1) Diseases caused by Helminthes:Overview1. Types:I. Flat worms/ PlatyhelminthsII. Round Worms/ Nematodes

2. Different diseases cause: Causative Agent/ Etiology Mode of transmission/Epidemiology: Signs and symptoms Preventive measures Treatment

Lymphatic Filariasis/Elephantiasis:Causative Agent/ EtiologyIt is caused by thread-like parasitic worms likeWuchereria a

bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. Timori. all of which are transmitted by mosquitoes.

Mode of transmission/Epidemiology: Transmitted by mosquitoes' bites like Culex, Aedes, and

Anopheles species.Signs and Symptoms: enlargement of the arms, legs, or genitals to elephantoid size. kidney damage

Preventive measures:As with malaria, the most effective method of controlling the spread of W.bancrofti and B.malayi is to avoid mosquito bitesSleep under a bed netWear long sleeves and trousersUse mosquitoes repellent, especially at night.Improved and proper sanitation and environmental management

Treatment:Maintaining careful hygiene in the infected persons to reduce the incidence and spread of secondary infectionsAnti-filariasis medicines like Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)

reduces microfilariae concentrations kills adult worms

Albendazole kills adult worms

Ivermectin kills the microfilariae produced by adult worms

Hookworms and diseasesCausative Agent/ EtiologyIt is caused by roundworms Necator americanus and A duodenale.Soil contaminated with human faeces.

Mode of transmission/EpidemiologyHookworm transmission occurs by skin contact with infective third-stage larvae that have the ability to penetrate through the skin, mainly via hands, feet, arms, or legs.Then larvae are carried through the veins to the heart and then to the lungs. They penetrate into the pulmonary alveoli, ascend the bronchial tree to the pharynx, and are swallowed. The larvae reach the small intestine, where they reside and mature into adults. Adult worms live in the lumen of the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal wall with resultant blood loss by the host- Anemia.

Diseases cause by Hookworms:

Hookworm disease are primarily referred to the iron-deficiency

anaemia with reduced host haemoglobin.

In children, chronic hookworm infection has been shown to

impair physical and intellectual development, reduce school

performance and attendance, and adversely affect future

productivity and wage-earning potential.

Signs and symptoms:Easy fatigue and loss of energyUnusually rapid heart beat, particularly with exerciseShortness of breath and headache, particularly with exerciseDifficulty concentratingDizzinessPale skinLeg crampsInsomnia

Preventive measures:Educational campaigns about the proper use of latrinesSanitary disposal of human fecesWearing any footwear may also be useful and helpful

Treatment:Medications like albendazole, mebendazole, and pyrantel pamoate all are effective treatments anti-hookworm vaccine have also used to killed the larvae in infective larvae in stage three.

Pinworms and diseases:Causative Agent/ EtiologyEnterobius vermicularis-roundworm.

Mode of transmission/EpidemiologyEgg transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route either directly

or indirectly via contaminated hands or fomites such as shared

toys, bedding, clothing, toilet seats, and baths. Signs and symptoms: