Disorder of Heart Diseases

8/10/2019 Disorder of Heart Diseases

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DISORDER OF HEART DISEASES

1.

Rheumatic Heart Diseases

What is rheumatic heart disease?

Rheumatic heart disease describes a group of short-term (acute) and

long-term (chronic) heart disorders that can occur as a result of

rheumatic fever. One common result of rheumatic fever is heart

valve damage. This damage to the heart valves may lead to avalve

disorder.

Symptoms

Symptoms of heart valve problems, which are often the result ofrheumatic heart disease, can include: chest pain, excessive fatigue,

heart palpitations (when the heart flutters or misses beats), a

thumping sensation in the chest, shortness of breath, and swollen

ankles, wrists or stomach.

Treatment of rheumatic heart disease

If heart damage from rheumatic fever is identified in childhood or

young adulthood, daily antibiotics may be required until the age of 25

or 30, to help prevent recurrence of rheumatic fever and avoid the

development of infective bacterialendocarditis,an infection of the

heart valves or lining of the heart. Additional treatment will depend on

the type of heart damage.
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2.Congenital heart diseaseCongenital heart disease is a problem with the heart's structure and function that is

present at birth.

Causes

Congenital heart disease (CHD) can describe a number of different problems

affecting the heart. It is the most common type of birth defect. Congenital heart

disease causes more deaths in the first year of life than any other birth defects.

Symptoms

Symptoms depend on the condition. Although congenital heart disease is present atbirth, the symptoms may not appear right away.

Treatment

Which treatment is used, and how well the baby responds to it, depends on the

condition. Many defects need to be followed carefully. Some will heal over time,

while others will need to be treated.

Some congenital heart diseases can be treated with medication alone. Others need

to be treated with one or more heart surgeries.

Prevention

Women who are pregnant should get good prenatal care:

Avoid alcohol and illegal drugs during pregnancy.

Tell your doctor that you are pregnant before taking any new medicines.

Have a blood test early in your pregnancy to see if you are immune to rubella.

If you are not immune, avoid any possible exposure to rubella and get

vaccinated right after delivery.

Pregnant women who have diabetes should try to get good control over their

blood sugar levels.

Certain genes may play a role in congenital heart disease. Many family members may

be affected. Talk to your health care provider about genetic screening if you have a

family history of congenital heart disease.


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3.

Hypertension High Blood

High blood pressure (HBP) is a serious condition that can lead tocoronary heart disease,heart

failure,stroke,kidney failure,and other health problems.

"Blood pressure" is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart

pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many

ways.

Symptoms of High Blood Pressure

One of the most dangerous aspects ofhypertensionis that you may not know that

you have it. In fact, nearly one-third of people who have high blood pressure don't

know it. The only way to know if your blood pressure is high is through regular

checkups. This is especially important if you have a close relative who has high

blood pressure.If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to look out

for, including:

Severe headache

Fatigue or confusion

Vision problems

Chest pain

Difficulty breathing

Irregular heartbeat

Blood in the urine

Pounding in your chest, neck, or ears

If you have any of these symptoms, see a doctor immediately. You could be having a

hypertensive crisis that could lead to aheart attackor stroke.

Untreated hypertension can lead to serious diseases, includingstroke,heart

disease,kidney failureandeye problems.
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4.

Heart Attack

More than a million Americans haveheart attackseach year. Aheartattack, or

myocardial infarction (MI), is permanent damage to the heart muscle. "Myo" means

muscle, "cardial" refers to the heart, and "infarction" means death of tissue due to

lack ofbloodsupply.

What Happens During a Heart Attack?

The heart muscle requires a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood to nourish it. The

coronary arteries provide the heart with this critical blood supply. If you have

coronary artery disease, those arteries become narrow and blood cannot flow as

well as they should. Fatty matter,calcium,proteins,and inflammatory cells build up

within the arteries to form plaques of different sizes. The plaque deposits are hard on

the outside and soft and mushy on the inside.

