Discrimination in the New Discrimination in the New SouthSouth

November 4, 2013November 4, 2013

Since the Civil War…Since the Civil War…

African-Americans had been given a African-Americans had been given a number of rights, including citizenship, number of rights, including citizenship, freedom, and the right to vote for menfreedom, and the right to vote for men

However, many things remained the same However, many things remained the same in terms of how they were treatedin terms of how they were treated

Other groups, including Jews, Catholics, Other groups, including Jews, Catholics, and other races also experienced and other races also experienced discrimination in the New Southdiscrimination in the New South

1906 Atlanta Race Riot1906 Atlanta Race Riot

There were many factors that led up to the riot in There were many factors that led up to the riot in 1906, but the ultimate cause that sparked the 1906, but the ultimate cause that sparked the action was a false story on September 21 in a action was a false story on September 21 in a local newspaper that told of black assaults on local newspaper that told of black assaults on whiteswhitesA crowd of over 5,000 whites and blacks A crowd of over 5,000 whites and blacks gathered in Decatur Street when the tension gathered in Decatur Street when the tension broke and the attacks became realbroke and the attacks became realThe riot lasted two days, with the military having The riot lasted two days, with the military having to come in and restore orderto come in and restore orderWhen it was over, 18 African-Americans and 3 When it was over, 18 African-Americans and 3 whites were dead, and hundreds were injuredwhites were dead, and hundreds were injured

The 1906 Atlanta Race RiotThe 1906 Atlanta Race Riot

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws

These were passed in some version in many These were passed in some version in many parts of the countryparts of the country

They established “separate but equal” facilities They established “separate but equal” facilities for whites and blacksfor whites and blacks

Although the facilities were “separate”, they were Although the facilities were “separate”, they were rarely “equal”rarely “equal”

In 1889, Georgia’s Congress In 1889, Georgia’s Congress segregatedsegregated (separated by race) many public places, such as (separated by race) many public places, such as theaters, water fountains, and restroomstheaters, water fountains, and restrooms

““Separate but Equal”??Separate but Equal”??

Testing Jim CrowTesting Jim Crow

In 1892, Homer Plessy bought a train In 1892, Homer Plessy bought a train ticket in Louisiana. He was 7/8 white and ticket in Louisiana. He was 7/8 white and 1/8 black, so he sat in the “whites only” car1/8 black, so he sat in the “whites only” car

He refused to move when asked, and was He refused to move when asked, and was arrested because Jim Crow laws required arrested because Jim Crow laws required “separate but equal” railroad cars on trains“separate but equal” railroad cars on trains

Plessy staged the incident to test the Plessy staged the incident to test the constitutionality of Jim Crow lawsconstitutionality of Jim Crow laws

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

The case made it to the U.S. Supreme The case made it to the U.S. Supreme Court, which upheld Jim Crow laws by a 7-Court, which upheld Jim Crow laws by a 7-1 vote1 voteThis case gave states the right to control This case gave states the right to control social discrimination and to promote social discrimination and to promote segregationsegregationThroughout the South, laws were passed Throughout the South, laws were passed that segregated many public facilities, that segregated many public facilities, including schoolsincluding schools

DisenfranchisementDisenfranchisement

The 15The 15thth Amendment granted black men the Amendment granted black men the right to voteright to voteHowever, more and more of these men found However, more and more of these men found themselves being denied their voting rights in themselves being denied their voting rights in many southern states, including Georgiamany southern states, including GeorgiaDisenfranchisementDisenfranchisement means to deprive a means to deprive a person of the right to vote or other rights of person of the right to vote or other rights of citizenshipcitizenshipThere were 3 major types of There were 3 major types of disenfranchisement in Georgiadisenfranchisement in Georgia

Disenfranchisement in Georgia – Disenfranchisement in Georgia – The Grandfather ClauseThe Grandfather Clause

In 1908, Georgia passed a grandfather In 1908, Georgia passed a grandfather clauseclause– It stated that only men whose fathers and It stated that only men whose fathers and

grandfathers had been eligible to vote in 1867 grandfathers had been eligible to vote in 1867 could vote could vote

– Because very few African-Americans were Because very few African-Americans were eligible to vote in 1867, this kept many from eligible to vote in 1867, this kept many from votingvoting

