SAMUEL IDAHOSA

(G20617706)

Exploring Crisis Communication Management and Political

Propaganda: A study on Missing school girls Nigeria (CHIBOK)

15th May 2015

MSc International Applied Communications

SAMUEL IDAHOSA

(G20617706)

Exploring Crisis Communication Management and Political

Propaganda: A study on Missing school girls Nigeria (CHIBOK)

15th May 2015

MSc International Applied Communications

This dissertation is submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements of the (name of

degree) in the Division of Communication, Marketing and Public Relations in the

Lancashire Business School, Faculty of Management, at the University of Central

Lancashire.

Declaration is respect of plagiarism: ‘I confirm that this assignment which I have

submitted is all my own work and the source of any information or material I have

used (including the internet) has been fully identified and properly acknowledged as

required in the department guidelines I received.’

Acknowledgement

First and foremost, I give all thanks to God almighty for giving me the strength for going

through yet another academic success. I bless God.

I also want to say thank you to my wonderful supervisor Chris Shaw for his great impact

and supervision. Another appreciation goes to my tutors Huw, Candan, Stephanie, Adrian,

Sabina, Lynne; and to all my awesome colleagues and friends for their great support and

encouragement through every aspect of my academic study.

And with a grateful heart, I appreciate my parents and every member of the Mr and Mrs

Uwoghiren Idahosa family for their brilliant support and prayers for me.

Finally I say thank you to the family of Mr & Mrs Oyekanmi for their initiatives, love and

prayers for me. Words cannot express my gratitude to you all. God bless you all.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………………1

Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………..2

List of tables…………………………………………………………………………...4

List of figures………………………………………………………………………….4

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………...5

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..6

1.2 Theoretical framework……………………………………………………………6

1.3 Problem statement ……………………………………………………………….7

1.4 Research context of study……………………………………………………….8

1.5 Research objectives ……………………………………………………….……..9

1.6 Contribution………………………………………………………………………..9

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Situational crisis analysis on the missing Chibok girls…………………….….10

2.2 Boko-Haram declining western education……………………………………..11

2.3 Boko-Haram target in 2014……………………………………………………...12

2.4 Social media as a communicating instrument……………………………….…12

2.5 Media information management…………………………………………………13

2.6 Media ownership concern……………………………………………………….13

2.7 Theoretical underpinnings: The media on Chibok girls………………………14

2.8 Political propaganda and media governance………………………………......16

2.9 Media organizations and political influence…………………………………….18

2.10 Communication strategies on crisis management……………………………19

2.11 International agenda towards the crisis on Chibok girls……………………..20.

2.12 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...21

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction to methodology……………………………………………………...22

3.2 Purpose of study…………………………………………………………………...22

2

3.3 Orientation of research……………………………………………………………..23

3.4 Philosophical approach of this study……………………………………………...23

3.5 Qualitative methods…………………………………………………………………24

3.6 Research questions………………………………………………………………...25

3.7 Methods of data collection…………………………………………………………25

3.7.1 The unstructured interview……………………………………………………...26

3.7.2 The structured interview…………………………………………………………27

3.7.3 Participant selection………………………………………………………………27

3.8 Participant needed information……………………………………………………29

3.9 Establishing contacts……………………………………………………………….29

3.10 Participants profile………………………………………………………………...29

3.10.1 Participant one…………………………………………………………………..30

3.10.2 Participant two…………………………………………………………………...30

3.11 Data collection procedures……………………………………………………….30

3.11.1 Data reduction…………………………………………………………………...31

3.11.2 Data analysis……………………………………………………………………..31

3.12 Ethical consideration……………………………………………………………...32

CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..33

4.1 Observation from participants……………………………………………………...33

4.2 Descriptive analysis of participant 1&2……………………………………………33

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

5.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..61

5.1 Summary of the findings……………………………………………………………61

5.2 Theoretical contribution in exploring crisis communication management and political

propaganda research: a study on missing school girls in Nigeria (CHIBOK)……..61

5.3 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...62

5.4 Recommendation for further studies……………………………………………..62

5.5 Limitations of study………………………………………………………………….63

References…………………………………………………………………………...64-75

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Appendix 1 Transcribed data for participant 1………………………….......................76

Appendix 2 Transcribed data for participant 2…………………...…………………….81

Appendix 3 Plotted graph from N-Vivo. ………………………………………………..85

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Participant 1&2 coded words/phrases (Nigerian government ignorance

level………………………………………………………………………………………….34

Table 4.2 Crisis response strategy (Rate of applied strategies applied)…………….37

Table 4.3 Nigerian governments strategies……………………………………………..38

Table 4.4 Media escalation problem……………………………………………………..40

Table 4.5 Participants opinion on crisis response……………………………………...42

Table 4.6 Damages on Nigerian governments image and reputation………………..45

Table 4.7 Boko Haram as a threat………………………………………………………..47

Table 4.8 Ex-President Good-luck Jonathan’s agenda………………………………..50

Table 4.9 Successes recorded by the Nigerian government/Military………………..52

Table 4.10 Participants suggestions and contributions………………………………..53

Table 4.11 Nigerians reaction towards Chibok crisis…………………………………..56

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Boko-Haram’s target in 2014………………………………………………...12

Figure 3.1 Description……………………………………………………………………..28

Figure 4.1 Graphical analysis of Nigerian governments ignorance…………………..34

Figure 4.2 Crisis response………………………………………………………………..37

Figure 4.3 Nigerian government strategies……………………………………………..38

Figure 4.4 Media escalation as a problem………………………………………………40

Figure 4.5 Participants opinion on crisis response…………………………………….42

Figure 4.6 Graphical analysis of damages on Nigerian governments image and reputation

………………………………………………………………………………………………..45

Figure 4.7 Graphical analysis of participant 1&2 on Boko-Haram as a threat……….47

Figure 4.8 Graphical analysis of participant 1&2 on Good-luck Jonathan’s agenda…49

Figure 4.9 Graphical analysis of participants on successes recorded by the Nigerian gov-

ernment and military…………………………………………………………………….52

Figure 4.10 graphical analysis of participant’s suggestions and contributions………53

Figure 4.11 Graphical analysis of participant 1&2 on Nigerians reaction towards crisis.....57

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Abstract

Being devoted to the actual problem of terrorism, public relations and communication, this

study utilized numerous methodological strategies. This present research study was

focused on elaborating the back stage relationship between the Nigerian government,

terrorism and crisis management. Terrorism in Nigeria has created awareness for itself

within a decade and for the first time; Nigerians are under fear and terror due to the

massive reality of conflict caused by terrorism. However, this problem of terrorism

announced itself boldly in April 2014 when over 270 school girls were kidnapped from their

school hostels in Chibok Nigeria. Past researchers have contributed their concern on the

issue of terrorism believing that terrorism as a crisis creates fear and terror.

The Nigerian government has taken several measures to respond to this situation but it

seems that there has been contradicting stories behind the scene on crisis response

strategies applied. One important aspect which this study will portray is the realistic view

behind crisis response which is not seen by many Nigerians on public relations and

communication. The use of media theories was included in this study to assist the

researcher and readers to understand the media aspect in public relations and

communication. Scholars have contributed enormously on media theories to help the world

in understanding the media on political propaganda. On the issue of government response

to this crisis, the reality towards or behind this crisis is unclear to many Nigerians. The

researcher believes that there is however a need for investigation on the government

claims towards their activities done.

To investigate this unresolved crisis, this study employed the use of a qualitative methods

and the use of phenomenological approach. The research involve the inclusion of 2

participants by the instrumentation of purposive and convenience sampling methods.

Participants on some certain criteria were interviewed based on their vast knowledge of

the Boko–Haram and Chibok kidnap Crisis. Their perception will assist the researcher in

investigating the reality behind the crisis response strategies and also, how effective are

the Nigerian government towards the on-going crisis. Data collected was analyzed

qualitatively and findings reveals that the Nigerian government crisis response strategies

were ineffective and the governments reputation has been humiliated due to the

mismanagement and poor use of communication during the process of managing the

Chibok crisis.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Public relations have been publicized by advocates and well popularized as important

characteristics of a sound democracy and as well-known as a free space for the exchange

of knowledge. Such views repeat across two sides of public relations theory. However,

from the Grunigian paradigm of ethical public relations explores through two-way aligned

movement in public communication (Grunig & Hunt 1984). Moreover, a made up of exactly

similar relationship where communicators focus on broad professional perspective of

stabilizing both private and public interests (Grunig 2000). It is believed that organizations

are struggling for advantage in a competitive world today (Moloney, 2005: p.552). The

Nigerian government is in a currently struggling in a crisis which has threatened their

reputation and also discriminated to a certain degree. In 2014, Nigerian former president

Olusegun Obasanjo condemned major statements from the Nigerian Chief of defense

staff, Air Marshall Alex Badeh over claimed recent meetings with the parents of the

kidnapped girls in Chibok Nigeria. He has criticized the CD’s statement where he stated

that Badeh was using public relations by involving the media at the expense of the missing

girl’s parents. Moreover, it was also stated that Obasanjo has condemned reports

suggesting that Badeh was conducting a solitary mission to rescue the kidnapped girls. He

believed that before engaging in such mission, the president must be aware of the

measures taken (Olowosagba, 2014).

1.2 Theoretical Framework

The exchange and provision of confirmed information is classified as an important

condition for public sphere (Habermas, 1989). This constitutes that the effective system for

communicating and obtaining information should be considered necessary in order for

public opinion and political advocacies to be more effective. Ki & Khang (2005) mentioned

that findings of a bibliometrics study of research in public relations are effective in

formulating a study. Through different scholars contributed, it showcase that the study of

crisis has consistently been one of the three important field of study in public relations for

over 20 years. The validity of their research has been proven and made known that public

relation review has published over 130 articles in 25 years which involve crisis

6

management. However Coombs (2007) crisis is a sudden and unexpected phase that

threatens and destabilize any organizations and it enforces a threat on their reputation

because crisis can cause a damage to stakeholders physically and emotionally (Coombs,

2007). The presence of Crisis causes physical and psychological damage and it’s

convincing that Crisis has large implications (Kent, 2010). Crisis will definitely affect

various groups of stakeholders (Cornelissen, 2006). There is an argument that relations

professionals usually work for organizations and clients. Most definitely, it is true that the

focus of their public relations duties will be carried out in meeting organizational interests

(Health & Coombs, 2006). Terrorism is a Crisis that can affect several countries. To be

well prepared for such threat, International Corporation is an essential instrument

(Government of Netherlands, 2015). Terrorists use several types of media in different

ways. Firstly, through Propaganda, they aim to communicate their message to particular

viewers/listeners. Secondly, they use the media as a basic tool to amplify publicity to

captivate attention towards their mission. Either communicated through radio, internet or

television, terrorists are aware that the media is an instrumental resource in

communicating and installing fear within a community (Lumbaca & Gray, 2011).

1.3 Problem Statement

According to Schmid and de Graaf (1982, p.16), they mentioned that the communication

revolution in the twentieth-century has changed the image of terrorism. The news media

and stakeholders will be more focused on the internet for information during crisis (The

Corporate leadership, 2003). Meanwhile, in April 2014, 276 girls were kidnapped by the

Boko Haram Terrorists group in Chibok Nigeria. The Boko – Haram kidnapping of the

school girls in Nigeria explores how the issue of terrorism and kidnapping portrays a

serious challenge on operationalizing the United Nations Security Council Resolution

(UNSCR). This body represents implementation, strengthening and creating solutions of

internal issues women’s participation, as an example of the missing girls in Chibok Nigeria

(NTI, 2014). However, 57 girls managed to escape from the extremists. After this incident,

the Nigerian government could accept the fact that these girls had been kidnapped.

Through the effort of a Lawyer, Ibrahim M Abdullahi and his friends advocated awareness

of the kidnapping by developing the message known as BringBackOurGirls. By

popularizing this incident, it grew into a campaign globally with protesters led by women’s

organizations. Moreover, the Nigerian First Lady, Patience Jonathan and other Nigerian

government officials condemned protesters on their actions with a claim that their protest

is distracting the government from creating a solution. The first lady went further by

7

detaining two leaders. This action as a response triggered the first lady of the United State

of America Michelle Obama and others joined globally and supported the online campaign

(Nti, 2014). According to The US president Barack Obama, he contributed by saying that

the Nigerian government is guilty of ineffectiveness on the Chibok Crisis as it is just not

about recovering the missing girls but by also making attempts to stop the extremist

organization from operating in Nigeria. He also mentioned that the united states have tried

to assemble other countries to provide resources (NTA, 2015). In October 2014, the

Nigerian government openly announced to the media that they have successfully reached

an agreement with the Terrorist group ‘’ Boko Haram’’ on a deal to free the abducted

Chibok school girls. However, Nigerians are in doubt over the released statement by the

government because the Boko Haram group was still busy with more attacks. This

insurgent has eventually denied the government statement (Nti, 2014). The Boko-Haram

group leader Shekau retaliated to the government immediate release claim on negotiation

in 2014 by releasing a video to the world that there is no form of on-going negotiation

between them and the federal government of Nigeria. Moreover, the terrorist group

concluded that the Nigerian security forces are responsible for major deaths and attacks of

innocent civilians. However the Nigerian authority denied the allegation from the Boko-

Haram (BBC News, 2012).

