Discovering Computers Fundamentals 5th Edition

Discovering Computers

FundamentalsFifth Edition

Chapter 11 Information

System Development

and Programming

Languages

Chapter 11 Objectives

Next

Discuss the importance of project management, feasibility assessment, documentation, data and

information gathering techniques, and information systems security during system development

Discuss the importance of project management, feasibility assessment, documentation, data and

information gathering techniques, and information systems security during system development

Discuss the purpose of each phase in the system development cycle

Discuss the purpose of each phase in the system development cycle

Differentiate between low-level languages and procedural languages

Differentiate between low-level languages and procedural languages

Identify the benefits of object-oriented programming languages and program development

tools

Identify the benefits of object-oriented programming languages and program development

tools

List other programming languages and other program development tools

List other programming languages and other program development tools

Describe various ways to develop Web pagesDescribe various ways to develop Web pages

List the six steps in the program development cycleList the six steps in the program development cycle

Explain the basic control structures used in designing solutions to programming problems

Explain the basic control structures used in designing solutions to programming problems

The System Development Life CycleWhat is an information system (IS)?

p. 406 Next

Hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that

work together to produce quality information

Hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that

work together to produce quality information

System—Set of components that interact to achieve

common goal

System—Set of components that interact to achieve

common goal

Businesses use many types of systems

Businesses use many types of systems

The System Development Life CycleWhat are the phases of the system development cycle?

p. 406 Fig. 11-1 Next

Phase 1. Planning

Phase 2. Analysis

Phase 3. Design

Phase 4. Implementation

Phase 5. Operating, Support, and Security

Review project requests Prioritize project

requests Allocate resources Form project

development team

Conduct preliminary investigation Perform detailed analysis activities:

Study current system

Determine user requirements

Recommend solution

Acquire hardware and software, if necessary

Develop details of system

Develop programs, if necessary Install and test new system Train users Convert to new system

Perform maintenance activities Monitor system performance Assess system security

Arrange tasks into phases (groups of activities)

The System Development Life CycleWhat are guidelines for system development?

p. 407 Next

Involve users (anyone for whom system is being built)

Develop clearly defined standards (procedures company expects employees to follow)

The System Development Life CycleWho participates in the system development life cycle?

p. 407 Fig. 11-2 Next

The System Development Life CycleWhat is a systems analyst?

p. 407 Next

Responsible for designing and developing

information system

Users’ primary contact person

The System Development Life CycleWhat is the project team?

p. 408 Next

Consists of users, systems analyst, and other IT professionals

Formed to work on project from beginning to end

Project leader—one member of the team who manages and controls project budget and schedule

The System Development Life CycleWhat is project management?

p. 408 Next

Process of planning, scheduling, and controlling activities during system development cycle

Project leader identifies elements for project

Required activitiesRequired activitiesGoal, objectives, and

expectations, collectively called scope

Goal, objectives, and expectations, collectively

called scope

Time estimates for each activity

Time estimates for each activity

Cost estimates for each activity

Cost estimates for each activity

Activities that can take place at same time

Activities that can take place at same timeOrder of activitiesOrder of activities

The System Development Life CycleWhat is a Gantt chart?

p. 409 Fig. 11-3 Next

Popular tool used to plan and schedule time relationships among project activities

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click PERT Chartsbelow Chapter 11

http://www.scsite.com/dcf5ecp/ch11/weblink/

The System Development Life CycleWhat is feasibility?

p. 409 Next

Measure of how suitable

system development will be to the

company

Operational feasibility

Schedule feasibility

Four feasibility tests:

Technical feasibility

Economic feasibility

(also called cost/benefit feasibility)

The System Development Life CycleWhat is documentation?

p. 409 Next

Includes reports, diagrams, programs, and other deliverables

Collection and summarization of data and information

The System Development Life CycleWhat are six data and information gathering techniques?

p. 410 Fig. 11-4 Next

Review documentation Observe Survey Interview Joint-application

design (JAD) session Research

The System Development Life CycleWhat are some reasons to create or modify an information system?

p. 410 Next

Competition can lead to change

To improve existing system

Outside group may mandate change

To correct problem in existing system

The System Development Life CycleWhat is a request for system services?