Those that did manage to pass the Those that did manage to pass the standards of the grandfather clause faced standards of the grandfather clause faced other issuesother issues

Disenfranchisement in Georgia – Disenfranchisement in Georgia – The Poll Tax and Literacy TestsThe Poll Tax and Literacy Tests

Georgia and local areas passed additional Georgia and local areas passed additional qualifications for votingqualifications for voting

Voters had to own property, pay a poll tax Voters had to own property, pay a poll tax (a tax to be able to vote), and pass literacy (a tax to be able to vote), and pass literacy teststests

These tests were not standard, so the poll These tests were not standard, so the poll worker could ask any question they worker could ask any question they wanted to try and stump the voterwanted to try and stump the voter

Disenfranchisement in Georgia - Disenfranchisement in Georgia - GerrymanderingGerrymandering

Southern politicians also used Southern politicians also used gerrymandering to prevent African-gerrymandering to prevent African-Americans from votingAmericans from votingGerrymanderingGerrymandering means to draw election means to draw election district lines in such a way that benefits district lines in such a way that benefits certain groups (racial groups, political certain groups (racial groups, political parties, etc.)parties, etc.)In Georgia, voting districts were drawn to In Georgia, voting districts were drawn to weaken African-American voting powerweaken African-American voting power

Leo FrankLeo Frank

African-Americans were not the only group African-Americans were not the only group being discriminated againstbeing discriminated against

Leo Frank was a 29-year old Jewish man Leo Frank was a 29-year old Jewish man who was the manager at the National who was the manager at the National Pencil Company in AtlantaPencil Company in Atlanta

On April 26, 1913, he was charged with On April 26, 1913, he was charged with the murder of Mary Phagan, a 14-year old the murder of Mary Phagan, a 14-year old employeeemployee

Leo Frank’s TrialLeo Frank’s Trial

Frank’s trial was one of the most debated in Frank’s trial was one of the most debated in Georgia’s historyGeorgia’s history

The main witness was Jim Conley, who was an The main witness was Jim Conley, who was an African-American and the janitor at the factoryAfrican-American and the janitor at the factory

Conley was also a suspect, but many people Conley was also a suspect, but many people disliked Jews, so they listened to what he had to disliked Jews, so they listened to what he had to saysay

Although there was little evidence, Frank was Although there was little evidence, Frank was convicted and sentenced to deathconvicted and sentenced to death

The Death of Leo FrankThe Death of Leo Frank

Frank’s lawyers appealed the case, and Frank’s lawyers appealed the case, and the governor changed Frank’s sentence to the governor changed Frank’s sentence to life in prisonlife in prison

Two months after the change, 25 armed Two months after the change, 25 armed men broke into the prison, kidnapped men broke into the prison, kidnapped Frank, drove to Marietta (where Mary Frank, drove to Marietta (where Mary Phagan was from), and hanged Frank Phagan was from), and hanged Frank from a treefrom a tree

The Rebirth of the Ku Klux KlanThe Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan

In July 1915, the KKK received a charter In July 1915, the KKK received a charter from the Fulton County Superior Courtfrom the Fulton County Superior Court

On Thanksgiving night, 1915, 35 men On Thanksgiving night, 1915, 35 men climbed to the top of Stone Mountain, lit climbed to the top of Stone Mountain, lit torches, and circled a burning crosstorches, and circled a burning cross

The group, which called themselves the The group, which called themselves the Knights of Mary Phagan, signaled the Knights of Mary Phagan, signaled the rebirth of the Klan in Georgiarebirth of the Klan in Georgia

Fighting Discrimination in the New Fighting Discrimination in the New South South

The New South period showcased many The New South period showcased many of the great civil rights leaders in historyof the great civil rights leaders in historyThe list is long, but the most famous The list is long, but the most famous include Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. include Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope, DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope, and Alonzo Herndonand Alonzo HerndonIn their own way, each of these people In their own way, each of these people overcame discrimination and fought for overcame discrimination and fought for civil rights for African-Americanscivil rights for African-Americans

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

Washington believed that economic Washington believed that economic independence was the only road to social and independence was the only road to social and political equalitypolitical equality

He spoke across the U.S. and Europe, but gave He spoke across the U.S. and Europe, but gave his most famous speech at the International his most famous speech at the International Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta in 1895Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta in 1895

