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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Williams - SHELTER
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INDIASVULNERABILITY TO DISASTERS
57% land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Of these,
12% is vulnerable to severe earthquakes.
68% land is vulnerable to drought.
12% land is vulnerable to floods. 8% land is vulnerable to cyclones.
Apart from natural disasters, some cities in India
are also vulnerable to chemical and industrial
disasters and man-made disasters. Coastal States, particularly on the East coast and
Gujarat are vulnerable to cyclones
Sub-Himalayan sector and western ghats are
vulnerable to landslides
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MAN MADE DISASTER
Structural collapses buildings, mines, bridges
Road, rail, air accidents, fires, deaths due to severe heat or
cold
Communal riots BabriMasjid demolition was not a one
time disaster. It is still having its effects, this event isbeing used for militant activities
Naxal activities due to oppressions of the tribal population
Illicit Liquor, food poisoning, adulteration of drugs, medical
supplies and food items are very common
Poor implementation of safety norms in the factories
Poor civic sense of the citizens at large.
Poor, old, women and children are more vulnerable to all
kinds of natural or man-made disasters
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FROM OUR HISTORY
Disaster Year Result Remarks
Super Cyclone 1999 9,000 Gujarat
Earthquake 2001 14,000 Bhuj
Tsunami 2004 15,000 South India
Gas Tragedy 1984 15,000 Bhopal (2 decades)
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WHATS IS IT
Disaster -A serious disruption of the functioning of a
society, causing widespread human, material, or
environmental losses which exceed the ability of the
affected society to cope using its own resources.
The term disaster is ofFrench origin combination oftwo words des meaning bad or evil and astre meaning
star. The combined meaning is Bad or Evil Star.
Hazard - is a natural or man-made event, while the
disaster is its consequence.
Risk - the probability that a particular system or
population will be affected by the hazard.
Risk = Vulnerability x Hazard
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DISASTER CYCLE
Or Disaster cycle is development crisis disaster relief recovery
development.
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
Prevention, mitigation and preparedness form pre-
disaster activities in the disaster management cycle
Response, comprising relief, recovery and rehabilitation
are post-disaster management activities The complete cycle of disaster management, therefore is
the complete realm of activities and situations that
occur
Before
During, and
After disasters
This documentation is a learning process to reduce the
vulnerability and to increase the effectives of
preparedness and relief. It is a holistic approach.
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DEVELOPMENTVS. ENVIRONMENT
Development activities compound effects of
natural calamities
Industries close to habitation and without proper
treatment of contamination affluence hasincreased health hazards through water, air,
noise pollution
Large scale urbanization is beyond the natures
bearing capacity excessive use of natural
resources, particularly water- as in Jaipur
Flooding ofMumbai due to water logging
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DEVELOPMENTVS. ENVIRONMENT
Deforestation to meet development needs have
increased the vulnerability of the hill people
reduced rain fall, increased land-slides, and
floods in the plains
Destruction of mangroves and coral reefs has
increased the vulnerability of coastal areas
Commercialization of coastal areas, particularly
for tourism, has increased disaster potential as
witnessed during Tsunami in December 2004 and
again inMarch 2011 in Japan.
With the increase in vehicular traffic, accidents
have become the top cause of human casualties
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DISASTERVS DEVELOPMENTEconomic Development Social Development
Disaster
limits
development
Destruction of fixed assets
Damage to transport system,
communication, infrastructure,
Erosion of livelihood
Destruction of health or education
infrastructure and personnel.
Death, migration, of key social actors
leading to an erosion of social capital
Developmentcauses
disaster risk
Unstable development practicesthat create wealth for some at the
expense of unsafe working and
living conditions of others or
degrade the environment
Development path generating culturalnorms that promote social isolation or
political exclusion
Development
reduces
disaster risk
Access to adequate drinking water,
food, waste management and a
secure dwelling increases peoplesresilience. Trade and technology can
reduce poverty. Investing in
financial mechanism and social
security can cushion against
vulnerability.
