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lrqdf b]lvPsfaf9L, klx/f], e'O“rfnf],

x'/Latf;, cfunfuL, dxfdf/L,r6Øfª, v8]/L tyf ;'Vvfsf

sf/0f x'g] ef]sd/L /zLtnx/, lxdtfn ljikmf]6

cflb k|sf]ksfs]xL pbfx/0f x'g\

k|sf]ksf 36gfdf k/]/ dflg;sf] d[To' x'G5, w]/} dflg; 3fOt] x'G5g\, 3/af/, v]taf/L /afnLgfnL tyf cGo wgdfn gi6 eP/ w]/} dflg; 3/af/ljxLg x'G5g\ . k|sf]kaf6 pTkGgx'g] ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{ 5/l5d]s, ;/sf/ jf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]u cfjZosk5{ . ctM dflg;sf] Hofg hfg], 3fOt] x'g] / wgdfn, v]taf/L gi6 ug]{ af9L, klx/f],cfunfuL, x'/Latf;, dxfdf/L, e'O“rfnf], zLtnx/h:tf 36gfnfO{ g} k|sf]k elgG5 .

hgwgsf] Iflt jf ljgfz ug]{ k|fs[lts tyf dfgjl;lh{t 36gfnfO{ k|sf]k elgG5 .

k|sf]k s] xf] <k|sf]k s] xf] <

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xfd|f] ;dfhdf efUosf] v]n jf k"j{hGdsf] kfksf sf/0f k|sf]kdf kl/g] k/Dk/fut dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . xfdLn]ufp“3/df ;'Gg] u/]sf s'/f k|sf]ksf jf:tljs sf/0f xf]Ogg\ . To;}n] tnsf s'g} klg sf/0fn] To:tfk|sf]ksf 36gf x'“b}gg\ eGg] a'‰g' h?/L x'G5 M

e'O“rfnf], Hjfnfd'vL, af9L–klx/f], r6Øfª, x'/Latf;h:tf k|sf]k b]jLb]jtfl/;fP/ dRrfPsf] pkb|f] xf]Og .

OGb| l/;fPdf v8]/L k5{ jf w]/} kfgL k/]/ af9Lcfp“5 jf zq'hLj tyf kfkLnfO{ dfg{ OGb|n] jh| k|xf/ ubf{r6Øfª k5{ eGg] s'/f ;To xf]Og .

slno'udf a9]sf] kfksf] ef/ k[YjLn] yfDg g;s]/e'O“rfnf], Hjfnfd'vL, af9L, klx/f]h:tf k|sf]k x'g] k/Dk/fut

wf/0ff klg unt x'g\ .

r]K6f] k[YjLnfO{ af]s]sf df5f, s5'jf jf xfQLn] sf“w km]bf{ k[YjL xlNnP/ e'O“rfnf] hfg] eGg] ufp“3/df;'lgg] syf klg ;To xf]Og .

k|sf]ksf k|sf/k|sf]ksf ljgfzsf/L 36gf ljleGg dfWodaf6 pTkGg x'G5g\ . kfgL, cfuf], vfBkbfy{, ef}uf]lnstyf ef}ule{s cj:yf, hnjfo' / dfgjLo lqmofsnfk k|sf]k pTkGg x'g] cfwf/ x'g\ . k|sf]knfO{o;sf] pTklQ x'g] cfwf/cg';f/ juL{s/0f ug]{ ul/G5, hf] lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

!= hnpTkGg k|sf]k M dflg; tyf ;Dk"0f{ hLjsf nflu geO gx'g] kfgLsf

sf/0f ljleGg k|sf/sf k|sf]ksf 36gf pTkGg x'G5g\, h;nfO{ hnpTkGgk|sf]k elgG5 . cltj[li6, af9L, klx/f], 8'afg, cgfj[li6, v8]/L, d?e"dLs/0f,cl;gf, lxdkft, lxdtfn–ljikmf]6, k|b"lift vfg]kfgLsf sf/0f pTkGg dxfdf/L,cDnjiff{ cflb hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

@= clUgpTkGg k|sf]k M xfdLn] jgdf 89]nf] nfu]sf] tyfufp“3/df cfunfuL eP/ hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf] b]v]sf jf ;'g]sf 5f}“ .cfunfuL eP/ dflg; d/]sf / 7"nf] dfqfdf wg;DklQsf] gf]S;fgePsf ;dfrf/ ;w}“h;f] ;'Gg ;lsG5 .o;/L x'g] cfunfuLsf 36gfnfO{clUgpTkGg k|sf]k elgG5 .

#= vfBpTkGg k|sf]k M b"lift vfgf vfgfn] emf8fkvfnf nfUb5 . kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfsf] cefj ePdf jfclgsfn nfu]df :j:y dflg;;“u} afnaflnsf, ue{jtL tyf ;'Ts]/L dlxnf / a"9fa"9Ldf s'kf]if0fsf] k|efjb]vf kb{5 . o;/L b"lift vfgfsf] sf/0faf6 x'g] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ vfBpTkGg k|sf]k elgG5 .

$= hnjfo'hGo k|sf]k M xfd|f] jfo'd08ndf ljleGg k|sf/sf k|ltlqmof rln/xG5, h;sf] ;f]emf]

k|sf]k s] xf]Og <

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k|efj k[YjLdf kl//x]sf] x'G5 . ;"o{af6 k[YjLdf cfpg] tfk, k|sfz / k[YjLaf6jfo'd08ndf hfg] ljleGg tTjx¿af6 rNg] k|ltlqmof,u|xx¿aLr rNg] u'?Tjfsif{0fansf] k|efjsf sf/0f ljleGg k|sf/sf hnjfo'hGo 36gf eO/xG5g\ . o:tfk|ltlqmofaf6 pTkGg x'g] x'/Latf;, ;d'b|L cf“wL, r6Øfª, zLtnx/, tftf] xfjf -n"_ cflb hnjfo'hGo k|sf]ksf] >]0fLdf kb{5g\ .

%= pBf]u Pj+ k|ljlwhGo k|sf]k M ljZjsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08sf¿kdf pBf]usf] Jofks ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf

pBf]udf h8fg ePsf oGqsf] v/faL, ljB'tLo u8a8L eP/, /;fogr'lxP/ jf cGo sf/0faf6 x'g] b'3{6gfnfO{ cf}Bf]lus Pj+ k|ljlwhGok|sf]k elgG5 . xjfOhxfh, kfgLhxfh, /]n, a;, 6«s cflbsf]b'3{6gf, cf0fljs /;fog / ljls/0fsf] r'xfj6 tyf ljikmf]6åf/fx'g] ljgfzsf/L 36gfnfO{ cf}Bf]lus tyfk|ljlwhGo k|sf]k elgG5 .

^= dfgjl;lh{t k|sf]k M dflg;s} k|ToIf sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] ljgfzsf/L36gfnfO{ dfgjs[t k|sf]k elgG5 . ;fdflhs åGå, o'4, x'nbª\uf tyf efubf}8h:tf36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt eP To;nfO{ dfgjl;lh{t k|sf]k elgG5 .

&= h}ljs k|sf]k M jgljgfzsf sf/0f jGohGt'sf] af;:yfg ;dfKt x'“b}uPsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k af3, efn', lrt'jfh:tf jGohGt' ufp“df k;]/dflg; / 3/kfn'jf hgfj/dfly cfqmd0f ug]{ qmd a9]sf] 5 . To:t} /f]usfsL6f0f', hLjf0f' / sL/f a9]/ dflg;sf] :jf:Yo / vfBfGgafnL klg gi6 ug]{qmd klg a9]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;nx, 9';L, cflbsf sf/0f v]tLkftL gi6 x'G5 jflx+;|s hgfj/n] dflg; jf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/dfly cfqmd0f u/]/ hgwgsf]Iflt u5{g\ eg] To;nfO{ h}ljs k|sf]k elgG5 .

*= ef}ule{s k|sf]k M k[YjLsf] e"ue{ ;txh:t} crn 5}g, of] rnfodfg5 . xfdL a;]sf] ;txaf6 ;of}“ lsnf]ld6/leq lgs} a9L tftf] x'g] sf/0f Toxf“sf]9'ª\uf, df6f] jf cGo kbfy{ klUnP/ ag]sf] n]bf] 5]p5fp /x]sf g/d r§fgL Kn]6 kfgLdf t}l/Psf] kfth:t}rnfodfg x'G5g\ . To; n]bf]nfO DofUdf elgG5 hf] dflyaf6 k/]sf] rfksf sf/0f aflx/ lg:sg] k|of;

ul//x]sf] x'G5 . cw{t/n n]bf] aflx/ lgl:sg] qmddf Toxf“ ;l~rtpmhf{sf] ljikmf]6 eP/ hldgdf 7"nf] xnrn k}bf x'G5 . To:t}k[YjLsf] ue{df /x]sf] klUnPsf] cw{t/n kbfy{ aflx/ lgl:s“bftftf] nfef / DofUdfn] a[xt\ If]qnfO{ 9fSb5 . o;/L pTkGg x'g]k|sf]knfO{ ef}ule{s k|sf]k elgG5 . e'O“rfnf] / Hjfnfd'vL ef}ule{sk|sf]ksf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

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g]kfn ;d'b|;txaf6 dfq ^) ld6/ cUnf] d}bfgb]lv *,*$* ld6/ cUnf] ljZjs} ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfePsf] b]z xf] . o; aLrdf y'k|} eL/–kfvf, a]“;L, pkTosf 5g\ . o;k|sf/sf] ljljwtfo'Qm w/ftnLocj:yf ePsfn] klg g]kfndf k|sf]ksf ljleGg 36gfx¿ x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ljZjJofkL dfGotfcg';f/k|fs[lts / dfgjLo u/L k|sf]ksf b'O{ k|d'v sf/0f /x]sf 5g\, hf] lgDg 5g\ M

!= k|fs[lts sf/0fg]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿k / w/ftnLo cj:yf ljljwtfo'Qm 5 .sl/a % s/f]8 jif{ cl3 pTklQ ePsf] o; If]qsf] ef}uf]lns agf]6sdhf]/ /x]sf] dflgG5 . To;}n] g]kfndf af9L tyf klx/f]h:tfk|sf]kx¿ k|z:t x'G5g\ . g]kfndf x'g] k|sf]ksf k|fs[lts sf/0flgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

ef}uf]lns sf/0f M g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]q ljZjs} ;a}eGbfsfG5f] kj{tz[ª\vnf ePsfn] oxf“sf] w/ftn k"0f{ ¿kdf l:y/ eO;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] g]kfndf ;fdfGojiff{åf/f klg e";tx vl:sg] x'“bf e"Ifo, klx/f] / af9Lsf] cTolws hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 .

ef}ule{s sf/0f M g]kfn lxGb's'z lxdfnosf] sl/a @,$)) lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] rGb|fsf/ kj{tLoIf]qsf] s]Gb|df /x]sf] 5 . oxf“sf] e"ue{df pQ/L If]qdf /x]sf]lta]ltog Kn]6 / blIf0fL If]qdf /x]sf ef/tLo Kn]6 cfk;df3':b} hfg] e"ue{ljb\x¿sf] egfO 5 . oxL sf/0f e"sDkLob[li6n] o; If]qsf] ef}ule{s cj:yf ;+j]bgzLn /x]sf] dflgG5 .To;}n] g]kfn e"sDkLo hf]lvddf /x]sfljZjsf @)) b]zdWo] !! cf} :yfgdf/x]sf] 5 .

dg;'gL sf/0f M aª\ufnsf] vf8Laf6 pTkGg ePsf] dg;'gL jfo'åf/f

x'g] jiff{sf] k|efj klg g]kfndf a9L k5{ . dg;'gL jfo' g]kfnsf cUnf lxdfndf7f]lSs“bf To;eGbf tNnf] If]qdf w]/} jiff{ x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j?k hldg IfoLs[teP/ klx/f] hfg] / t/fO{df af9Ln] 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofp“g] u/]sf] 5 .

jfo'd08nLo sf/0f M jfo'd08ndf x'g] lqmof–k|ltlqmofsfsf/0f cl;gf, r6Øfª, x'/Latf;,cf“wLa]x/L, lxdkft, zLtnx/,cltj[li6, v08j[li6, v8]/Lh:tfk|sf]khGo 36gf pTkGg x'G5g\ .

k|sf]ksf sf/0fk|sf]ksf sf/0f

55555

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@= dfgjLo sf/0fk|sf]ksf dfgjLo sf/0f lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

s= clzIff M k|sf]k;DaGwL 1fgsf] cefjn] k|sf]knfO{ O{Zj/ jf efUosf] v]n dfGg] ;fdflhs dfGotf5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0fsf sfd gx'“bf k|sf]ksf] k|efj cem a9\b} hfG5 .

v= ul/aL M ul/a ;d'bfodf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] Ifdtf sd x'G5 . To;}u/L, ul/a ;d'bfo g}k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd /x]sf] :yfgdf a;]/ hLjg wfGg afWo x'G5 . k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ / k|ljlwdf klgpgLx¿sf] kx'“r x'“b}g . To;}n] ul/aLn] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fPsf] x'G5 .

u= cj}1flgs e"–pkof]u M e"ldsf] pkof]u tyf v]tLkftL cj}1flgs tl/sfaf6 x'“bf e"Ifo w]/}x'G5 . o;af6 klx/f] hfg] / To;n] af9Lsf] vt/f a9\g] / d?e"dLs/0f klg a9\g] x'G5 .

3= jgljgfz tyf vf]l/of v]tL M jgljgfz tyf vf]l/of km“8]/ v]tLug]{ k|j[lQsf sf/0f k|fs[lts jftfj/0f g/fd|f] x'g], h}ljs ;|f]t gi6 x'g], kfgLsf]d'xfg ;'Sg] tyf e"Ifo / klx/f] hfg] x'“bf k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9\g] u/]sf] 5 .

ª= sdhf]/ lgdf{0f M sdhf]/ lgdf{0fn] k|sf]k a9fp“5 eGg]]lt/ Wofg glbO{;8s, k'n, lah'nL pTkfbg s]Gb|, gx/ jf s'nf], 3/ cflb agfpg] ul/G5 .o:tf sdhf]/ ;+/rgf k|sf]ksf ;fdfGo 36gfaf6 klg Ifltu|:t x'G5g\ .

r= cf}Bf]lus ljsf; M pkef]Uo j:t'sf] pTkfbg ug]{b]lv /f;folgs j:t'/ pmhf{ pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]udf x'g] b'3{6gf tyf tL pBf]uaf6 lg:sg] ljiffn' kbfy{n] k|sf]ksf 36gf a9fp“5g\ .

5= s[lqd af“wlgdf{0f M hnljB't\ pTkfbg jf l;“rfOsf nflu agfOg] 7"nf af“wn] dflyNnf] If]q 8'afgu5{ eg] af“w k'm6]/ tNnf] If]qdf ljgfzsf/L af9L hfG5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{sf] ;LdfIf]qdfef/tn] lgdf{0f u/]sf af“wsf sf/0f g]kfnsf] 7"nf] e"efu x/]s jif{ 8'afgdf kb}{ cfPsf]5 .

h= ;fdflhs åGå / o'4 M dflg;sf ljrf/, wf/0ffdf ljljwtf a9\b} uPsfn]åGå a9\bf] cj:yfdf 5 . åGån] o'4sf] ¿k klg lng] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf nfdf] ;do;DdhgcfGbf]ng x'“bf xhf/f}“ dflg;sf] Hofg uof] eg] caf}{+sf] cfly{s gf]S;fgL ePsf] 5 .

em= jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / ;/;kmfOsf] cefj M hg;ª\Vof j[l4,jgljgfz, cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf sf/0f jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f a9]sf] 5 . To:t}/f;folgs kbfy{, sL6gfzs cf}iflw, Knfl:6sh:tf k|b"ifssf] pTkfbg / k|of]un]klg jftfj/0f k|b"if0f al9/x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} :jf:Yo lzIffsf] cefj, b"liftvfgf tyf kfgL, s'kf]if0f, ;/;kmfOsf] cefjn] gof“ /f]ux¿ b]vf kb}{ cfPsf 5g\ .P8\;, x}hf, emf8fkvfnf, efO/n OGk\mn'PGhf, a8{k\mn' / ;f;{h:tf dxfdf/Ln]klg jif]{gL xhf/f}“ dflg;sf] Hofg lnO/x]sf] 5 .

66666

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k|sf]kaf6 g]kfndf x/]s jif{ Ps xhf/eGbf a9L dflg;sf] d[To' / &) s/f]8 ?k}of“eGbf a9Lsf] wg;DklQgi6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} k|sf]ksf sf/0f dflg;df kg]{ dfgl;s kL8fsf] n]vfhf]vf x'g] u/]sf] 5}g .ctM k|sf]kn] ;dfhdf tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg k|efj kg]{ k|i6 x'G5, hf] lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

!= tTsfnLg k|efjk|sf]kn] dflg;sf] Hofg lng], 3fOt] agfpg] / wg;DklQ gi6 ug]{ x'“bf tTsfnsf] hghLjg si6s/ x'G5 .cfk\mgf] / kl/jf/sf] Hofg arfpg g} sl7g x'g] cj:yfdf wg;DklQ hf]ufpg] ;Defjgf Hofb} sd x'G5 .k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfodf vfgf, cfjf;, n'ufkmf6f], cf}iflwpkrf/,;'/Iffh:tf cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf] cefj x'G5 . k|sf]kaf6 kg]{ tTsfnLgk|efjnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

k|sf]kdf k/]/ dflg;sf] Hofg hfg' / 3fOt] x'g' tTsfnsf] ;a}eGbf7"nf] kL8fbfoL k|efj xf] .

k|sf]kdf k/]/ vfBfGg, n'ufkmf6f], u/uxgf, d"Nojfg sfuhft, 3/,uf]7, vfg]kfgL / pmhf{sf ;+oGq, v]t, af/L, df5fkf]v/L, cGgafnL,t/sf/L, afuau}“rf, 3/kfn'jf ufO{, e}“;L, uf]?, afv|f, s'v'/f gi6x'G5g\ . o;sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ljBfno, k':tsfno, ;/sf/Lsfof{no, ;8s, k'n, vfg]kfgL, ljB't\pTkfbg jf ljt/0f–k|0ffnLh:tf /fli6«o ;DklQ klg gi6x'G5g\ .

@= bL3{sfnLg k|efj M k|sf]kaf6 ;dfhdf kg]{ bL3{sfnLg k|efj lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

dfgl;s k|efj M k|sf]kdf k/]/ cfkmGt, 3/af/ / wg;DklQ u'dfPsf JolQmdf dgf]j}1flgs c;/ k5{ .o:tf] k|efj nfdf] ;do;Dd /xg] x'“bf o;nfO{ bL3{sfnLg k|efj dflgG5 . s'g} JolQm zf/Ll/s ¿kdfczQm eP p;df xLgtfaf]w pTkGg x'g;S5 .

cfly{s k|efj M k|sf]kaf6 wg;DklQ cflb gi6 x'“bf kLl8tkl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodf cfly{s kL8f k5{ . sltko dflg;cfkm\gf] 3/ / v]taf/L u'dfP/ lj:yflkt x'“bf nfdf] ;do;Ddul/aLsf] kL8fdf af“Rg afWo x'G5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ klgIfltu|:t eP/ b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df g/fd|f] c;/ k5{ /d'n's cem ul/aLtkm{ ws]lnG5 .

dfgj;+;fwgdf k|efj M k|sf]kdf k/]/ bIf dflg; ;d]t dg]{,3fOt] jf czQm x'g;S5g\ . o;n] ljsf;df cu|;/ /xg]hgzlQmsf] cefj x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf sltko :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk, k|ljlw nf]k x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .;fdflhs ljsf;df ;lqmo /xg] ljsf; sfo{stf{ g} k|sf]kkLl8t eP ;dfhdf dfgj;+;fwg kl/rfngx'g;Sg] ;Defjgf yf]/} x'G5, h;af6 ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ult cj?4 x'G5 .

k|sf]ksf] k|efjk|sf]ksf] k|efj

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k|sf]kn] ul/a / wgLaLr e]befj ub}{g . t}klg ul/an] g}k|sf]ksf] kL8f ;a}eGbf a9L ef]Ug'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] x'G5 .w]/} ul/a kl/jf/;“u a:g / v]tLkftL ug{ ;'/lIft :yfgdfcfk\mgf] hUufhldg sd x'g] jf x'“b} gx'g] x'“bf pgLx¿ gbLlsgf/, eL/kfvf]h:tf vt/fo'Qm 7fp“df a:g afWo x'G5g\ .pgLx¿ af9Lklx/f] ghfg] 7fp“df a;] klg :jR5 vfg]kfgLtyf ;/;kmfOaf6 al~rt x'G5g\, e'O“rfnf]sf] wSsf y]Ug;Sg]3/ agfpg ;Sb}gg\, kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/f k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . kl/0ffd:j?k k|sf]ksf] df/ w]/}h;f] ul/anfO{g} kg]{ u5{ . To;sf/0f ul/aL g} k|sf]ksf sf/sdWo] Ps xf] eGg ;lsG5 .

To;f] t wgL dflg; klg k|sf]kdf k/]/ ul/a aG5g\ . t/ s'g} klg ul/a dflg; k|sf]kdf k/]/ wgL x'g;Sb}g . k|sf]kn] dflg; ;lxt k|foM ;a} k|sf/sfwg;DklQsf] Iflt u5{ t/ s;}sf] wg;DklQ lkmtf{ ub}{g .To;sf/0f k|sf]kn] 3/af/, v]tLkftL gi6 u/]/ wgLnfO{klg ul/a agfp“5 . k|sf]kdf k/]sf o:tf kl/jf/ tyf;d'bfon] a;f]af; / v]tLkftLsf nflu ;'/lIft 7fp“ kfpg;Sb}gg\ / km]l/ klg af9L, klx/f] hfg;Sg] :yfgdf a:gafWo x'G5g\ / hLjglgjf{xsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfg k|fKtug{ ;Sb}gg\ .

wgL kl/jf/sf] jf;:yfg cGo ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;d]tx'g;S5 . pgLx¿;“u cfDbfgLsf cGo ;|f]tx¿ klg x'G5g\ .

To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ ul/anfO{h:t} 7"nf] k|efj k/]sf] x'“b}g . To;sf/0f k|sf]ksf ;dodf / To;kl5 klgul/anfO{ ;xof]usf] vf“rf] k5{ . xfdLn] k|sf]kkLl8t dflg;sf];xof]u ubf{ ;a}eGbf klxn] ul/anfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ sf/0fklg oxL g} xf] .

dlxnf / afnaflnsf tyf k|sf]kk|sf]kaf6 dlxnf, afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L / czQm a9L k|efljtx'G5g\ . dlxnfx¿ w]/}h;f] 3/fo;L sfddf Jo:t x'g] ePsfn]crfgs cfpg] e'O“rfnf] cfPdf, af9L cfPdf jf klx/f]uPdf aflx/ lgl:sg Eofp“b}gg\ . afnaflnsf, czQm,la/fdL / a"9fa"9L klg tTsfn} ;'/lIft :yfgdf k'Ug ;Sb}gg\ .To;}n] k|sf]kdf pgLx¿ kg]{ ;Defjgf /lx/xG5 . xfdLn]k|sf]ksf ;dodf o:tf ;b:onfO{ arfpg] k|of; ug'{k5{ .

88888

ul/aL / k|sf]kaLrsf] ;DaGwul/aL / k|sf]kaLrsf] ;DaGw

99999

dflg;sf] pTklQsfnb]lv lg/Gt/ rNb} cfPsf] cfly{s,;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, z}lIfs / :jf:Yo;DaGwL;sf/fTds kl/jt{gnfO{ g} ljsf; elgG5 . dfl;n]tL ;a} If]qdf ljsf; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . t/ klgljgfzsf y'k|} af6fx¿ dflg;n] g} agfp“b} cfPsf] 5 .cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf sf/0f jfo' k|b"if0f a9]/ljgfzsf/L df};dL k|sf]ksf 36gf a9|b} hfg yfn]sf 5g\ . st} cltj[li6 eP/ af9L cfpg] / cgfj[li6 tyfv8]/L k/]/ clgsfn a9\g] ;Defjgf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf nflu jgljgfz a9]sf sf/0f klgjftfj/0f cksif{0fdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k e"Ifo, klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

;8s lgdf{0f ubf{ klx/f] lgoGq0f ug]{tkm{ Wofg gk'¥ofp“bf tTsfn ljsf; ePsf] b]lvP klg klx/f] uP/ag]sf] ;8s Iflt x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fn] kmf]xf]/d}nf, :jR5 vfg]kfgL tyf;/;kmfOsf] ;d:of a9fPsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . To;}u/L e'“rfnf]sf] ;fdfGo wSsf klg ;xg ug{ g;Sg] 3/agfp“bf tTsfn ljsf; ePsf] b]lvPklg ;fgf] e'O“rfnf]n] To;nfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 .

hg;ª\Vof–j[l4;“u} a9]sf] jgkm“8fgL tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tdflysf] bafa, clgolGqt / cJojl:yt ¿kdfeO/x]sf] hldgsf] pkof]u, ;8s, ljB't\pTkfbg kl/of]hgfh:tf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{n] ef}uf]lns:j¿kdf ;d]t kl/jt{g Nofp“5 . o;/L lgld{t ;+/rgfdf k|sf]ksf] k|lt/Iff ug{;Sg] Ifdtf gePdf Iflt klga9\b} hfG5 . k|sf]ksf ;dodf kLl8t ;d'bfosf] p4f/, /fxt / Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] dd{t;Def/ tyfk'gMlgdf{0fdf vr{ x'G5 . o;n] ljsf;sf cGo sfo{df ah]6sf] cefj eP/ sfddf afwf pTkGg x'G5 .o:tf] cj:yfdf ljsf;sf sfo{ cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}gg\ / d'n's cem ul/a x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ljåfg\x¿sfcg';f/ k|sf]kn] ljsf;nfO{ lgDg k|efj kf/]/ k5fl8 ws]N5 M

lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQdf Iflt k'¥ofP/ .

ljsf; sfddf /fHon] 5'6ØfPsf] ah]6 p4f/, /fxt tyf cfkt\sfnLg sfo{df nufgL ug'{kg]{ cj:yfl;h{gf eP/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf lgoldt sfddf cj/f]w pTkGg eP/ .

k|sf]kl;lh{t k|sf]k pTkGg u/]/ . h:t} a9Lkl5 emf8fkvfnf, x}hf cflbsf] k|sf]k a9]/ .

k|fs[lts ;|f]t, pj{/ e"ld / cfocfh{gsf cGo cj;/ gi6 u/]/ .

k|sf]kn] eljiosf nflu ljsf;sf] af6f] vf]N5 Mk|sf]kn] ljsf;sf] gof“ 9f]sf vf]lnlbG5 eGg] wf/0ff klg /x]sf] 5 .k|sf]ksf 36gfaf6 Iflt ePsf 3/, v]taf/L, ;8s, k'n, ljBfno cflbk'g lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft 7fp“dfa;f]af; u/fpg' / k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd axg ug{;Sg] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j?k eljiodf x'g;Sg] k|sf]ksf]k|efj Go"g x'g hfG5 / hgwgsf] Iflt klg sd x'g hfG5 . To;}sf/0fxfdL ;a}n] ljsf;sf sfo{nfO{ lbuf], alnof] / ;'/lIft agfpg' h?/L 5 .

99999

ljsf;df k|sf]ksf] g/fd|f] k|efjljsf;df k|sf]ksf] g/fd|f] k|efj

1 01 01 01 01 0

vt/f M

hgwgsf] Iflt k'¥ofpg;Sg] s'g} 36gf x'g] cj:yfnfO{ vt/f elgG5 .af9L tyf klx/f]h:tf k|sf]khGo 36gf g} vt/f x'g\ . To;}u/L n8\gnfu]sf] 3/ klg vt/f xf] . lrqdf b]lvPsf] kxf8af6 v:b} u/]sf]

9'ª\ufn] kxf8sf] km]bsf] ufp“df a:g] dflg; / wg;DklQdf Ifltk'¥ofpg] ePsfn] tL 9'ª\uf g} vt/f x'g\ .

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg / hf]lvd ljZn]if0fk|sf]k Joj:yfkgk|sf]ksf 36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt sd ug{sf nflu ljleGgr/0fdf ug'{kg]{ sfdnfO{ k|sf]k Joj:yfkg elgG5 . af9L cfpg] /8'afg x'g] ;Defjgf ePsf gbLsf lsgf/ tyf ;dy/ d}bfgL If]qdfa;f]af; ug]{ dflg;nfO{ af9L cfPdf ;'/lIft 7fp“df nu]/ /fVg'k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] sfdleq k5{ . gbLsf] lsgf/df tf/hfnL / 9'ª\uf, afn'jfsf af]/f /fv]/ t6aGwagfpg], j[Iff/f]k0f u/]/ gbLsf] lsgf/ s6fg x'gaf6 arfpg] sfo{ klg k|sf]k Joj:yfkgs} sfo{x¿ x'g\ .ctM s'g} klg k|sf]ksf] k|efjnfO{ ;s];Dd lgoGq0f u/]/ hgwgsf] Iflt 36fpg, k|sf]ksf ;dodfcfkTsfnLg /fxt, p4f/ / k|sf]kkl5 ul/g] k'glg{df{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgh:tf sfo{x¿sf] Jojl:yt :j¿knfO{k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg elgG5 .

k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] sfd ubf{ ljutdf ePsf k|sf]ksf 36gf / To;af6ePsf] IfltnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ kl5 x'g;Sg] k|sf]ksf] cg'dfg ug'{k5{ .To;/L ul/Psf] cg'dfgsf cfwf/df k|sf]kaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt sd ug]{vfnsfsfo{x¿ ug'{k5{ . o:tf sfd ug{ ;dfhsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts,k|fljlws tyf z}lIfs cj:yfcg'¿k of]hgf agfpg'k5{ .

k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf sfd ug{ ;a}eGbf klxn] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd s] xf] < hf]lvds;/L x'G5 < o;nfO{ s;/L sd ug{;lsG5 < cflb ljifodf hfgsf/L lng'k5{ .

k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Mk|sf]ksf] vt/f / vt/faf6 pTkGg x'g] ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf] ;+o'Qm cj:yfg} k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd xf] . hf]lvd a9fpg] vt/f tyf ;ª\s6fled'vtfdWo]s'g} PsnfO{ x6fpg ;s] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd cyjf k|sf]kn] k'¥ofpg] Iflt sdx'G5 / k|sf]ksf] c;/ klg sd x'G5 .

1 01 01 01 01 0

1 11 11 11 11 1

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg÷k"j{tof/L÷Ifdtf clej[l4

k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd = k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

dflysf] ;dLs/0f cg';f/ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd sd ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ tnsf] lrqaf6 klg a'‰g ;lsG5 Mhf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f

ug'{ cl3

hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f

kl5

;ª\s6fled'v Ms'g} 36gf x'“bf To;af6 dflg;, j:t'efp tyf wg;DklQdf Iflt k'Ug] cj:yf/x]df tL dflg;, j:t'efp / wg;DklQnfO{ ;ª\s6fled'v elgG5 . ctMvt/flt/ kmls{Psf jf vt/fdf kg]{ cj:yfdf /x]sf s'g} klg j:t' jf dflg;jf hLjhGt' ;ª\s6fled'v x'G5g\ .

hf]lvd M vt/f / ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf] ;+o'Qm cj:yf g} k|sf]ksf]

hf]lvd xf] . klx/f] hfg nfu]sf] jf kxf8af6 9'ª\uf v:b} u/]sf] cj:yfdftNnf] If]qdf /x]sf] dflg;sf] a:tL, 3/, dflg;, ufOj:t', v]taf/L tyf cGo wg;DklQsf] Iflt x'g]

;Defjgf /x]sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ hf]lvd elgG5 . hf]lvdnfO{ a'‰g lgDg ;dLs/0f k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M

vt/f X ;ª\s6fled'vtf = hf]lvd

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f Mhf]lvd a9fpg] vt/f / ;ª\s6fled'vtfdWo] s'g} Ps tTjnfO{ x6fpg ;s] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd sd x'G5 .olb ;fgf] klx/f] hfg nfu]sf] xf] eg] klx/f] hfg glbg 6]jf kvf{n nufpg], klx/f] hfg nfu]sf] 7fp“eGbfdflysf] kfgLnfO{ cs]{lt/ tsf{P/ ;'/lIft /fVg] xf] eg] vt/f 6/]/ hf]lvd klg sd x'G5 / dflg;,3/af/, ufOj:t' tyf ;DklQ ;ª\s6fled'vtfaf6 d'Qm x'G5g\ . To;}n] ;s];Dd vt/fnfO{ x6fP/ hf]lvdGo"gLs/0f ug'{ g} k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] k|d'v sfo{ xf] . hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] tl/sfnfO{ tnsf] ;dLs/0faf6klg /fd|/L a'‰g ;lsG5 M

1 11 11 11 11 1

1 21 21 21 21 2

k|sf]k Joj:yfkgk|sf]ksf] hf]lvd sd ug{ ul/g] sfo{nfO{ k|sf]k Joj:yfkg elgG5 .

k|sf]k Joj:yfkgdf k|sf]k x'g'klxn] ul/g] sfo{ tyf k"j{tof/L,e/kbf]{ ;"rgfk|0ffnL / :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 hf]lvd sdu/L ljkb\df ;'/lIft /xg] k|of; ug'{ Iflt–Go"gLs/0fsf k|efjsf/Lpkfo x'g\ . k|sf]kaf/] ;dod} ;r]t eP/ To;af6 aRg] jf To;sf];fdgf ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/Pdf hgwgsf] Iflt sdx'G5 . To;}n] k|sf]k a9L x'g] If]qdf a:g] x/]s dflg;n] k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/e"t ljifosf] hfgsf/L lng'k5{ . ef}uf]lns If]q

tyf k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg sfo{sf] of]hgfagfpg'k5{ . k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df

ug'{kg]{ s]xL dxTjk"0f{ sfo{nfO{ lgDg rqm (Cycle) n] :ki6 kf5{ . o;rqm cg';f/ k|sf]k Joj:yfkgleq d'Votof k|sf]k k"j{tof/L, p4f/tyf /fxt ;]jf -k|sf]ksf ;dodf ug'{kg]{ sfd_ / k'gM:yfkg tyfk'gMlgdf{0f kb{5g\ . oL sfo{ / sfd ug]{ tf}/tl/sf jf ljlwsfaf/]df 5f]6s/L hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 .

k|sf]k k"j{tof/Lk|sf]ksf 36gf eO/xg] 7fp“ cyf{t\ k|sf]k x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf 7fp“dfk|sf]k ePdf klg hgwgsf] Iflt sd ug{ k|sf]k x'g'klxn] ul/g] Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{nfO{ k|sf]k k"j{tof/LelgG5 . k"j{tof/L ubf{ k|sf]k x'g] ;Defjgf, To;sf] vt/f, hf]lvd / ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/To; cg';f/ hf]lvd 36fP/ hgwgsf] Iflt sd x'g] Joj:yf ldnfp“b} k|sf]k ePdf ;'/lIft /xg /tTsfnLg p4f/ / /fxtsf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] tof/LnfO{ k|sf]k k"j{tof/L elgG5 . k|sf]k k"j{tof/LdflgDgcg';f/sf sfd kb{5g\ M

hgr]tgf clej[l4 tyf tflnd

k|sf]k–k"j{tof/Lsf] sfo{ yfNg'klxn] ;d'bfosf;b:onfO{ k|sf]k;DaGwL ;}4flGts 1fg lbg'k5{ .ljutsf cg'ejsf cfwf/df k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf,:yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk / ;|f]tsf] pkof]u;DaGwdf;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf 5nkmn u/L k"j{tof/Lsf]cfwf/zLnf tof/ ug'{k5{ . k"j{tof/Lsf sfo{sf];"rL agfP/ ;b:oaLr sfd / ;dosf] af“8kmf“6u/]/ k"j{tof/Lsf] sfo{ k|f/De ug'{k5{ .

1 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 2

1 31 31 31 31 3

vt/f, hf]lvd / ;ª\s6fled'vtf ljZn]if0f

dfgjLo a;f]af;sf] j:t'l:ylt, ef}uf]lns cj:yf / ;Defljt k|sf]ksf]hf]lvd ljZn]if0f k|sf]kklxn] ug'{kg]{ dxŒjk"0f{ sfd x'g\ . hf]lvdljZn]if0f ubf{ vt/f / ;ª\s6fled'v cj:yfsf] klxrfg ug'{k5{ .vt/fn] ;ª\s6fled'v cj:yf a9fpg] x'Fbf oL b'O{ tŒjsf] ld>0faf6k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9\5 . ef}uf]lns cj:yf, k|sf]k / Ifltsf] ;Defjgfh:tfljifodf cWoog u/L k[i7 g+= ==== df pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ hf]lvd ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 .

