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Diseases of Conifers UTAH PESTS InService Training: Ornamental and Turf Pest Management February 34, Provo, UT Marion Murray

Diseases of Conifers - USU

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Page 1: Diseases of Conifers - USU

Diseases of ConifersUTAH PESTS In‐Service Training:  Ornamental and Turf Pest Management

February 3‐4, Provo, UT

Marion Murray

Page 2: Diseases of Conifers - USU

Conifer disease samples b d lsubmitted to plant pest 

diagnostic lab:

12% biotic

Page 3: Diseases of Conifers - USU

Common conifers in the landscape

juniper:  Rocky Mountain, Utah, Chinesej p y , ,

spruce:  blue, Engelmann , white, Norway

fir:  white, subalpine

i      hi  A i  l d l   d  pine:  western white, Austrian, lodgepole, ponderosa, pinyon, Scotch

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Foliar DiseasesFoliar Diseases

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Foliage diseases of conifers

On conifers, called “needle casts”

Foliar diseases can affect healthy as well as stressed treestrees planted in the wrong site  p gpure and/or dense plantingsyoung vigorous treesh lChristmas tree plantations

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Foliar diseases

Two infection courts for foliage diseasesgDirect penetration of cuticle, epidermis

Stomates: fungal mycelium or adaptive parts can find stomates "by feel" 

Page 7: Diseases of Conifers - USU

Red band (Dothistroma septospora)

Has a sexual (perfect) stage:  Mycosphaerella piniIn nature, only the pycnidia are found (imperfect stage)

Hosts:  ponderosa, Austrian, pinyon (20 pine species)

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Dothistroma symptoms

• red bands around needles

• brown needles that • brown needles that are green at the base

• needles that eed es t atappear to have a “burnt” tip

• needle drop

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Dothistroma management

Remove fallen needles

Plant resistant species (Scotch pine, 5‐needled pines, lodgepole pine  etc )lodgepole pine, etc.)

Chemical:  one application in June covering all needles pp g(fixed copper, Bordeaux mixture)

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Spruce needle cast (Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii)

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Spruce needle cast

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Spruce needle cast management

Remove as many fallen needles as possibley p

Apply fungicide as preventative starting when new needles are half developedare half developed

Bordeaux mixturechlorothalonil

Page 14: Diseases of Conifers - USU

Elytroderma needle cast  (Elytroderma deformans)

Hosts:  ponderosa pinep p

Symptoms:  red‐brown needles with green bases

witches’ brooms

Page 15: Diseases of Conifers - USU

Elytroderma

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Stem/Twig DiseasesStem/Twig Diseases

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Rusts

Basidiomycetey

Rusts are unique many need an alternate host to complete life cyclemany need an alternate host to complete life cyclecan have up to 5 different spore typesbiotrophspobligate parasites

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Life strategies of plant pathogens

PARASITISM SAPROPHYTISMSAPROPHYTISM

OBLIGATEPARASITE

parasite 

FACULTATIVEPARASITE

saprophyte  

FACULTATIVESAPROPHYTE

parasite  

OBLIGATESAPROPHYTE

saprophyte E parasite only

saprophyte, but parasite occasionally

parasite, but saprophyte occasionally

saprophyte only

EXAMPPLES

RUSTSPOWDERY MILDEW

MOST ROOT ROTS

WOOD DECAY FUNGI

YEASTSMOLDS

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Spruce broom rust (Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli)

Alternate host is bearberry (Arctostaphylos urva‐ursi)  y ( p y )

Causes brooms to form due to prolific, short twigs

Brooms loose needles in fall; refoliate; may die but rarely result in tree mortality

Hosts:  mostly Engelmann spruce, but also Norway, red, white, Sitka

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Spruce broom rust

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Spruce broom rust

Sporulates in summerp(aecia)

Wi d d  i  d li  Wind and rain deliver to alternate host

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Only management option is cultural:  prune

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Juniper broom rust (Gymnosporangium sp.)

Hosts:  Utah and Rocky yMountain junipers

Symptoms:  witches broom

Al  h    i b  Alternate hosts:  serviceberry, hawthorn, mountain‐ash

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Juniper broom rust 

Infections on juniper j poccur in fall (windborne)

Juniper sporulates in late springlate spring

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Management:  pruning 

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Western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii)

One of the few rusts with no alternate host alternate host (autoecious)

Hosts:  lodgepole, ponderosa, mugo, Scotch

lethal to seedlings; older trees tolerate damagetrees tolerate damage

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Western gall rust

Succulent stems most susceptiblesusceptible

Spores released in spring; moisture spring; moisture needed for infection

G ll   i    Galls survive many years

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Management:  pruning

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Pinyon blister rust (Cronartium occidentale)

Native pathogen of pinyon pinesp y p

Alternate host is Ribes sp.

