DISEASES AND DISASTERS IN 21st CENTURY

8/7/2019 DISEASES AND DISASTERS IN 21st CENTURY

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DISEASES AND DISASTERS INDISEASES AND DISASTERS IN2121 stst CENTURYCENTURY

BY: Tarkeshwar Thakur





SWINE FLUSWINE FLUS wine FluS wine Flu (also called(also called H1N1H1N1 flu,flu, influenzainfluenza , hog flu,and pig flu), hog flu,and pig flu)is an infection by any one of several types of is an infection by any one of several types of swine fluswine flu virus.virus.S wine flu virus ( SIV ) is any strain of the influenza family of S wine flu virus ( SIV ) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. S wine flu is an infectionviruses that is endemic in pigs. S wine flu is an infectioncaused by a virus. I t¶s named for a virus that pigs can get.caused by a virus. I t¶s named for a virus that pigs can get.People do not normally get swine flu, but human infectionsPeople do not normally get swine flu, but human infectionscan and do happen. The virus is contagious and can spreadcan and do happen. The virus is contagious and can spreadfrom human to human.from human to human.Recently H1N1 S wine Flu hitting the entire world. People withRecently H1N1 S wine Flu hitting the entire world. People withregular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine fluregular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine fluinfection. The meat of an infected animal poses no risk of infection. The meat of an infected animal poses no risk of infection when properly cooked.infection when properly cooked.



S wine flu can spreads from person to person (like a normalS wine flu can spreads from person to person (like a normalflu) through touching something with flu virus on it ( fromflu) through touching something with flu virus on it ( from

droplets from a cough or sneeze) and then touching your droplets from a cough or sneeze) and then touching your mouth or nose. S o,mouth or nose. S o, personal health carepersonal health care is very important tois very important toprevent S wine flu or other prevent S wine flu or other common diseasescommon diseases ..

Sign and symptoms of Swine Flu:Sign and symptoms of Swine Flu:I ts similar to symptoms of regular human flu and includesI ts similar to symptoms of regular human flu and includes- -

*Fever *Fever *Body aches*Body aches*Cough and sore throat*Cough and sore throat*Headache*Headache*Fatigue*Fatigue*Chills*Chills



Wh at can we do to protect ourself from getting sick?Wh at can we do to protect ourself from getting sick?*Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or *Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or

sneeze and throw away the tissue in the dustbin after you usesneeze and throw away the tissue in the dustbin after you useit.it.*Wash your hand often with soap and water, especially after your *Wash your hand often with soap and water, especially after your

cough or sneeze. Alcohol based hand cleaners are alsocough or sneeze. Alcohol based hand cleaners are alsoeffective.effective.

*Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this*Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread thisway.way.

*Try to avoid close contact with sick people.*Try to avoid close contact with sick people.*I f you get sick with influenza, it is recommended to stay home*I f you get sick with influenza, it is recommended to stay home

from work and limit contact with others to keep from infectingfrom work and limit contact with others to keep from infectingthem.them.

What should you do if you get sick?What should you do if you get sick?*if you live in areas where swine flu cases have been identified*if you live in areas where swine flu cases have been identifiedand become ill with flu like symptoms, contact your doctor.and become ill with flu like symptoms, contact your doctor.The doctor will determine if fluThe doctor will determine if flu- -testing or treatment is needed.testing or treatment is needed.

*I f you become ill and experience any of the following seek *I f you become ill and experience any of the following seek

emergency medical care:emergency medical care:



Infectious Diseases in t h e 21st CenturyInfectious Diseases in t h e 21st Century

Infectious diseases have always caused illness and death, butInfectious diseases have always caused illness and death, butin the last decade, the Institute of Medicine ( IO M) has noticedin the last decade, the Institute of Medicine ( IO M) has noticeda disturbing trend: The number of new infectious agents hasa disturbing trend: The number of new infectious agents has

been on the rise. These include the West Nile virus, monkeybeen on the rise. These include the West Nile virus, monkeypox and hantaviruspox and hantavirus

In addition, diseases once thought to be nearly wiped out, suchIn addition, diseases once thought to be nearly wiped out, such

as measles, mumps, pertussis and malaria, have reappeared.as measles, mumps, pertussis and malaria, have reappeared.The spread of sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis,The spread of sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis,once slowed, now appears to be accelerating again.once slowed, now appears to be accelerating again.