Go"gLs/0f tyf /f]syfd

hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f ul/;s]kl5 hf]lvdsf] sf/0f, cj:yf/ To;af6 x'g;Sg] Ifltsf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . To;}sf]cfwf/df vt/f sd u/]/ hf]lvd sd ug]{ sfd ug'{k5{ .hf]lvd a9fpg] Ps tŒjnfO{ dfq x6fpg ;s] klg k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ p2]Zo k"/f x'g;S5 . cyf{t\,vt/fnfO{ 6fg{ ;lsPdf hf]lvd sd eP/ ;ª\s6fled'vcj:yfsf dflg; / wg;DklQ ;'/lIft x'G5g\ . o:tf ljifodfcfkm"n] kfPsf] 1fg cfk\mgf] cleefjs, kl/jf/sf ;b:o,

;fyLefO / 5/l5d]sLnfO{ klg lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

k|b"if0f–lgoGq0f, ;/;kmfO / ;'/lIft cfjf;

emf8fkvfnf, x}hf, cfp“, 6fOkmfO8h:tf /f]uhGo dxfdf/Ln]klg k|sf]ksf] cj:yf pTkGg u5{g\ . o:tf vfn] k|sf]ksf]lgoGq0f ug{ jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'g glbg] jf ;/;kmfOdf w]/}Wofg lbg'k5{ . :jR5 vfg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . To;}u/Lzf}rfno, 3/cf“ug, uf]7 ;kmf /fVg'k5{ . 3/fo;L kmf]xf]/,9n, wf/fsf] kfgL cflb ;'/lIft tl/sfn] vfN8f]df xfNg'k5{ .

vfBfGg tyf cf}iflwsf] ;~ro

k|sf]k crfgs x'g] 36gf ePsfn] To; cj:yfdfgeO gx'g] j:t'sf] ;~ro jf hf]xf] ug'{k5{ . o;sfnflu lrp/f, rfprfp, la:s'6h:tf xn'sf vfBfGg/ k|fylds pkrf/sf nflu Aof08]h, l;6fdf]n,hLjghn, l86f]n tyf 3fpdf nufpg] dndx¿sf]Joj:yf u/L /fVg'k5{ .

1 31 31 31 31 3

1 41 41 41 41 4

p4f/ tyf /fxt;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfk|sf]ksf ;dodf kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf ;b:osf] p4f/ ug{ rflxg]nfOkm Hofs]6, 6r{nfO6, l;of], wfuf], a]Nrf, s'6f]–sf]bfnf], v's'/L,8'ª\uf, 6\o'a, 6fo/, 8f]/Lh:tf ;fdfg emf]nfdf xfn]/ ;lhn} e]l6g]7fp“df /fVg'k5{ .

p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu cEof;k|sf]ksf] ;dodf kLl8t JolQmsf] p4f/ ug{ ljBfnodf ;fd'lxs cEof; ug{;s];a}sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 x'G5 . ;s];Dd ck\mgf] ufp“–7fp“df kfOg] j:t'sf] k|of]uu/]/ p4f/ / /fxtsf nflu cEof; ug'{k5{ . o:tf] cEof; ln“bf cfk\mgf lzIfstyf k|lzIfssf] ;xof]u lng'k5{ . cEof; ubf{ afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, czQm /dlxnfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbP/ e]befj/lxt tl/sfaf6 p4f/ ug]{ s'/f klg

l;Sg'k5{{ .

cf>o:ynsf] Joj:yfk|sf]ksf ;dodf cfk"m, cfk\mgf] kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s ;a}nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdfn}hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . k|sf]ksf] 36gf ePsf] ;dodf klg ;'/lIft x'g;Sg] v'nf //fd|f] 7fp“sf] klxrfg ul//fVg'k5{ . cfkTsfnLg cj:yfdf tTsfn z/0f lng;fd'bflos 3/ agfpg] sfo{ klg ljleGg If]qdf eO/x]sf] 5 . xfdLn] To:tf]Joj:yf ug{ cfk\mgf] 3/ / 5/l5d]snfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . ;fd'bflos 3/agfPsf 7fp“df zf}rfno, :jR5 vfg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf klg ug'{k5{ .

cfkTsfnLg of]hgfk|sf]ksf ;dodf ;d'bfosf s'g ;b:on] s'g sfo{ ug]{ eGg] 5nkmn u/L sfdsf]ljefhg ug'{kb{5 . ;b:osf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s cj:yfsf] ;d]t ljZn]if0fu/]/ sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L sfo{ljefhg ug'{k5{ .

k"j{;"rgf tyf ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f

k|sf]ksf] 36gf x'g] ;Defjgfb]lvPdf kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]snfO{36gf x'g nfu]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ k"j{;"rgf jfr]tfjgL elgG5 . k"j{;"r]tfjgL k|0ffnL cfw'lgs k|ljlwaf6klg :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 t/ :yfgLo ;fwg / k/Dk/futtl/sf jf sd vlr{nf] tl/sf ckgfpg'k5{ . k|sf]k ePdfyfn, l;6\7L, dfbn, 9\ofª\u|f] cflb ahfP/ 5/l5d]snfO{

;r]t u/fP/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg ;"lrt ug'{k5{ .

1 41 41 41 41 4

1 51 51 51 51 5

k|sf]ksf] cj:yf jf ;dodf ug]{ sfdk|sf]ksf 36gfnfO{ k"j{tof/Lsf sfo{n] /f]Sg jf lgoGq0f ug{;Sb}g . k|sf]ksf 36gf s'g} klg ;dodf x'g;Sg] ePsfn]To; cj:yfdf ;'/lIft /xg] tTsfnLg pkfo ckgfpg' k5{ .k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] o; r/0fdf ul/g] ;fgfltgf sfd y'k|}x'g;S5g\ . t/ klg d"ne"t ?kdf lgDg sfd ug'{ h?/Lx'G5 .

k"j{r]tgjgL tyf cfjf; vfnL ug]{gbLsf] kfgL wldnf] ePdf, kftkltª\u/ aUb} cfPsf] kfOPdf jfgbLsf] dflyNnf] efuaf6 rL;f] xfjf rn]/ uGw cfPdf af9L cfpg];Defjgf k|an /xG5 . To:tf] cj:yf b]lvPdf 3/kl/jf/,5/l5d]snfO{ ;"rgf lbP/ af9Ln] k|efj kfg{;Sg] If]qaf6 cUnf] 7fp“lt/ efUg'k5{ .

p4f/ tyf /fxtk|sf]ksf] 36gf x'gnfUbf efUg g;s]sf dflg; k|sf]kdf kb{5g\ . To; cj:yfdf sltsf] d[To' x'g;S5 eg]slt 3fOt] x'G5g\ / slt t x/fp“5g\ klg . To;}n] tTsfn kLl8tsf] p4f/ / x/fPsfsf] vf]hL ug'{ dfgjLost{Jo x'G5 .

k|sf]ksf] ;dodf ;'/IffsdL{ jf p4f/stf{ tTsfn} cfpg g;Sg] x'gfn] l5d]sLn] g} p4f/df nfUg'kg]{ x'G5 .;d'bfosf ;b:oaf6 p4f/sfo{ ePdf hgwgsf] Iflt w]/}sd x'G5 . k|sf]ksf] cj:yfcg';f/ cfkmGt,5/l5d]s, p4f/sdL{ / ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwnfO{ k|sf]kaf/] ;"rgf lbg'k5{ . k|sf]k ePsf] cj:yfdf;a}n] lgDg ljifodf Wofg lbg'k5{ M

k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf b]lvP/ cfjf; tyf 3/ vfnL ubf{, p4f/ ubf{, ;'/lIft :yfgdf a;f]af; u/fp“bf,/fxt / dfgjLo ;xof]u pknAw u/fp“bf dlxnf, s]6fs]6L, la/fdL, a"9fa"9L / czQmnfO{ klxnf]k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ .

k|sf]kdf k/]/ x/fPsfsf] vf]hL / 3fOt] ePsf dflg;sf] k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ Joj:yf tTsfn}ug'{k5{ .

kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ tTsfn} cfjZos kg]{ cf}iflw, vfgf, n'ufkmf6f], cfjf;h:tf ;'ljwfsf] nflu ;a}n]ldn]/ sfd ug'{k5{ / ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] If]qdf cfu|x ug'{k5{ .

kLl8tnfO{ dfgjLo ;xof]u ubf{ g/fd|f], c:j:ys/ vfgf tyf kmf6]sf jf k'/fgf n'uf–sk8f lbg'x'“b}g . pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s u'0f:t/Lo j:t' lbP/ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

k|sf]kaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] tYo ;ª\sng u/L sf] ;a}eGbf a9L kLl8t 5 eg]/ kQf nufP/To;}cg';f/ ;xof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ eg] ;a} Ifltsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ k'gM:yfkg / k'glg{df{0fsfnflu of]hgf agfpg'k5{ .

1 51 51 51 51 5

1 61 61 61 61 6

k|sf]kkl5sf] sfdk|sf]k Joj:yfkgleq k|sf]kkl5 nfdf] ;do;Dd ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿ klg k5{g\ . k|sf]kaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf]k'glg{df{0f, tgfjdf /x]sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cj:yfdf ;'wf/ / eljiodf km]l/ x'g;Sg] k|sf]ksf] ;fdgfug{;Sg] ef}lts ljsf; ug{ k|of; ug'{k5{ . k|sf]kkl5 vf;u/L lgDg b'O{ sfd ug'{k5{ M

k'gM:yfkg tyf ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/

k|sf]kkl5 ;fdflhs jftfj/0f / k|efljt ;d'bfosf]cj:yf klxn]s} ¿kdf Nofpg ul/g] sfo{nfO{k'gM:yfkg elgG5 . k|sf]kaf6 ;fdfGo ¿kdfIflt ePsf 3/sf] dd{t;Def/, /f]huf/L jfcfocfh{gsf ;|f]tsf] ljsf;, ef}lts ;+/rgfsf]dd{t;Def/ u/]/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] agfpg]h:tfsfo{ k5{g\ . o; r/0fdf ul/a ;d'bfonfO{pgLx¿sf] a:g] / sfd u/]/ cfDbfgL ug{;Sg]jftfj/0f tof/ geP;Dd ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . o;sf;fy} Ifltsf] lj:t[t cWoog ug]{, hLjglgjf{xsfnflu cfDbfgLsf] af6f] agfpg], 3/ jf cGo Ifltu|:t;+/rgfsf] dd{t;Def/ ug]{, a;f]af;sf nflu ;'/lIft:yfgsf] vf]hL ug]{ h:tf sfd kb{5g\ .

k'glg{df{0f

k|sf]kaf6 k"0f{ ¿kdf Iflt ePsf 3/, ;8s,k'n, ljBfnoh:tf ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ agfP/klxn]sf] t'ngfdf cem alnof] agfP/eljiodf x'g;Sg] k|sf]kaf6 arfpg] sfdul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fsfnflu ;/sf/ jf u}/;sf/L ;+:yfn] nufgLub{5g\ eg] ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u jf ;'nea}ª\s–C0faf6 k|fKt ;xof]usf] pkof]u u/]/lghL ;+/rgf–lgdf{0f ul/G5 . o; cj:yfdfsfd ubf{ k|sf]kk"j{tof/Lsf lqmofsnfknfO{ ;d]t;dflji6 ug'{k5{ .

1 61 61 61 61 6

1 71 71 71 71 7

k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒjk|sf]k–Joj:yfkg eg]sf] k|sf]ksf 36gfnfO{ lj:tf/ x'g glbg' xf] . k|sf]kaf6 x'g] hgwgsf] Iflt sd u/]/cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lt, z}lIfs / :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{ tyf ;j{z'ne agfP/ x/]s JolQmdfk|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpg' klg xf] .

g]kfn ;|f]t tyf ;fwg sd ePsf] ljsf;zLn d'n's ePsfn] ;d'bfodf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf]ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] ljZjsf cGo ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf h:t} g]kfn klg af9L, klx/f],x'/Latf;, cfunfuL, e'O“rfnf], dxfdf/Lh:tf ljleGg k|sf]kaf6 ;w}“ k|efljt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|sf]ksf]Iflt Go"gLs/0f ub}{ ljsf;sf] k|of;df nfUg' h?/L ePsfn] g} k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] 1fg cfjZostf ePsf]xf] . k|sf]k Joj:yfkgaf/] cfk"mn] hfg]sf / l;s]sf s'/f kl/jf/, ;fyLefO / 5/l5d]snfO{ klgl;sfPdf cfk;df ldn]/ sfd ug{ ;lsG5 / lj:tf/} cfk\mgf] ufp“nfO{ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg;lsG5 ..