p. 411 Fig. 11-5 Next

Formal request for new or modified information system Also called

project request

The System Development Life CycleWhat is the planning phase?

p. 413 Next

Begins when steering committee receives project request

Steering committee—

decision-making body for the

company

Function of committee:

Review and approve project

requests

Allocate resources

Form project development team for each

approved project

Prioritize project requests

The System Development Life CycleWhat is the analysis phase?

p. 413 Next

Conduct preliminary investigation, also

called feasibility study

Perform detailed analysis

The System Development Life CycleWhat is the preliminary investigation?

p. 413 - 414 Fig. 11-6 Next

Determine exact nature of problem or improvement and whether it is worth pursuing Findings are presented in feasibility report

The System Development Life CycleWhat is detailed analysis?

p. 415 Next

Sometimes called logical design

2. Determine user’s wants, needs, and requirements

3. Recommend solution

1. Study how current system works

Presented to steering

committee, which decides how to develop system

The System Development Life CycleWhat is the system proposal?

p. 415 Next

Assesses feasibility

of each alternative solution

Recommends the most feasible

solution for the project

The System Development Life CycleWhat are possible solutions?

p. 415 Next

Buy packaged software—prewritten software available for purchase

Buy packaged software—prewritten software available for purchase

Outsource—have outside source develop software

Outsource—have outside source develop software

Write own custom software—software developed at user’s request

Write own custom software—software developed at user’s request

Vertical market software—designed

for particular industry

Vertical market software—designed

for particular industry

Horizontal market software—meets

needs of many companies

Horizontal market software—meets

needs of many companies

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Outsourcing below Chapter 11


The System Development Life CycleWhat is the design phase?

p. 416 Next

Acquire hardware and softwareAcquire hardware and software

Develop all details of new or modified information system

Develop all details of new or modified information system

Test and evaluate vendor proposalsTest and evaluate vendor proposals

The System Development Life CycleWhat is needed to acquire new hardware and software?

p. 416 Next

Identify all hardware and software requirements of new or modified system

Solicit vendor proposals

Solicit vendor proposals

Make a decisionMake a decision

Identify technicalspecifications

Identify technicalspecifications

The System Development Life CycleWhat are three basic documents used to summarize technical specifications?

p. 416 Next

Less formal method that uses standard

form to request information about product or service

Vendor quotes price(s) for

listed product(s)

Vendor selects product(s) that

meet(s) your requirements and

then quotes price(s)

Identifies product(s) you want

Request for information (RFI)

Request for proposal (RFP)

Request for quotation (RFQ)

The System Development Life CycleWhat is a value-added reseller (VAR)?

p. 417 Fig. 11-7 Next

Complete system provided by value-added reseller Value-added reseller

(VAR) purchases products from manufacturer and then resells them, offering additional services with product

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Value-Added Reseller below Chapter 11


The System Development Life CycleHow do systems analysts test software products?

p. 417 Next

References from vendor Talk to current users of product Product demonstrations Trial version of software Benchmark test measures performance

The System Development Life CycleWhat is a detailed design?

p. 418 Next

Includes several activities

Database design

Database design

Input and output design

Input and output design

Program design

Program design

Detailed design specifications for components in proposed solution

The System Development Life CycleWhat is a mockup?

p. 418 Fig. 11-8 Next

Sample of input or output that contains actual data

The System Development Life CycleWhat is a layout chart?

p. 419 Fig. 11-9 Next

Input or output that contains programming-like notations for data items

The System Development Life CycleWhat is a prototype?

p. 419 Next

Working model of proposed system

Working model of proposed system

Beginning a prototype too early may lead to

problems

Beginning a prototype too early may lead to

problems

The System Development Life CycleWhat is computer-aided software engineering (CASE)?

p. 419 Fig. 11-10 Next

Software tools designed to support activities of system development cycle

Convert to new system

The System Development Life CycleWhat is the implementation phase?

p. 420 - 421 Next

Purpose is to construct, or build, new or modified system and then deliver it to users

Train users

Install and test new system

Develop programs

The System Development Life CycleWhat are the four types of tests performed by system developers?

