di% 6'&8&+5), i#+!% i%i"! '!$ m!# i66u+ '$ !+ $ b& A. alfordi $#" O.

so&olo,s&ii &%%u''!" $ 6& "!#+i i!+ $ 6$#"+%$7! 6!8!60 T u+, ! ! !% + & !

i#+!% i%i"!+ ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i "!#+i y m$y $8! m$"! i !8!# $'"!' & +$m76!

&+ + (i0!0, +$m76i#- ! !% ) 7$'$+i i !" by A. alfordi $#" O. so&olo,s&ii 0 T !

'!76$%!m!# & ". collaris by A. alfordi i# ! Di7!6 4 '!$ m!# + %$##& b!

imm!"i$ !6y ! 76$i#!", $+ ! $-! + 'u% u'! & ! 7!+ i# $ '!$ m!# $+ $6m&+

i"!# i%$6 &

& !'+ (Fi-0 ;05), $#" $ i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+ !'! +imi6$' & ! Di7!65

'!$ m!# 0

Du'i#- ! M$'% M$y +!$+, ! i#%i"!#%! & P. xylostella $+ i- !+ !

% '&6 '!$ m!# , &66& !" by Di% 6&'8&+ '!$ m!# + $#" 6!$+ ! Di7!6

'!$ m!# +0 H& !8!', i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+ !'! +i-#i i%$# 6y 6& %&m7$'!" & ! +7'i#-

+!$+ $%'&++ $66 '!$ m!# +, $#" !y !'! $b&u $ i & $ !y !'! "u'i#-

O% &b!' D!%!mb!' ! % '&6 '!$ m!# 0 T ! 6& !' i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+ i# ! & !'

'!$ m!# + %&m7$'!" & ! % '&6 i#"i%$ ! $ + '- 7&+i i8! i# !'$% i b! !!#

7$'$+i i+m '$ !+ $#" i#+!% i%i"! $776i%$ i i i+ '!6$ i+ i7 b!i#- + '-!' i#

Di7!6 '!$ m!# +0 T '!! +7!%i!+ & 7$'$+i &i"+ !'! '!%&'"!" '&m ! % '&6

'!$ m!# , &66& !" by & +7!%i!+ i# ! Di% 6&'8&+ '!$ m!# +, $#" ! +7!%i!+ i#

! Di7!6 '!$ m!# +0 T ! %&m76! ! $b+!#%! & A. alfordi "u'i#- i+ 7!'i&" i+

u#u+u$6, $6 &u- i $+ + & # & b! +7&'$"i% (N& !m!6$ $#" K i', 233= N& !m!6$,

2345b)0 A++umi#- $ $66 '!! 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ ( '. %estalis , O. so&olo,s&ii $#" ".

collaris ) !'! $% i8! $ ! 6$#"+%$7! 6!8!6, $ 76$u+ib6! ! 76$#$ i &' ! i- !'

7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ 'i% #!++ ! % '&6 '!$ m!# i+ $ ! 7!+ i#%i"!#%! $+

i- !'0 I i+ !66 !+ $b6i+ !" $ "i'!% $#" i#"i'!% %&m7! i i b! !!# 7$'$+i &i"

+7!%i!+ b!%&m!+ i# !#+! !# &+ + $'! 6imi !"0 U#"!' !+! %"i i+, ! 7$'$+i &i"

+7!%i!+ $ $ $%9 y&u#-!' &+ 6i ! + $-!+ -$i#+ $# $"8$# $-! & $# $bu#"$# &+

'!+&u'%! &8!' &+! +7!%i!+ $ $%9i#- $"8$#%!" &+ + $-! (P'i%!, 4?@2 C !++,

4??4 N& !m!6$, 2345b), 7'&8i"!" ! 6$ !' %$##& +u%%!++ u66y u i6i ! 7$'$+i i !"

&+ + (B'i--+, 4??5 Oi+ i $#" S$ &, 233>)0 Si#%!


68/90

'. %estalis i+ 8!'y ! i%i!# i# u i6i i#- y&u#-!' P. xylostella i#+ $'+ (K$ $-u+ i $#"

T$#$9$, 4??? N& !m!6$, 233;), i $+ b!!# + & # $ i 6imi + &+ $8$i6$bi6i y &'

O. so&olo,s&ii $#" ". collaris $ 6& &+ "!#+i i!+ (N& !m!6$, 2345b)0 T u+, !

"&mi#$#%! & '. %estalis $%'&++ $66 '!$ m!# + i+ "u! & i + i- ! i%i!#%y $#" $ i i+

$


69/90

+u7!'i&' %&m7! i &' &O. so&olo,s&ii , i% i+ $6+& i + i# '$-ui6" 7'!"$ &' (N& !m!6$,

2345b)0 D!+7i ! 7u7$6 &+ + b!i#- '!%&'"!" #!$'6y '&u- &u ! +!$+ !

% '&6 '!$ m!# , ! $% $O. so&olo,s&ii ( i% m$i#6y +u%%!++ u66y $ $%9+ &+

6$'8$! $ !'! mi++!" by '. %estalis ) $+ m&'! $bu#"$# "u'i#- i+ +!$+ im76i!+

$ y $ '$% i & &+ 7u7$! !'! +ui $b6! &' ". collaris 0 H!#%!, ". collaris&%%u''!" $ mu% 6& !' "!#+i y '!6$ i8! & O. so&olo,s&ii 0 T ! ! !% + & + '-

i# !'+7!%i i% i# !'$% i+ b! !!# ! 7$'$+i &i"+ $ 6& !' 7!+ "!#+i i!+ $'! !8!#

%6!$'!' i# ! & !' '!$ m!# +0 I# Di% 6&'8&+ '!$ m!# + $ $" +imi6$' 7!+

i#%i"!#%!+, i% !'! +i-#i i%$# 6y 6& !' $# ! % '&6, y'. %estalis $#" O.

so&olo,s&ii !'! '!%&'"!"0 Fu' !'m&'!, y '. %estalis $+ '!%&'"!" i# ! Di7!6

'!$ m!# +, i% $" ! 6!$+ i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+0

A6 &u- Di% 6&'8&+ i+ & i% & $"u6 P. xylostella 7$'$+i &i"+ (Li# et al. 233@ u et al 0, 233@), i+ i#+!% i%i"! "i++i7$ !+ $i'6y *ui%96y (A#ym&u+, 233@) %&m7$'!" &

Di7!6 (H$+!!b et al 0, 233;), i% "!-'$"!+ i# $b&u ; "$y+ "u! & +&6$' '$"i$ i

(C[ \ et al 0, 2334)0 T ! "i !'!#%! i# 7!'+i+ !#%! & ! & i#+!% i%i"!+ i+ % i'm!"

by 6& !' i#%i"!#%! & P. xylostella i# Di7!6 %&m7$'!" & Di% 6&'8&+ '!$ !" 76& +0 A66

! 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ '!%&'"!" i# i+ + u"y +7!#" !i' 7u7$6 + $-!+ !i !' i# $ +i69!#

%&%& ('. %estalis $#" A. alfordi ) &' i#+i"! ! &+ 7u7$ ( O. so&olo,s&ii $#" ".

collaris ) $#" u+ "& #& %&m! i# & "i'!% % $% i i#+!% i%i"!+0 A+ !'! i+ $6 $y+

$ '!+i"!# 7$'$+i &i" 7&7u6$ i i# !$% 76& , ! im7$% & !i !' i#+!% i%i"!$776i%$ i &+ "!#+i y i#%'!$+!+ 7$'$+i &i" & &+ '$ i& +u% $ 7$'$+i i+m

6!8!6+ '!m$i# $+ '!6$ i8!6y i- $+ i# ! % '&6 76& +0


70/90

General discussion and conclusion

,

Plutella xylostella i+ $ +!'i&u+ '!$ & +u%%!++ u6 7'&"u% i & %$bb$-! $ !

D!7$' m!# & C&''!% i$6 S!'8i%!+ B$8i$$#+7&&' Q+ $'m, $#" ! *u$6i y & !