1.4 Research context of this study

This research extends or Public Relations and Communication management study in the

Nigerian community. It focus on the issue of terrorism in Nigeria which came into the pic-

ture after over 270 girls were held hostage by the terrorist group Boko - Haram. The media

industries in 2014 have played a significant role in creating awareness on the missing girls

which has informed Nigerians of the unpleasant situation. Based on reports suggested, the

Nigerian government seem to have claimed to have created strategies in responding to the

crisis. However, strategies advocated by the federal government and state representatives

has been criticised by most prominent Nigerians as the former Nigerian president Obas-

anjo where he has made comments against the crisis response strategy by the govern-

ment. Cohen (1963) believed that the media has its behaviour in telling people what to

think about and what they should think of. The development and implementation of

strategies by the Nigerian government has created speculations by contradicting stories on

activities carried out by the government. Carroll (1979) concluded that social issues are

known advocates for bigger problems. Based on the uncertainty of reality of this problem,

this study is carried to understand the perception of Nigerians. The usefulness of percep-

8

tion in this study is to understand the interpretation of the peoples mind from every seen

and unseen development carried out by the Nigerian government. Participants in this study

with certain criteria will be used as an instrument to represent the voice of the Nigerian

people’s perception.

1.5 Research objectives

The main objective of this research study is to:

To investigate the quality of crisis response strategy advocated by the Nigerian gov-

ernment.

To review the perception of the Nigerian’s on crisis on the missing school girls in

Chibok Nigeria.

To understand whether the government response to the crisis is effective.

1.6 Contribution

This study is formulated with the focus of developing a better understanding of public rela-

tions and communication in the subject area which is the on-going crisis of the missing ab-

ducted school girls. It communicates a better understanding for the world to understand

the situation from a different perspective apart from the people dependent on the media for

information. This study advocated the use of theories relating to the media. Media theories

such as Framing theory, Agenda Setting theory, Gate \keepers theory were introduced and

included as important media tools in this study. These theories were used in this study to

communicate to the world a different strategy in accessing media contents. The essence of

these theories is for readers to understand how information’s are communicated and pro-

cessed because each theory has different meaning depending on the interest pursued.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Situation Crisis analysis on missing Chibok girls

In a crisis situation that is; in managing crisis, it consist of different phases and they are:

preparation before crisis, response to suppress the damages during crisis and also feed-

back after the crisis. Before the crisis, preparation is important because it involves creating

knowledge and capacities effectively respond and recover from a certain crisis. Moreover,

when preparing for crisis it is vital to identify and analyse major crisis threats and dangers

related to vulnerabilities. The terror about crisis advocates deep uncertainties and it chal-

lenge the government structures. It creates tensions between stakeholders in the public

society and private sectors (Baubion, 2013). Becker (1983) suggests that the development

of political behaviour claims that choices made on political reasons are considered through

forces by stakeholders and groups to chase their specific interest. However, In April 2014,

nearly three hundred girls were kidnapped by unknown gunmen from their hostels at the

Government Girls Secondary School in the northern area of Nigeria known as Chibok. Ac-

cording to reports, gunmen arrived in cars, motorcycles and trucks. Based on their num-

bers, they believed that the Boko Ha-ram group is responsible for the kidnapping (Ries,

2014). According to the former British Minister Thatcher quoted severally that media publi-

city is the power of terrorism (Muller, et al. 2003, 65; Vieira, 1991, 73-85). The media today

provide terrorists a good quality of publicity and censorship which provides the government

the ability of narcotic secrecy in carrying out activities on issues threatening the society.

Moreover, it is considered as massive danger to democracy (Gerrits, 1992, p. 60). Hoff-

man (2006) believed that terrorism is theatre and when terrorist attacks it is designed to be

dramatic in order to attract the media (Hoffman 2006, p. 174). Without the use of massive

news coverage, terrorist activities will be ineffective because the majority is unaware (Na-

cos, 2007, P. 175). The incidence of the kidnapping over 250 teenage girls by the Boko

Ha-ram militant group in Chibok at the verge of participating on their studies to earn a free

and quality education provided. Attoh (2008) mentioned that the kidnapping incident was a

huge shock which attracted a tremendous attention among dignitaries, human rights,

celebrities and world leaders (Attoh, 2014). The name ‘’Boko-Haram’’ terrorist group which

means ‘’Western Education is Prohibited/sin’’. They are against western education be-

cause they believe that it is against the sharia law and distracts women from their culture.

They believe that women should be at home looking after their husbands and raising chil-

10

dren (CNN News, 2014). The media is much effective and it is an important means of a

communicative channel for providing information and channelling communication (Griffiths,

2009).

Image

Source: TBT (2014).

After the incidence, the media seem to have dropped interest on the missing Chibok girls.

Main-while, the use of social media has been much active on stories and updates on the

missing girls. This stream of media advocated the use of petition persuading the Nigerian

government and all active international parties by seeking aid to rescue the girls since the

Nigerian government is not doing enough to rescue the girls from the terrorist group

‘’Boko-Haram’’. Over 250,000 and more people have signed it and they have been Face-

book pages, Tumblr blogs serving as mainstream media coverage (Ries, 2014).

2.2 Boko Haram declining Western Education

Boko Haram group are determined to eradicate the political community of northern Nigeria

which they believe has been captivated by some corrupt and false Muslims and to estab-

lish a fundamentalist interpretation of Sharia ‘’Islamic law’’ across all of Nigeria. The Boko

Haram group is against Western influence in Africa, most especially in education, and they

have received support with several militant organizations to fight government forces in

both Mali and Nigeria. As proven evidence on the increasing number of violence against

educational targets, the Boko Haram is also keen on eradicating any Western education,

including schools designed for girls (Start, 2014). Many school children and their teachers,

college students, university professor and parents are prey to these terrorist attacks and it

11

is a threat which will definitely progress in cutting down the access to education and en-

large the gap in northern education in Nigeria (TLC, 2014).

2.3 Boko-Haram’s Target in 2014

Figure 2.1

Source 2: START (2014)

Between 2009 and 2013, The Boko Haram most commonly targets private citizens and

property 25% of attacks,

The Nigerian police 22% of attacks

Government targets 11%

Religious figures and institutions 10% of attacks

The military 9% of attacks START (2014)

2.4 Social Media as a Communicating Instrument

The society has considered using social media as their main stream in creating awareness

and also to keep the situation alive. Social media phenomenon of sign (BringBackOur-

Girls) campaign has been a massive tool used in challenging the Nigerian government and

the militant group by demanding for the release of the missing teenage girls. The United

State first lady Michelle Obama and the noble prize recipient Malaya Yousafzai also joined

the people on the campaign globally (Imam, 2014). Activist groups, which comprises of

over 40 African women organization in Nairobi Kenya, came up protesting for the release

of the missing school girls kidnapped in northern Nigeria (IBTimes UK, 2014). According to

12

the Punch (2014), Malaya Yousafzai advocated a petition where she hosted ‘’on-

change.org’’ a go-to website designed to host online protest with the aim to remind leaders

globally that the kidnapped girls must be assured that they are not alone. According to the

United Nations Children’s fund (2012), social media outcry has played a vital role in com-

munication by generating thousands of Facebook likes and Shared and also on twitter and

re-tweets. This was due to the global criticism by the international community as a result of

ineffectiveness and silence in the Nigerian government on the missing Chibok girls (United

Nations Children’s Fund, 2012).

2.5 Media information management

In situations where the media do not present its contents or news appropriately from differ-

ent views, it will lead to creating panic from fear and rumor. It is advisable that minimal

coverage on information reduces tension (Conflict Research Consortium, 2005). Vallone,

Ross & Lepper, (1985) both agreed that the moment when the media content is adjusted

or reformed before disposal, it is therefore seen as media hostility and biased. Herman

and Chomsky (1998) explored on features that are vital in the media propaganda. They

both concluded that the government owned media are dependent on the government for

information on media disciplining, either the government or private ownership. They sug-

gest that this why the government sometimes find a way to influence the media because

they do not seem to understand the amount of damages they impose in the reader’s mind.

2.6 Media Ownership Concern

Herman & Chomsky, (1998) agreed that there is a crafted relationship between the media,

government press media and the community. It is also visible that there is a mutual rela-

tionship between the news media and conflict (Botes, 2003). However, CRS (2005) sug-

gested that, the press must understand the vitality of its duty in triggering conflict by escal-

ating information they acquire. However, Ekwueme & Obanyi, (2012) suggest that terror-

ism and the media have natural connection with themselves. In the Nigerian media today,

there is an unsettled situation on the private owned government and the international me-

dia. Recently, these different media sector have produced different stories, publications

and headlines on the missing school girls in Chibok Nigeria. Because based on their own-

ership, they are bound to have different agendas, limitation and control over media public-

ation (Ekwueme & obanyi, 2012)

2.7 Theoretical underpinnings: The media on Chibok girls

13

Stoker (1995) believed that the use of theories is important because it assist researchers

in identifying basic facts and understanding. In other words, theories are valuable for re-

searchers because they provide a structure for all observations. Making use of suitable

theories for this research work will produce a structural and progressive understanding in

connection with the media and the missing Chibok girls in Nigeria. Dunleavy and O’ Leay

(1987, p.343) concluded that the use of theories provide arguments, learning and the ex-

change of political science. Based on the essence of this research work, the use of dis-

course theory is important. According to Howorth (2000), he argued that discourse theory

involve the system of important social practices and ideas in a political behaviour. He also

believed that discourse helps in creating patterns in portraying how people should under-

stand their role in the society and as well influence their political activities. Howorth & Stav-

rakakis (2000) mentioned that discourse theory suggests that every object and action

taken is meaningful. However, their meaning is an extension of specific system of power.

Discourse theory investigates the system where social movements build up and challenge

the discourse which is against social reality. Carroll (1979) stated that social issues are ad-

vocates bigger problems which seem important to different actors made up of different

agendas and interests. In order to solve such problems, it will involve more actors such as

activists, companies which will request for a dialogue. Such dialogue is such as a public

debate. The Human Right is a good example of such because their principles are often vi-

olated and also they are accepted universally. (Merila¨inen & Vos 2012) In order to develop

an understanding of the media and its behaviour, framing and agenda setting theory is be-

lieved to have the capability in providing a systematic effort for readers to understand the

implications of political power in the media (Entman, 2007). The media has a successful

reputation in telling readers what to think about and what they should think (Cohen, 1963).

An issue demonstrates itself in two ways in an organization. The publics may fail to eradic-

ate dangerous consequences to secure benefits because they seem to generally develop

issues out of consequences. Issues are embraced with the aim of creating crisis if they are

not managed, communicated and well resolved (Gruing et al., 2002, p.146). Scholars such

as Marx (1990), Camillus & Datta (1991), Tucker & Trumpfheller, (1993) & Health (2002)

all advocated that organizations should consider strategic planning as a major response to

issues management. According to reports on the issue of this recent kidnapping, the me-

dia was able to communicate some social movement, controversies and measures taken

globally on the missing girls. On May 26th 2014, the Nigerian former present Jonathan

withdrew his visit to Chibok where the girls were kidnapped. His reason was because of

security concern, which placed him under another attack by the Nigerian people. Reports

14

advocated a question on Jonathan that; ‘’why is he afraid to visit Chibok as the com-

mander–in chief of the armed forces of Nigeria. Nigerians today believe that he has let

down the northerners in Nigeria to their fate (Adeniran, 2014). Australian ambassador

Gary Quinlan and the Nigerian former president Jonathan both agreed that the Boko

Haram terrorist group came out from ‘’Al-Qaeda’’ in central and western Africa believing

that this act of terrorism in Nigeria is a threat to regional stability (African Research bul-

letin, 2015). The mass media are attracted to maintain a relationship on powerful event,

which are most likely considered as important to their interest. The media is hungry for

constant reliable information as a material for their news due to their demand or target set

for daily news report (Herman and Chomsky, 2002). The mass media and issues of terror-

ism is said to have a level of relationship because they both have a basic need for survival

because if there is no terror or other serious issue, the media cannot meet its demand by

reproducing more news. However, it is believed that the media is much powerful now than

ever due to the recent advanced development in Information communication Technology

and the new social media (Nwozor, 2014). Through direct and indirect research by schol-

ars, it is believed that the mass media can influence behaviours (Dalton et al, 2003). Ac-

cording to McCombs (2003), he argued that social scientists have studied the agenda set-

ting theory’s models of influence of the media on the public and are focused on the public

(McCombs, 2003). McCombs and Shaw (1972) on the history of agenda settings stated

that the agenda setting began in the 70’s and its impact and effects created awareness for

communication research. Another theory considered valuable for the study is the Gate

keeping theory. The gate keeping theory was credited to the foremost German psycholo-

gists, (Kurt Lewin, Stacks and Salwen, 2009). Kurt Lewin (1951) believed that decision

makers are regarded as the gatekeepers because they decide on what information passes

through the gate (Communication theory, 2010). Gatekeepers are responsible for making

decisions on information that should or not be released to the public. This perhaps implies

that the public are only entitled to receive information chosen by the media/ Gatekeepers

whereas; this advocates the existence of cultural, ethical, social and political influence

(Faria, 2014).The media today is being controlled and influenced either by the federal gov-

ernment of Nigeria or individuals on their personal interest. It also appears that the media

is suffering from a dysfunction because the public suffer from an improper news quality

from the media, which seem unsafe for readers who rely on the media for information.

