View
214
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Discourse and common sense
A dominant discourse is subject to a process of naturalization, in which it appears to lose its connection with
particular ideologies and interests and become the common-sense practice of the
institution (Fairclough 2001: 89)
Types of constraints on participants in discourse
• Contents: what can be part of a discourse
• Relations: who can participate in a discourse as what (expert or client)
• Subjects: who can acquire a type of discourse
***
• Language = Belief systems = social orders
• Ideology: A set of doctrines or beliefs that form the basis of a political, economic, or other system
• Ideological power: is the power to project one’s practices as universal, as natural and as common sense
Common sense
• It refers to beliefs or propositions that in their opinion they consider would in most people's experience be prudent and of sound judgment, without dependence upon esoteric knowledge or study or research, but based upon what is believed to be knowledge held by people "in common".
• The knowledge and experience most people have, or are believed to have by the person using the term.
Ideologies are embedded in features of discourse that are taken for granted as matters
of common sense:
• things that we are not consciously aware of
• related to the way we make sense of our world
Texts need to reflect our cultural meanings
• Fitting in with previous experiences: coherence (assumptions that are part of MR) ideologies and/or worldviews
“The contribution of the multinational force is essential to help secure necessary conditions for voting and to support our security forces
in stabilizing the country” (Globe and Mail November 24, 04).
• What are the common assumptions in this piece?
• How do we find coherence in the story?
Cultural assumptions
• Western democracy as a universal model of government
• Number one threat in Iraq is“terrorism”
• War is the only way out
The reader brings these assumptions
• That the government represents the people
• That force is the only way to put an end to the problem
• That “democracy” is the best solution for the people of Iraq
A dominant discourse is subject to a process of naturalization, in
which it appears to lose its connection with particular
ideologies and interests and become the common-sense practice of the institution (Fairclough 2001: 89)
Most effective forms of ideological common sense will be:
• Shared
• Generic
• Collective
• Example: Fair and balance
The naturalisation of a discourse type is a matter of degree.The
greater diversity of ideologies in a society the least effective
ideological common sense will be.
The greater diversity of ideologies in society the least
chance one ideology could take over as common sense.
What comes to be common sense is to a large measure determined
by who exercises power and domination in a society and an in
an institution.
Learning a dominant discourse type comes to be seen as merely
a question of learning skill or acquiring competence to operate
the institution
Meaning systems
• Meanings of words are not isolated they are related to other entities in society
• They are connected to ideologies
• Meaning systems depend on the articulation of ideologies
• Appear to be natural but are sustained by social power