Heart Attack Symptoms

Symptoms of a heart attack include:

Discomfort, pressure, heaviness, orpainin the chest, arm, or below the breastbone

Discomfort radiating to the back, jaw, throat, or arm

Fullness, indigestion, or choking feeling (may feel likeheartburn)

Sweating,nausea,vomiting, or dizziness

Extreme weakness,anxiety,or shortness of breath

Rapid or irregular heartbeats

During a heart attack, symptoms last 30 minutes or longer and are not relieved by

rest ornitroglycerinunder thetongue.
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Some people have a heart attack without having any symptoms (a "silent"

myocardial infarction). A silent MI can occur in anyone, but it is more common

among people with diabetes.

Blood Diseases

1. ANEMIA

Anemia is a conditionthat develops when your

blood lacks enough

healthy red blood cells or

hemoglobin. Hemoglobin

is a main part of red

blood cells and binds

oxygen. If you have too

few or abnormal red

blood cells, or your

hemoglobin is abnormal

or low, the cells in yourbody will not get enough

oxygen. Symptoms of

anemia -- likefatigue--

occur because organs

aren't getting what they
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need to function properly.

Anemia is the most common blood condition in the U.S. It affects about 3.5 million

Americans. Women and people with chronic diseases are at increased risk of

anemia. Important factors to remember are:

What Causes Anemia?

There are more than 400 types of anemia, which are divided into three groups:

Anemia Caused by Blood Loss

Red blood cells can be lost through bleeding, which can occur slowly over a long

period of time, and can often go undetected. This kind of chronic bleeding commonly

results from the following:

Gastrointestinal conditions such asulcers,hemorrhoids,gastritis(inflammation of

thestomach), andcancer

Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs(NSAIDs) such asaspirinor ibuprofen,

which can cause ulcers and gastritis

Menstruation andchildbirthin women, especially if menstrual bleeding is excessive

and if there are multiple pregnancies

Anemia Caused by Decreased or Faulty Red Blood Cell Production

With this type of anemia, the body may produce too few blood cells or the blood cells

may not function correctly. In either case, anemia can result. Red blood cells may be

faulty or decreased due to abnormal red blood cells or a lack of minerals and

vitamins needed for red blood cells to work properly. Conditions associated with

these causes of anemia include the following:

Sickle cellanemia

Iron-deficiency anemia

Vitamin deficiency

Bone marrow and stem cell problems

Other health conditions

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder that affects African-Americans. Red blood

cells become crescent-shaped because of a genetic defect. They break down rapidly,

so oxygen does not get to the body's organs, causing anemia. The crescent-shaped

red blood can cells also get stuck in tiny blood vessels, causingpain.

2.

Leukemia

What is leukemia?

Leukemia is cancer that starts in the tissue that forms blood. To understand

cancer, it helps to know how normal blood cells form.

Normal Blood Cells

Most blood cells develop from cells in the bone marrow calledstem cells.Bone

marrow is the soft material in the center of most bones.

Stem cells mature into different kinds of blood cells. Each kind has a special job:

Symptoms

Like all blood cells, leukemia cells travel through the body. The symptoms ofleukemia depend on the number of leukemia cells and where these cells collect

in the body.

Treatment

People with leukemia have many treatment options. The options are watchful

waiting, chemotherapy, targeted therapy,biological therapy,radiation therapy,
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and stem cell transplant. If your spleen is enlarged, your doctor may suggest

surgery to remove it. Sometimes a combination of these treatments is used.

What Is Hemophilia?

Hemophilia (heem-o-FILL-ee-ah) is a rare bleeding disorder in which the blood doesn't clot

normally.

If you have hemophilia, you may bleed for a longer time than others after an injury. You also

may bleed inside your body (internally), especially in your knees, ankles, and elbows. This

bleeding can damage your organs and tissues and may be life threatening.

Hemophilia can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on how much clotting factor is in your

blood. About 7 out of 10 people who have hemophilia A have the severe form of the disorder.

People who don't have hemophilia have a factor VIII activity of 100 percent. People who have

severe hemophilia A have a factor VIII activity of less than

1 percent.