7'&"u%! $+ -!#!'$66y 7&&' "!+7i ! !!96y bi1 !!96y $776i%$ i+ & b'&$"1+7!% 'um

i#+!% i%i"!+ (Cy7!'m! 'i#, D!6 $m! 'i# $#" P$'$ i)0 I# 2343, ! ARC P6$#

P'& !% i R!+!$'% I#+ i u ! $+ $77'&$% !" &' $"8i%! + '$ !-i!+ $ %$# b! u+!"

& +u77'!++ ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i "!#+i y0 T !i' !# &m&6&-i+ + $8! 7ub6i+ !" i"!6y

P. xylostella &' $b&u & "!%$"!+0 A 7'!6imi#$'y + u"y %"u% !" "u'i#- +7'i#- i#

2343 + & !" $ ! i#+!% i%i"!+ #$m!" $b&8! !'! #& 6-!' ! !% i8! i#

+u77'!++i#- ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i+, i% m!$# $ !i' % i#u!" u+! y i#%'!$+!"

i#7u %&+ + i &u 7'&8i"i#- ! b!#! i & % '&66i#- ! i#+!% 7!+ 0

T i+ + u"y %&m7$'!" ! ! i%$%y & & i#+!% i%i"!+ (Di7!6 $#" Di% 6&'8&+) $

!'! #& 7'!8i&u+6y u+!" i# ! $'m & +u77'!++ P. xylostella 7&7u6$ i "!#+i i!+

"u'i#- & +!$++ (O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 2344 $#" M$'% M$y 2342) i# %&mbi#$ ii bi&6&-i%$6 % '&6 u+i#- 7$'$+i &i"+, $ 7'!8i&u+6y u#'!%&-#i+!" 7!+ % '&6

m! &" i# ! $'m0 I $+ !+ $b6i+ !" $ P. xylostella i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+ !'! i- !'

"u'i#- O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 2344 $# "u'i#- M$'% M$y 2342 +!$+ (C $7 !' 2)

"u! & -!#!'$66y 6& !' ( =3 ) 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ $ ! b!-i##i#- & ! +!$+ T i+

'!+u6 i+ +imi6$' & 7'!8i&u+ + u"i!+ $ "!m+ '$ !" $ 7$'$+i i+m '$ !+ & P.

xylostella $'! 7&+i i8!6y i# 6u!#%!" by i!6" !m7!'$ u'!+ +u% $ !# $8!'$-!

!m7!'$ u'! '!m$i#+ $b&8! 23 C 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ $'! i- (N& !m!6$, 2343)0

Fu' !'m&'!, i+ + u"y + & !" Di7!6 $+ m&'! ! !% i8! i# +u77'!++i#- P. xylostella 7&7u6$ i "!#+i y $# Di% 6&'8&+ i# b& +!$++ (C $7 !' 2), i6! !!96y

$776i%$ i+ & Di7!6 "u'i#- O% &b!' D!%!mb!' 2344 !'! m&'! ! !% i8! i#

+u77'!++i#- ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i "!#+i i!+ b!6& 4 P. xylostella 7!' 76$# 7!' !!9 $#

! & !' '!$ m!# +0 C$bb$-! 7'&"u%!" '&m Di7!6 '!$ m!# + "u'i#- O% &b!'

D!%!mb!' 2344 +!$+ !'! bi--!' %&m7$'!" & Di% 6&'8&+ $#" % '&6 '!$ m!# +0


71/90

H& !8!', ! %$bb$-! !i- + !'! +imi6$' $m- ! '!$ m!# + "u'i#- ! M$'%

M$y +!$+ "!+7i ! ! 8!'y 6& P.


72/90

xylostella i# !+ $ i 6!8!6+ Di7!6 '!$ m!# +0 T i+ $+ "u! ! $% $

i# !+ $ i+ 6!8!6+ !'! -!#!'$66y b!6& 4 P. xylostella 7!' 76$# i# $66 '!$ m!# +0

T u+, !'! i+ #& !%&mi% b!#! i i# $776yi#- ! i#+!% i%i"!+ $ !!96y b$+i+

!# ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i "!#+i y i+ 6& , $#" i+ i+ !+7!%i$66y 'u! !# 7$'$+i i+m

6!8!6+ $'! i- 0 T i+ + u"y + & !" $ !# 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ $'! 8!'y i- "u'i#-M$'% M$y 2342, ! im7$% & 7$'$+i &i"+ ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i i+ %&m7$'$b6! &