However, both the press and the media do not portray reality because they filter and re-

shape its original content. The media activity of the media produced a level of tension and

controversies on the disappearance of many teenage girls in Chibok. This shows that the

15

media have their different agenda and settings attributes (University of Twente, 2010).

Weaver, McCombs and Shaw (1998) concluded that framing should be viewed as a suit-

able extension of agenda setting. According to Hackett (1984), he went further by stating

that most scholars must re-direct their focus from studying objectivity and media bias in-

stead, they should concentrate in studying the new ideology. Moreover, he agreed or be-

lieved in Goffman’s framing theoretical concept on media ‘’framing theory’’ because it is a

useful and important tool in portraying the relevance in exploring the hidden facts of news

coverage and as well communicate the hidden reality in the news. Scheufele & Tewksbury

(2007) concluded that the influence of the media today proceeds beyond agenda setting

and therefore framing becomes active when issues are portrayed in the media which has

an influence on how the audience interprets the news. Framing demonstrates the energy

of media presentation, provides open critics on situations and it defines issues. The use of

framing theory is useful in this study because it explores on the media behaviour. The the-

ory of framing demonstrates how news materials presented can be influential based on its

interpretation or how the audience understands it (Scheufele and Tewksbury 2007, p. 11-

12). Brewer & Gross (2005) believed that the aim of framing is to manipulate or influence

values and belief and also to influence behavior ands decision making. The theory of fram-

ing states that the way a news item is presented can have an influence on how it is inter-

preted or understood by the audience.

2.8 Political Propaganda and Media Governance

European scholars have successfully analysed propaganda and persuasion as a system

of economic enforcement and social control over the media and most channels of commu-

nication Fawkes (2007). Habermas (1989) on his concept of the public sphere, he believed

that the act of persuasion is unethical as a result of inequalities of different interest

between the persuader and persuade in communication. According to Van Ruler & Vercic

(2005), they both argued that the models of public relations have given special attention on

the interest of organizations and their public but they have ignored the social level. In-

stead, the voices of those with power and influence are emphasised. The media in Nigeria

is influenced and it is suffering and trapped in a class war because, the media with its so-

cializing features has been crafted to help in propaganda to maintain ethnic boundaries.

This has implicated the media taking part in power game based on ownership (Nwozor,

2014). McKenna (2000) suggests that the media in Nigeria is being controlled due to reas-

ons, which seems to be for political agendas. Individuals or interest groups can influence

16

information because information put together undergoes a processing phase before de-

cisions are made or passing a conclusion on an agenda. In organizations today, most me-

dia managers are focused and propelled on a basic system of evaluation and making de-

cisions (Jung, 1923). Pfeffer (1981) believed that the use of power is a practice where one

individual in power can influence the system or behaviour of another. He stated that the

presence of politics or political behaviour can influence the decision making process of any

organization in order to enlarge their use of power, mostly in situations that threatens their

interest or in most cases a phase of disagreement. Leaders make use of power deliber-

ately to trigger their goals they desire to achieve (Blackler & Shimming, 1984). Choi, Yang

& Chan (2009) agreed that the reason why the media suffer from hostility is because of

ego involvement. Goffman (1974) on his impression management concept, he claimed that

people use communication deliberately to influence decisions with an agenda to satisfy a

desired interest. Hall (1972) the first scholar who published on impression management

stated that impression management is a process designed to build leadership images to

explain a political situation. He believed that impression management is an act of influence

over other agendas for one’s desired interest. He also argued that impression manage-

ment is a systematic tool used to influence the definition of a specific situation. Goffman

(1959) believed that people make use of narrative system to acquire self-presentation to

listeners. Goffmans application on impression management is to understand how every

actor intends to portray their specific role. Perhaps the Nigerian government may be guilty

of this because they are busy manipulating the Nigerian media and they govern both the

private and government owned media in relation to the missing girls. According to (Zer-

nicke, 1994) he believed that the government has a great interest on impression manage-

ment in staging their own drama and personal realities by communicating political propa-

ganda to the people. By creating such impression it could help them control the pressure

locally and internationally. Goffman (1959) described this act as an ‘’expressive equip-

ment’’. Because he believed that all individuals are partakers of information management

and individuals are consumers of the media content. There is a system which needs to be

understood in order to understand the implications on the media when processing informa-

tion for consumers. Herman and Chomsky (1998) argued on in a propaganda model that

there are factors that explore the media behaviour and they are;

* The government owned media are dependent on the government for news contents/

information.

17

* The media is focused on wealth and ownership focused which makes the Nigerian

media controllable

* Media firms are focused in making profit by advertising through the mass media.

* The media is more disciplined when it is privately owned.

Herman & Chomsky (2002) agreed that the media has different behaviour based own own-

ership. They explored that ownership in media can influence media contents and their in-

terests because, the government owned media awaits the government for information to

be passed to the public and the private media organizations are profit oriented. It is clear

that the interest of the government owned media has a different agenda from the private

owned media.

2.9 Media organizations and Political Influence

According to the ‘’Vanguard newspaper (2014)’’ revealed that three weeks after the abduc-

tion, Nigeria's former President Jonathan expressed his view by admitting that the govern-

ment has been ignorant about the whereabouts of the kidnapped girls. Another publication

by Premium times (2014) reported that, the protesters on back our girls has accused or-

ganizations such as the Nigerian Television Authority ‘’NTA’’ and the Federal Radio Corpor-

ation Nigeria ‘’FRCN’’ for negligence on media coverage of their campaign events on the

kidnapped school girls in Borno Nigeria. According to reports, the Nigerian government

owned media organization has deliberately ignored the flow in communication on develop-

ments on the missing girls. The organizers of the rally stated that it is disappointing that

the NTA and FRCN have refused to join their campaign by providing coverage (Ugonna:

Premium Times, 2014). Ross & Lepper (1985) believed that when media contents is ma-

nipulated or adjusted before its disposal, it is portrayed as media bias which is considered

as media hostility on the media world today. Vallone, Rose & Lepper (1985) agreed that

when the media content seem balanced, it is believed that it is biased. This is because

media contents are often manipulated in order to satisfy a personal or political desire. This

implies that the media is guilty of refining the news content with the aim of telling the soci-

ety what to think about.

2.10 Communication Strategy on Crisis Management

18

One of the most distressing and frustrating phase of crisis is the pressing urgency of a cer-

tain situation. The pressure is always compounded with the fact that crisis introduces a

high level of surprise and threat into a situation (Sage Pub, 2015). Public relations play a

vital responsibility in preparing a spokesperson in answering questions from the news me-

dia in times of crisis (Coombs, 2011). However, according to Herman & Chomsky (2002)

both believed that the government owned media firms rely on the government for informa-

tion. Dennis & Holcomb (1995) believed that issues management contributed in generating

the contemporary public affairs from 1965-1985. The Nigerian government’s response to-

wards the kidnapped school girls has been uninspiring and unaccountable as a result of

conflicting and false were in circulation including words from a military spokesman Alex

Badeh and those statements has come under question (Ariyo, 2014). According to (BBC

News Africa, 2014), a local state governor in Chibok area told the media that seventy-

seven teenage girls were unaccounted for. Another report was produced by the AP news

agency saying, the parents of the missing girls told the Borno state governor Kashim Shet-

tima that, two hundred and thirty-four girls have been kidnapped. The parents of the miss-

ing girls have openly condemned the figure produced by the government. They insist that

over two hundred and thirty girls are missing. Also, the state of the state security service

‘’SSS’’ Ahmed Abdullahi mentioned that the number of girls kidnapped is two hundred and

seventy six. Main-while, the Borno State police command made it more controversial by

his comment on the media saying; the number of girls kidnapped is unknown (Haruna,

2014). Apart from the media regarded as being silent, the level of media coverage has

been paralyzed by other major stories such as the missing Malaysian Airline. Reports sug-

gested that if the missing girls were sighted in a ship heading Korea or in the owner’s box

at the clippers basketball game or probably the girls happen to be whites, the world would

have considered the issue seriously (Ries, 2014). From a terrorist view, it is considered

that attacks in Africa should be more deadly than in Europe otherwise the media may not

regard it as importance (Frey & Rohner, 2007, 130, 141). It was stated that if the girls were

kidnapped anywhere else, it could have been considered as a mega story (Ghitis, 2014).

According to an international media (BBC NEWS, 2014) information was derived through

a presidential spokesman Alex Badeh saying that, there is an ongoing negotiation be-

tween the federal government and the Boko-Haram group on the release of the missing

girls. He remained positive that neighboring countries like Chad and Cameroun are also in-

volved with the negotiation. Unfortunately, many Nigerians do not believe that there is any-

thing as such going on. This is because they believe the government has been has been

silent on the situation. it was argued that when negotiations are processed in private, indi-

19

viduals and the press can be suspicious and they may come up with producing stories

from rumour surrounding private meetings which may be either positive or negative (Con-

flict Research Consortium, 2005). Through this report by BBC, they seem to question the

information they have obtained through Alex Bideh by making their headline ‘’ Nigeria says

Boko-Haram negotiations are ONGOING’’. According to another headline by Aljazeera

news reported that ‘’Nigeria’s Fake ceasefire with Boko-Haram (Aljazeera, 2014). Nigerian

Government faced a barrage of domestic and international criticism over its reaction to the

April 2014 kidnapping of more than 219 schoolgirls by Boko Haram. It was stated that due

to the barrage of local and international criticism the Nigerian government are facing, it has

led the government on a crisis response by hiring ‘’Levic’’ a PR firm in Washington for lob-

bying in the United States for the sum of $1.2m contract in to influence international and

local media content on the issue of the missing school girls as they claim that it provide ef-

forts in search of the abducted girls (News 7, 2014). However, Heath and Cousino (1990)

describe such lobbying movement as a strategy of issues management. Cutlip, Center, &

Broom (2000) define it as a systematic function of public affairs that creates and build a

mutual relationship with government basically for the propose of influencing legislation and

regulation. However, Walker (1997) Believed that media monitoring is a constant technique

in supporting strategies in public relations by planning and evaluating. Meanwhile Ledingh-

ham & Bruning (2000) agreed that public relation has a significant and strategic responsib-

ility in maintaining and establishing relationships between leaders and the stakeholders.

2.11 International agenda towards the Crisis on Chibok girls

The abduction of the school girls in Chibok Nigeria triggered the attention of the media

globally. Through the provision of international protests and social media campaign, the

Boko-Haram released a video online revealing over one hundred school girls. The well ad-

vancement in public relation activities of the self-publicised organization it was assumed

that the released video was the reason international communities got involved. Moreover,

the abduction of the school girls has received international focus on Boko Haram terrorist

and the crisis in Nigeria. The United Kingdom and the United States sent specialist team to

support the Nigerian government in their search of the missing girls. The Nigerian presid-

ent Good-luck Jonathan was hosted in France where other countries like China, Australia,

Israel and Canada pledged their support for the Nigerian government (Donnelly, 2014).

The 17 years old activist Malala Yousafazi who managed to survived assassination by the

Taliban terrorist group believed that there must be a need for global community to assist

Nigeria by standing in faith with the Nigerian girls with the aim to shame those opposing

20

the need for girls’ education in Nigeria (Punch, 2014). The Nigerian government has been

criticised for not doing enough to save the kidnapped girls. It was expected that the Ni-

gerian leaders can contribute more to resolve the crisis and also change weak response

strategy (The Guardian, 2014). Ariyo (2014) suggest that, there should be an agency de-

veloped in focus of supporting victims of Boko Haram. She believed that structures should

be created to support broken communities and orphaned children in northern Nigeria in the

wake of such crisis because Nigeria is capable of providing economic resources required

to begin.

2.12 Conclusion

In other words the federal government of Nigeria may see the effect of the media as a

threat and a huge distraction when creating strategies to suppress and to resolve the

alarming tragedy on the issue of the missing Chibok girls kidnapped by the Boko-Haram.

Because of this, the media may stand as a threat to governmental activities by producing

news as it is. Instead of permitting the flow of news content, the government may prefer to

refine or control the news content in order to suppress issues surrounding the missing

school girls. The media needs the news to maintain itself which is considered to be their

major agenda and terrorists needs the media as well because they have to communicate

terror and fear to satisfy their personal agenda.