According to the IO M, there are several reasons for this trend,According to the IO M, there are several reasons for this trend,but the prime reason is a change in our way of life. Here arebut the prime reason is a change in our way of life. Here areways that the world in the 21st century has changed, making itways that the world in the 21st century has changed, making iteasier for humans and microbes to meet:easier for humans and microbes to meet:

Microbes by nature adapt to their environment and rapidlyMicrobes by nature adapt to their environment and rapidlyevolve. This makes it more difficult to create vaccines and canevolve. This makes it more difficult to create vaccines and canlead microbes to develop resistance to treatments. Careless uselead microbes to develop resistance to treatments. Careless use

of antibiotics, a widespread problem in the United S tates, alsoof antibiotics, a widespread problem in the United S tates, alsoallows microbes to develop resistance.allows microbes to develop resistance.People become more susceptible to infection when their body'sPeople become more susceptible to infection when their body'sdefense mechanisms are weakened. This can be caused bydefense mechanisms are weakened. This can be caused bygenetically inherited traits, other diseases and malnutrition.genetically inherited traits, other diseases and malnutrition.

Climate and weather also affect people's exposure to disease.Climate and weather also affect people's exposure to disease.

The warming of t he world's climat e means t hat dis eas esThe warming of t he world's climat e means t hat dis eas essuc h as malaria t hat have not b ee n common in t he suc h as malaria t hat have not b ee n common in t he Unit ed Stat es will b ecom e mor e freq uent Unit ed Stat es will b ecom e mor e freq uent



Population growth increases the spread of infectious disease asPopulation growth increases the spread of infectious disease aspeople come in closer contact with one another.people come in closer contact with one another.

Behaviors such as illegal drug use, tattooing and body piercingBehaviors such as illegal drug use, tattooing and body piercingincrease the possible exposure to diseases.increase the possible exposure to diseases.Growth of medical technology, such as blood transfusions andGrowth of medical technology, such as blood transfusions andorgan transplants, has created new paths for the spread of organ transplants, has created new paths for the spread of

infections.infections.



Experts say slowing aging is way to fig h t diseasesExperts say slowing aging is way to fig h t diseasesin 21in 21 stst centurycenturyA group of aging experts from the United S tates and the UnitedA group of aging experts from the United S tates and the UnitedKingdom suggest that the best strategy for preventing andKingdom suggest that the best strategy for preventing andfighting a multitude of diseases is to focus on slowing thefighting a multitude of diseases is to focus on slowing thebiological processes of aging.biological processes of aging.

"The traditional medical approach of attacking individual"The traditional medical approach of attacking individualdiseasesdiseases ---- cancer, diabetes, heart diseasecancer, diabetes, heart disease-- -- will soon becomewill soon becomeless effective if we do not determine how all of these diseasesless effective if we do not determine how all of these diseaseseither interact or share common mechanisms with aging,"either interact or share common mechanisms with aging,"

Further research in laboratory models is expected to provide cluesFurther research in laboratory models is expected to provide cluesand deeper understanding of how existing interventions, suchand deeper understanding of how existing interventions, suchas exercise and good nutrition, may lead to lifelong wellas exercise and good nutrition, may lead to lifelong well- -being.being.