Building community cohesion,
Recognizing excluded individuals or
social groups,Providing opportunities for greater
involvement in decision-making,
Enhanced educational and health
capacity increases resilience.
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ROLE & RESPONSIBILITY OF DISTRICT
AUTHORITY
Prepare disaster management plan including
district response
Coordinate and monitor the implementation of the
National and State policy Identification of vulnerable areas of the district for
taking preventive as well as relief arrangements
Give directions to the various district authorities
for prevention and mitigation of disasters
Organize special training programs for different
levels to officers, employees, volunteers
Set-up, maintain, review, update early warnings
system and district response mechanism .
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ROLE & RESPONSIBILITY OF DISTRICT
AUTHORITY
Establish stockpiles of relief and rescue materials
Identify buildings and places which could be used in
the event of a threat or actual disaster
Involve NGOs and other social-welfare institutionsworking at grass-roots level in the district for
disaster management
Ensure the efficient working of communication
system and devise an alternative system of
communication
Carry out periodical drills involving authorities,
NGOs and the general public.
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IN THE EVENT OF THREAT OR DISASTER
Work for directions for the release and use of resources
available with any department of the government and the
local authority in the district.
Control and restrict the vehicular traffic to, from within,
the vulnerable, or affected area. Control and restrict the entry of any person, his
movement within and departure from, a vulnerable or
affected area.
Remove debris, conduct search and carry out rescue
operations.
Provide shelter, food, drinking water and essential
provisions, healthcare and services;
Establish emergency communication systems in the
affected area;
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DISASTERMANAGEMENT 4 COMPONENTS
1. Preparedness measures designed to organize
and facilitate timely and effective rescue, relief and
rehabilitation measures at all levels international to
national and local
2. Prevention advance planning and environment
protection
3. Mitigation to reduce both the effect of hazard
and vulnerable conditions through sustainable
development
4. Rehabilitation returning to normal or better life
through well laid out plans.
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PREPAREDNESS, PREVENTION,
MITIGATION AND REHABILITATION
Prevention is better than cure
Preparedness is the first initiative of prevention
Preparedness for disasters done meticulously
means half of the problem is solved In developed countries preparedness and
prevention help them in minimizing loss to life
and property
In developing countries like India .?
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DISASTER EVENT
Real-time event of a hazard occurring and affecting the
elements at risk
The duration may be a few seconds, like an earthquake;
tsunami a few minutes, cloud burst a few hours, floods a
few days and drought a couple of months.
The suffering of lives and property may differ in similar
events
Economically weaker sections of society, women,
children, handicapped, old people suffer more becausethey have lesser capability to fight the natural & man-
made hazards.
Each event may require different response
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DISASTER RESPONSE
Disaster response rescue, medical aid, food,
shelter temporary, intermediate, and long
range, restoration of communications, affected
infrastructure, means of livelihood etc. defects in
planning may be noticed during this period,
highlighting procedural, systems flaws or failures
in implementing the plan.
In 2001 high velocity hurricane hit Cuba, but
only five people died due to near perfect disastermanagement plan in design and execution
700,000 people were evacuated from Havana and
other threatened areas.
About 80 % of disasters are classified as natural
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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
Disaster preparedness is a continuous process
It involves the following steps:
1. Identification of disaster prone areas and regions
2. Establishing communication, information, and warning
system
3. Designing coordination and response mechanism
4. Planning for financial and other resources for increased
readiness which can be mobilized in disaster situations
5. Public education and involvement of civil societyorganizations
6. Regular drills to check the responses of the various systems,
authorities and organizations
7. Identification of existing and/ or building infrastructure
required for sheltering the people at the time of threat orafter the disaster has struck
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PREVENTION A culture of prevention is to be installed in all communities
and among disaster managers.
Principles of disaster prevention management are
1. Risk assessment is necessary for adoption of adequate and
effective disaster reduction policies2. Disaster prevention & preparedness are of primary
importance in reducing the need for disaster relief
3. It should be apart of development policy and planning at
the national, regional, bilateral, multilateral and
international levels4. Early warning system and effective communication
system are a must
5. Participation of local communities and CSOs and NGOs
6. International community to share necessary technology to
prevent, reduce and mitigate disasters.