$ & $# ! i%i!# i#+!% i%i"! i# !'m+ & 7'& !% i#- ! yi!6"0

F&u' +7!%i!+ & 7$'$+i &i" Hym!#&7 !'$ ( '. %estalis , A. alfordi , O. so&olo,s&ii $#"

". collaris ) !'! '!%&'"!" "u'i#- i+ + u"y0 I# b& +!$++, ! 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+

'i% #!++ $+ i- !' % '&6 $# i#+!% i%i"! '!$ !" 76& +0 A6 &u- Di% 6&'8&+

i+ & i% & $"u6 7$'$+i &i"+ (Li#et al 0, 233@ u et al 0, 233@), i $+ i# !'!+ i#- &

&b+!'8! $ 7$'$+i &i" +7!%i!+ 'i% #!++ $+ #& i- !' i# '!$ m!# + i $ +!6!% i8!

i#+!% i%i"! (Di7!6)0 Si#%! Di% 6&'8&+ "i++i7$ !+ i# $b&u 2 "$y+ ! %'&7 +u' $%!

(A#ym&u+, 233@), i + im7$% ! 7$'$+i &i"+ 7&7u6$ i+ i+ + &' 16i8!"0

A6 &u- b'&$"1+7!% 'um i#+!% i%i"!+ $8! b!!# + & # & #!-$ i8!6y im7$%

7$'$+i &i" 7&7u6$ i "!#+i i!+ $#" u+ 7$'$+i i+m '$ !+ (Fu'6- et al 0, 233> Liu et

al 0, 2342), u+! & $# i#+!% i%i"! i $ + &' '!+i"u$6 7!'i&" m$y b! ! b!+ &7 i

%+i"!'i#- $ b'&$"1+7!% 'um i#+!% i%i"!+ $'! u+u$66y % !$7!' $# +7!%i i%

i#+!% i%i"!+ +u% $+ Di7!60

'otesia %estalis $+ ! m&+ "&mi#$# 7$'$+i &i" $%%&u# i#- &' >3 & & $6

7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ i# $66 '!$ m!# +0 T i+ '!+u6 i+ +imi6$' & $ & 7'!8i&u+ + u"i!+

(K i', 4??@, N& !m!6$ $#" K i', 233=)0 R!%!# 6y, N& !m!6$ (2345$) + & !" $ i i+

!$+i!' & !+ im$ ! 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!6+ '&m '$ i&+ & 7$'$+i &i" %&%&+ & i# !+ $ i+,

$#" $ 23 '$ i& i+ !*ui8$6!# & =3 7$'$+i i+m 6!8!60 T u+, by +%&u i#- ! %'&7 &'

$bu#"$#%! & P. xylostella $#" i + 7$'$+i &i"+ $ 6!$+ %! !!9, $ -'& !' %$# m$9!

$# i# &'m!" "!%i+i ! !' &' #& & $776y $# i#+!% i%i"!0 By $776yi#-

i#+!% i%i"!+ y !# #!%!++$'y, -'& !'+ %$# "!6$y "!8!6&7m!# & '!+i+ $#%! $#"