CHAPTER THREE

21

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction to Methodology

Pole & Lampard (2002), Campbell et al. (1982) agreed that researcher’s curiosity is the

driving force which motivates a researcher to carry out a study. This chapter of this study

includes a detailed and updated description of the research methodology that was demon-

strated in this study. It also outline the research instrument, design and interviewing pro-

cess used. However, in deciding the appropriate methodology to used, this chapter is

structured into various sections which advocate a framework which is to describe the re-

search plan. A purpose of study is included in this research work and also the research

questions related to analysis procedures and analysis. The use of a phenomenological

qualitative study will be carried out by introducing two techniques which involve using un-

structured and structured interviews and observations. It will involve collecting data from

various participants that are currently enlightened on crisis management and Public Rela-

tions Practice.

3.2 Purpose of Study

It is important for the researcher to describe her plans in conducting the research by pro-

ducing a statement of purpose (Marshall & Rossman, 1999). However, the purpose of this

study which involves Public Relations, Crisis management and communication is to exam-

ine the perception of participants on the Crisis between the Nigerian Government and the

people’s interests. This study will also enhance readers the opportunity to understand the

crisis between the government, media organizations and the masses in Nigeria by analys-

ing the issue of the missing Chibok girls. According to Goffman (1974), he argued that

communication is used deliberately to satisfy a desired interest. Through the efforts in

achieving the aim of this study, research questions were developed. This advocates an is-

sue questioning organisations, governments (PR Practitioners) in terms of communication.

In order to achieve the researchers idea, the use of a qualitative research method is ap-

plied. Spradley et al., (2007) suggest that there are two instrument that can make the inter-

view method successful when conducting a qualitative research.

1. Explicit Purpose: It is important for the researcher and informant to be aware that

the research has a specific contribution/value.

2. Ethnographic Explanations: researchers are expected to have expectations on the

participants to know if they add value to a current study. There is a need to encour-

22

age the informants to make use of colloquial language and educate the researcher

its meaning.

The researcher at the verge of conducting a research, he begins with interesting, curious

or anonymous phenomena that reflects on his insight observed or discovered. Research

advocates to describing, exploring or explaining the phenomenon selected for the study

(Marshall & Rossman, 1999).

3.3 Orientation of the research

It is vital for every research conducted to portray a principle of belief especially one of the

main principles especially in the area of public relations and communication strategies in

situations as such terrorism. By the nature of its phenomenon, this situation demands for

investigation. However, through the researchers understanding of phenomenology in

qualitative research methods, it may create quite a degree of a positive outcome of this

study.

3.4 Philosophical approach of this study

This study will make use of a descriptive Husserlian phenomenological strategy which will

contribute positively in identifying various experiences and contributions of participants.

The researcher will as well use this study to explore through participants lived experience

in connection with the research question. Researchers began with the assumption that ac-

cess to reality could only survive through social construction such as awareness, language

and shared meaning. However the philosophical focus of interpretive research is Phe-

nomenology (Boland, 1985 cited by Myers, 1997). Phenomenology is a study of a seen ex-

perience and it can be traced back to the philosophers in the early 20 th century such as

Merleau-Ponty, Husserl and Sartre. Their works were later introduced by a social scientist

Alfred Schutz (1967) and a psychologist known as Amendo Giorgi (1970). Flowers & Lar-

kin (2009, p. 11) believed that phenomenology has a nature which thinks about the experi-

ence of humans in all aspect and most especially its focus on important things relevant to

individuals which has on our lived world. According to Kaplan & Maxwell (1994) cited by

Myers, (1997) interpretive research do not recommend dependent and independent vari-

ables but it applies its energy on full complexity of humans creative ideas as the situation

proceeds. The researcher aim to focus on exploring people’s lived experience by advocat-

ing the use of interviews and questionnaires and as well structured and unstructured inter-

view process. The researcher believes that this research design is suitable for this study

23

because it involve participant’s response and sharing their perspective which will enable

the researcher to proceed in analysing the data. Creswell (2009) suggest that the concept

phenomenology is considered as a method applied in research procedures involving a little

amount of subject. This creates a phase where the researcher puts away his own side of

knowledge on the study in order to understand the participant’s opinion in respect of the

on-going research. The researcher believe that there is a need to view this crisis by estab-

lishing a view from peoples experiences when it comes to observing the Nigerian govern-

ments contribution and recent strategies behind the missing school girls. The uncertainty

of the government has raised a level panic amongst Nigerians and the researcher believed

that phenomenological approach is suitable for this study.

3.5 Qualitative Methods

Qualitative research over the years has been defined in different scholars. Strauss &

Corbin (1998: p.10-11) both agreed that qualitative research is any type of research that

presents its result without the use of statistics or other means of quantification. It mostly

refer to a style of research about individual lives, behaviours, emotions, lived experience

and feelings. It also involves organizational functioning, social movements and culture.

Milles & Huberman (1994) explored more on qualitative research that its essence is to

provide more in-depth information on events that is already known. In provide knowledge

and perspectives or a new idea of viewing something. Marriam (2009,p.14) mentioned that

qualitative researchers are focused on their interest in understanding what people have

put together in the sense that, how people make meaning of their experience in their

world. However, Parkinson & Drislane (2011) argued that the use of qualitative research is

a research which involve the use of participant observation and it result analysis is in a

narrative or descriptive account of practice. Qualitative research is believed to have char-

acteristics of providing a proper detailed description and analysing the substance on hu-

man experience. However, qualitative methods are more descriptive and less formulaic be-

cause it entails discussion and data analysis (Bamberger, 1999). Due to these given reas-

ons, the application of qualitative research is most considered for this study. McMillan &

Schumachar (1997) both agreed that phenomenology is the system of exploring individu-

als experience based on a certain phenomenon.

3.6 Research Questions

These research questions formulated will guide the researcher in investigating this study.

24

RQ 1: How effective is the Nigerian government response towards Chibok Crisis

RQ 2: Suggestion and Perception towards the government’s response on the miss-

ing Chibok girls?

RQ 3: Investigating the Nigerian government’s reputation as a result of the Chibok

crisis.

This research questions developed will assist the researcher in conducting a research

movement in understanding people’s perception concerning the Nigerian government's

crisis response pattern. It may be obvious today that through the voice of international me-

dia and most private owned media in Nigeria have criticized the efforts carried out by the

Nigerian government. However, since Evring Goffman (1976) where he suggests that

communication is used deliberately to satisfy a certain interest. This may be considered to

develop an argument concerning organizations and the media in terms of communication

by influencing media contents before distribution. From the research question (1) it will un-

dergo a process aiming to understand from an international perspective on how effective

the Nigerian government towards the Chibok Girls Crisis is. From research question (2) its

relevance is to understand the society's perception towards the claimed crisis response

action by the Nigerian government.

3.7 Method of Data Collection

According to Kvale (1996), ''the qualitative research interview seeks to describe and the

meanings of central themes in the life world of the subjects. The main task in interviewing

is to understand the meaning of what the interviewees say''

The data collection for this qualitative study will introduce use of in-depth interview and

questionnaire. Through the instrumentation of considering in-depth interview, it will involve

the use of developing a structured and unstructured interview. A field survey will be con-

ducted as a tool used in understanding this research study. Data obtained will be analysed

by the researcher after the data has been collected from each participant.

Fontana & Frey (2005) agreed that interviews are a well-known tool universally used to ac-

cess people’s perceptions, experiences, feelings of reality and behaviour. On the area of

structuring interviews, it can be easily categorised into three phases in research and they

are:

25

1. Structured interviews.

2. Semi-Structured interviews

3. The Unstructured interviews.

The researcher in this study collected data from reputable individuals in the United King-

dom by making use of structured interview and also by making use of standard instru-

ments. Based on the instrumentation of a demographic feature, information was derived

from young adults identified as participants. Participants were interviewed on different level

based on structured and unstructured format. The application of questionnaires will be

used in this study because the researcher believes that the use questioners will contribute

positively on a field survey. The researcher on the field survey will purposely access parti-

cipants from the public by using connivance and purposive sampling technique.

3.7.1 The Unstructured interview

The research will also apply the unstructured interview system because; Barbara & Wilde-

muth (2015) believed that the unstructured interview system was created to serve as a

method to elite peoples social realities. Patton (2002) also believed that the unstructured

interview is a tool which serves as an extension for participant’s behaviour. This is because

they always happen as an on-going participant observation. Minichiello et al. (1990)

defined unstructured interview as a means where neither the questions nor answer are pre

planned. Moreover, they depend on social discussion between the interviewee and the re-

searcher. This process of interview will advocate the use of open-ended questions. Hsieh

& Shannon (2005) Suggests that if data are primarily collected through interviews, the use

of open-ended question should be implemented.

From the Unstructured interview, its criteria were based on a full knowledge on:

1. Public Relation and Crisis communication.

2. Full awareness of the crisis situation on the missing Chibok girls Nigeria.

3. Phenomenological understanding of the research study.

The researcher ensured that the interviewees are quite enlightened about the Chibok

Crisis. However, in this study, the unstructured interview is a research qualitative strategy

applied in collating the drafted questioner.

3.7.2 Structured interview

26

Jackson (2001) suggested that the essence of a structured interview is its behaviour in

standardisation in asking research questions. He believed that the same questions should

be asked in the same structure to every interviewee. However, the structured interview will

focus on the random selected individuals from a Nigerian background either home or

abroad. The researcher ensured that the interviewees are quite enlightened about the

Chibok Crisis. It will involve the application of structured questionnaire which will provide

the researcher a reliable source of quantitative data which its results will be narrated. The

research believed in formulating the idea of purposive sampling in selecting two parti-

cipants with knowledgeable access in PR and communication irrespective of the gender.

The criteria include participants should have an idea on the on-going crisis on the missing

girls and they will be examined based on the young adults category. The importance of this

idea is to understand the perception of individuals from the research question 1 & 2. Both

the structured and unstructured interview will be advocated in this study in order to extract

quality data from each participant.

3.7.3 Participant Selection (Sampling Method)

When it comes to the area of participant selection, researchers should focus primarily on

the critical and the general (Englander, 2012). When considering how to formulate parti-

cipants to obtain information for this study, the researcher advocated the use of ''conveni-

ence sampling and purposive samplings technique.'' from other sampling techniques.

Figure 3.1 Description

27

Source: Blackstone (2015).

Blackstone (2015) mentioned that a part of a non-probability sampling strategy is the Con-

venience sampling technique used in qualitative research. He believed that researchers

should obtain data from individuals or other aspect through which is convenient for the re-

searcher. This method is also called the haphazard sampling and well used by journalists

who require a quicker access to people obtained from a large population of interest. He

also mentioned that purposive sampling is vital when a researcher begins his research

with a certain target in mind and wishes to examine his or her targeted participants who

are believed to have a better understanding. That is, matching up to a certain criteria.

Through the researcher’s strategy, participants were recruited on a field sample 2 parti-

cipants intentionally selected to participate due to their vast knowledge of the on-going

situational crisis in Nigeria. Data gathered from participants are useful when the re-

searcher seek to understand people’s perception about issues developed (Dube, 2010).

Purposeful sampling is often used in qualitative research. It involves the selection of parti-

cipants required basically for the study (Glaser & Strauss; Morse, 1991). Patton (1980)

went further stating that qualitative researchers purposely select participants who will give

suitable information towards a certain study.

The researcher is focused on perceptions from two different participants in order to gain

more information to test the effectiveness of crisis response strategies applied by the Ni-

gerian Government. The idea of participants in the United Kingdom was introduced be-

cause the issue on the missing girl’s triggered international concerns and the researcher

believe that it is important to understand their perception for justification reasons and also

to avoid biased statements and opinion. However, Patton (1990) believed that purposive

convenience sampling is mostly considered because of its convenience and researchers

are aware that it saves time, money and efforts. He also stated that, purposive sampling

has its weakness because it lacks validity and credibility. Purposeful sampling has its

strength because the logic it possess is the formation rich cases for study in-depth (Patton-28

1990). However, the researcher in this study decided to make use of purposive sampling

because his idea behind this study is to interpret and understanding people’s perception

towards the on-going crisis in Nigeria. This will enable the researcher to test the effective-

ness of crisis response by the Nigerian government on the missing school girls.

3.8 Participant’s needed information

Participants involved in this study are expected to have richness on information behind the

research topic. Based on Patton (1990), his idea on purposive sampling has led the re-

searcher to approach participants that are well informed of the missing girl’s crisis in Ni-

geria. Information expected from each participant is to critically view on their different or

similar perception in the area of crisis management. However, the media and most promin-

ent individuals has already provided enormous information on the missing girls and as well

expressed several steps taken by the government and other organisations locally and in-

ternational. Nwozor, (2014) suggest in his article that the media in Nigeria is actually in a

state of influence. The media has provided different information in communicating recent

developments but through their activities and behaviour, many Nigerian citizens have criti-

cised and accused the Nigerian government of being ineffective on this crisis. Hall (1972),

he described such scenario in his view on impression management theory as a state

where the building of leadership image is for explaining political situation.

