DISORDERS AND TREATMENT

PSYCHOLOGICALLY HEALTHY

In order to be classified with a psychological disorder, the behavior must be…

UnjustifiableNot rational

MaladaptiveHarmful to self

Atypical Disturbing

Vary with Culture & Time PeriodUMAD

PSYCHOLOGICALLY HEALTHY

UMAD interferes with…

Functioning in everyday life

Relationships with others

Behavior towards others and motivation

“Abnormal" behavior effects…

Person's behavior towards others

Person who performs the behavior

Motivation behind the behavior

PSYCHOLOGICALLY HEALTHYMillions of people suffer from PsyDis20 million = Neurosis

NeurosisEmotional disturbance characterized by excessive anxiety Can function in life

PsychosisEmotional disturbance characterized by inability to cope in real worldCan’t function in life

PERSPECTIVES The Big Three

Biological Model Abnormal behavior is caused from PHYSIOLOGICAL malfunctions

Psychodynamic Model

UNCONSCIOUS, Internal causes

Cognitive – Behavioral Model

Abnormal behavior is result of LEARNING + THOUGHT PROCESS

PERSPECTIVES

And another perspective says…

Diathesis – Stress ModelCombination of

PHYSIOLOGICAL predisposition (Diathesis)+ STRESS + SOCIAL RISK FACTORS = Abnormal Behavior

DSM-5

CHANGES IN DIAGNOSING MI…

DSM-IV-TR Disorders diagnosed

through observable behaviors (description only)

Behaviorism = primary basis; not concerned with why disorders develop

Organized – most biological disorders to least biological disorders

Developmental Psychology now used to explain why people develop disorders

Biological markers were necessary to keep things in DSM

Includes input from other countries

Disorders are seen as defense mechanisms against biological and environmental factors

In other words, people choose a disorder to cope with their problems

CHANGES TO DSM V

Now only three sections: Section 1: An introduction to DSM-5

(information on how to use the updated manual)

Section 2: Outline of the categorical diagnoses according to a revised chapter organization

Section 3: Conditions that require further research before their consideration as formal disorders, Cultural formulations, Glossary, Names of individuals involved in DSM-5’s development , and other information

MORE CHANGES…

DSM IV required a certain # of symptoms for diagnosis

DSM V uses dimensional approach / and severity of symptoms to track progress

Ratings in DSM V are: Very severe

Severe

Moderate

Mild

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MOOD DISORDERSDisturbances in mood or prolonged emotional state

Most common = Depression

Depression• Overwhelming feelings of sadness• Lack of interest in activities• Insomnia• Weight loss/ gain• Trouble concentrating• Excessive guilt or feelings of

worthlessness• 2 to 3 times more common in

women• Genetic

TYPES OF DEPRESSION

Major Depressive Disorder

Intense sadness (can last months to forever)

Can be caused by a difficult life event

Dysthymia

Involves less intense sadness

2 years or more

Biological origin

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Depression which occurs at specific times of the year with less sunlight

Bipolar Disorder aka. Manic Depression

Involves both depressed and manic episodes

CAUSES OF DEPRESSIONBiological Factors

Chemical imbalances

Serotonin – low levels

Linked with Chromosome 11

For Bipolar, both…

Low level Serotonin

Higher levels of Norepinephrine

Psychological Factors

Loss/ death of a loved one

Criticism from others

Negative self- concept

Illogical thinking

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Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (replacing Bipolar diagnosis for children under 18)

exhibit persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme, out-of-control behavior.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

marked affective liability (e.g., mood swings; feeling suddenly sad or teaful or increased sensitivity to rejection)

marked irritability or anger or increased interpersonal conflicts

markedly depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, or self-deprecating thoughts

marked anxiety, tension

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CAUSES ~ Biological Factors ~ For Depression - Linked with chemical imbalances of the

neurotransmitter, serotonin within the brain. A lower level of serotonin is associated with depressive episodes.