Hemophilia usually occurs in males (with rare exceptions). About 1 in 5,000 males are born

with hemophilia each year.


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Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a group of related disorders characterized by a tendency for recurrent

seizures. There are different types of epilepsy and seizures. Epilepsy drugs are

prescribed to control seizures, and rarely surgery is necessary if medications are

ineffective.

Because epilepsy is caused by abnormal activity in brain cells,

seizures can affect any process your brain coordinates. A seizure can

produce symptoms such as:

Temporary confusion

A staring spell

Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs

Loss of consciousness or awareness

Psychic symptoms


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Symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure. In most cases, a

person with epilepsy will tend to have the same type of seizure each

time, so the symptoms will be similar from episode to episode.

Doctors generally classify seizures as either focal or generalized,

based on how the abnormal brain activity begins.

Meningitis

Meningitisis inflammation of the lining around thebrainand spinal cord. It is usually

caused by an infection.

The infection occurs most often in children,teens,and young adults. Also at risk are

older adults and people who have long-term health problems, such as a

weakenedimmune system.

There are two main kinds of meningitis:
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Viral meningitis is fairly common. It usually doesn't cause serious illness. In severe

cases, it can cause prolonged fever andseizures.

Bacterial meningitis isn't as common, but it's very serious. It needs to be treated

right away to preventbrain damageand death.

Viral meningitis is caused by viruses. Bacterial meningitis is caused by bacteria.

Meningitis can also be caused by other organisms and some medicines, but this is

rare.

Meningitis is contagious. The germs that cause it can be passed from one person to

another through coughing and sneezing and through close contact.

The most common symptoms among teens and young adults are:

A stiff and painful neck, especially when you try to touch your chin to your chest.

Fever.

Headache.

Vomiting.

Trouble staying awake.

Seizures.

Cerebral palsy
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Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder that affects muscle tone, movement, and motor skills (the

ability to move in a coordinated and purposeful way). CP is usually caused by brain damage

that occurs before or during a child's birth, or during the first 3 to 5 years of a child's life.

The three types of CP are:

1. spastic cerebral palsycauses stiffness and movement difficulties

2. athetoid cerebral palsyleads to involuntary and uncontrolled movements

3. ataxic cerebral palsycauses a disturbed sense of balance and depth perception

Causes of Cerebral Palsy

The exact causes of most cases of CP are unknown, but many are the result of problems

during pregnancy in which the brain is either damaged or doesn't develop normally. This can

be due to infections, maternal health problems, a genetic disorder, or something else thatinterferes with normal brain development. Problems during labor and delivery can cause CP in

some cases. but this is the exception.

Premature babiesparticularly those who weigh less than 3.3 pounds (1,510 grams)have a

higher risk of CP than babies that are carried full-term, as are other low birth weight babies

and multiple births, such as twins and triplets.

Brain damage in infancy or early childhood can also lead to CP. A baby or toddler might suffer

this damage because oflead poisoning,bacterialmeningitis,malnutrition,being shaken as an

infant (shaken baby syndrome), or being in a car accident while not properly restrained.

Brain Tumor
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A brain tumor or intracranial neoplasm occurs when abnormal cells

form within thebrain.[1]There are two main types of tumors: malignant

orcanceroustumors andbenigntumors.[1]Cancerous tumors can be

divided intoprimary tumorsthat started within the brain and those

that spread from somewhere else known asbrain

metastasistumors.[2]All types of brain tumors may produce symptoms

that vary depending on the part of the brain involved.[1]These may

includeheadaches,seizures,problem withvision,vomiting,and mental

changes.[2]The headache is classically worst in the morning and goes

away with vomiting.[1]More specific problems may include difficulty in

walking, speaking and with sensation. As the disease

progressesunconsciousnessmay occur.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014MD-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014MD-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014MD-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headacheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headacheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014MD-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014MD-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014MD-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014MD-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headacheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014MD-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain


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Polio

Polio is a contagious viral illness that in its most severe form causes

paralysis, difficulty breathing and sometimes death.