3.9 Establishing Contact

This stage of this research was carried out by the application of creative thinking by the re-

searcher because, participants to be used at that point in time has to meet certain criteria

by understanding Public Relations and communication and also the Missing school girls

crisis in Chibok Nigeria.

3.10 Participant’s Profile

This aspect on participants profile showcases both participants information to serve as a

medium of validity for both participants.

3.10.1 Participant 1

Participant 1 in this study is a Nigerian, he lives in Lagos state. Presently he works in the

telecommunication sector and by training he is a journalist and a mass communication

29

professional. He has 19 years’ experience both as a journalist and a communication pro-

fessional.

3.10.2 Participant 2

Participant 2 is a Nigerian, he is a recent graduate of the Lancashire Business School MSc

International Applied Communications and currently he is a PHD student in journalism in

the University of Central Lancashire . He is currently in a research study on the media cov-

erage on Boko-Haram incidences and domestic the media coverage of it.

3.11 Data collection procedures

In qualitative research, data analysis has to attributes. First is to have good understanding

on the participant’s perception and also the participants being able to respond effectively

to the research questions. Marshall & Rossman (1999) agreed that qualitative research

analysis as a research process involve organizing and exploring meaning to the data.

Firstly, the researcher advocated the idea of organizing a written opened questioner which

was carried out through a telephone recorded interview which was later transcribed to ob-

tain the data. The use of questionnaire was also used on accessing 2 participants. Each of

the participants was interviewed by the interviewee. These processes involve a selection

of 2 participants which they were interviewed. Thus; the researcher purposely selected the

participants within the United Kingdom and Nigeria. This will therefore involve one parti-

cipant from Nigeria and the other based in the United Kingdom. In this study, the re-

searcher applied the use of directive and non-directive system of interview by using open-

ended questions which will permit the participant the access to control and as well the sub-

ject matter of the interview. The researcher recorded the interviewing process with the par-

ticipants by arranging a suitable time for telephone conversations. The recording of inter-

views will provide a means for the researcher to transcribe the recorded conversation

between the interviewer and interviewee. Transcribed data collected will serve as a mater-

ial obtained and to be processed for analysis.

30

3.11.1 Data Reduction

In qualitative research, data reduction is the first stage in processing data (Miles & Huber-

man, 1994). This stage was a phase of data reduction which involves the process of cut-

ting down data into more specific meaning, themes or phrases. In carrying out this stage,

the researcher believes that this process must be well evaluated in order to extract mean-

ingful contents to further on with the study. The introduction of N-Vivo software was used

as a tool for extracting data from the transcribed document transcribed on a Microsoft word

document file. N-vivo software is designed mainly for any qualitative research study.

3.11.2 Data Analysis

From the data collected, interviews conducted were transcribed and also analysed de-

scriptively by making use of qualitative content analysis. Lewis, Taylor & Gibbs (2005)

agreed that qualitative data analysis is the processes which involve a procedure on mov-

ing from the qualitative data collected and assembled into some form of understanding, in-

terpretation or given explanation of certain situations under investigation. The also be-

lieved that qualitative data analysis is often based on an interpretive philosophy. Gibbs &

Taylor (2010) once explored that certain tradition of discourse which may however involve

the micro analysis of a few amount of data such as a conversation analysis. They both

agreed that conversation analysis depend on structures, patterns and language used in

transcribed word or speech. This researcher believes that conversional analysis is an ap-

proach of study involving verbal and non-verbal aspect of research and it advocates social

interaction. Rossman (1989) and Marriam (1998) agreed that the data collected in qualitat-

ive research must progress simultaneously. Moreover, they suggest that data analysis in

qualitative research involve that classification of events, persons and also the elements

which characterised them. Data collected were coded by using N-vivo software as an in-

strument for coding the themes, words, phrases and sentences in the transcribed data.

Coded materials were therefore analysed in order to explore more meaningful themes,

words, sentences and phrases. Coded data will therefore be explained narratively when

expressing the findings in this study.

31

3.12 Ethical consideration

There are three common ethical problems that could affect a qualitative research study.

Ramos (1989) identified these ethical problems as the researcher/ participant relationship,

the research design and the researcher’s subjection when interpreting the data. However,

Orb, Eisenhauer & Wynaden (2000) agreed that when conducting a qualitative research

on study already known it projects several issues and ethical consideration. The re-

searcher may however derive a much better finding because the situation understudy is

already known and also obtain the trust of their participants. Moreover, they went further

stating that qualitative researchers aim to focus their study on describing peoples experi-

ence and environment, examining and exploring. From this researcher’s opinion, this study

on ethical aspect has been taken into consideration. The participants taking part in this

study have been well informed about the relevance of this study. The use of language has

been accessed, making sure that offensive questions are not asked or any form of discrim-

ination and disregard is not perceived. Throughout this study, every material used have

been properly referenced in Harvard referencing style in order to regard every authors ma-

terial used in this study. Kimmel (2007), Bryman & Bell (2007) all suggests that any

method applied in a form of communication should be done with transparency and hon-

esty. They all believe that participants should not be exposed to threats and full consent

should be obtained from every participant involved in a study. Clear awareness of these

contributions on ethics has guided the researcher of this study in conducting this research

study. In order not to bridge any form of ethical rules, this researcher has the participants

that the phone conversation was being recorded. But however, when analysing, conclud-

ing, the researcher is happy to assure his participants that their name will not be men-

tioned throughout this study and this data will be terminated after the findings. This reason

is to provide safety for my participants as suggested by different scholars; Kimmel (2007),

Bryman & Bell (2007).

CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.0 Introduction

32

The usefulness of this chapter is to present the data derived from the methodology aspect

of this research study. It will involve the process of analysis, interpretation and exploring

the findings. Through the instrumentation of N-Vivo software, graphical illustrations were

produced which portrays the response rate from both participants involved / interviewed for

this research study. However, this study employed graphical analysis in testing each

theme derived from the coding process. Creswell & Miller (2000) suggest that a qualitative

researcher makes use of credible strategies in enabling their research study rigorous and

credible.

4.1 Observation from participants

During the interview with the participants, both participants’ response to some questions

was different. The research feel there was quite a period of emotions and anger when re-

sponding to the questions asked. The researcher believes that such emotional develop-

ment could have been developed during different phases on the Chibok Crisis. Sometimes

questions were not answered with much interest probably because of participant’s unbelief

and emotional attachment. However, both participants were unhappy about the crisis and

development over the kidnapped girls.

4.2 Descriptive analysis of data from participant 1&2

The plotted graphs in this chapter explore the graphical words coded from the transcribed

data from participant 1 and 2, through the instrumentation of N-Vivo qualitative software

tool. Transcribed data was selected by words, phrases and themes respectively and there-

fore imputed into N-Vivo to code the data into nodes. These nodes are grouped data put

together to provide suitable meaning. Tables included in this chapter are coded words col-

lated from the transcribed data into N-Vivo in order to provide words frequency and degree

of emphasised statements provided by participants.

33

Figure 4.1 Graphical analysis of Nigerian government’s ignorance

Table 4.1 Participant 1 & 2: Coded words/phrases (Nigerian government’s ignorance

level)

Participant 1 14.75% coverage Participant 2

Reference 1 - 1.71% Coverage

even the government did not believe

that the girls were abducted and you

know if they do not believe that the

girls were abducted, they won’t want

to do anything about it because they

didn’t believe.

References coded [1.54% Coverage]

Reference 1 - 0.45% Coverage

government was very sluggish, not quite ready

Reference 2 - 7.81% CoverageReference 2 - 1.09% Coverage

34

Yes. And that was because they

choose to. Because, look, it was

widely reported. It was widely reported

that Boko-Haram invaded the school

in Chibok and abducted the girls. You

know, but I think the school authorities

reported to the government. Firstly by

the state level but I think at the state

level, it escalated to the federal gov-

ernment level. So that was immedi-

ately after it happened. With that, why

wouldn’t the government now believe

that it actually happened? So that’s

the point that we are trying to make

until you know it now became an inter-

national issue. A lot of people, promin-

ent people internationally now took on

the campaign and it now became

some sort of embarrassment to the

government. Even at a point, Malala

Yousafzai came to Nigeria to have a

meeting with president that as a mat-

ter of urgency, they need to find the

girls. That’s the kind of awareness it

generated internationally.

the world started looking at Nigeria as being in-

competent and not ready to fight and fend for

its citizens.

Reference 3 - 1.09% Coverage

that if the government had taken it ser-

iously immediately after the kidnap,

perhaps they would have been able to

get the girls

Reference 4 - 0.97% Coverage

35

Yes. It is part of the lack of serious-

ness on the part of the government

because 1: and this is my personal

view.

Reference 5 - 2.77% Coverage

I don’t think so. I don’t think so. And

you know, this goes to show or to rein-

force what I have been saying that the

man did not take the issue of Boko-

Haram seriously right from the get go.

He has been tricking them with kids’

gloves and that’s why they became

the monster that become that they can

no longer manage them.

The above figure 4.1 shows the graphical analysis on participant’s perception towards

ignorance by the government as a problem. It was rated 14% by participant 1 and 2% by

participant 2. Table 4.1 explores the coded information from the transcribed data which

reveals that participant 1 carries 14.75% of coverage and 1.54% for participant 2.

Figure 4.2 Crisis response

36

Table 4.2 Crisis response strategy (Rate of applied strategies applied)

Participant 1: 1.73% coverage Participant 2: 3.81% coverage

Reference 1 - 1.76% Coverage

Well, am not aware that the government did

anything specifically to locate and you know

bring back the girls. At least not anything

outside what they claim to have been doing.

And by this, I mean, you know

Reference 1 - 2.43% Coverage

The military, they have their own strategy for

rescuing kidnapped and if they tell you from

expert point of view that doing something or

maybe going against the terrorist immedi-

ately, it will lead to death of the victims, the

kidnapped girls.

Reference 2 - 1.04% Coverage

they had to sub come to the pressure and

then yielded to the unlikely aspect of it

which is negotiation

Reference 3 - 0.12% Coverage

37

Negotiation.

Reference 4 - 0.22% Coverage

communication strategy

Figure 4.2 explores the rete of crisis response applied by the Nigerian government. It was

rated 3.8% graphically for participant 2 and 1.8% for participant 1. Table 4.2 shows the

coded phrases, themes and words from participant 1 & 2. It was 1.73% coverage for

participant 1 and 3.81% for participant 2.

Figure 4.3 Nigerian government’s strategies

38

Table 4.3 Nigerian government’s strategies

Participant 1: 2.32 % coverage Participant 2: 1.25 & coverage

Reference 1 - 2.32% Coverage

the Nigerian Army has been fighting them.

Today Boko-Haram will capture a town or a

village, the Nigerian Army will go there, they

will go and attack them and possibly recap-

ture those towns. I think in the process of

doing all of that, they are also looking for

the girls

Reference 1 - 0.50% Coverage

condemning the government for their poor

response

Reference 2 - 0.74% Coverage

condemning both the Nigerian government

for their poor response strategy

Figure 4.3 reveals the rate of strategies advocated by the Nigerian government on the

crisis. It was 2.2% for participant 1 and 1.2% for participant 2. This shows a low level of

strategies applied by the Nigerian government. Table 4.3 reveals the coded transcribed

data for participant 1 and 2. It was 2.32% coverage for participant 1 and 1.25% for

participant 2. This reveals that the Nigerian government has been able to put in a little

amount of effort into responding to the crisis which involve the Nigerian army recapturing

some towns and villages captured by the Boko-Haram but still the missing girls are not yet

found.

Figure 4.4 Media escalation problem

39

Table 4.4 Media escalation as a problem

Participant 1: 1.31% coverage Participant 2: 12.49% coverage

Reference 1 - 1.34% Coverage

Well i don’t think it is true because a few

months ago, the media was out-washed

with stories of negotiation between the Ni-

gerian government and Boko-Haram

Reference 1 - 1.88% Coverage

I check online, I read through newspapers

and all and I watch television. So I think I

got to know it through newspapers. Online

Newspaper. Then afterwards I had to watch

it on television

Reference 2 - 2.31% Coverage

it drew some global attention, all national

and international media and agencies were

like condemning both the Nigerian govern-

ment for their poor response strategy and

the threat for just attacking people that did

nothing to them

40

Reference 3 - 2.74% Coverage

I was watching Aljazeera and they were in-

terviewing one man and he was like this is

and he was like; he was like this is the way

Nigerian military plan to attack Boko-Haram

and rescue those girls. Something like that

shouldn’t be made public; it shouldn’t go to

the press.

