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Discourse on Method [René Descartes,
1637]
For it is a very remarkable thing that there are no men…so dull and stupid that they cannot put words together…to convey their thoughts…there is no…animal…that can do the same. And this is not because they lack the organs, for we see that magpies and parrots can pronounce words as well as we can…On the other hand…men born deaf and dumb, lacking organs (for) speaking… usually invent…signs by which they make themselves understood...Furthermore, we notice variations among animals of the same species, just as among men, and that some are easier to train than others. It is therefore unbelievable that a monkey or a parrot which was one of the best of its species should not be the equal…of one of the most stupid children… if their soul were not of a wholly different nature from ours.
Sarah
Premack (1976)
Lana pushing Lexigrams
(Rumbaugh, 1976)
Symbols Used by Lana & Sarah
Symbols Learned By Sarah
(Premack, 1976)
TRAICOLOR NAMES
RED ? APPLE
YELLOW ? BANANA
Replace ? with color of
RED ? BANANA
YELLOW ? APPLE
Replace ? with not color of
Skinner (1957) Verbal Behavior. • Language is learned and can be explained by principles of reinforcement theory.
Chomsky (1959) A review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior.
• Language is innate.-Explained by Language Acquisition
device (LAD).-Poverty of stimulus-Rapid acquisition-Universal grammar
“Sentences” Attributed To Chimpanzees
“Mary give Sarah banana.” (Sarah)
“Please machine give apple.” (Lana)Lana)
Pigeon Pecking a 4-item Sequence
American Sign Language
NIM - 4 months
NIM -- 8 months
NIM drawing
NIM washing dishes
Nim looking at a magazine
Teaching Signs By Imitation & Molding
NIM SIGNING drink
Nim signing tickle
NIM SIGNING Apple
Nim signing apple!!!
Nim Signing teeth
Nim signing nose
NIM SIGNING Red
Nim signing red
Nim signing hat
Nim signing Nim
Nim signing hug
Nim signing nose
TEACHER: Who?; NIM: NIM
NIM SIGNING, Me hug cat
Nim signing
hug
NIM SIGNING, Me hat or Hat me
NIM SIGNING,Hug Nim or Nim hug
Nim signing:
tree
there
Freq.play me 375me Nim 328tickle me
316eat Nim 302more eat287me eat 237 Nim eat 209finish hug
187drink Nim
143more tickle
136sorry hug
123
Freq. tickle Nim 107hug Nim 106more drink 99eat drink 98banana me 97Nim me 89sweet Nim 85me play 81gum eat 79tea drink 77grape eat 74hug me 74banana Nim 73
Nim’s Most Frequent Two-Sign Combinations
Freq.play me Nim
81eat me Nim
48eat Nim eat
46tickle me Nim 44grape eat Nim 37banana Nim eat33Nim me eat
27banana eat Nim26eat me eat 22me Nim eat
21hug me Nim
20yogurt eat Nim 20
e more eat 19more eat Nim 19finish hugm Nim 18banana me eat 17Nim eat Nim 17tickle me tickle 17apple me eat 15eat Nim me 15give me eat 15nut Nim nut 15drink me Nim 14hug Nim hug 14play me play 14sweet Nim sweet 14
Nim’s Most Frequent 3-sign Expressions
Freq.eat drink eat drink
15eat Nim eat Nim
7banana Nim banana Nim 5drink Nim drink Nim 5banana eat me Nim
4banana me eat banana
4banana me Nim me
4grape eat Nim eat
4Nim eat Nim eat
4play me Nim play
4
drink eat drink eat 3drink eat me Nim 3eat grape eat Nim 3eat me Nim drink 3grape eat me Nim 3me eat drink more 3me eat me eat 3me gum me gum 3me Nim eat me 3Nim me Nim me 3tickle me Nim play 3
Nim’s Most Frequent 4-sign Expressions
Nim’s Longest Utterance:
“Give Orange Me Give Eat Orange Me Eat Orange Give Me Eat Orange Give Me You.”
TEACHER: Who?; NIM: NIM
NIM SIGNING, Me hug cat
MLU of Children
Set-up for Sherman & Austin to Communicate with Each Other
Symbolic Communication Between Sherman & Austin
Preliminary Training
• Chimps are housed in adjacent rooms separated by a covered window.
• Both chimps learn to use tools to obtain food (wrench, stick, sponge, key, straw, or money).
• One chimpanzee requests a tool using appropriate lexigram.
• Look at display panel to see which tool the other chimp selected.
• Give other chimp the tool he requested.
Symbolic Communication Between
Sherman & Austin (cont’d)• Chimp designated as the requester ( R ) observes experimenter place food in a particular location. Food is retrievable only by using the appropriate tool.
• Window is uncovered.• R requests relevant tools from provider (P) by using
appropriate lexigram. Display in P’s room indicates which one.
• P selects tool and passes it to R through a pipe connecting the two rooms.
• If P passes the correct tool, R can obtain food.• R and P then share food (via pipe).
Jack and Jill Paradigm (Pigeons)
*Jack (left) asks Jill (right) for a color name by pressing the what color? key. *Jill looks through the recessed screen at the hidden color. *Jill selects the symbolic name for the color while Jack watches. *Jack depresses the thank you key. *Jill is rewarded with food if Jack selects the correct color. *Jack is rewarded, with food.