p. 420 Next

Verifies application works with other

applications

Systems test

Integration Test

Unit Test

Verifies each individual program

works by itself

Verifies all programs in application work

together

Verifies the new system works with

actual data

Acceptance Test

The System Development Life CycleWhat is training?

p. 420 - 421 Fig. 11-11 Next

Showing users exactly how they will use new hardware and software in system

The System Development Life CycleWhat are conversion strategies?

p. 421 Next

Used to change from old system to new system

The System Development Life CycleWhat is the operation, support, and security phase?

p. 422 Next

Perform maintenance activities

Monitor system performance

Assess system security

Provides ongoing assistance after system is implemented

The System Development Life CycleWhat is a computer security plan?

p. 422 Next

Summarizes in writing all of the safeguards that are in place to protect a company’s information assets

For each risk,identify thesafeguards that exist to detect,

prevent, and recover from

a loss

Identify allsecurity risks

that may cause an

informationasset loss

Identify allinformation assets of an organization

Design Phase

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Programming Languages

What is a computer program?

p. 423 Fig. 11-12 Next

Set of instructions that directs computer to perform tasks Programming language—used to communicate

instructions


What are low-level languages and high-level languages?

p. 424 Next

High-level language

High-level language

Low-levellanguage

Low-levellanguage

Machine-dependentruns only on one type of computer

Machine-dependentruns only on one type of computer

Often machine-independentcan run on many different

types of computers and operating systems

Often machine-independentcan run on many different

types of computers and operating systemsMachine and assembly languages

are low-level

Machine and assembly languages are low-level


What is machine language?

p. 424 Fig. 11-13 Next

Only language computer directly recognizes

Uses a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) with a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits


What is assembly language?

p. 424 - 425 Fig. 11-14 Next

Instructions made up of symbolic instruction codes, meaningful abbreviations and codes

Source program contains code to be converted to machine language

Often called third-generation language (3GL)


What is a procedural language?

p. 425 Next

Uses series of English-like words to write instructions

Programmer writes instructions that tell

computer what to accomplish and how to do it


What is a compiler?

p. 425 Fig. 11-15 Next

Program that converts entire source program into machine language before executing it


What is an interpreter?

p. 426 Fig. 11-16 Next

Program that translates and executes one program code statement at a time

Does not produce object program


What is COBOL?

p. 426 Fig. 11-17 Next

Designed for business applications English-like statements make code easy to read, write,

and maintain COmmon

Business-Oriented Language

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click COBOLbelow Chapter 11



What is C?

p. 427 Fig. 11-18 Next

Powerful language originally designed to write system software

Runs most often on Unix operating systems


What is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language?

p. 427 Next

Used to implement

object-oriented design

Major benefit is ability to reuse and

modify existing objects

Event-driven—checks for

and responds to set of events

Java, C++, and C#, are complete object-oriented

languages

Object is item that contains data and

procedures that act on

data

Event is action to

which program responds


What is Java?

p. 427 - 428 Fig. 11-19 Next

Developed by Sun Microsystems

Uses just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert source code into machine code

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click Java Platforms below Chapter 11



What is C++?

p. 428 Next

Includes all elements of C, plus additional features for working with object-oriented concepts

Used to develop database and Web applications

What is C#? Object-oriented programming language based on C++ Accepted as a standard for Web applications and

XML-based Web services

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click C++ and C#below Chapter 11



What is Visual Studio?

p. 428 - 429 Fig. 11-20 Next

.NET is set of technologies that allows program to run on Internet Comprised of Visual Basic, Visual C++, and Visual C#

Step 1. The developer designs the user interface.

Step 2. The developer assigns properties to each object on the form.

Step 3. The developerwrites code to define the action of each command button.

Step 4. The developer tests the program.