Reference 4 - 0.55% Coverage

So, there are issues that shouldn’t be

handled publicly

Reference 5 - 3.72% Coverage

Media for me in Nigeria has laid short of ex-

pectation. Media is responsible for the es-

calation of the crisis. You know according to

Margret Thatcher, the former prime minister

here in the UK. She said that publicity is the

oxygen of terrorism. If you give so much at-

tention and publicity to set, it’s encouraging

them because they feed on this publicity

and they like it

Reference 6 - 1.29% Coverage

you know one of the news criteria is auditing

and magnitude even terrorism has been re-

cently merged as a news selection criteria

Figure 4.4 explains participant 1 and 2 opinion on media escalation. The graphical

illustration reveals the level of emphasis placed on media as a problem which triggered the

crisis from. Participant 2 emphasised on a 12% rate and 2% for participant 1. Table 4.4

explores the coded data from both participants. Participant 2 coded words were rated

41

12.49% Coverage and 1.31% for participant 1. This reveals that the media was partly

blamed for escalating information to the public. But participants argued that the

government was part of the problem because they did not communicate with the public the

right way instead, they disclosed their key strategies to the media.

Figure 4.5 Participant’s opinion on crisis response failure

Table 4.5 Participants opinion on crisis response

Participant 1: 2.85% coverage Participant 2: 10.62% coverage

Reference 1 - 2.85% Coverage

Abubakar Shakau, the front person of Boko-

Haram now came out and said the Boko-

Haram is not negotiating with the Nigerian

government that whoever the Nigerian gov-

ernment is negotiating with does not repres-

ent Boko-Haram. That those ones are just

taking advantage of the situation and you

know but they don't represent Boko-Haram.

Reference 1 - 1.41% Coverage

So it is quite challenging to say that the gov-

ernment or the military have not been able

to use the best strategy to get rid of the ter-

ror.

Reference 2 - 6.08% Coverage Reference 2 - 0.59% Coverage

42

You should not negotiate with terrorist. You

can understand. Then 2: why will you even

be negotiating with people that do represent

Boko-Haram and you are so sure that they

represent Boko-Haram. That’s lack of seri-

ousness because if you have done your

homework or your stage work properly, you

will know that these people truly represent

Boko-Haram. That’s even if you choose or

ok if we decide that you want to go the way

of negotiation. But the fact is those you are

negotiating with then, Boko-Haram said they

don’t know them that they don’t represent

Boko-Haram. So what kind of government

will be negotiating? That means anybody

could just get up and say come and negoti-

ate with me I represent Boko-Haram

Negotiating with terrorists for me is not the

best strategy

Reference 3 - 2.20% Coverage

Although, when he was trying to about a

month ago when he was trying to get re-

elected as a president, he now finally en-

gaged Boko-Haram. As in, it was during that

period that the Nigerian army recorded tre-

mendous successes in dealing with Boko-

Haram.

Reference 3 - 0.30% Coverage

it was a failed negotiation.

43

Reference 4 - 2.61% Coverage

So for me he now thought if he really moves

against Boko-Haram and be able to recover

success and probably in fact he even boas-

ted that before the elections, they were go-

ing to get the girls back. This is to let you

know the kind of reformation, the kind of ef-

fort, such effort they decided to put in it.

Reference 4 - 2.19% Coverage

I cannot tell you it was the best kind of ef-

fective response because in the first place,

government was very sluggish, not quite

ready because of the tension on the political

heat within Nigerian politics that period.

Reference 5 - 0.41% Coverage

they’ve not been able to bring back the girls. Reference 5 - 1.75% Coverage

the president being the commander in chief

should have summoned courage to visit the

area when the incident took place. So for

me, the communication strategy wasn’t

enough.

Reference 6 - 3.28% Coverage

Even the military wasn’t feeding the public

the right way. The leave certain questions

unanswered which is strategic enough but

there are some issues they shouldn’t make

public which they made known and there

are one that they didn’t make known which

they should have made known. So the

strategy wasn’t effective precisely.

Reference 7 - 1.11% Coverage

I think they actually marred the process on

the time of rehabilitation or reconstruction of

the tattered image

Figure 4.5 explores the response failure by the Nigerian government. Both participants

44

agreed that the manner through which the government responded to the crisis were not

effective and it resulted to failure. The opinion of participant 1 was graphically rated 14%

and 10% for participant 2. Table 4.5 reveals the coded data from both participants. The

opinion by participant 1 was rated 2.85% coverage and 10.62% coverage. This reveals

that the Nigerian government’s response strategies were ineffective and as a result of that,

they experienced failure after applying various strategies.

Figure 4.6 Graphical analyses of Damages on Nigerian government’s image & repu-

tation

Table 4.6 Damages on Nigerian government’s image and reputation

Participant 1: 4.80% Coverage Participant 2: 6.44% Coverage

Reference 1 - 4.80% Coverage

So that was immediately after it happened.

With that, why wouldn’t the government now

believe that it actually happened? So that’s

the point that we are trying to make until you

know it now became an international issue.

Reference 1 - 0.67% Coverage

People were like condemning the govern-

ment for their poor response

45

A lot of people, prominent people interna-

tionally now took on the campaign and it

now became some sort of embarrassment

to the government. Even at a point, Malala

Yousafzai came to Nigeria to have a meet-

ing with president that as a matter of ur-

gency, they need to find the girls. That’s the

kind of awareness it generated internation-

ally.

Reference 2 - 0.45% Coverage

everybody was accusing them of their inact-

ive

Reference 3 - 1.88% Coverage

For instance you know the crisis was hi-

jacked by some political element in the

north and it was more of an opportunity to

discredit the ruling government and they

succeed in doing that.

Reference 4 - 1.75% Coverage

the world started looking at Nigeria as being

incompetent and not ready to fight and fend

for its citizens. So it was an opportunity for

them to discriminate the government.

Reference 5 - 1.69% Coverage

that as an opportunity to realign and then

win the interest and support of the public

mainly from the northerners throughout the

period of the 2015 general election.

46

Figure 4.6 reveals the graphical analysis of damages on the Nigerian government’s image

and reputation. Both participants strongly agree that the crisis have affected the image and

reputation of the Nigerian government negatively. Participant 1 was rated according to the

coded data at 5.9% and 6.5% for participant 2. Table 4.6 explores the coded transcribed

data. It reveals the coded data of both participants with 4.80% for participant 1 and 6.44%

for participant 2. This reveals that the image and reputation of the Nigerian government

has been downgraded and damaged to a certain degree due to their failure in responding

effectively to the Chibok crisis. This is because the Nigerian government is seen as

incompetence by failing to protect its citizens and property.

Figure 4.7 Graphical analysis of Participant 1 & 2 on Boko-Haram as a threat

Table 4.7 Boko-Haram as a threat

Participant 1: 0.49% coverage Participant 2: 10.30% Coverage

Reference 1 - 0.69% Coverage

yes, because look, Boko-Haram has be-

come an issue. Boko-Haram is still an issue.

Reference 1 - 0.30% Coverage

the kidnapping of Chibok girls

Reference 2 - 0.15% Coverage

47

kidnapped girls

Reference 3 - 4.97% Coverage

terrorists, the Boko-Haram for going that ex-

treme and attacking people that are harm-

less and innocent as those school girls. So

the interpretation were so much vast and

you know I will tell you that there was no

particular direction everyone was following

because it drew some global attention, all

national and international media and agen-

cies were like condemning both the Nigerian

government for their poor response strategy

and the threat for just attacking people that

did nothing to them

Reference 4 - 0.09% Coverage

kidnapped

Reference 5 - 0.58% Coverage

it will lead to death of the victims, the kid-

napped girls

Reference 6 - 1.60% Coverage

this is a set that has grown from simple to

complex and the divide of all global track

ton this best known to terrorists and carrying

48

out enormous activities.

Reference 7 - 0.71% Coverage

government at a time became unconscious,

too much under pressure to act

Reference 8 - 1.16% Coverage

these are people that have carried out a

number of notorious activities, bombing and

killing of innocent citizens.

Reference 9 - 0.74% Coverage

The more you negotiate, more you pay the

price either by cash or in kind.

Figure 4.7 reveals the graphical analysis of participant 1 and 2 on boko-haram as a threat.

Participant 1 on this view was rated 1% and participant and 10% for participant 2.

Participant 1 emphasized more on reviewing that boko haram is a threat to Nigerians and

the society. Table 4.7 explores the coded data from participant 1 and 2. Participant 1 was

rated 0.49% and 10.30 for participant 2.

Figure 4.8 Graphical analysis of Participant 1 & 2 on Good-luck Jonathan’s agenda

49

Table 4.8 Ex-President Good-luck Jonathan’s Agenda

Participant 1: 6.33% Coverage Participant 2: 1.62% Coverage

Reference 1 - 1.75% Coverage

And as a president, people felt the major is-

sue was security, the economy and hunger

and you know as incumbent, people are

saying that look you are very weak. He has

not been able to destroy Boko-Haram.

Reference 1 - 0.41% Coverage

president was already considered an enemy

Reference 2 - 1.69% Coverage

So for me he now thought if he really moves

against Boko-Haram and be able to recover

success and probably in fact he even boas-

ted that before the elections, they were go-

ing to get the girls back.

Reference 2 - 1.21% Coverage

the president being the commander in chief

should have summoned courage to visit the

area when the incident took place.

50

Reference 3 - 1.57% Coverage

this kind of dynamism and the kind of mobil-

ity of the Nigerian armed forces that we saw

during the campaign for re-election, we did

not see it although the year. That is my

point.

Reference 4 - 1.32% Coverage

And that is one of the reason why Jonathan

was voted out because, Nigerians believe

that he is not competent enough to secure

their lives and property.

Figure 4.8 explores the graphical analysis ex-Nigerian president Good-luck Jonathan’s

agenda on his contribution towards the Chibok crisis. Both participants has condemned his

efforts and believed that his agenda towards the crisis has failed. Participant 1 was rated

6.5% and 1.5% for participant 2. Table 4.8 reveals the coded transcribed data for both

participants’. It was rated at 6.33% percentage coverage for participant 1 and 1.62 for

participant 2.

51

Figure 4.9 Graphical analysis of Participant on successes recorded by Nigerian gov-

ernment

Table 4.9 Successes recorded by the Nigerian Government

Participant 1: 4.86 Participant 2:

52

Reference 1 - 4.86% Coverage

They have recovered some successes, tre-

mendous successes. Most of the towns that

Boko-Haram captured, the Nigerian Army

has re-captured all those towns and vil-

lages. Do you understand?. Because there

was a time when it was said that when you

put together all the towns and villages that

Boko-Haram had seized from Nigeria, it was

the size of Belgium in Europe. In fact, they

had even mounted the flag where they said

will be their capital. Now all that has be-

come a thing of the past because, they took

them out and recaptured those towns. So

for me that is success.

NIL

Figure 4.9 explores a graphical analysis of participant on successes recorded by Nigerian

government. Participant 1 emphasized on some recorded successes by the Nigerian

government and the military. Participant 1 was rated 4.9% and participant 2 was at 0%.

Table 4.9 reveals the coded transcribed data for both participants. It was rated at 4.86%

coverage and 0% coverage for participant 2.

Figure 4.10 a graphical analysis of Participant suggestions and contribution

53

Table 4.10 Participants Suggestions and Contributions

Participant 1: 11.57% Coverage Participant 2: 14.76% Coverage

Reference 1 - 0.89% Coverage

if the government have been serious about

finding the girls, perhaps by now they would

have found them.

Reference 1 - 3.53% Coverage

I don’t think negotiation is the best strategy

because doing that would encourage them

to do more and then they would still expect

the government to negotiate with them and

you know what that means. The more you

negotiate, more you pay the price either by

cash or in kind. So for me it wasn’t the best

strategy even though it was a failed negoti-

ation

Reference 2 - 4.33% Coverage

they do not have what they call intelligence

in the military circle. You know you can’t just

be moving around without intelligence but

with the right intelligence, what I mean is,

they need they need information. They need

Reference 2 - 1.16% Coverage

president being the commander in chief

should have summoned courage to visit the

area when the incident took place

54

to know. Ok. The girls are being held in a

particular place you know, if they have that

kind of information, they can plan towards

storming that place to rescue them. But they

don’t have. I don’t think they have that kind

of intelligence that will lead them to where

the girls are

Reference 3 - 2.57% Coverage

If the government had taken it seriously

when the trail was still fresh, that if the gov-

ernment had taken it seriously immediately

after the kidnap, perhaps they would have

been able to get the girls and you know

why? Then they might have reached out to

our neighbouring countries like Chad and

Niger

Reference 3 - 2.75% Coverage

the military wasn’t feeding the public the

right way. The leave certain questions un-

answered which is strategic enough but

there are some issues they shouldn’t make

public which they made known and there

are one that they didn’t make known which

they should have made known.

Reference 4 - 1.41% Coverage

if the government had reached out to the

Chadian government and the Niger govern-

ment and said to them that this is the prob-

lem we have. They need to work together.

Reference 4 - 7.32% Coverage

The government should be very much, they

should engage in services of experts, com-

munication strategies, crisis managers.