u+ ! !#" ! i%$%y & i#+!% i%i"!+ $-$i#+ ! 7!+ (S$' '$ $#" K!""i!, 233=)0 T u+,

by $'#!++i#- ! im7$% & 7$'$+i &i"+ P. xylostella $#" y u+! i#+!% i%i"!+ $+ $

b$%9u7 &7 i (K&-$#, 4??>) $+ 7$' & i# !-'$ !" 7!+ m$#$-!m!# , m$#$-!m!# &

7&7u6$ i+ & i+ 7'&b6!m$ i% i#+!% 7!+ i66 b!%&m! +u+ $i#$b6!0


73/90

-EFE-ENCE4

A66!#, 0A0 $#" R$.& !, E0G0 (4??3)0 ]T ! % $#-i#- '&6! & ! !#+i !# &m&6&-y i#

! IPM !'$0^ Annual /e%ie, Entomology , , : 5@?15?@0

A#ym&u+ (233@)0 A 0uide for t e 'ontrol of Plant Pests 0 4; E"i i D!7$' m!#

& A-'i%u6 u'!, S&u A 'i%$0

A#ym&u+ (2333)0 "iamond!ac& Mot 0 S$+9$ % ! $# A-'i%u6 u'!, F&&" $#" Ru'$6

R!8i $6i $ i URL

W 7: 0$-'0-&80+90%$ "&%+ %'&7+ i# !-'$ !"_7!+ _m$#$-!m!# i#+!% + "i$m"0$+7

X ($%%!++!" M$y, 2343)0

Ay$6! , G0 (2344)0 E !% & i#+!% -'& '!-u6$ &' #&8$6u' "i$m"b$%9 m& , Plutella xylostella L0 (L!7i"&7 !'$: P6u !66i"$!), $#" i + i#"i-!#&u+ 7$'$+i &i"+0

'ro$ Protection , 0: 43>@143?30

Ay$6! , G0 (233


74/90

B'&&9+, D0M0, P$#"&, /0L0, O%mi#, P0A0, $#" T!.$"$, R0J0 (2334)0 R!+&u'%! +!7$'$ i

i# $ N$7&1Am$ i$# -$m!bi'" %&mmu#i y0 770 245 22=0 I#: B'&&9+, D0M0, $#"

G $6! , F0 (E"+0) #iology and 'onser%ation of 'racids in t e 2e, Millenium 0 Mi+%0

Pub60 N&0 2, H&u+ Mu+!um & N$ u'$6 S%i!#%!+, H&u+ , T! $+0

C$' !', D0J0 (4?>;)0 P!+ L!7i"&7 !'$ & Eu'&7! i +7!%i$6 '! !'!#%! & ! B'i i+

I+6!+0Series Entomology , 1: >4 >50

C$+ 6!, S0, $#" N$'$#.&, S0E0 (233?)0 S$m76i#- 76$#+, +!6!% i8! i#+!% i%i"!+ $#"

+u+ $i#$bi6i y: ! %$+! &' IPM $+ `i# &'m!" 7!+ m$#$-!m!# 0Q Pest Management

Science , 3, : 45241452>0

C$'+, R0 (4?: $ im!1+!'i!+ $#$6y+i+0 Pest Management Science , 3 : @1@@;0


75/90

=3

D!b$% , P0, $#" Hu $9!', C0B0 (4?@4)0 E 7!'im!# $6 !% #i*u!+ &' !8$6u$ i & !

! !% i8!#!++ & #$ u'$6 !#!mi!+0 77 445 4;30 I#: Hu $9!', C0B0 (E"0) #iological

'ontrol : P6!#um P'!++, N! Y&'90

D!b$% , P0, $#" R&+!#, D0 (4??4)0 #iological 'ontrol !y 2atural Enemies : C$mb'i"-!

U#i8!'+i y P'!++, C$mb'i"-!, UK0

D!# , D0 (4??4)0 Insect Pest Management. CAB I# !'#$ i$6, $66i#- &'"0

D!8i#!, G0J0, $#" Fu'6-, M0J0 (233@)0 I#+!% i%i"! u+!: % ! + $#" !%&6&-i%$6

%+!*u!#%!+0 Agriculture and -uman 6alues , 2* : 2>4153


76/90

G&" '$y, H0C0J0 (4??;)0 Parasitoids7 #e a%ioural and E%olutionary Ecology 0

P'i#%! U#i8!'+i y P'!++, N! J!'+!y, USA0

G' y $% , D0, R&++b$% , A0, R$u , A0, Ru++!66, D0A0, S'i#i8$+$#, R0, $#" S !6 ,

A0M0 (2343)0 Cu''!# % '&6 m! &"+ &' "i$m"b$%9 m& $#" & !' #rassica

i#+!% 7!+ $#" ! 7'&+7!% &' im7'&8!" m$#$-!m!# i 6!7i"&7 !'$#1'!+i+ $# B

8!-! $b6! !rassicas i# A+i$ $#" A 'i%$0 'ro$ $rotection , 2 : 1@?0

Gu##, D0 (4?4@)0 T ! +m$66 %$bb$-! m& ( Plutella maculi$ennis Cu' i+)0 #ulletin of

t e "e$artment of Agriculture , Union of Sout Africa , : 4 430

H$'%&u' , D0G0 (4?>)0 Plutella maculi$ennis Cu' 0, i + #$ u'$6 $#" bi&6&-i%$6 % '&6 i#