The speech, known as the Atlanta Compromise The speech, known as the Atlanta Compromise Speech, proposed that blacks and whites should Speech, proposed that blacks and whites should agree to benefit from each other economicallyagree to benefit from each other economically

W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois

DuBois did not agree with WashingtonDuBois did not agree with WashingtonHe believed that truth and knowledge would help He believed that truth and knowledge would help different races understand and accept each different races understand and accept each otherotherHe wanted social and political integration, as He wanted social and political integration, as well as higher education for African-Americanswell as higher education for African-AmericansHe thought that Washington wasn’t pushing hard He thought that Washington wasn’t pushing hard enough and thought that just waiting for enough and thought that just waiting for economic success wouldn’t help African-economic success wouldn’t help African-AmericansAmericans

John and Lugenia Burns HopeJohn and Lugenia Burns Hope

John Hope was half-white, but had a black motherJohn Hope was half-white, but had a black motherHe became the first black president of Morehouse He became the first black president of Morehouse CollegeCollegeHe was friends with DuBois and worked to restore order He was friends with DuBois and worked to restore order to the city during and after the 1906 race riotto the city during and after the 1906 race riotHis wife, Lugenia Burns Hope, also helped advance His wife, Lugenia Burns Hope, also helped advance African-Americans by organizing vocational classes, a African-Americans by organizing vocational classes, a health center, and boys and girls clubshealth center, and boys and girls clubsShe started the Neighborhood Union which pushed for She started the Neighborhood Union which pushed for improved roads, lighting, and sanitation in African-improved roads, lighting, and sanitation in African-American neighborhoods of AtlantaAmerican neighborhoods of Atlanta

Alonzo HerndonAlonzo Herndon

Herndon, a former slave, worked hard after Herndon, a former slave, worked hard after emancipation and opened a barber shop in Jonesboroemancipation and opened a barber shop in JonesboroHe moved to Atlanta, and by 1900, had opened 3 new He moved to Atlanta, and by 1900, had opened 3 new shopsshopsHe bought property and soon owned office buildings on He bought property and soon owned office buildings on Auburn AvenueAuburn AvenueHe bought a small insurance business, and hired He bought a small insurance business, and hired African-American college graduates to run itAfrican-American college graduates to run itAfter Herndon died, his son took over, and it grew into After Herndon died, his son took over, and it grew into the Atlanta Life Insurance Companythe Atlanta Life Insurance CompanyToday, Atlanta Life is worth over $200 million and is one Today, Atlanta Life is worth over $200 million and is one of the largest African-American owned businesses in the of the largest African-American owned businesses in the USUS

Questions…Questions…1) Who was being discriminated 1) Who was being discriminated against besides African-Americans against besides African-Americans during the New South period?during the New South period?2) When was the Atlanta Race Riot?2) When was the Atlanta Race Riot?3) What was the ultimate cause of the 3) What was the ultimate cause of the riot?riot?4) What did Jim Crow laws establish?4) What did Jim Crow laws establish?5) How did Homer Plessy decide to 5) How did Homer Plessy decide to “test” Jim Crow laws?“test” Jim Crow laws?6) What did the 6) What did the Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson decision do?decision do?7) What is disenfranchisement?7) What is disenfranchisement?8) What were 3 ways that 8) What were 3 ways that disenfranchisement was accomplished disenfranchisement was accomplished in Georgia?in Georgia?

9) What crime was Leo Frank accused 9) What crime was Leo Frank accused of?of?10) What happened to Frank after his 10) What happened to Frank after his sentence was changed to life?sentence was changed to life?11) What did the Leo Frank case help 11) What did the Leo Frank case help to resurrect?to resurrect?12) What did Booker T. Washington 12) What did Booker T. Washington believe?believe?13) Where did he give one of his most 13) Where did he give one of his most famous speeches?famous speeches?14) What did W.E.B. DuBois believe?14) What did W.E.B. DuBois believe?15) Who was the first black president 15) Who was the first black president of Morehouse College?of Morehouse College?16) How did Lugenia Burns Hope help 16) How did Lugenia Burns Hope help advance African-Americans?advance African-Americans?17) What business did Alonzo 17) What business did Alonzo Herndon start that today is worth over Herndon start that today is worth over $200 million?$200 million?