Discrimination and victimisationchallenges for migrant integration

‘Integration is a dynamic, two-way process of mutual interaction requiring a greater commitment by the

host community and immigrants’ Stockholm Programme

Policy background

Conclusions of April 2010 EU ministerial conference on integration: “Ministers agreed to focus and explore the key aspects of integration as a driver for development and social cohesion by incorporating integration issues in a comprehensive way in all relevant policy fields and by giving particular attention to the following areas: Employment, education and intercultural dialogue”

Policy background

• Stockholm Programme: “The EU must ensure fair treatment of third country nationals who reside legally on the territory of its Member States. A more vigorous integration policy should aim at granting them rights and obligations comparable to those of EU citizens. This should remain an objective of a common immigration policy and should be implemented as soon as possible, and no later than 2014.”

Rights based approach

Rights – holders duty bearers• Traditional focus on ‘duty bearers’ in treaty monitoring

(legislation, policies)• FRA: socio-legal approach examines both the legal and

policy situation and rights holders’ experiences, perceptions and views to establish “how rights are fulfilled in practice on the ground”

• This is done through massive EU-wide surveys

EU-MIDIS

– Roma – Sub-Saharan Africans – Central and Eastern

Europeans

– Turkish – Former Yugoslavians – North Africans – Russian

First EU-wide survey on immigrants experiences of discrimination, criminal victimisation and policing

23,500 migrant/ethnic minority respondents Different groups surveyed across Member States:

5,000 majority population respondents in 10 MS

Largest minority groups (up to 3) surveyed in each MS Self-identified migrant/minority background Respondents: age 16+, in MS at least 1 year Random sample of 500 – 1,500 respondents in each MS Face-to-face interviews 20 to 60 minutes in homes Fieldwork: From May – mid July + Nov 2008

The research

DiscriminationExperiences and Reporting

EmploymentEducationHousing

Health + social servicesConsumer services

General perceptions on discrimination in MS

Rights awareness – complaints

VictimisationExperiences and Reporting

Property crimeAssault and threat

Serious harassment

Corruption

Police stops/contact

Border stops

Respondent Variables

The issues

The findings

• Average one in three respondents experienced at least one incident of discrimination in the past year

• Mostly in employment and in services• Lack of awareness about legislation and services providing

redress, support and advice - ‘access to justice’• Main reason for not reporting discrimination or crime is that

“nothing would happen or change” – one in three didn’t know how to go about reporting or where to report

• Racial discrimination and racist crime are severely undercounted in official statistics

Ten groups with the highest discrimination rates all areas (%)

The results

CZ-Roma

MT-African

HU-Roma

PL-Roma

EL-Roma

IE-Sub-Saharan African

IT-North African

FI-Somali

DK-Somali

PT-Brazilian

64

63

62

59

55

54

52

47

46

44

Ten groups with the highest share of not reporting discrimination (%)

The results

AT-Turkish

PT-Sub-Saharan African

EE-Russian

PT-Brazilian

BG-Roma

CY-Asian

SI-Bosnian

NL-North African

EL-Albanian

NL-Surinamese

93

92

90

86

85

83

82

81

80

80

Reasons for not reporting discrimination – top 5, all domains (%)

The results

Nothing would happen/change by report -ing

Too trivial/not worth reporting it - it's normal, happens all the time

Didn't know how to go about reporting/where to report

Concerned about negative con-sequences/contrary to my interest

Inconvenience/too much bureaucracy or trouble/no time

63

40

36

26

21

Awareness of any anti-discrimination laws (%)

The results

Not aware of any /

don't know 57%

Aware of at least one law

25%

Awareness of an organisation where a complaint can be made (%)

The results

Turkish

Roma

Ex-YU

CEE

North African

Russian

Sub-Saharan African

84

83

81

80

79

78

76

14

14

17

16

17

17

21

No, does not know any such organisationYes, knows about an organisationDK

Groups with highest rate of racist crime victimisation - assault, threat or serious harassment (%)

The results

CZ – Roma

FI – Somali

DK – Somali

MT – African

EL – Roma

PL – Roma

IE – Sub-Saharan African

IT – North African

HU – Roma

SK – Roma

32

32

31

29

26

26

26

19

19

16

Reasons for not reporting to the police (%)

Not confident the police would be able to do anything

Not worth reporting/too trivial

Dealt with the problem themselves/with help from family/friends

Concerned about negative consequences

Fear of intimidation from perpetrators

48

37

24

20

16

The results

Groups with the highest perception of police stopping them because of their immigrant or ethnic minority background (%)

The results

IT-North African

ES-North African

IT-Albanian

EL-Roma

FR-Sub-Saharan African

HU-Roma

IT-Romanian

EL-Albanian

BE-North African

MT-African

7473

7169

6458

57

565555

Groups with the rate of discrimination by school personnel – as a student or as a parent, in the past 12 months (%)

The results

Roma

North African

Sub-Saharan African

Turkish

Central and East European

Ex-Yugoslav

Russian

10%

8%

6%

6%

4%

3%

2%

Ten groups with the highest rate of discrimination by school personnel – as a student or as a parent, in the past 12 months (%)

The results

IT – North African

PL – Roma

HU – Roma

IT – Romanian

CZ – Roma

DE – Turkish

IT – Albanian

BE – North African

DK – Turkish

EL – Roma

21%20%

17%12%11%11%

10%10%10%

10%

Reasons for not reporting discrimination by school personnel – top 5 reasons (%)

The results

Nothing would happen/change by reporting

Too trivial/not worth reporting it – it's normal, happens all the time

Concerned about negative consequences/contrary to my interest

Didn't know how to go about reporting/where to report

Inconvenience/too much bureaucracy or trouble/no time

58%

30%

24%

23%

15%

• What is the actual impact of integration policies? • Do existing social policies have a strong commitment to

non-discrimination, equality and social cohesion? Do they reach those who experience most discrimination? Do they target areas where most discrimination occurs?

• Are actions to raise rights awareness effective?• Are Equality Bodies well resourced to be effective?• How can a public service culture among law

enforcement be promoted to encourage reporting to the police?

Considerations

Thank you for your attention

fra.europa.eu/eu-midis