7"nf] / 3g3f]/ jiff{ x'g' jf 38]/L kg'{ jf e"ue{df x'g] xnrnsf sf/0f e'O“rfnf] hfg' tyf Hjfnfd'vL km'6\g'++

k|sf[ltdf x'g] lgoldt k|lqmofsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . o:tf 36gfnfO{ dflg;n] lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}g . t/ klg;a} ldn]/ o:tf 36gfaf6 x'g;Sg] hgwgsf] Iflt sd ug]{ sfd ug{ ;S5f}“ . o;sf nflu k|sf]k x'g;Sg]7fp“sf dflg;n] ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf a9fP/ sfd u

g'{ k5{ . k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj lsg /x]sf] 5 eGg] tYonfO{ o;af6 k|fKt x'g] tnsfnfen] cem :ki6 kf5{ M

vt/f tyf ;ª\s6fled'vtf x6fP/ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ cfwf/ tof/ x'G5 .

k|sf]ksf ;dodf k"j{r]tfjgL lbP/ k|efljt x'g;Sg] 7fp“sf dflg;nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf hg]k"j{of]hgf / k"j{tof/Lsf sfo{ ug]{ vfsf tof/ x'G5 .

k|sf]k kLl8tsf] p4f/ ug{, x/fPsf dflg;sf] vf]hL ug{ / /fxtsf nflu ;fd'lxs ;lqmotfa9\5 .

k|sf]k kLl8tsf] p4f/ ug{ rflxg] j:t'sf] hf]xf] x'G5 .

k|sf]k kLl8tsf] nflu t'?Gt} ug'{ kg]{ pkrf/, vfg]–a:g] Joj:yf k"j{of]hgf cg'?k ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|sf]k Joj:yfkgn] k'gM:yfkg / k'glg{df{0fsf sfddf klg k|fyldstf lbg] ePsfn] k|sf]kGo"gLs/0fsf sfd lbuf] ljsf;sf] dfkb08 cg'?k x'G5g\ .

k|sf]k kLl8tsf nflu cfocfh{gsf ljsNksf] Joj:yf eP/ ul/aLlgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'U5 .

lj:yflktx¿n] ;'/lIft :yfgdf a;f]jf; ug]{ cj;/ kfp“5g\ .

;dfhsf ;a} ju{n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg / a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]usf] cj;/ ;dfg'kflts¿kdf k|fKt ub{5g\ .

;dfhdf pTkGg x'g;Sg] cjflG5t ultljlwdf lgoGq0f x'G5 .

;dfhdf Pstf, ;xof]u / ;b\efjsf] efjgf a9]/ ljsf;df ;a}sf] ;xeflutf a9\b5

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1 81 81 81 81 8

p4f/ tyf /fxt M k|sf]kkLl8t gful/sn] ;/sf/ jf ;xof]uLaf6

kfpg] p4f/ tyf /fxt bof jf eLv xf]Og . ;ª\s6df k/]sf JolQm tyf;d'bfosf] /Iff, cfjf;, vfBfGg, cf}ifwf]krf/ / cfo;|f]tsf] ljsNk pknAwu/fpg' /fHosf] klxnf] st{Jo xf] . To;}u/L k|sf]kk|efljt jf kLl8t ;d'bfo;“uvfgf, cfjf;, cf}ifwf]krf/, n'ufkmf6f] / hLjglgjf{xsf cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|fKtug]{ clwsf/ /xG5 . To;sf/0f kLl8tnfO{ ;Ddfghgs ;xof]u lg/Gt/ ¿kdfpknAw u/fpg' k5{ .

k|sf]k / clwsf/dflg;n] cfk\mgf] df}lns clwsf/sf] k|of]u :jtGq ¿kdf ug{ kfpg' k5{ . k|sf]kkLl8t JolQm, kl/jf// ;d'bfon] klg dfgjclwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg'k5{ eGg] ljZjJofkkL dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .k|sf]kkLl8tn] l5d]sL, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;/sf/ / cGt/f{li6«o lgsfoaf6 kfpg] ;xof]u bfgsf] ¿kdfgeP/ cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf] ¿kdf kfpg' k5{ .

kLl8t ;d'bfodf hflt, wd{, /ª\u, j0f{ / lnª\usf cwf/df e]befj ug'{ x'“b}g . k|To]s kLl8tsf] ;Ddfgub}{ clwsf/sf] ;dfg pkef]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{ g} dfgjclwsf/sf] dd{ xf] . xfdLn] klg kLl8t;“uTo;} cg'?ksf] dfgjLo Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ . d"ntM ;dfhdf b]lvPsf e]befjsf] cGTo u/L lk5l8Psf jfpk]lIft ;d'bfonfO{ /fHon] ;'/Iff lbg'kg]{ dfGotf clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf] /x]sf] 5 . k|sf]kkLl8tsf;Gbe{df clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffsf d"n dfGotf lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGt M k|sf]kkLl8t dflg;aLr lnª\u, hft, wd{, ;+:s[lt, /ª\u jf ju{sf

cfwf/df lje]b x'g' x'“b}g . pgLx¿nfO{ /fxt / p4f/sf qmddf ;dfg Jojx/f ug'{k5{ .

;Ddfgk"j{s af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/ M ;a} dflg;;“u ;dfgtf / ;Ddfgk"j{s af“Rg kfpg]g};lu{s clwsf/ 5 . To;}n] cdfgjLo Jojxf/, zf/Ll/s tyf dflg;s oftgfaf6 d'Qm / :jtGqtfk"j{saf“Rg kfpg] kLl8tsf] JolQmut clwsf/sf] /Iff ug'{k5{ .

lgMz:q JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf] /Iff M ;fdflhs åGådf Pp6f kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ zq'sf¿kdf Jojxf/ ug]{ x'“bf lgMz:q ;d'bfo a9L kLl8t x'G5g\ . To:tf ;d'bfon] ;a} If]qaf6 ;'/Iff kfpg'k5{ .

:jtGqtf M k|sf]kkLl8tsf] ;xof]u ug]{ ;/sf/L, cw{;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / gful/s;dfh /fhgLlts, ;}lgs, cfly{s, wfld{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts e]befjaf6 d'Qm /xg'k5{ .

t6:ytf M ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yf ;b}j t6:y /xg'kb{5 . k|sf]kkLl8taLr ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ / kLl8tsfclwsf/sf] /Iff ug]{ qmddf dfgjtfjfbL ;+:yfn] /fhgLlt, hft, wd{, jf j}rfl/s ljjfbaf6 cnu /x]/sfd ug]{k5{ .

lgikIftf M ;a} lnª\u, hft, wd{, /fHo, ju{ / /fhgLlts ljrf/sf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L lgikIfJojxf/ ug'{ ug'{k5{ .

1 81 81 81 81 8

1 91 91 91 91 9

dfgjLo ;xfotf kfpg] kLl8tsf] clwsf/k|sf]ksf ;dodf k|To]s gful/sn] cfkm\gf] g};lu{s clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf /fHon] ug'{k5{ .cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gn] k|sf]kkLl8tn] kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ ;'lgZrt ul/lbPsf] 5 M

x/]s gful/ssf] ;'/Iff ug'{ /fHosf] klxnf] clgjfo{ st{Jo xf] .

/fHon] kLl8tsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"lt{ ub}{ u'0f:t/Lo hLjglgjf{xsf] k|Tofe"lt kfpg'k5{ .

k|sf]ksf ;dodf kLl8tsf :jfledfgsf] cfb/ tyf ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ .

/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfaLr ;dGjo u/L k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lgDg sfo{ ug'{k5{M

k|sf]k;DaGwL k"j{tof/L,

hf]lvdo'Qm If]q vfnL u/fP/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f ug]{,

k|sf]kaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L kLl8t x'g] a"9fa"9L, czQm, afnaflnsf / dlxnfsf] /Iffsf nfluljz]if Wofg lbg],

k|sf]kdf k/]sfsf] p4f/ tyf vf]hL ug]{,

k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfosf nflu ;Ddfghgs /fxtsf] Joj:yf ug]{,

:jf:Yof]krf/, :jR5 vfg]kfgL, vfgf tyf cfjf;sf] Joj:yf tTsfn} ug]{,

k|sf]kkl5 ug'{kg]{ sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿aLr ;dGjo ub}{gful/ssf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/sf] /Iff ug]{,

kLl8tn] kfpg] ;a}vfn] ;xof]u bof jf bfg geP/ g};lu{s clwsf/ x'g\ eGg] efjgfsf]ljsf; u/L To;sf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ .

k|sf]kkLl8t klg c¿;/x g} ;Ddflgt gful/s x'g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ klg cfk\mgf ljifodf x'g]5nkmn jf lg0f{ok|lqmofdf :jtGq ¿kn] ;xefuL x'g ;S5g\ .

vfgf, 5fgf, gfgf, kfgf, :jf:Yo, lzIff / ;'/Iffnufotsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k|sf]kk|efljtgful/ssf k|fs[lts clwsf/ x'g\ . tL clwsf/ /fHon] ljgfzt{{ pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .

k|sf]kkLl8tsf] ;xof]u ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;dfhdf rlncfPsf] k/Dk/fut dfGotf / ;+:s[ltlj?4sf sfo{u/]/ ;d'bfosf] cf:yfk|lt gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ lbg'x'“b}g .

ul/aLleq k|sf]khGo hf]lvd a9L x'G5 . To;}n] ul/aLlgjf/0f sfo{qmdnfO{ clwsf/d'vL cjwf/0ffcGtu{tsfof{Gjog ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 .

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tyf k|sf]kk"j{tof/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf tyf :yfgLo hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0fdf;xof]u k'Ug] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 .

;'/lIft hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg' dfgjLo sfg'gåf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] clwsf/ xf] . x/]s kLl8tn] cfkm";'/lIft 5' eGg] ljZjf; lng] jftfj/0f agfpg'kb{5 .

1 91 91 91 91 9

2 02 02 02 02 0

;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf lzIffsf] clwsf/

k|sf]ksf ;dodf pTkGg ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf gful/snfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug]{clwsf/af6 ljd'v ul/g' x'“b}g . vfgf, cfjf; / :jf:Yo;]jfh:t} lzIff klgdflg;sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfleq k5{ . To;}sf/0f h:tf];'s} cfkTsfnLgcj:yf pTkGg eP klg lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/af6 ljBfyL{ jf gful/snfO{cnu ug'{ pgLx¿dfly cGofo ug'{ x'g]5 . o; cjwf/0ffn] ljZjJofkL dfGotfk|fKt u/]sf sf/0f lzIffnfO{ zflGt If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ / lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg]clwsf/nfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg ;/sf/nfO{bjfj lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .

;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfdf ;a} lzIffyL{n] s:tf] lzIff kfpg' k5{ / To;sf nflus:tf] dfkb08 k"/f ug'{ k5{ eg]/ ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIff;DaGwL Go"gtd dfkb08n] lgwf{/0f ul/lbPsf] 5 .;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf Go"gtd dfkb08sf k|d'v c+z lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

!= lzIffsf] cj;/ ;Dk"0f{ gful/sn] ;dfg ?kdf kfpg'k5{ .

@= ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / eflifs ¿kdf pko'Qm kf7Øqmdsf] ljsf; ul/Psf]x'g'k5{ .

#= ;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf lbOg] lzIffsf nflu bIf lzIfs sf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .

$= :yfgLo, If]qLo / ljZjJofkL dfGotfcg';f/ gLltlgdf{0f, of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogsfnflu ;zQm ¿kdf ;dGjo ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .

%= ;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf lbOg] lzIff :jefljs¿kn] u'0ffTds / hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ x'g'k5{ .

^= ;ª\s6sfnLg ;dodf ;~rfng x'g] z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;d'bfonfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fP/pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf :ki6 ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .

&= ljleGg hfthflt, afns, o'jf / k|f}9sf nflu tTsfnLg z}lIfs :j¿ksf] cfjZostfk|lt Wofg lbg]/ ;'/Iff Joj:yf /fd|f] x'g'k5{ .