These are people who can manage crisis. It

is the way you communicate that matters. It

is not just saying something but how you

said it. If they engage the services of people

who have personal rage on crisis commu-

nication management, they would be able to

device means of communicating the mes-

sages across without inflicting things on the

mind of people and without causing trouble

or more trouble. With that, they should know

when to say something and what not to

55

make known to the public. I think they actu-

ally marred the process on the time of re-

habilitation or reconstruction of the tattered

image.

Reference 5 - 1.40% Coverage

if we’ve had this kind of entry across the

country a year ago when the girls were ab-

ducted, then perhaps the girls would have

been found by now. That’s my side.

Reference 6 - 0.98% Coverage

if he has put that kind of effort right from the

get go, I am sure by now the girls would

have been brought back.

Figure 4.10 a graphical analysis of participant suggestions and contribution towards

Chibok crisis. Both participants have contributed and made suggestions for the Nigerian

government on handling issues on the crisis. Participant 2 was rated graphically at 14%

and 12% for participant 1. Table 4.10 reveals the coded transcribed data for both parti-

cipants. Participant 1 was rated at 11.57% coverage and 14.46% coverage for participant

2. This reveals that based on the failure encountered, participants suggest that the Ni-

gerian government should advocate the services of crisis management experts in provid-

ing solutions towards the on-going crisis. Moreover, the also suggest that the Nigerian

government should improve strategically in terms of communication when managing crisis.

56

Figure 4.11 Graphical analysis of Participant 1 & 2 on Nigerians reaction on the

Crisis

Table 4.11 Nigerian’s reaction towards Chibok Crisis

Participant 1: 11.46% Coverage Participant 2: 2.46% Coverage

Reference 1 - 11.46% coverage

Well, an average Nigerian, first and fore-

most is angry that over a year after the girls

were abducted in their school, they have not

been found, they are angry, they are sur-

prised and they are very sad about it be-

cause it does not portray that they are seri-

ous about it. And you know, people gener-

ally believe that if the government have

been serious about finding the girls, per-

Reference 1 - 0.28% Coverage

it raised a lot of reaction.

57

haps by now they would have found them.

Now, the government is trying very hard you

know, trying very hard to get them but this

development is a very recent development.

The kind of effort they are putting into find-

ing them now, they have not put in this kind

of effort you know, in the early days. And

you know, if they have been trying harder

when the trails were still fresh, maybe they

would have been able to get them but from

what we heard then, even the government

did not believe that the girls were abducted

and you know if they do not believe that the

girls were abducted, they won’t want to do

anything about it because they didn’t be-

lieve. But it was after consentient efforts,

protest by Nigerians and constant persua-

sion and even taking it to an international

levels. The government now took it seri-

ously and now felt that yes perhaps the girls

were really abducted. So that’s that.

Reference 2 - 7.81% Coverage

Yes. And that was because they choose to.

Because, look, it was widely reported. It was

widely reported that Boko-Haram invaded

the school in Chibok and abducted the girls.

You know, but I think the school authorities

reported to the government. Firstly by the

state level but I think at the state level, it es-

calated to the federal government level. So

that was immediately after it happened.

With that, why wouldn’t the government now

Reference 2 - 0.42% Coverage

People were like condemning the govern-

ment

58

believe that it actually happened? So that’s

the point that we are trying to make until you

know it now became an international issue.

A lot of people, prominent people interna-

tionally now took on the campaign and it

now became some sort of embarrassment

to the government. Even at a point, Malala

Yousafzai came to Nigeria to have a meet-

ing with president that as a matter of ur-

gency, they need to find the girls. That’s the

kind of awareness it generated internation-

ally.

Reference 3 - 0.22% Coverage

That’s lack of seriousness

Reference 3 - 0.47% Coverage

So it’s actually a kind of mixed interpretation

Reference 4 - 0.33% Coverage

Does that show any seriousness? No

Reference 4 - 0.87% Coverage

Everybody was accusing them of their in-

active, how they have been handling the is-

sue.

Reference 5 - 0.68% Coverage

yes, because look, Boko-Haram has be-

come an issue. Boko-Haram is still an issue

Reference 5 - 0.41% Coverage

pressure from everyone around the globe

Reference 6 - 2.13% Coverage

We believe mainly that he did all of that be-

cause he was desperate to be re-elected. If

he has been so contentious, if he has put

that kind of effort right from the get go, I am

sure by now the girls would have been

59

brought back. That’s my point.

Reference 7 - 0.46% Coverage

I will say that the Nigerian government is not

serious

Reference 8 - 0.31% Coverage

Nigerian government is not serious.

Reference 9 - 1.57% Coverage

So for me, a government that waits until

election will take the security of the lives

and property of its citizens to take it seri-

ously. For me that kind of government is not

serious.

Figure 4.11 explains a graphical analysis of participant 1 & 2 on Nigerians reaction on the

Crisis. Each participant expressed Nigerians reaction when the crisis began and also de-

velopments during the crisis. Participant 1 was rated 24% and 3% for participant 2. Table

4.11 reveals the coded transcribed data from both participants and participant 1 was rated

at 11.46% coverage and 0.28% coverage for participant 2. This reveals that based on the

level of reaction the crisis created; it contributed a high amount of pressure faced by the

Nigerian government and also critics from international countries which later developed

into the image and reputational damage.

60

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

5.0 Introduction

This chapter will discuss, summarise, conclusion and findings of this research study.

5.1 Summary on the findings

The summary and findings this research study has discovered the level of failure in crisis

response by the Nigerian government. It also established the concept of public relation

and communication in managing crisis by portraying its role during crisis because parti-

cipants in this study suggested the Nigerian government could have advocated the ser-

vices of experts such as crisis managers when dealing with the Chibok crisis. The Nigerian

government has been criticized heavily and it has created damages on their image and

reputation. Research has shown in the study that the Nigerian government’s reputation

has been humiliated because it is believed that the Nigerian government are incapable of

protecting their citizens and properties from the Boko-Haram. Suggestions by participants

61

may however play another role in this study based on some concepts provided on stra-

tegic management as an advice to the Nigerian government.

5.2 Theoretical contribution to exploring Crisis Communication Management and

Political Propaganda research: A study on Missing school girls Nigeria (CHIBOK).

This study has been contributing around crisis management and strategies used in com-

munication and response towards the Chibok crisis in Nigeria. The Nigerian government

has carried out several measures in responding to the crisis. Participants have contributed

in this study by explaining the various measures advocated by the government through the

instrumentation of public relation in responding to the crisis. Based on the findings, the Ni-

gerian government have made quite a number of recorded efforts but at the same time,

they have failed to be effective in providing a proper/ rigid solution to the on-going crisis.

This research establishes the concept of placing enormous understanding on the role of

Public Relations and communication when managing crisis. The development of this study

explores how the Nigerian government has been able to manage the crisis on the missing

Chibok girls. However, Coombs (2011) argued that crisis management is an important or-

ganizational function. He believed that when there is failure in managing crisis, it can result

to serious harm to stakeholders and other threats as public safety, reputational loss and

also financial loss. A team of public relation practitioners are also well considered as a

functional instrument when dealing with any form of crisis. Dilenschneider (2000) also con-

tributed in the corporate communications bible, stating that all manner of crisis are a po-

tential threat to any organizations reputation. Crisis is bound to damage organizations

reputation to some degree.

5.3 Conclusion

This study was successful in exploring the findings on:

RQ 1: How effective is the Nigerian government response towards Chibok Crisis?

RQ 2: Suggestion and Perception towards the government’s response on the missing Chi-

bok girls?

RQ 3: Investigating the Nigerian government’s reputation as a result of the Chibok crisis.

The issue on Boko-Haram as a major threat to Nigeria today is the mother of confusion

and damages to the Nigerian government and the society. The media has played a signifi-

cant role by communicating the development of different strategies and concepts used by

62

the Nigerian government in providing a solution to the ongoing crisis. To discover how ef-

fective the Nigerian response towards Chibok crisis is? Participants have been able to syn-

thesize and analyze various means of response which were however considered to be in-

effective. Suggestions were made by both participants as a valuable tool to the Nigerian

government when dealing with Chibok crisis.

5.4 Recommendation for further studies

This study focused on crisis management strategies on the issue of the kidnapped girls in

Chibok Nigeria. This research has established a transparent view on crisis response

strategies applied by the Nigerian government by exploring several mistakes made by the

government when managing the Crisis. This study will create awareness for crisis man-

agers on how to respond to crisis.

Further researchers should explore more on mistakes crisis managers often make, most

especially mistakes through communication. Participants in this study believed that mes-

sages should be communicated effectively by understanding that it is not about just com-

municating the message across but how to communicate it effectively.

This research study will as-well assist public Relation practitioners on how to avoid com-

mon mistakes when handling crisis.

5.5 Limitations of study

This study has established remarkable success in investigating contradicting issues sur-

rounding the Chibok crisis. However there was some limitation encountered during the re-

search stage of this study.

This study which embraced Public Relation and Communication created quite a difficult

situation in organising participants to be involved in this study. The choice of research

method selected for this study was another challenge encountered because issues on

public relations and crisis management cannot be understood by the majority. This reason

forced the researcher to focus on just 2 participants for this study due to their vast know-

ledge on Public Relations and communication and the on-going Chibok crisis in Nigeria.

The unavailability of qualified participants drove the researcher in advocating the use of a

qualitative research for this study.

63

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Appendix

Interview with participant’s

Appendix 1

Participant 1: Funsho. A

Q1: Are you aware about the kidnapped Chobok girls in Nigeria?

P1: Yes I am aware, everybody is aware. Everybody and beyond, everyone is familiar with

the story of the Chibok girls.

Q2: In your view, how are Nigerians finding this situation?

P1: Well, an average Nigerian, first and foremost is angry that over a year after the girls

were abducted in their school, they have not been found, they are angry, they are

surprised and they are very sad about it because it does not portray that they are serious

about it. And you know, people generally believe that if the government have been serious

about finding the girls, perhaps by now they would have found them. Now, the government

is trying very hard you know, trying very hard to get them but this development is a very

recent development. The kind of effort they are putting into finding them now, they have

not put in this kind of effort you know, in the early days. And you know, if they have been

trying harder when the trails were still fresh, maybe they would have been able to get them

but from what we heard then, even the government did not believe that the girls were

abducted and you know if they do not believe that the girls were abducted, they won’t want

76

to do anything about it because they didn’t believe. But it was after consentient efforts,

protest by Nigerians and constant persuasion and even taking it to an international levels.

The government now took it seriously and now felt that yes perhaps the girls were really

abducted. So that’s that.

Q3: To be very sure about it that: The Nigerian government, were ignorant about the

situation initially?

P1: Yes. And that was because they choose to. Because, look, it was widely reported. It

was widely reported that Boko-Haram invaded the school in Chibok and abducted the girls.

You know, but I think the school authorities reported to the government. Firstly by the state

level but I think at the state level, it escalated to the federal government level. So that was

immediately after it happened. With that, why wouldn’t the government now believe that it

actually happened? So that’s the point that we are trying to make until you know it now

became an international issue. A lot of people, prominent people internationally now took

on the campaign and it now became some sort of embarrassment to the government.

Even at a point, Malala Yousafzai came to Nigeria to have a meeting with president that as

a matter of urgency, they need to find the girls. That’s the kind of awareness it generated

internationally.

Q4: So from the very start of this crisis, is there like, or are you aware of any meas-

ure taken by the government apart from being ignorant even when they be-

came aware of the situation? Are you aware of anything in particular, maybe a

move concerning the release of the girls?

P1: Well, am not aware that the government did anything specifically to locate and you

know bring back the girls. At least not anything outside what they claim to have been

doing. And by this, I mean, you know, the Nigerian Army has been fighting them. Today

Boko-Haram will capture a town or a village, the Nigerian Army will go there, they will go

and attack them and possibly recapture those towns. I think in the process of doing all of

that, they are also looking for the girls but I think the problem is they had , they do not

have what they call intelligence in the military circle. You know you can’t just be moving

around without intelligence but with the right intelligence, what I mean is, they need they

need information. They need to know. Ok. The girls are being held in a particular place you

know, if they have that kind of information, they can plan towards storming that place to

rescue them. But they don’t have. I don’t think they have that kind of intelligence that will

lead them to where the girls are because as we speak, no one is sure where the girls are.

There is a place they call Sambasa forest in Borno state where initially people believe that

77

that’s the hideout of Boko-Haram and where they are keeping the girls. But recently, the

army have not been able to move against Sambasa forest. As we speak, I think they are

already you know, in the forest now so we are not sure if those girls are still there and we

are not sure if they will ever find them. Proper thing to say that because, it is important for

me to make this point. If the government had taken it seriously when the trail was still

fresh, that if the government had taken it seriously immediately after the kidnap, perhaps

they would have been able to get the girls and you know why? Then they might have

reached out to our neighbouring countries like Chad and Niger. Because initially, the belief

people had was that Boko-haram were coming from some other neighbouring countries to

come and attack villages and towns in Nigeria and go back. You know, if the government

had reached out to the Chidian government and the Niger government and said to them

that this is the problem we have. They need to work together. Don’t let your people use

your territory and finish. You know if they had done that =, Boko-Haram won’t have been

able to become agile headed as they have become now. What in am saying is, if we’ve

had this kind of entry across the country a year ago when the girls were abducted, then

perhaps the girls would have been found by now. That’s my side.