What is Delphi?

p. 429 Next

Powerful visual programming tool Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web applications

What is PowerBuilder? Another powerful visual programming tool Best suited for Web-based and large-scale

object-oriented applications


What is a visual programming language?

p. 429 Next

Visual programming environment (VPE) allows developers to

drag and drop objects to build programs

Examples include Alice, Mindscript and

Prograph

Provides visual or graphical interface for creating source code


What is RPG (Report Program Generator)?

p. 430 Fig. 11-21 Next

Used for generating reports, accessing data, and updating data in databases


What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)?

p. 430 Fig. 11-22 Next

Nonprocedural language that allows access to data in database

Popular 4GL is SQL, query language that allows users to manage data in relational DBMS


What are other available programming languages?

p. 431 Next

ALGOLALGOLAdaAda APLAPL

BASICBASIC HyperTalkHyperTalkFORTRANFORTRANForthForth

LISPLISP Modula-2Modula-2LogoLogo

PascalPascal PrologPrologPL/1PL/1PILOTPILOT

SmalltalkSmalltalk


What is an application generator?

p. 431 - 432 Fig. 11-24 Next

Program that creates source code or machine code from specification

Consists of report writer, form, and menu generator Form provides areas for entering data


What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?

p. 433 Fig. 11-25 Next

Used to create Web pages


What is a scripting language?

p. 434 - 435 Fig. 11-26 Next

Typically easy to learn and use JavaScript Perl (Practical Extraction

and Report Language) PHP (PHP: Hypertext

Processor) Rexx (Restructured

eXtended eXecutor) Tcl (Tool Command

Language) VBScript (Visual Basic,

Scripting Edition)

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Linkfrom left navigation, then click PHPbelow Chapter 11



What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)?

p. 435 Fig. 11-27 Next

Allows developers to include more graphical interest and interactivity in Web page


What are XHTML, XML, and WML?

p. 436 Next

XHTML (Extensible HTML)

enables Web sites to be displayed more easily on microbrowsers

XML (Extensible Markup Language)

allows developers to create customized tags

WML (Wireless Markup Language)

allows developers to design pages specifically for microbrowsers

Includes features of HTML and XML

Many Internet-enabled smart phones and PDAs

use WML as their markup language

Server sends entire record to client, enabling client to do much of processing without

going back to serverRSS 2.0

and ATOM


What is Ajax?

p. 436 Next

Stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML Method of creating interactive Web applications designed

to provide immediate response Combines JavaScript, HTML or XHTML, and XML Google Maps and Flickr use Ajax


What is Ruby on Rails (RoR)?

p. 436 Next

Open source framework that provides technologies for developing object-oriented, database-driven Web sites

Designed to make Web developers more productive


What is Web page authoring software?

p. 436 - 437 Next

Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML Generates HTML

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Silverlight below Chapter 11

•Dreamweaver

•Expression Web

•Flash

•Silverlight



What is multimedia authoring software?

p. 437 Fig. 11-28 Next

Combines text, graphics, animation, audio, and video into interactive presentation

Used for computer-based training (CBT) and Web-based training (WBT)

Software includes Toolbook and Director

The Program Development CycleWhat is the program development cycle?

p. 438 - 439 Fig. 11-29 Next

Steps programmers use to build computer programs Programming

team—Group of programmers working on program

The Program Development CycleWhat is a sequence control structure?

p. 440 Fig. 11-30 Next

Control structure that shows actions following each other in order Control structure depicts logical order of program

instructions

The Program Development CycleWhat is a selection control structure?

p. 440 Fig. 11-31 Next

Tells program which action to take, based on a certain condition

Two types Case control structure If-then-else control

structure—yields one of two possibilities: true or false

The Program Development CycleWhat is a case control structure?

p. 440 - 441 Fig. 11-32 Next

Yields one of three or more possibilities

The Program Development CycleWhat is a repetition control structure?

p. 442 Figs. 11-33–11-34 Next

Enables program to perform one or more actions repeatedly Do-while control

structure—repeats as long as condition is true

Do-until control structure—repeats until condition is true

Companies on the Cutting Edge

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Summary of Information System Development and Programming Languages

Phases in the system development life cyclePhases in the system development life cycle

Guidelines for system developmentGuidelines for system development

Activities that occur during the entire system development cycle

Activities that occur during the entire system development cycle

Chapter 11 Complete

Various programming languages and program development tools used to

create and modify computer programs

Various programming languages and program development tools used to

create and modify computer programs

Web development and multimedia development tools

Web development and multimedia development tools

Program development cycleProgram development cycle

Documents

Discovering Computers Fundamentals 5th Edition