*= z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ;s];Dd :yfgLo txaf6} ug'{k5{ . ufp“3/dfpknAw gx'g] j:t' dfq aflx/af6 Nofpg'k5{ .

(= ;ª\sfndf k|bfg ul/g] lzIffdf OR5's ;a}sf] kx“'r sfod ug{ ul/a / lk5l8Psf ;d'bfonfO{e]befj gul/sg ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .

!)= dlxnf ljBfyL{sf] ;'/Iffsf] plrt k|jGw ug'{k5{ .

!!= ljBfno jf z}lIfs ;+:yfdf :jR5 vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO, zf}rfnosf] /fd|f] k|jGw ug'{k5{ eg]kf]if0fo'Qm vfBfGgsf] k|jGw ug'{k5{ .

2 02 02 02 02 0

2 12 12 12 12 1

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f tyf k|sf]kaLr ;DaGwjftfj/0f k|b"if0f tyf cksif{0fsf] k|efj hldg,kfgL / jfo'd08ndf z[[ª\vnfa4 ¿kdf k5{ . o;af6jftfj/0fsf ;a} ef}lt / cef}lts j:t' / kbfy{sf] u'0fdf x|f; cfp“5 . dflg;n] ef}lts ljsf;sf nfluu/]sf ljsf;sf sfo{n] jftfj/0fsf] k|fs[lts :j?kdf kl/jt{g ul//x]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf] kl/jt{gn]dflg;sf] hLjgk4ltdf ;d]t kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly a9]sf] bafj / :yfgLo ¿kdf x'g]k|b"if0f tyf cksif{0fn] dflg;sf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdfq xf]Og k[YjLsf] eljio g} ;ª\s6df k/]sf] 5 .

jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿df j[l4 x'G5 . kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] pT;h{g, jgljgfz, kfgLsf ;|f]tsf]k|b"if0f, vlgh kbfy{sf] pTvgg, jfo'k|b"if0fh:tf jftf/0fLo ;d:ofn] x/]s lbg ;d:of k}bf u/fO/x]sf] 5 .jftfj/0f ljgfzsf plNnlvt sf/0fn] g} hnjfo' kl/jt{g, af9L, klx/f], dxfdf/L, clgsfnh:tf k|sf]kn]dflg;nfO{ cfqmfGt kl//x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g / k|sf]ksf 36gfsf] pTklQsf] sf/s k|s[lt b]lvPklg To;df dflg;sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .

dflg; klg jftfj/0fsf] cleGg cª\u xf] . t}klg dflg;n] g} jftfj/0fsf ;Dk"0f{ tŒjnfO{ k|efljt kf/]sf]5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k w]/} k|sf/sf k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fPsf] 5 . To:tf s]xL hf]lvd lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

s= jfo'd08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd

sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8, gfO6«f]hg cS;fO8, ;Nkm]6, Snf]/f]k\mn'/f] sfa{g, xfO8«f]hgcS;fO8, w"nf], w"jf“, ljiffQm /;fog cflb Uof; tyf tŒjx¿sf] j[l4n] jfo'k|b"if0f w]/} a9]sf] 5 .

jfo'd08ndf sfa{g8fOcs;fO8, ldy]g, xfO8«]sfa{g cflb a9]/ k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\b} uPsf] 5 . To;}u/LSnf]/f]k\mn'/f] sfa{g a9]/ cf]hf]g txsf] ljgfz eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofsf sf/0f cltj[li6,cgfj[li6, cDnjiff{, ;'Vvf jf v8]/L, cf“wL– t'kmfg, Hjf/ef6f, dxfdf/Lh:tf k|sf]ksf] pTklQ x'g], lxdgbLklUng], lxdtfn ljikmf]6 x'g], af9L klx/f] cem 8/nfUbf] x'g] ;Defjgf ljåfg\x¿n] atfPsf 5g\ . jfo'k|b"if0fn] k|fs[lts jiff{;d]t k|b"lift eP/ xfdLn] lkpg] :jR5 kfgLsf] ;|f]t;d]t b"lift x'G5 .

v= hnd08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd

jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fn] hnk|b"if0fnfO{ klg k|efljt kf5{ . s]xL bzscl3;Dd To;} lkpg ;lsg] kfgL clxn]k|b"if0f a9]sf sf/0f kfgL pdfn]/ / lkmN6/ u/]/ dfq lkpg ;lsg] cj:yf cfPsf] 5 .

jgljgfz, kfgLsf] d"xfgdfly cltqmd0f, kmf]xf]/d}nf pT;h{g, gbLdf 9n ld;fpg]h:tf sf/0fn] hnk|b"if0fw]/} a9]sf] 5 . sL6gfzs tyf /;fogsf] ld>0fn] ;txL / e"ldut kfgL k|b"lift ePsf] 5 . ;fy}jfo'k|b"if0fsf sf/0f x'g] cDnLo / b"lift jiff{n] hnk|b"if0fnfO{ z[ª\vnfa4 agfPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}k|fs[lts ¿kdf cfpg] jiff{, af9Lklx/f] cflb sf/0faf6 pTkGg kmf]xf]/ ldl;P/ jfo', df6f], gbL, tnfp tyfcGo ;txL kfgLsf ;|f]t k|b"lift eP/ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ x|f; eO/x]sf] 5 .

u= e"d08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd

jftfj/0f ljgfzn] hldgsf] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf klg g/fd|f] c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . jfo' / hnk|b"if0fsf]

2 12 12 12 12 1

2 22 22 22 22 2

klx/f] M clgof]lht e"pkof]u / jgljgfzn] e"Ifo

a9fp“5 / cltj[li6n] klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9fp“5 .

dxfdf/L M kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg gx'Fbf, kfgLsf;|f]t k|b"lift x'Fbf / af9L, klx/f], clgsfn, e'OFrfnf]h:tf

k|sf]ksf 36gf j[l4 x'Fbf dxfdf/L a9\5 .

v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff M v8]/L, hnk|b"if0f, jgljgfzh:tf sf/0fn]d?e"dLs/0f a9\g], e"ldsf] pa{/sTjdf x|f; cfpg] x'“bf vfBfGg pTkfbg 36]/clgsfn nfU5 . o;af6 ef]sd/L / s'kf]if0fsf] hf]lvd a9\5 .

x'/Latf; M jfo'k|b"if0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf lqmofk|ltlqmofn] k[YjLsf]

pi0fLs/0f;“u} jfo'sf] ;+/rgf tyf axfj ultdf kl/jt{g cfP/ x'/Latf;,cfFwLsf 36gfdf j[l4 x'G5 h;n]] ljgfzsf/L ¿k wf/0f u5{ .

zLtnx/ / n" M jfo'sf] ;+/rgf / ultdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] zLtnx/ /

tftf] nx/ -n"_ sf] k|sf]k lg/Gt/a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

o;k|sf/ jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6k|sf]ksf ljleGg 36gfsf] pTklQ x'g]tYo k|i6 x'G5 . To;}n] xfdLn] cfk\mgf]jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f /k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0fdf Wofg lbg'h?/L x'G5 .

klx/f]

z[ª\vnfa4 k|efj e"lddf klg k5{ . l;“rfOsf nflu k|of]u x'g] b"lift kfgL, sL6gfzs cf}iflw / /f;folgsdnsf] k|of]un] kfgL / jfo';“u} e"ldsf] pa{/sTjdf x|f; cfp“5 . jgljgfz / kfgLsf] ;|f]t ;'s]sf sf/0fd?e"dLs/0f a9]/ v]tLof]Uo hldg ?vf] eP/ vfBfGg pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpg] k|lqmof rln/x]sf] 5 .

jftfj/0f ljgfzn] x/]s If]qdf hf]lvd a9fp“5 . jfo', hn, e"ld k|b"if0fsf] z[ª\vnfn] k[YjLsf x/]s ;|f]tdfk|lts"n k|efj kfg]{] x'“bf k|f0fL, jg:klt / dflg; :jo+ k|sf]ksf ljleGg 36gfaf6 kLl8t x'g] qmd a9l9/x]sf]5 . To;}n] jftfj/0f ljgfznfO{ g} k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fpg] k|d'v sf/s dfGg ;lsG5 . jftfj/0fljgfzsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] k|d'v k|sf]ksf 36gfnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

af9L M k[YjLsf] pi0fLs/0f / jgljgfzsf sf/0f lxdgbL klUng], lxdtfnljikmf]6 x'g], cltj[li6, v08j[li6 tyf e"Ifo a9]/ af9Lsf] k|sf]kdf j[l4 x'G5 .

af9L

dxfdf/L

v8]/L

x'/Ljtf;

jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg k|sf]ksf 36gfjftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg k|sf]ksf 36gf

2 22 22 22 22 2

2 32 32 32 32 3

hnjfo' kl/jt{g / k|sf]kaLrsf] ;DaGw

hnjfo' kl/jt{g s] xf] <pBf]u snsf/vfgf, oftfoftsf ;fwg / ljleGgcf}hf/ rnfpg, b}lgs vfgf ksfpg / cfuf]afNg k|of]u x'g] k]6«f]n, l8h]n, d§Lt]n, vlghsf]Onf, bfp/f cflb OGwg aNbf lg:sg] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 / cGo ljleGg Uof;sf] j[l4sfsf/0f jfo'k|b"if0f w]/} a9]sf] 5 . jfo'd08ndfvf;u/L sfa{g 8fcOcS;fO8, gfO6«; cs;fO8,ldy]g, x\ofnf] sfa{G;\, ldy]g / hnjfiksf] j[l4x'“bf ;"o{sf] k|sfz / tfk k[YjLlt/ cfpg;Sg] t/k[YjLaf6 cGtl/Iftkm{ kmls{g g;Sg] cj:yf pTkGgx'G5 . o;/L aflxl/g gkfPsf] tfk klg k[YjLlt/g} kmls{g] x'“bf k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\5 / To;n]hnjfo'sf] lgoldt ultljlwdf k|lts"n k|efjkf5{ . kl/0ffd:j?k k[YjLsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gx'g] qmd cufl8 a9\5 . hnjfo' k[YjLsf] tfkqmda9fpg of]ubfg lbg] tL Uof;nfO{ xl/tu[x Uof;elgG5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fk[YjLsf] tfkqmd lg/Gt/ a9\g' g} hnjfo'' kl/jt{gsf] k|d'v sf/0f xf] . ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4sf sf/0fjfo'd08ndf c:jefljs kl/jt{g eP/ k[YjLsf] hnjfo'df kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] j}1flgsx¿sf] egfO 5 .

jfo'd08ndf a9]sf] xl/tu[x Uof;n] ;"o{af6 k[YjLtkm{ cfpg] k|sfz / tfknfO{ e";tx;Dd cfpg lbG5 t/k[YjLaf6 k/fjt{g eP/ jfo'd08naf6 aflx/ hfgaf6 /f]s]/ cfkm"df ;~ro u5{ / k'gM k[YjLlt/}kmsf{OlbG5 . o;/L kmls{Psf] tfksf sf/0f k[YjLsf] tfkqmd j[l4 u5{, h;nfO{ ljZjJofkL pi0fLs/0felgG5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjg]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg]{ k|efjsf af/]df cflwsfl/s cWoog / cg';Gwfg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .clxn];Dd o; ljifodf s]xL k|fljlws ljZn]if0f eP klg o;n] g]kfnL ;dfh tyf ;d'bfodf s:tf] k|efjkf/]sf] 5 eg]/ cg';Gwg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . t}klg xfn;Dd b]lvPsf ljZjJofkL k|efj, j}1flgsx¿sf]

2 32 32 32 32 3

2 42 42 42 42 4

cWoogsf] glthfcg';f/ g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] lgDgcg';f/ k|efj kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 M

df};ddf c;Gt'ng M k[YjLdf tfkqmd j[l4 x'“bf jiff{sf] :j?kdf kl/jt{g cfp“5 . PsfPs 3gf jiff{

x'g], v08j[li6 x'g], Ps}l5gdf cl;gf kg]{, x'/L rNg]h:tf 36gf x'g' o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . udL{ dlxgfdf tftf]xfjf -n"_ / hf8f] dlxgfdf zLtnx/ cem a9L rNg] ;efjgf klg a9\b} hfG5 .

lxp“sf] e08f/ l/lQg] M g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf ;bfaxf/ lxp“ hld/xG5 . Tof] lxp“ g} xfd|f gbLdf

aUg] kfgLsf] k|d'v ;|f]t xf] . t/ tfkqmd a9]/ lxp“ l56f]–l56f] klUnPdf lxp“sf] If]qkmn 36\b} uP/eljiodf kfgLsf] cefj x'G5 . o;/L lxp“sf] e08f/ l/lQPdf lxdfnL If]qsf] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL klgc;Gt'lnt x'G5 .

af9Lsf] ;Defjgf M lxdfnL vf]“rx¿df lxp“ klUnP/ kfgL hDbf kf]v/Lsf] pTklQ x'G5 . To:tf

kf]v/LnfO{ lxdtfn elgG5 . lxdtfndf kfgLsf] dfqf a9]kl5 tfn k'm6]/ tNnf] If]qdf 7"nf] af9L hfG5 /k|sf]ksf] ¿k lnG5 . lxdtfn h'g;'s} ;dodf klg km'6\g;Sg] ePsfn] kxf8sf a]“;L / t/fO{df af9L cfp“5/ hgwgsf] Iflt u5{ .