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MITIGATION
Mitigation is the measures taken to reduce both the
effect of the hazard itself and the vulnerable
conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a
future disaster
Examples water management in drought prone
areas, building of dams/ bunds and other such
measures to reduce the chances of floods, early and
correct warning systems for the people and
fishermen on the coastal areas, regular inspectionof infrastructure to avoid their collapse, building
bunkers for citizens in case of war, adequate pre-
storage of necessities required for use after a
disaster.
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PRINCIPLES OFMITIGATION
1. Integrating disaster mitigation with development plans
2. Effective communication systems
3. Use of latest IT technology
4. Insurance in all relevant sectors
5. Extensive public awareness and education campaigns in
urban and rural areas
6. Legal and legislative support
7. Greater involvement of NGOs/private sector
8. Allocating separate funds for disaster relief in normal budget9. Strict review of housing, drainage, pollution control measures.
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TYPES OF DISASTERS
1. Natural Disasters
Wind-related: Storm, cyclone, tornado, hurricane, tidal waves
Water-related: floods, cloud burst, flash floods, excessive rains,
drought, communicable diseases etc.
Earth-related: earthquakes, tsunamis, avalanches, landslides,volcanic eruptions
2. Man-made Disasters
Wars, battles, hostile enemy actions
Arson, sabotage, internal disturbances, riots
Accidents of vehicles, trains, aircraft, ships, forest and urban firesetc.
Ethnic conflicts, terrorism etc.
Biological disasters: epidemics, pest attacks, food poisoning etc.
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IMPACT OF DISASTERS
1. People loss of life in large numbers
2. Property --Damage, destruction of property
3. Infrastructure, Services --Damage, destruction of
infrastructure, public service system
4. Environment -- Damage, destruction of environment
5. Crops -- Damage, destruction of crops
6. Productivity -- Disruption, loss of production
7. Economy -- Loss to national, local economies
8. Life-style --Disruption, loss of community or lifestyle
9. Social & Psychological -- Sociological and
psychological consequences
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NODALAGENCIES FOR DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Floods :Ministry ofWater Resources, CWC
Cyclones : IndianMeteorological Department
Earthquakes : IndianMeteorological Department
Epidemics :Ministry of Health and FamilyWelfare
Avian Flu:Ministry of Health,Ministry of Environment,
Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
Chemical Disasters :Ministry of Environment and Forests
Industrial Disasters : Ministry of Labor
Rail Accidents :Ministry of Railways Air Accidents : Ministry of Civil Aviation
Fire :Ministry of Home Affairs
Nuclear Incidents : Department of Atomic Energy
Mine Disasters : Department ofMines
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AREAS OF CONCERN
Activating an Early Warning System network
and its close monitoring
Mechanisms for integrating the scientific,technological and administrative agencies for
effective disaster management
Terrestrial communication links which collapse
in the event of a rapid onset disaster
Vulnerability of critical infrastructures (power
supply, communication, water supply, transport,
etc.) to disaster events
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Encourage and consolidate knowledge networks
Mobilize and train disaster volunteers for more
effective preparedness, mitigation and response
(NSS, NCC, Scouts and Guides, NYK, CivilDefense, Home guards)
Increased capacity building leads to faster
vulnerability reduction.
Learn from best practices in disaster
preparedness, mitigation and disaster response
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Mobilizing stakeholder participation of Self Help
Groups,Women Groups, Youth Groups,
Panchayati Raj Institutions
Anticipatory Governance: Simulation exercises,
Mock drills and Scenario Analysis
Indigenous knowledge systems and coping
practices
Living with Risk: Community Based Disaster
RiskManagement
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Inclusive, participatory, gender sensitive, child
friendly, eco-friendly and disabled friendly
disaster management
Technology driven but people owned
KnowledgeManagement: Documentation and
dissemination of good practices
Public Private Partnership
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INVEST IN PREPAREDNESS
Investments in Preparedness and Prevention
(Mitigation) will yield sustainable results, rather
than spending money on relief after a disaster.
Most disasters are predictable, especially in their
seasonality and the disaster-prone areas which
are vulnerable.
Communities must be involved in disaster
preparedness.
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INVEST IN PREPAREDNESS
IMD (IndiaMeteorological Department)early
warning capacity through Doppler radar
Infrastructure creation and restoration
y Floods drains & embankments
y Road restoration
y Storm shelters
y Electricity transmission and distribution
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COMMUNICATION
Communications
Each health care facility should have its own
communications plan (including the designation
of a well trained spokesperson) to deal with thecommunity at large and with the media. This
should be compatible
with local or community communications
planning.
The plan should include training, not just for
designated spokespersons but for all staff who
may need to communicate with media, relatives,
and patients.
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DEFINITION
Disaster A serious disruption of the functioning
of a community or a society causing widespread
human, material, economic or environmental
losses which exceed the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own
resources.
Mass Casualty Incident - An incident which
generates more patients at one time than locally
available resources can manage using routineprocedures. It requires exceptional emergency
arrangements and additional or extraordinary
assistance.
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TRAINING AND EXERCISES
Training and exercises
Each health care facility must plan to build its own capacity to deal with mass
casualty incidents, based on a detailed plan of training and continuing education
for all staff. This plan must be based on an initial analysis of existing capacity,
and adequately funded to ensure its sustainability over time.
While identified gaps in knowledge may need to be filled with help from outside
trainers, where possible the facility should aim to use local and especially
internal personnel to carry out these activities. This should also help ensure thatthe training will correspond to the needs and condition in the facility.
Although existing training materials (manuals and audio-visual materials) can be
purchased or borrowed, and should be consulted in the planning process,
whenever possible training materials specific to the facility should be developed,
preferably with the participation of key staff.
In addition to enhancing skills in clinical management, training should aim tomaintain the integrity of the organizational structure against the panic that
may ensue when an incident first arises. As with preparedness at other levels,
drills and exercises are the most effective means of capacity building, and should
be built into the plan. Finally, training should be evaluated at regular intervals,
both to ensure its quality and to adjust the curriculum as necessary.
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MASS CASUALTY EVENT
Any event resulting in a number of victims large
enough to disrupt the normal course of emergency
and health care system and other resources.
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CHALLENGES
Communication network between hospitals is inadequate to
manage mass causalities.
Lack of intra-communication facilities in district / sub district
level hospitals.
No direct communication network exists between hospitalsand police and Fire services
Only a single telephone for external connectivity.
Capacity Building Training module and education
curriculum has to be updated of mass causality management
Mock drill and exercise should also be incorporated. Human Resources Anesthetist, Neurosurgeons, Psychiatrist,
Orthopedic surgeon, Surgeon, Doctors, Nurses, Paramedics
and Technicians.
For handlingMass casualty management Human Resource
can be got from neighboring taluk, district and state.
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CHALLENGES
Identification of Dead bodies and mortuary
services identification of dead bodies and their
disposal is most important with legal,
psychological and ethical perspective. Involving
specialized scientific involving molecular, genetic
and Computer aided technologies,
Inadequate storage facilities in mortuaries and
not adequately equipped, poor maintained,
capacity needs to be increased in highlyvulnerable areas.
Trained Forensic anthropologist are needed to
recover age, sex and stature and anomalies
DNA finger printing analysis
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POST DISASTER PHASE
To brig back normalcy in the shortest possible
time.
No system in rehabilitation, Reconstruction and
recoveryAvailability of food, proper nutrition, adequate
water supply and proper facilities for hygiene and
sanitation are the basics requirement
Special care to vulnerable groups Children,
pregnant women and PLHIV
Mental health services and psychosocial support
PPP
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RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION
Inadequate documentation of disaster and it
scientific analysis Documentation is simple
Research on new treatment modalities has to
meet global standards
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ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS OFMEDICINE
Evidence based well proved treatment modalities
may be practices under the supervision of
competent and qualified medical practitioners.
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HOSPITAL DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
District level hospitals are not equipped to handle
mass casualty events which lacks emergency support
systems including alternative source of electricity,
water, gas supply, fire extinguishing devices or
evacuation plans.
Accreditation process will help in improving the
services for Disaster management.
Lack of Critical care facilities
Lack in Blood Transfusion services and blood safety
in some district needs more attention for Voluntary
blood Donors
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CHEMICAL EMERGENCIES
Can arise either use of misuse of chemical
warfare or industrial toxicants due to chemicals,
poisons and hazardous waste as target as well
source of source by terrorist groups.
Protective masks, equipments
Decontamination process casualties usage of
scanner, Ambulances, etc.
Soiled clothing safe disposal
Dead decontaminated and put in double
causality bags and deep burial procedure.
Universal safety precaution should be practiced.
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CONCLUSION
Prevention
Establishment of early warning system
Rapid health assessment and provision of laboratory
support Preparedness
Mechanism for mergence medical care at the incident
site
Equipping with all material logistics and back upsupport
Prompt provision of evacuation using road, railway,
aerial
Development of container mobile hospital
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CONCLUSION
Capacity Development
Sensitize the role of public, private and corporate
sector for their participation
Human Resource Development
Strengthening medical professionals , paramedics
and other emergency responders
Create a support mechanism to prove short and
long term psychological support and mental
health services.
Education and training
Inclusion of mass casualty management in the
present curriculum of medical under graduate.
Inclusion of Training program / CME
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CONCLUSION Community preparedness Community awareness for first aid and triage
Dos and Don'ts during medical emergency
Role clarity of community
Hospital preparedness
Hospital disaster management plan routine
Identifying, stock piling, supply chain and inventory management of
drugs, equipments and consumables like vaccine, antibiotic and other
drugs
Specialized health care and lab facilities
Trauma care Poison center
Blood banks
Laboratory service network
Specialized facilities for protection, detection, decontamination and de
corporation
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CONCLUSION
Post Disaster medical documentation
R&D mode for pilot studies
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SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES Social effects Loss of human life, health related
long term effects, increase in psychosocial
pathologies in the community, lack of education of
the affected community, temporary and permanent
migration, law and order problem, social disruptionand loss of live stock.
Economic effects loss of housing, damage in
infrastructure, disruption of communication and
power, disruption of transport facilities, loss of
agriculture products, disrupted market and publicdistribution systems and loss of commerce
Destruction of Health Infrastrure Damage in
Hospitals, clinics PHCs buildings, Equipments and
supplies
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SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
Concrete of Epidemics Disrupted potable water supply,
poor sanitation, overcrowding in relief camp, water / food
contamination and Vector proliferation.
Enhanced Health care need of vulnerable groups
Public Health Emergencies with mass causality potential Vector borne disease enabling environment for
mosquitoes breeding due to water collection leading to
increase inMalaria, Dengue, etc.
Water borne disease : contaminated water and poor
sanitation, increases the possibility of cholera
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SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
Droplet infection : Due to adverse living condition,
overcrowding in temporary sheerer (measles, influenza,
meningitis, etc.
Contact disease Lack of personnel hygiene and over
crowding especially in relief camps / temporary shelters Bioterrorism can cause mass casualties leading to public
health emergencies
Prevention measure Water supply
Safe and sufficient drinking water
Protected existing water source from contamination
Chorine tablet sanitation
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SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
Provision of Latrine and Toilet
Waster Disposal
Adequate supply of food and Nutrients
Proper Disposal of Dead bodies and Carcasses
Vector control Spraying of shelter with residual
insecticide, Provision of insecticide treated mosquito nets,
Use of larvicidals
Health Education Promote hygiene practice (e.g.) hand
washing and use of soap, latrine for defecation
Use of safe water (e.g.) boil / add chlorine tablets to water
Safe food Properly cooked food
Safe food handlers.