Symptoms:

• galls

• cankers

• pitch masses

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Pinyon blister rust (Cronartium occidentale)

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Pinyon blister rust

Infections on pine occur in fall; pine sporulates in fall; pine sporulates in spring

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Management:  pruning

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Cytospora canker (Cytospora sp.)

Cankers:  localized bark/cambium necrosis stems, branches or twigs

sunken  discolored  with callus tissuesunken, discolored, with callus tissue

infections occur through wounds, branch stubs:  facultative parasiteparasite

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Cytospora canker

Most common canker onconifersconifers

Facultative parasitep

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Canker management

Managementprevent woundingprevent wounding

maintain tree health with optimal watering and fertilization

remove all dead or diseased branches and limbs

if canker is on main stem and small and new, cut diseased tissue away with sterile toolsy

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Root RotsRoot Rots

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Crown and collar rot (Phytophthora sp.)

P. cactorum, P. megasperma, P. cambivora, and others

Hosts:  most conifers; junipers

S t    d d  i  l f di l ti   ll f it  Symptoms:  reduced vigor, leaf discoloration, small fruit, oozing cankers at the base of the tree, discolored inner bark, death

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Phytophthora

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Phytophthora life cycle

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Phytophthora management

Prevent overwatering

Make sure soil is well‐drained

F i idFungicidesAgri‐Fos, Fosphite, Phostrol:  foliar or drench

l G f l ( b h l )Aliette WDG:  foliar; (non‐bearing cherry trees only)

Ridomil (metalaxyl) soil drench around on entire root zone

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Armillaria root rot (Armillaria ostoyae)

Hosts:  hundreds of species; most conifers 

Symptoms:  off‐color or brown foliage, stunted growth, i h  i  f  b   f   ( if )   k  pitch oozing from base of tree (conifers), sunken 

cankers covered with loose bark (hardwoods); dieback, death

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Armillaria rhizomorphs

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Armillaria mycelial fan

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Armillaria honey mushrooms

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Armillaria honey mushrooms on hardwood tree

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Armillaria management

Prevention is best tactic:K  t  h lthKeep trees healthy

Avoid over‐irrigating

If trees are infested, remove soil and bark from base of tree and allow to dry to kill the mycelium

Do not plant in infested sites

Remove infested trees and neighboring treesRemove infested trees and neighboring trees

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Schweinitzii crown rot (Phaelous schweinitzii)

Hosts:  all conifers

Symptoms:  few (decline) to none

Decay fungus—leads to brown rot of heartwoodbrown rot of heartwood

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Schweinitzii crown rot

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Black stain (Leptographium wageneri)

hosts:  lodgepole, ponderosa, pinyon, Douglas‐fir, white fir, g p , p , p y , g , ,western white pine

spreads via root to root contact, or by root feeding weevils or bark beetles

can be a problem in disturbed sites and/or on stressed trees

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Black stain 

a wilt disease; fungi clog xylem fungi clog xylem vessels

staining caused by hyphae and discoloration of tracheid cells

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Black stain hyphae in xylem

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Black stain

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Diseases to Watch Diseases to Watch 

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Pine wilt

Caused by the native pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) 

Transmitted by pine sawyer beetles (Monochamus) 

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Pine wilt

A native pathogen; primarily a problem on non‐native pines  (Austrian, scotch, Japanese black and red, Swiss stone)

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Thousand cankers disease

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Sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum )

Over 45 susceptible hosts, and 75 associated hosts45 p , 75

Most of the outbreak in central coastal California

Utah bans import of certain hosts from west coast nurseries

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Two distinct diseases

Sudden Oak Death• red oaks, beech, and tanoakred oaks, beech, and tanoak• stem lesions beneath the bark girdle and kill tree• cankers often bleed or ooze

 kill  d lt t• can kill adult trees

Ramorum blightg• non‐oak hosts• spots and blotches on leaves & shoot die back• can kill juvenile plants  usually not lethal for mature • can kill juvenile plants, usually not lethal for mature plants

• spreads the disease

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Sudden oak death

Risk of sudden oak death based on P. ramorum climate matching and hardwood forest density in the USA

Risk Group III

Risk Group II

Risk Group I

Page 65: Diseases of Conifers - USU

Leaf Drop/Scorch/Bacterial Disease of Chitalpa

Desert willow (Chilopsis sp.) x southern catalpa (Catalpa sp )(Catalpa sp.)

zone 6‐8

Page 66: Diseases of Conifers - USU

Leaf Drop/Scorch/Bacterial Disease of Chitalpa

Possible cause:  Xylella fastidiosa; if Possible cause:  Xylella fastidiosa; if not, abiotic causes

Symptoms:  typical leaf scorch and spotting in mid‐summerleaf drop and refoliationleaf drop and refoliationyellowingdieback, decline

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Leaf Drop/Scorch/Bacterial Disease of Chitalpa

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Leaf Drop/Scorch/Bacterial Disease of Chitalpa

Very little to be done; antibiotics do not helpy ; p

Provide optimal watering—not too much

Heavy pruning each year before bud break can improve life span of tree