- Linked with Chromosome 11 For Bipolar - Combination of lower level of Serotonin

(Depression) and higher level of Norepinephrine (Manic)

- More receptors Ach

ILLOGICAL THINKING(DEPRESSION)

Arbitrary InterferenceSweeping conclusion about self despite evidence to the contraryI am the most awful human in the world

Selective AbstractionSweeping conclusion based on only one of the numerous factors influencing a situationThe accident is all my fault, I am so horrible

OvergeneralizationSweeping conclusion based on a single eventI lost the contract because I am worthless

Magnification & MinimizationMagnify difficulties & failures while minimizing accomplishments and successesWho cares that I support myself, I still forgot to get to the meeting

ANXIETY DISORDERSAll are types of neurosis…Most common disorders

SymptomsRapid breathingPerspirationShaking Passing Out

PhobiaIrrational, intense fear of something, interferes with normal life

Specific PhobiaSpecific fears: airplanes, heights, spiders

Social PhobiaSocial fears: public speaking, eating in public

CausesClassical ConditioningOperant ConditioningPredisposition

ANXIETY DISORDERS

Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD)

Obsessions (thoughts)

Compulsion (actions)

Somatoform Disorder

People complain of physical symptoms with no physical cause

Hypochondriasis- think you have it

Conversion Hysteria- have it with no cause

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERSAmnesia

2 kinds

Psychogenic

Memory loss for both distant and recent past

Lose personal identity

Usually ends within hours or days

Organic

Memory loss for recent past only

Lose personal and gen knowledge

Memory may return, may not

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

Fugue

Reversible amnesia for personal identity

Includes forgetting memories, personality and other identifying characteristics of individuality

Hours to days

Usually involves unplanned travel or wandering

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

Dissociative Identity Disorder

MPD

Personality “breaks”

Usually due to severe trauma/ abuse

SCHIZOPHRENIAPsychotic disorder

Disordered thoughts, inappropriate actions, bizarre behavior

Genetic

Excessive dopamine

Halucinations

False senses

Delusions

False beliefswww.youtube.com/watch?v=0vvU-Ajwbok

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SCHIZOPHRENIA - TYPES

Paranoid Catatonic Disorganized Undifferentiated

Aka. Residual

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POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE

Youtube – Diagnosing and Treating http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwlM1pxIbaI

Positive (+) Hallucinations are added

Negative (-) Behavior is reduced Flat Effect

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CHRONIC VS. ACUTE

Chronic Long term

Occurs gradually over time

Acute Occurs suddenly

Which is easiest to cure?

Why?

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Genetic

NeurobiologicalExcessive dopamineEnlarged Ventricle / Smaller Thalamus

Why?

27How would you classify Gerald?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGnl8dqEoPQ

PERSONALITY DISORDERSInflexible, exaggerated & maladaptive ways of thinking

Behavior (not due to external factors) causes distress to person & conflicts with others

Types of Personality Disorders

Cluster A: person seems odd or eccentric

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Withdrawn & lacks feelings for others

Seldom marry (have few relationships)

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Inappropriately suspicious & mistrustful of others

Refuse to accept blame or criticism

PERSONALITY DISORDERS

Schizotypal Personality DisorderOdd thought, speech and emotional reactionsImpaired social functioning

Cluster B: person seems dramatic, emotional, or erratic

Borderline Personality DisorderTend to act impulsivelySelf destructiveUnstable self-image, moodMostly women

PERSONALITY DISORDERSAntisocial Personality Disorder

Pattern of violent, criminal, or unethical behavior

Inability to feel affection for others

No remorse for actions

Mostly men

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Very dramatic

Attention seeking

Needs praise and reassurance

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Grandiose view of themselves

Constant attention and admirationhttp://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/30312181/

PERSONALITY DISORDERSCluster C: person appears anxious or fearful

Dependent Personality DisorderInability to make decisions on their ownCan’t live independentlyCan’t tolerate being alone

Avoidant Personality DisorderFears of rejectionLeads to isolation

Obsessive – Compulsive Personality Disorder

Needs orderliness (obsessed)

Personal control, rules, schedules

Unreasonable perfectionism

DRUG ADDICTIONS

Key TermsPsychoactive Drugs

Chemicals that change perception or mood

ToleranceNeed more drugs to get the same

effectWithdrawal

Undesirable physical side effects in the

absence of drug

PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Drug Type + Effects - Effects

Alcohol Depressant Relaxation/Disinhibition Memory loss, organ damage

Barbiturate(downers)

Depressant Induce sleep, reduceanxiety

Physical slow downImpaired memory

Opiates Depressant Euphoria, relief of pain Physical slow downHorrible withdrawal

Cocaine Stimulant Euphoria, confidenceenergy

Cardio stress, neuro depleted

Nicotine Stimulant Arouses, sense of well-being

Heart disease,cancer

Marijuana Hallucinogen Enhances sensation, relieves pain, distorts time

Lowers sex hormones, memory