;d'b| ;txdf j[l4 M ;fdfGotof ;d'b|sf]

;tx a9]/ s] g} km/s k5{ eGg] ul/G5 . t/ ;d'b|,e"ld / hnjfo'aLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf]x'G5 . To;sf ;fy} ;d'b|Llsgf/ g} ljZjsf] ;a}eGbfa9L dflg;sf] a;f]af; ePsf] If]q klg xf] . k[YjLsf]tfkqmd a9]/ sf/0f cG6f6L{sf, cfs{6Ls, w|'jLoIf]q / lxdfnL If]qsf] lxp“ PsfPs klUng] qmda9]sf] 5 . To;/L lxp“ klUnP/ ag]sf] kfgL ;d'b|dfldl;G5 / ;d'b|df kfgLsf] ;tx a9\5 .

;d'b|sf] ;tx %) ;]lG6ld6/ dfq a9]df ld>,aª\unfb]z, rLg, gfOh]l/of, ef/t, xNof08h:tfd'n'ssf s/f]8f}“ dflg; a;f]af; ePsf] If]q 8'Ag]5 .;d'b|sf] kfgL ! ld6/ a9]df ;d'b|L 6fk'sf] ¿kdf/x]sf] blIf0f Pl;ofsf] dflNbE; eGg] b]z k"0f{¿kn] ;d'b|df 8'A5 . To;}u/L aª\unfb]zsf] !*k|ltzt e"ld ;bfsf nflu ;d'b|df ljno x'g]5 .TolQdfq geP/ ;d'b|L kfgLsf] jfliks/0f w]/} x'g],;d'b|L jftfj/0fdf kl/jt{g cfP/ x'/Latf; tyf cf“lwa]x/L rn]/ hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] ;Defjgf klg a9\5 .

v]tLkftLdf k|efj M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f jiff{ x'g] ;dodf kl/jt{g x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j?k

2 42 42 42 42 4

2 52 52 52 52 5

xfdLn] /f]Kg] wfg, ds}, ux'“, kmfk/, sf]bf] / cGo gub]afnLsf] pTkfbg sd x'G5 . udL{ w]/} a9\b} hf“bfsL/fkm6\ofª\u|f / /f]usf hLjf0f'sf] klg j[l4 eP/ v]tLkftLdf klg To;sf] k|efj k5{ / vfBfGg pTkfbgsd x'G5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf cGo y'k|} k|efj x'g;Sg] j}1flgsx¿sf] egfO /x]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 k|fs[ltsjftfj/0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]t, h}ljs ljljwtf, v]tLkftLnufot dfgjhLjgsf x/]s ultljlwdf kl/jt{g cfpg]pgLx¿sf] egfO /x]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] xfdL;“u ljZjJofkL ¿kdf r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ ;do Hofb} yf]/} 5 .cfh}b]lv xfdLn] ;d:of ;dfwfgtkm{ nfUg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjnfO{ sd ug{ :yfgLo;|f]t, ;fwg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug'{ k5{ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf pkfohnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] d'Vo sf/0f cf}Bf]lus ljsf; g} xf] . To;}n] cf}Bf]lus d'n'sx¿af6 eO/x]sf] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 / cGo xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pTkfbg sd ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf bafj lbg' h?/L 5 . o;sfnflu ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yf / ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf ;/sf/x¿ nfluk/]sf klg 5g\ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/s tTj dflgPsf] xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pTkfbg 36fpg' xfd|f nflu lgs} sl7g 5 .t}klg xfdLn] ;–;fgf sfd u/]/ klg xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{g 36fpg ;S5f}“ eg] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]k|efjaf6 ;'/lIft /xg] ;fdfGo pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;S5f}“ . To;sf nflu xfdLn] lgDg sfo{ ug/]/ o;sf]k|efj Go"g ug{ of]ubfg lbg'k5{ M

bfp/f, uf]a/sf ufO“7f, d§Lt]n, l8h]n, k]6«f]6, vlgh sf]Onfsf] ;§f lah'nL, uf]a/Uof;, ;f}o{pmhf{sf]k|of]u a9fpg'k5{ .

v]taf/Ldf kfOg] jg:kltsf k|hflt / jg, jGohGt', l;d;f/h:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ .

vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / To;sf] ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg] ug'{k5{ .

v]tLkftL ubf{ w]/} kfgL grflxg] / l56} pTkfbg x'g] vfnsf vfBfGg afnL nufpg' k5{ .

Psk6s k|of]u ePsf] s'g} klg j:t' k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf;Dd km\of“Sg' x'“b}g jf k'gM k|of]uug'{k5{ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 af9L, klx/f], /f]usf] dxfdf/Lh:tf k|sf]k pTkGg x'g] ePsfn] To:tf k|sf]kaf6 aRgk"j{tof/L ug'{k5{ ..

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f kfgLsf] ;|f]t ;'Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] kfgLsf] b}lgs k|of]u ug]{ xfd|f]cfr/0fdf kl/jt{g u/L ;s];Dd kfgLsf] k|of]u sd ug]{ afgL a;fpg'k5{ .

k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\g] qmddf /f]usf hLjf0f' / sL/fsf gof“ k|hfltsf] pTklQ / ljsf; x'g] ePsfn]ltgsf] lgoGq0f ug{ /f;folgs cf}iflwsf] k|of]u 36fP/ h}ljs ljlw jf h8La'6Lsf] k|of]u ug]{ :yfgLo1fg / ;Lksf] pkof]u ub}{ To:tf 1fg, ljlw / ;LknfO{ cGo ;d'bfo;Dd lj:tf/ ug'{ k5{ .

2 52 52 52 52 5

2 62 62 62 62 6

af9L / o;af6aRg] pkfo

g]kfnsf] k"j{sf] d]rL gbLb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd ;fgf/ 7"nf u/]/ sl/a ̂ xhf/ gbL aU5g\ . b]zsf]s"n If]qkmndWo] sl/a !& k|ltzt e"efu;bfaxf/ lxp“ hDg] pRrxdfnn] 9fs]sf] 5 .lxp“ hDg] lxdfn g]kfnsf] t/fO{ / ef/tsf]7"nf] e"efusf nflu :jR5 kfgLsf] k|d'v ;|f]t xf] . pRr lxdfno kj{t / cem rLgsf] :jzfl;t ltAatdfpTklQ eP/ g]kfn x'“b} aUg] gbLn] ef/t / aª\unfb]zsf s/f]8f}“ dflg;nfO{ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ u5{g\ .

s/f]8f}“ dflg;nfO{ :jR5 vfg]kfgL pknAw u/fpg] o; lxdfnL d'n'sdf x/]s jif{ af9L / klx/f]n] hgwgsf]7"nf] Iflt u5{ . oxf“ jflif{s ;/b/ !,%#) ldlnld6/ jiff{ x'G5 / ljgfzsf/L af9L cfp“5 . g]kfn af9L,klx/f]h:tf hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf] cTolws hf]lvddf /x]sf] d'n's dflgG5 . ljZjsf b'O{ ;o d'n'sdWo]hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf] hf]lvddf g]kfn #) cf}“ :yfgdf k/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf af9L / klx/f]af6 jif]{gL ;fnfvfnf@#@ dflg;sf] Hofg hg] u/]sf] 5 .

af9L s] xf] <af9L lg/gt/ jiff{ ePkl5 cfpg] x'“bf o;nfO{ hnpTkGg k|sf]k elgG5 . g]kfndf k|To]s jif{sf] h]7dlxgfsf] bf];|f] ;ftfb]lv dg;'gL jiff{ ;'? eP/ ebf}sf] clGtd;Dd /xG5 . o; ;dodf aª\ufnsf] vf8Laf6cfpg] dg;'gL jfo'n] kfgL kf5{ . jiff{ ePsf] kfgL hldgdf htftt} km}ln“b} aU5 . lxp“bdf klg kfgL aUg]gbLdf dfq xf]Og, ;'s]/ vª\u|ª\u ePsf vx/] / ;–;fgf vf]nf jf v]N;fvf]N;Ldf klg pln{P/ kfgL aU5 .kf]v/L, tfntn}of, bnbn] e"ld / l;d;f/ If]qdf ;d]t kfgLsf] 5]nf]v]nf] x'G5 . lg/Gt/ 7"nf] em/L k/]/au]sf] kfgLdf df6f], 9'ª\uf, emf/kfth:tf j:t' ldl;“bf kfgL wldnf] x'G5 eg] kfgLsf] dfqf / aUg] ult klgtLj| x'G5 . o;/L vx/], vf]nf jf gbLdf kfgL a9]/ vf]nfdf c6fpg ;Qm}g . a9]sf] kfgL gbLsf] lsgf/,s'nf] jf gx/sf] l8n gf3]/ aflx/ aU5 jf lsgf/ s6fg ug{ yfN5 . o;/L c;fdfGo lsl;dn] kfgLsf] :t/a9]/ s6fg / 8'afg ub}{ gbL / vf]nfdf pln{g] kfgLsf] tLj| a]usf] cj:yfnfO{ g} af9L elgG5 .

af9Lsf] k|sf/g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df af9LnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ tLg k|sf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

gbL–af9L M lgoldt ¿kdf kfgL aUg] 7"nf, ;fgf / dWod vfnsf gbLdf jiff{sf];dodf cfpg] af9LnfO{ gbL–af9L elgG5 . o:tf] af9Ln] gbLsf] lsgf/df /x]sfv]tLof]Uo e"ld / ufp“3/df Iflt k'¥ofp“5 . 7"nf gbLdf cfpg] af9L ;fdfGoh:tf]nfu] klg hgwgsf] ljgfz ug]{ Ifdtf klg 7"nf] x'G5 .

cfsl:ds af9L M d';nwf/] jiff{ x'“bf ;txdf Psf]xf]l/P/ au]sf] kfgL vf]N;fvfN;L x'“b} vx/]df k'u]/Psf]xf]l/G5 . slxNo} kfgL gaUg] vx/] vf]nfdf PsfPs cfpg] o:tf] af9LnfO{ cfsl:ds af9L elgG5 .To;}u/L dflyNnf] If]qdf /x]sf] kf]v/L km'6]/ cfpg] af9LnfO{ klg cfsl:ds af9L elgG5 . o:tf] af9L 5f]6f];dodfq cfp“5 / s]xL ;dokl5 vf]nf] km]l/ k'/fg} cj:yfdf x'G5 .