E#-6$#"0 #ulletin of Entomological /esearc , 2 : 5;5 5@50

H$+!!b, M0, Liu, T0c0, $#" J!+, 0A0 (233;)0 E !% + & +!6!% !" i#+!% i%i"!+

'otesia $lutellae (Hym!#&7 !'$: B'$%i"$!), $# !#"&6$'8$6 7$'$+i &i" & Plutella

xylostella (L!7i"&7 !'$: P6u !66i"$!)0 #io'ontrol , * : 55 ;12520 I# 7


77/90

Si8$7'$-$+$m, A0, L&9!, 0H0, Hu++$#, A0K0, $#" Lim, G0S0 (E"+0) T e Management

of "iamond!ac&


78/90

Mot and ot er 'rucifer Pests : 7'&%!!"i#-+ & ! i'" i# !'#$ i$6 &'9+ &70

M$6$y+i$# A-'i%u6 u'$6 R!+!$'% $#" D!8!6&7m!# I#+ i u !, Ku$6$ Lum7u', M$6$y+i$0

Hi-6!y, L0G0, $#" P! !'+, R0K0D0 (233?)0 E%&mi% "!%i+i 'u6!+ &' IPM0 770 2=1520

I#: R$"%6i !, EB, Hu % i+, 0D0, $#" C$#%!6$"&, R0E0 (E"+0) Integrated Pest

Management7 conce$ts* tactics* strategies* and case studies. C$mb'i"-! U#i8!'+i y

P'!++, C$mb'i"-!,

H& m$##, M0P0, $#" F'&"+ $m, A0C0 (4??5)0 2atural Enemies of 6egeta!le Insect Pests 0

C&'#!6 U#i8!'+i y P'!++, N! Y&'90


79/90

K i', R0, $#" T &m$+, J0 (2334)0 Bi&6&-i%$6 % '&6 & Di$m"b$%9 m& S H!6!#$

I+6$#" i P$'$+i &i"+ +u776i!" by ARC1PPRI0 #iocontrol 2e,s and Information , 22 :

;N0


80/90

K i', R0 (4??>)0 O'i-i# & ! "i$m"b$%9 m& (L!7i"&7 !'$: P6u !66i"$!)0 Annals of t e

Entomological Society of America , 1: 4;41>=30

Liu, c0, C !#, M0, C&66i#+, H0L0, O#+ $", D0, R&u+ , R0, $#-, 0, $#" S !6 , A0M0

(2342) E !% & i#+!% i%i"!+ $#" Plutella xylostella (L!7i"&7 !'$: P6u !66i"$!)

-!#& y7! $ 7'!"$ &' $#" 7$'$+i &i" $#" im76i%$ i+ &' ! !8&6u i & i#+!% i%i"!

'!+i+ $#%!0 4ournal of Economic Entomology , 10, : 5=;15


81/90

Lu%9, R0F0, S !7$'", B0M0, $#" K!#m&'!, P0E0 (4???)0 E8$6u$ i & bi&6&-i%$6

% '&6 i ! 7!'im!# $6 m! &"+0 770 22= 2;20 I#: B!66& +, T0S0, $#" Fi+ !', T0 0

(E"+0) -and!oo& of #iological 'ontrol. A%$"!mi% P'!++, S$# Di!-&


82/90

M$$6&u6y, M0, F'$#%9, P0, B&u8i!', J0C0, T&ub, J0F0, $#" L$8i-#!, C0 (2345)0 C&"6i#-

m& 7$'$+i i+m i+ $ !% !" by +!mi1#$ u'$6 $bi $ + $#" $-'i%u6 u'$6 7'$% i%!+ $

&'% $'" $#" 6$#"+%$7! 6!8!6+0 Agriculture* Ecosystems and En%ironment , 13 : 551;20

M$% $"y!#, S0, $#" $6u%9i, M0P0 (2342)0 A++!++i#- ! + &' 1 !'m im7$% & $#

i#+!% i%i"! (D!6 $m! 'i#) 7'!"$ &' $#" !'bi8&'! $bu#"$#%! i# +&yb!$# G6y%i#!

m$ u+i#- $ '!76i%$ !" +m$66176& i!6" ! 7!'im!# 0 Insect Science , 1 :44214230

M!y'i%9, E0 (4?2>)0 A /e%ised -and!oo& of #ritis Le$ido$tera 0 $ 9i#+ $#" D%$+ !'