Q5: Now today, this form if what reports suggested through the media, according to

international source BBC news, the Nigerian government are in terms of nego-

tiating with the terrorist group Boko-Haram concerning the release of the girls.

How true is that from your own point of view?

P1: Well i don’t think it is true because a few months ago, the media was out-washed with

stories of negotiation between the Nigerian government and Boko-Haram and i think you

know, the story were such that it was even then people were sure. I mean they even

mentioned some place where they will release the girls but it not turned out that Boko-

Haram people, that’s Abubakar Shakau, the front person of Boko-Haram now came out

and said the Boko-Haram is not negotiating with the Nigerian government that whoever the

Nigerian government is negotiating with does not represent Boko-Haram. That those ones

are just taking advantage of the situation and you know but they don't represent Boko-

Haram.

Q6: on your view, are you saying that when trying to resolve the crisis, they were

just trying to convince the Nigerian people that there were negotiations which

were false? Is that a strategy applied by the government?

P1: Yes. Yes. It is part of the lack of seriousness on the part of the government because 1:

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and this is my personal view. You should not negotiate with terrorist. You can understand.

Then 2: why will you even be negotiating with people that do represent Boko-Haram and

you are so sure that they represent Boko-Haram. That’s lack of seriousness because if you

have done your homework or your stage work properly, you will know that these people

truly represent Boko-Haram. That’s even if you choose or ok if we decide that you want to

go the way of negotiation. But the fact is those you are negotiating with then, Boko-Haram

said they don’t know them that they don’t represent Boko-Haram. So what kind of

government will be negotiating? That means anybody could just get up and say come and

negotiate with me I represent Boko-Haram. Does that show any seriousness? NO.

Q7: concerning the former president Good-luck Jonathan, do you feel he has been

effective in his duties on the release of the girls?

P1: I don’t think so. I don’t think so. And you know, this goes to show or to reinforce what I

have been saying that the man did not take the issue of Boko-Haram seriously right from

the get go. He has been tricking them with kids’ gloves and that’s why they became the

monster that become that they can no longer manage them. Although, when he was trying

to .. about a month ago when he was trying to get re-elected as a president, he now finally

engaged Boko-Haram. As in, it was during that period that the Nigerian army recorded

tremendous successes in dealing with Boko-Haram.

Q8: in this sense, you mean he tried to supress the issue till the point of re-election;

maybe he can come out with a success?

P1: yes, because look, Boko-Haram has become an issue. Boko-Haram is still an issue.

And as a president, people felt the major issue was security, the economy and hunger and

you know as incumbent, people are saying that look you are very weak. He has not been

able to destroy Boko-Haram. So, and he knew that it’s going to come up during the

election and people will remember that look, we don’t want a president that is weak, we

don’t want such a president who has not been able to deal decisively with Boko-Haram.

We don’t want a president who cannot secure our lives and property. So for me he now

thought if he really moves against Boko-Haram and be able to recover success and

probably in fact he even boasted that before the elections, they were going to get the girls

back. This is to let you know the kind of reformation, the kind of effort, such effort they

decided to put in it. And they actually recorded some successes then but they couldn’t

bring back the girls. But what I am saying is, we believe mainly that he did all of that

because he was desperate to be re-elected. If he has been so contentious, if he has put

that kind of effort right from the get go, I am sure by now the girls would have been brought

79

back. That’s my point.

Q9: So you mean he deliberately saved the crisis because he wanted to create a re-

sponse, a strategy based on crisis response to achieve his own personal goal

as a president?

P1: Yes. Well that’s what I will call it because, look as I said, this kind of dynamism and the

kind of mobility of the Nigerian armed forces that we saw during the campaign for re-

election, we did not see it although the year. That is my point.

Q10: so in terms of communicative aspect and management, how do you view the

effectiveness of it?

P1: well, as I have told you. They have recovered some successes, tremendous

successes. Most of the towns that Boko-Haram captured, the Nigerian army has re-

captured all those towns and villages. Do you understand?. Because there was a time

when it was said that when you put together all the towns and villages that Boko-Haram

had seized from Nigeria, it was the size of Belgium in Europe. In fact, they had even

mounted the flag where they said will be their capital. Now all that has become a thing of

the past because, they took them out and recaptured those towns. So for me that is

success. So having said that, they’ve not been able to bring back the girls.

Q11: So if you are viewing this situation from abroad or any neighbouring country

outside Nigeria, how will you rate the Nigerian government’s reputation based

on this crisis that has happened?

P1: I will say that the Nigerian government is not serious. Nigerian government is not

serious. And that goes back to what I’ve been saying that all the efforts being made now. If

the government were serious, they would have started it a long time ago and probably by

now we will be talking that Boko-Haram is a past tense. So for me, a government that

waits until election will take the security of the lives and property of its citizens to take it

seriously. For me that kind of government is not serious. And that is one of the reasons

why Jonathan was voted out because; Nigerians believe that he is not competent enough

to secure their lives and property.

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Appendix 2

Participant 2 Jude N.

Q1: How did you get to know about the kidnapped girls in Nigeria?

P2: Well, we are in information age and information flies so far. So as it happened you

hear it every now and then. I check online, I read through newspapers and all and I watch

television. So I think I got to know it through newspapers. Online Newspaper. Then

afterwards I had to watch it on television.

Q2: Ok. Which means you are fully aware of the situation and several measures

taken by the Nigerian government? So briefly, how can you view the situation at

hand and how are Nigerians interpreting this issue?

P2: well, if you ask of the situation at the moment, it’s quite different from what it were

when the kidnapping of Chibok girls. For instance, it was announced you know, it raised a

lot of reaction. People were like condemning the government for their poor response to the

kidnapped girls. Some others were throwing out passion on terrorists, the Boko-Haram for

going that extreme and attacking people that are harmless and innocent as those school

girls. So the interpretation were so much vast and you know I will tell you that there was no

particular direction everyone was following because it drew some global attention, all

national and international media and agencies were like condemning both the Nigerian

government for their poor response strategy and the threat for just attacking people that

did nothing to them. You understand? So it’s actually a kind of mixed interpretation. From

my own perspective, I wasn’t taking side with the government because; you know it’s a

private situation. The military, they have their own strategy for rescuing kidnapped and if

they tell you from expert point of view that doing something or maybe going against the

81

terrorist immediately, it will lead to death of the victims, the kidnapped girls. It means they

have their own reasons because we only talk; we can’t go to the field. I mean, this is a set

that has grown from simple to complex and the divide of all global track ton this best

known to terrorists and carrying out enormous activities. So it is quite challenging to say

that the government or the military have not been able to use the best strategy to get rid of

the terror. But we should understand that we have some cases of some sabotage with the

ranks and files of Nigerian military. And now some of them are quite deceptive, disturbing

the peace of the nation. I was marvelled one certain time when I was watching Aljazeera

and they were interviewing one man and he was like this is and he was like; he was like

this is the way Nigerian military plan to attack Boko-Haram and rescue those girls.

Something like that shouldn’t be made public; it shouldn’t go to the press. You understand?

You carry out the assignment, you do it, even when you have succeeded in achieving

those objectives, you don’t have to come to the press because if you do? When next they

catch their victim, they already know that someone else knows how to get hold of them. So

they will always device another strategy. So, there are issues that shouldn’t be handled

publicly. So as for, me i didn’t lose confidence in Nigeria, I didn’t lose confidence in the

system, I was quite optimistic that even though the girls may not be rescued so far, one

day they will be rescued or at least a number of them will be rescued alive.

Q3: there was this response that was suggested according to BBC 2014, which ac-

cording to the Nigerian senior security service Alex Badeh. He made comments

to the international media that the Nigerian government are in negotiation with

the Boko-Haram group. What is your opinion towards that strategy used?

P2: well I think the government at a time became unconscious, too much under pressure

to act because everybody was accusing them of their inactive, how they have been

handling the issue. So at a point because of this pressure from everyone around the globe,

they had to sub come to the pressure and then yielded to the unlikely aspect of it which is

negotiation. Negotiating with terrorists for me is not the best strategy even though

everybody is saying bring back our girl’s, bring back our girls alive and healthy. It’s quite

difficult. Negotiating with them means that they must have achieve their aim because it is

not just negotiating and even these are people that have carried out a number of notorious

activities, bombing and killing of innocent citizens. How will you just go against people with

the girl’s? They should device. I don’t think negotiation is the best strategy because doing

that would encourage them to do more and then they would still expect the government to

negotiate with them and you know what that means. The more you negotiate, more you

82

pay the price either by cash or in kind. So for me it wasn’t the best strategy even though it

was a failed negotiation.

Q4: Ok. Was it a failed negation or because we got some information from the media

that the Boko-Haram leader denied such appointment, such meetings. And you

know they came out …. They retaliated. Do you think such comment through

the media on the Nigerian government triggered the crisis to another level?

P2: Media for me in Nigeria has laid short of expectation. Media is responsible for the

escalation of the crisis. You know according to Margret Thatcher, the former prime minister

here in the UK. She said that publicity is the oxygen of terrorism. If you give so much

attention and publicity to set, it’s encouraging them because they feed on this publicity and

they like it. You understand? I am not saying that you shouldn’t report as a media of curse

you know one of the news criteria is auditing and magnitude even terrorism has been

recently merged as a news selection criteria. Now it is only when the news story is bloody,

when it is tragic, when it is terrorism related that it sells newspapers. You understand?

Though it is not supposed to be like that. Now we are devising strategy called peace

journalism. Peace journalism empower you analytically examine an issue. Don’t just report

something because we feel it is solidity, it has to be more patriotic, it has to be more

nationalistic because, we should look at the implication of that report weather it is going to

affect you or not, weather it is going to leave some psychological trauma on the people or

not. We should consider the audience, the people that consume this news.

Q5: So are we saying that the government were not responsible for such comments

through the media?

P2: The government were partly part of it because they disclosed some of their key

strategies to the media and the media is and the media were like eager to unleash that

and publicised. Even the soul called set. It was at that point in time that we need to

understand that there is some fracture within the group. They were just playing with the

Nigerian military, Nigerian media and Nigerian government. This one will claim we are in

charge and another will be calling for negotiation. Whereas, the others are there carrying

out their attacks at the war front. You understand? So there is no clear leadership or effect

that actually came out of the interview.

Q6: What is your view on the effectiveness on the government’s response to the

crisis?

P2: I cannot tell you it was the best kind of effective response because in the first place,

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government was very sluggish, not quite ready because of the tension on the political heat

within Nigerian politics that period. You know, the resident was already considered an

enemy especially in the north, coming from minority and then going to the field where the

activity took place was quite difficult but the president bring the commander in chief should

have summoned courage to visit the area when the incident took place. So for me, the

communication strategy wasn’t enough. Even the military wasn’t feeding the public the

right way. The leave certain questions unanswered which is strategic enough but there are

some issues they shouldn’t make public which they made known and there are one that

they didn’t make known which they should have made known. So the strategy wasn’t

effective precisely.

Q7: So have they been any form of political interference towards the Crisis?

P2: I think they are quite a number of them. For instance you know the crisis was hijacked

by some political element in the north and it was more of an opportunity to discredit the

ruling government and they succeed in doing that. Paging bring back our girls all over the

country and this expiate was a means of drawing and framing the agenda Boko-Haram

and then daggered successfully in a way that the world started looking at Nigeria as being

incompetent and not ready to fight and fend for its citizens. So it was an opportunity for

them to discriminate the government. Then the opposition now saw that as an opportunity

to realign and then win the interest and support of the public mainly from the northerners

throughout the period of the 2015 general election.

Q8: if you were given the opportunity as an individual to the government on how to

manage this situation, what could have been your own suggestion for the gov-

ernment?

P2: The government should be very much, they should engage in services of experts,

communication strategies, crisis managers. These are people who can manage crisis. It is

the way you communicate that matters. It is not just saying something but how you said it.

If they engage the services of people who have personal rage on crisis communication

management, they would be able to device means of communicating the messages across

without inflicting things on the mind of people and without causing trouble or more trouble.

With that, they should know when to say something and what not to make knopwn to the

public. I think they actually marred the process on the time of rehabilitation or

reconstruction of the tattered image.

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Appendix 3

Boko-Haram as a threat by participants

Crisis response by the Nigerian government

85

Failure rate on crisis response

Nigerian former president’s agenda

86

Nigerian government’s strategies applied to crisis response

Media believed to be problematic

87

Negative effect on the Nigerian government’s image and reputation

Ignorance level by the Nigerian government

88

Nigerians reaction on the crisis

Participant’s suggestions and contribution towards resolution of crisis

89

Strategic problems encountered

90

Recorded successes by the Nigerian government and military

General opinion of Participant 1

91

General opinion of Participant 2

92