Disaster Health ManagementDisaster Health Management



The 21st century faced new challenges of natural disasters;The 21st century faced new challenges of natural disasters;climate changes cause death and diseases through extremeclimate changes cause death and diseases through extreme

weather such as heat waves, floods and draughts. The S outhweather such as heat waves, floods and draughts. The S outh--East Asia Region is prone to the effects of climate changeEast Asia Region is prone to the effects of climate changewhereby tornados and floods render many homeless andwhereby tornados and floods render many homeless andvulnerable to epidemic outbreaks of cholera and diarrheavulnerable to epidemic outbreaks of cholera and diarrhea

diseases. Droughts predispose populations to famine anddiseases. Droughts predispose populations to famine andmalnutrition due to scarcity of water and food.malnutrition due to scarcity of water and food.Normally, Myanmar enjoys pleasant weather of summer, rainyNormally, Myanmar enjoys pleasant weather of summer, rainyand winter seasons. For many decades, Myanmar had beenand winter seasons. For many decades, Myanmar had beenspared of national disasters. The Tsunami of 2004 affectedspared of national disasters. The Tsunami of 2004 affectedonly a few villages in the coastal area and the loss andonly a few villages in the coastal area and the loss anddamages were minimal compared to other affected areas suchdamages were minimal compared to other affected areas suchas S ri Lanka and Thailand.as S ri Lanka and Thailand.



An Effective Early Warning S ystem for the 21st CenturyAn Effective Early Warning S ystem for the 21st Century

"The time has come to create an effective earlywarning system for disasters"



S pecific Necessary Elements are required to meet the PrimeS pecific Necessary Elements are required to meet the PrimeDirective for an effective Early Warning S ystem.Directive for an effective Early Warning S ystem.

All of these elements must be in place and work inAll of these elements must be in place and work incombination;combination;The primary delivery method for warning signals must beThe primary delivery method for warning signals must be

wireless (R/F), point to multipoint.wireless (R/F), point to multipoint.Transmission of early warnings must be done by the mostTransmission of early warnings must be done by the mostreliable method possible during disasters.reliable method possible during disasters.Landlines (Public S witched Network) do not have real timeLandlines (Public S witched Network) do not have real time

capacity or robustness required for directed real time warningscapacity or robustness required for directed real time warningsto large numbers of users during disasters.to large numbers of users during disasters.I nternet related (Ethernet) systems are subject to overload,I nternet related (Ethernet) systems are subject to overload,

power failures, and significant latency (delays) duringpower failures, and significant latency (delays) duringdisasters.disasters.



Receiving devices must be always capable of receiving earlyReceiving devices must be always capable of receiving earlywarning transmissions.warning transmissions.Receiving devices must always be capable of receiving aReceiving devices must always be capable of receiving a

signal to initiate immediate mitigation response.signal to initiate immediate mitigation response.R/F signal must have priority access over other transmissionsR/F signal must have priority access over other transmissionswith priority overrides and short burst packets.with priority overrides and short burst packets.Receivers must have battery power capability during times of Receivers must have battery power capability during times of power interruptions.power interruptions.

S ystem must include a wide variety of receiving devices capableS ystem must include a wide variety of receiving devices capableof generating both human and automated responses.of generating both human and automated responses.Different disasters require different levels and types of Different disasters require different levels and types of responses.responses.

S ome disasters such as earthquakes have very short warningS ome disasters such as earthquakes have very short warningtimes requiring completely automated responses betweentimes requiring completely automated responses betweensensors, activators, and a hierarchy of controlling computers.sensors, activators, and a hierarchy of controlling computers.Human responses need to be backed up when humanHuman responses need to be backed up when humanresponses are not available, reliable, or effective. E.g. peopleresponses are not available, reliable, or effective. E.g. peoplesleep, may be unavailable, forget responses, or simply ignoresleep, may be unavailable, forget responses, or simply ignorewarnings.warnings.



S ystem must eliminate false or failed warnings.S ystem must eliminate false or failed warnings.Elimination of false warnings maximizes authenticity of Elimination of false warnings maximizes authenticity of

warnings when received.warnings when received.Effective warnings require those warned to have a high degreeEffective warnings require those warned to have a high degreeof belief that their life and/or property are in danger so thatof belief that their life and/or property are in danger so thatwarnings are not ignored. When warned, they respond.warnings are not ignored. When warned, they respond.

Warnings must be sent only to those users in actual danger Warnings must be sent only to those users in actual danger from a disaster event in progress.from a disaster event in progress.







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DISEASES AND DISASTERS IN 21st CENTURY