P'!++, L" >35 770

M#!'$ , R0G0, Ki'9, A0A0, $#" B&'"$ , D0 (2332)0 Bi&6&-y & "iadegma +70

(Hym!#&7 !'$: I% #!umi"$!), $ 7$'$+i &i" & Plutella xylostella (L0) (L!7i"&7 !'$:

Y7&m!u i"$!), '&m R!u#i I+6$#"0 2eotro$ical Entomology , 1: 2@4 2@;0

Mu# $6i, D0C0 (233?)0 E8$6u$ i & %$bb$-! 8$'i! i!+ &' '!+i+ $#%! & ! %$bb$-!

$7 i" . African Entomology , 18 : 41@0

Mu++!', F0R0, $#" S !6 , A0M0 (2335)0 B + !! %&'# $#" +!6!% i8! i#+!% i%i"!+:

im7$% + 7!+ + $#" 7'!"$ &'+0 4ournal Economic Entomology , 3: @41>3

Ni% &6$+, A0H0, S7&!'1H$' , R0N0, $#" /i%9!'+, R0A0 (233=)0 Abu#"$#%! $#" #$ u'$6

% '&6 & ! &&66y $7 i" Eriosoma lanigerum i# $# Au+ '$6i$# $776! &'% $'" IPM

7'&-'$m0 #io'ontrol , ,0 : 2@412?40

N& !m!6$, R0S0 (2345$)0 A +im76! m! &" & !+ im$ i#- i#+ $# $#!&u+ 6!8!6+ &

!#"&7$'$+i i+m & Plutella xylostella (Li##$!u+) (L!7i"&7 !'$: P6u !66i"$!) by

Hym!#&7 !'$ i# ! i!6"0 African Entomology , 21 : 2>312>


83/90

N& !m!6$, R0S0, $#" M&+i$#!, S0M0 (2344)0 T ! +!%'! i8! %$bb$-! 7!+ 0 Plant

Protection 2e,s , 0: )0 P!+ + $ u+ & Di$m"b$%9 m& $#" ! '&6! &

'otesia $lutellae i# +u77'!++i#- ! 7!+ 7&7u6$ i i# S&u A 'i%$0 770 25?12;?0 I#:

S !6 , A0M0, C&66i#+, H0L0, Y&u.u#, 0, $#" i#-.u#, 0 (E"+0) T e Management of

"iamond!ac& Mot and Ot er 'rucifier Pests : 7'&%!!"i#- & ! i i# !'#$ i$6

&'9+ &7, 2;12@ O% &b!' 23350

N& !m!6$, R0S0 (233;)0 Studies on Parasitoids of t e "iamond!ac& Mot * Plutella

xylostella 9L.) 9Le$ido$tera7 Plutellidae)* in Sout Africa 0 MS% !+i+, R &"!+

U#i8!'+i y, G'$ $m+ & #0

Oi+ i, M0, $#" S$ &, H0 (233>)0 Gui6" + 'u% u'! $#" %&! i+ !#%! m!% $#i+m+ i# !

7$'$+i &i" $++!mb6$-! $++&%i$ !" i $ 6!$ mi#!', 'o$totric e :a$oniella

(L!7i"&7 !'$: Ti+% !'ii"$!), $# !8!'-'!!# '!!, Eurya :a$onica (T !$%!$!)0

En%ironmental Entomology , 8: 4254142;30

O&i, P0A0C0 (4??2)0 R&6! & 7$'$+i &i"+ i# m$#$-i#- "i$m"b$%9 m& i# ! C$m!'