In the U.S., the last case of naturally occurring polio happened in 1979.

Today, despite a concerted global eradication campaign, poliovirus

continues to affect children and adults in Afghanistan, Pakistan and

some African countries.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises takingprecautions to protect against polio if you're traveling anywhere

there's a risk of polio.

If you're a previously vaccinated adult who plans to travel to an area

where polio is occurring, you should receive a booster dose of

inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). Immunity after a booster dose

lasts a lifetime.


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Encephalitis

Encephalitis (fromAncient Greek,enkphalosbrain,[1]composed of

,en, in and ,kephal, head, andthe medical suffix -

itisinflammation) is anacuteinflammationof thebrain.Encephalitis

withmeningitisis known asmeningoencephalitis.Symptoms

includeheadache,fever,confusion,drowsiness,andfatigue.More advanced and

serious symptoms includeseizuresorconvulsions,tremors,hallucinations,

andmemory problems.

Signs and symptoms

Adult patients with encephalitis present with acute onset of fever, headache,

confusion, and sometimes seizures. Younger children or infants may present

irritability, poor appetite and fever.[citation needed]Neurological examinations

usually reveal a drowsy or confused patient. Stiff neck, due to the irritation of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningoencephalitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningoencephalitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowsinesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowsinesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowsinesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowsinesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningoencephalitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek


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the meninges covering the brain, indicates that the Patient has either meningitis

or meningoencephalitis.

Treatment

Treatment is usuallysymptomatic.Reliably tested specific antiviral agents are

few in number (e.g.acyclovirforherpes simplex virus)and are used with limited

success in treatment of viral infection, with the exception of herpes simplex

encephalitis. In patients who are very sick, supportive treatment, such as

mechanical ventilation, is equally important. Corticosteroids

(e.g.,methylprednisolone)are used to reduce brain swelling and inflammation.

Sedatives may be needed for irritability or restlessness.

For Mycoplasmainfection,parenteraltetracyclineis given. Encephalitis due

to Toxoplasmais treated by giving a combination

ofpyrimethamineandsulphadimidine

Paralysis

Paralysis is the loss of muscle function in part of your body. It happens when

something goes wrong with the way messages pass between your brain and

muscles. Paralysis can be complete or partial. It can occur on one or both sides of

your body. It can also occur in just one area, or it can be widespread. Paralysis of the

lower half of your body, including both legs, is called paraplegia. Paralysis of the

arms and legs is quadriplegia.
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Most paralysis is due tostrokesor injuries such asspinal cord injuryor a broken

neck. Other causes of paralysis include

Nerve diseases such asamyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Autoimmune diseases such asGuillain-Barre syndrome

Bell's palsy,which affects muscles in the face

Polioused to be a cause of paralysis, but polio no longer occurs in the U.S.

Amnesia

Amnesia refers to the loss of memories, such as facts,

information and experiences. Though having no sense of

who you are is a common plot device in movies and
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television, real-life amnesia generally doesn't cause a loss of

self-identity.

Instead, people with amnesia also called amnestic

syndrome are usually lucid and know who they are, butmay have trouble learning new information and forming new

memories.

Amnesia can be caused by damage to areas of the brain that

are vital for memory processing. Unlike a temporary episode

of memory loss (transient global amnesia), amnesia can be

permanent.

There's no specific treatment for amnesia, but techniquesfor enhancing memory and psychological support can help

people with amnesia and their families cope.


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Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known in medical literatureas Alzheimer disease, is the most common form ofdementia.There is

no cure for the disease, whichworsens as it progresses, and

eventually leads to death. It was first described by German

psychiatrist and neuropathologistAlois Alzheimerin 1906 and was

named after him.[1]Most often, AD is diagnosed in people over 65 years

of age,[2]although the less-prevalentearly-onset Alzheimer'scan occur

much earlier. In 2006, there were 26.6 million people worldwide with

AD. Alzheimer's is predicted to affect 1 in 85 people globally by 2050.
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Documents

Disorder of Heart Diseases