Hi- 6$#"+, M$6$y+i$, 770 22=12


84/90

44 4= M$'% 4?>=, A+i$# /!-! $b6! R!+!$'% $#" D!8!6&7m!# C!# !', T$i#$#,

T$i $#0


85/90

P'i%!, P0 0 (4?@2)0 P$'$+i &i"+ u i6i i#- ! +$m! &+ : $"$7 i8! #$ u'! & "i !'!#%!+

i# +i ! $#" &'m0 Ecology , , : 4?314?=0

R$bi#"'$, R0J0, Ju+ i#, C0G0L0, $#" J$y$'$., S0 (4??=)0 R!6$ i8! +u+%!7 ibi6i y & &

6$'8$6 7&7u6$ i+ & "i$m"b$%9 m& 9Plutella xylostella ) & i#+!% i%i"!+ $#"

#acillus t uringiensis 0 Indian 4ournal of Agricultural Science , 3, : 4=2 4=50

R!#u9$, S0, $#" R!-u7$ y, A0 (4??= 4?;0 I#: T$6!9$', N0S0, $#" G'i--+, T0D0 (E"+0) "iamond!ac& Mot

Management : 7'&%!!"i#-+ & ! i'+ i# !'#$ i$6 &'9+ &7, 44 4= M$'% 4?>=,

A+i$# /!-! $b6! R!+!$'% $#" D!8!6&7m!# C!# !', T$i#$#, T$i $#0

S$ !#$, J0C0, R$i, S0T0, S'i8$+ $8$, K0N0, $#" Si# $, S0R0 (4?>?)0 R!+i+ $#%! i# !

i!6" 7&7u6$ i & ! "i$m"b$%9 m& & +&m! %&mmy u+!" +y# ! i%

7y'! '&i"+0 Indian 4ournal Entomology , ,1 : 2


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$-$i#+ 'otesia $lutellae (Hym0: B'$%i"$!) $#" Oomy+us so&olo,s&ii (Hym:

Eu6&7 i"$!)0 Pest Management Science , 30 : 42451424?0

Si#- , J0, U7$" y$y, A0K0, B$ $"u', A0, Si#- , B0, Si#- , K0P0, $#" R$i, M0 (233=, A+i$# /!-! $b6! R!+!$'% $#"

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i!6"+0 Annals of A$$lied #iology , 1,0 : 2@15?0


87/90

T'umb6!, J0T0 (4??>)0 IPM: &8!'%&mi#- % 6i% + i# $"&7 i Integrated Pest

Management /e%ie, , : 4?=123@0


88/90

U66y! , G0C0, (4?;@)0 M&' $6i y $% &'+ i# 7&7u6$ i+ & Plutella maculi$ennis Cu' i+

(Ti#!"$!: L!7i"&7 !'$), $#" !i' '!6$ i & ! 7'&b6!m & % '&60 D!7$' m!# &

A-'i%u6 u'! $#" F&'!+ 'y, U#i & S&u A 'i%$, Entomology Memoirs , 2 : @@ 2320

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S !6 , A0M0, $#" C&66i#+, H0L0 (E"+0) Management of "iamond!ac& Mot and

Ot er 'rucifer Insect Pests : 7'&%!!"i#-+ & ! +i i# !'#$ i$6 &'9+ &70

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7$'$+i &i"1i#+!% i%i"! i# !'$% i+0 4ournal of A$$lied Ecology , 22 : >2=1>5>0


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xylostella (L!7i"&7 !'$: P6u !66i"$!): Fi!6" $#" L$b&'$ &'y Ob+!'8$ i+0 Sout

African 4ournal of Plant and Soil , 1 : 5215@0


90/90

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'ogniti%e #rain /esearc , 1* : 54@152;0

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Fu#% i$6 b!#! i + & 7'!"$ &' +7!%i!+ "i8!'+i y "!7!#" 7'!y i"!# i y0 Ecological

Entomology , 0: ;?@ =340

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xylostella7 .u+ & 6- i+ ! 7i!%! & ! + 'i#-0 4ournal of Economic Entomology ,

10, : 444=1442?0

$6u%9i, M0P0, A"$m+, D0, $#" Fu'6-, M0J0 (233?)0 T ! u u'! & IPM: i !' &'

i !'Z Australian 4ournal of Entomology , * : >=1?

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