2 62 62 62 62 6

2 72 72 72 72 7

;lDdl>t af9L M afn'jf, 9'ª\uf–df6f], emf/kft, af]6la?jf, cflb ldl;Psf] n]bf] af9LnfO{ u]u|ØfgL tyf;lDdl>t af9L elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] af9L Hofb} ljgfzsf/L x'G5 . ;lDdl>t af9Ldf k/]sf dflg;,3/kfn'jf hgfj/ tyf jGohGt' hLljt /xg' c;Dejh:t} x'G5 .

af9L cfpg] sf/0faf9L cfpg' Psk|sf/sf] k|fs[lts k|lqmof xf] . t/ dfgjLo sf/0fn] klg af9L cfpg]u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] af9L cfpg] k|d'v b'O{ sf/0f dflgPsf 5g\ M

k|fs[lts sf/0f3gf jiff{ jf cltj[li6 M jiff{ af9Lsf] k|d'v k|fs[lts sf/0f xf] . gbLsf] lz/tyf hnfwf/ If]qdf 7"nf] jiff{ ePdf gbL vf]nfdf kfgLsf] dfqf / ult a9]/ af9Lcfp“5 .

e"Ifo tyf klx/f] M lxdfn / kxf8df klx/f] uP/ /f]lsPsf] gbLsf] af“w km'6\bfaf9L cfp“5 . kxf8sf] le/fnf] hldg jf 9'ª\ufdf6f] em/]/ gbL y'lgG5 / dflyNnf]If]qdf 7"nf] kf]v/L aG5 . klx/f]n] agfPsf] To:tf af“w hd]sf] kfgLsf] bafan] km'6]/ ljzfn af9L cfp“5 .

lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 M g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf y'k|} lxdtfn 5g\ . tL lxdtfndf lxp“ klUnP/ kfgL hDdfeO/xG5 . To;/L hd]sf] kfgL aflx/ lg:sg gkfp“bf To;sf] rfkn] hldg km'6]/ tfn ljikmf]6 x'G5 /af9Lsf] cfp“5 .

dfgjLo sf/0fjgljgfz M kxf8L If]qdf x'g] jgljgfzn] e"Ifo a9fp“5 . jgljgfzn]df6f]sf] kfgL ;f]:g] Ifdtfdf 36fp“5 / ;fdfGo e"Ifon] klg ljgfzsf/L¿k lnG5 . jgljgfzsf sf/0f klx/f] uP/ af9Lsf] hf]lvd a9\5 .

cJojl:yt e"pkof]u M k/Dk/fut e"pkof]usf] k|j[lQ tyfv]tLk|0ffnL / j:t'efpsf] clt r/Lr/gsf sf/0f klg e"Ifo eP/ /klx/f] w]/} uP/ af9Lsf] hf]lvd a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

gbLsf] cltqmd0f M gbLsf] axfjdfu{ jf au/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf ljsf;sf ;+/rgf, dflg;sf]a;f]af;sf] j[l4h:tf sf/0fn] kfgLsf] lgsfzdf cj/f]w u/]/ af9Lsf] hf]lvd a9fPsf] 5 .

af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt / k|efjg]kfndf af9Laf6 jif]{gL ;of}“ dflg;sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sl/a !^ xhf/ dflg; 3/af/ljxLg x'g] u/]sf5g\ . xhf/f}“ la3f v]tLof]Uo hldg s6fg / 8'afg eP/ s/f}8f}“ ¿k}of“a/fa/sf] Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . af9Ln]l;“rfO ug{ agPsf] gx/ / ;8s, k'n, vfg]kfgLsf] d'xfg jf ljt/0f kfOk, hnljB't\ of]hgfh:tf ljsf;sf;+/rgfnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofp“5 . af9Ln] 3/kfn'jf hgfj/df klg aufP/ Iflt u5{ . g]kfndf jif]{gL t/fO{sf]clwsf+z pa{/ / v]tLof]Uo e"ld s6fg / 8'afgaf6 Ifltu|:t x'g] u/]sf] 5 .af9Ln] dflg;nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/n] Iflt k'¥ofp“5 . To:tf Iflt / k|efj lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

dfgjLo Iflt M af9Ln] gbL lsgf/sf ufp“df s6fg / 8'afg u/]/ Iflt k'¥p“5 . sltko cj:yfdfdflg; efUg g;s]/ af9Ln] aufp“5 . g]kfndf x/]s jif{ af9L / klx/f]df k/]/ ;fnfvfnf @#@ hgf

2 72 72 72 72 7

2 82 82 82 82 8

dflg;sf] Hofg hfg] u/]sf] 5 .

cfly{s Iflt M g]kfndf af9L / klx/f]df k/]/ k|To]s jif{ sl/a &)s/f]8 ?k}of“ a/fa/sf] Iflt eO/x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . ;/sf/L tYofª\sdfaf9L / klx/f]af6 ePsf] IfltnfO{ Ps} 7fp“df /flvPsf sf/0f osLgtYofª\s lgsfNg ;ls“g] cj:yf eg] 5}g .

k|fs[lts tyf jftfj/0fLo Iflt M af9Ln] jgdf kfOg] h8La'6L, 3f“;, bfp/f, sf7 tyf cGo jGo;|f]t aufP/ / k'/]/ gi6 u5{ . o;af6 k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf Iflt k'U5 eg] dflg;nfO{ cfjZos kg]{k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cefj x'G5 .

;fdflhs k|efj M af9Ln] 3/v]t aufP/ lj:yflkt ePsf dflg;n] a:g] vfg] / sfd ug]{ 7fp“kfp“b}gg\ . pgLx¿sf] a;f]af; / hLljsf]kfh{gsf] plrt Joj:yf gePdf ;fdflhs ul/aLdf j[l4 x'G5 /;fdflhs ljrng k}bf eP/ åGåsf] pTklQ x'G5 . n'6kf6, rf]/L–8s}tLh:tf ;fdflhs ck/fwdf j[l4 klg x'g] ;Defjg x'G5 .

hg:jf:Yodf k|efj M gbLdf af9L cfp“bf kmf]xf]/ kfgL ldl;Psf]x'G5 . kmf]xf]/ kfgL ufp“a:tLdf k;]/ s'jf, Ogf/, 6\o'aj]n, kf]v/Lsfvfg]kfgLsf ;|f]tnfO{ b"lift agfp“5 . o:tf] k|b"lift kfgLsf sf/0f sdnlkQ,emf8fkvfnf cflb dxfdf/L km}lnP/ hfg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj k5{ .

af9Lsf] Joj:yfkgaf9Ln] ljz]ifu/L gbL lsgf/sf ufp“, a:tL, v]tLof]Uo e"ld, 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ / dflg;af6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf;8s, k'n, 3/h:tf ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ aufP/ jf 8'afP/ Iflt k'¥ofp“5 . af9Ln] Ps JolQm tyfkl/jf/nfO{ dfq Iflt gu/]/ cf;kf;sf ;a}nfO{ k|efljt kf5{ . To;}n] af9Laf6 aRg af9Lsf] hf]lvdGo"gLs/0f / k"j{tof/Lsf sfd ug'{ k5{ . l5d]ssf ;a} dflg; ldn]/ ;fd'bflos ¿kdf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f/ k"j{tof/Lsf sfd ug'{ o;af6 aRg] pQd pkfo xf] .

af9Laf6 aRg ug'{kg]{ k"j{tof/Laf9Lsf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg w]/} k|sf/sf k|fljlws tyf ;fw/0f sfd ug'{k5{ . To:tf sfddWo] s]xL sfdlgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

hgr]tgf clej[l4 M af9Lsf] k|efj Go"g ug]{ pkfosf af/]dfhgr]tgf clej[l4 ug'{ k5{ . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf k"j{tof/Lsfsfd ug{ af9L s] xf] < o;n] s:tf] Iflt u5{ < Iflt 36fpg s]ug'{k5{ < af9L cfpg' cl3, cfPsf] ;dodf / To;kl5 s] ug]{eGg] 1fg x'g'k5{ . To;}n] cfk"m, kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]sdf k"j{tof/Lsfsfd ug{ hgr]tgf clej[l4 / af9Lsf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf]ljsf; ug]{ sfd ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu ljBfnodf cEof; ug]{,tflnd / k|sf]k Joj:yfkg;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng] sfd ;xof]uL x'G5g\ .

hf]lvdsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0f M cfk\mgf] ufp“, ljBfno ePsf] 7fp“df s:tf] af9L cfp“g;S5/ s:tf] dfqfdf Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 eGg] cg'dfg cg'dfg ug'{ k5{ . uPsf jif{x¿df cfPsf] af9L / To;n]

2 82 82 82 82 8

2 92 92 92 92 9

k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf], jt{dfg ;dodf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, ;d'bfosf] Ifdtfh:tf ljleGg ljifosf] cWoog u/]/hf]lvd klxrfg / Go"gLs/0fsf sfd ug'{k5{ .

gbLsf] cltqmd0f lgoGq0f M ul/an] dfq xf]Og, wgL / x'g]vfg]x¿n] klg gbLlsgf/ cltqmd0f ug]{u/]sf] kfOG5 . gbLsf] lsgf/ cltqmd0f x'“bf af9Lsf] kfgL aUg] 7fp“ gx'“bf s6fg / 8'afg a9]/ hgwgsf]Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt lgoGq0f ug]{ klxnf] tl/sf eg]s} gbLlsgf/dfly eO/x]sf]cltqmd0f lgoGq0f ug'{ xf] .

t6aGw lgdf{0f M gbLsf] tLj| axfjaf6 x'g] s6fg / 8'afg lgoGq0f ug{ gbLslgf/df t6aGw lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . ;–;fgf t6aGwsf] lgdf{0f :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] pkof]uaf6 / 7"nf t6aGwsf nflu cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf]k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

af9Låf/f Iflt x'g;Sg] ;–;fgf af“wsf nflu afn'jfsf]af]/f, af“;sf ef6fsf] af/ unfpg' k5{ .7"nf af“wsf nflu tf/hfnLdf 9'ª\uf e/]/ t6aGwlgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ .e"Ifo eO/xg] gbL cf;kf;sf 8f“8f–kfvfdf j[If/f]k0fu/L le/fnf] kfvf]df ux|f agfpg' k5{ .klxn] af9Ln] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] 7fp“sf] hf]lvd ljZn]if0fu/L eljiodf x'g;Sg] Iflt sd ug{ :yfgLo 1fg / k|ljlwcg'¿k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug'{ k5{ ..af9Låf/f Ifltu|:t e"ld jf au/sf] ;fd'bflos ¿kdf pkof]u u/]/ cfocfh{gsf sfd ug'{ k5{ .gbL lgoGq0fsf s'g} klg ljlw ckgfp“bf t6aGw;“u} j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ / ;s];Dd af“; /f]k]/ x'sf{pg ;s]af“; a]r]/ ;d'bfosf] cfDbfgL a9fpg ;lsG5 .

;'/lIft a;f]af; / vfg]kfgLM af9Laf6 aRg cfk"m a:g] 3/agfp“bf lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M

3/ / 3/kfn'jf ufOj:t'sf] uf]7sf] ;tx kfgL hDg] txeGbfcUnf] agfpg' k5{ .vfg] kfgLsf] wf/f jf 6\o'aj]n / zf}rfno af9L tyf 8'afgn]ge]6\g]u/L cUnf] kf/]/ / Ogf/df af9Lsf] kfgL gk:g]u/L jl/kl/sf]8Ln cUnf] kf/]/ agfpg' k5{ .kfgL hDg;Sg] xf]rf] e"If]qdf a;f]af;sf nflu 3/ agfOPsf] 5 eg] ufp“sf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf] 7fp“df kfgLhDg] / vfN8f] vg]/ lgsf; x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .kmf]xf]/ kfgLsf] plrt lgsf; ldnfP/ ;/;kmfOsf] k|jGw ug'{ k5{ .

vfBfGg / cf}iflwsf] hf]xf] M af9L cfOxfn]df Ps jf b'O{ lbgsf]nflu rflxg] vfgfsf] ;~ro ug'{k5{ . ;s];Dd lrp/f, ljis'6h:tfxn'sf vfBfGg, sk8f, cnxdk§Lh:tf k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ cf}iflwsf]jGbf]j:t ug'{k5{ . o;sf ;fy} k|sf]kkLl8tsf] p4f/ / /fxtsf nflu;fd'bflos vfBfGg / cf}iflw e08f/sf] Joj:yf klgug'{k5{ .

2 92 92 92 92 9

3 03 03 03 03 0

p4f/ tyf /fxt ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf M af9LkLl8tsf] p4f/sfnflu 8'ª\uf, nfOkm Hofs]6, 6fo/, 6\o'a, 8f]/L cflb ;lhn} e]6\g ;lsg]7fp“df /fVg'k5{ .

c:yfoL lzlj/sf] aGbf]a:t M af9Ln]] 3/–uf]7 aufpg] jf 8'afgePsf ;dodf c:yfoL ¿kdf a:g ;'/lIft 7fp“df ;fd'bflos 3/ agfpg' k5{ .

k"j{r]tfjgL k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf M af9L cfpg] df};ddf ;d'bfonfO{ af9L cPsf] r]tfjgL lbg]k|0ffnLsf] :yfgLo Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ . gbLsf] d'xfg tyf dflylt/jiff{ ePdf Toxf“sf dflg;af6 va/ lng]]] Joj:yfsf nflupgLx¿;“u ;DaGw :yflkt ug["k5{ . To;}u/L gbLglhs} cUnf]:yfgdf s'¿jf 3/ agfP/ ¿“ufnf] /fVg] Joj:yf klg ug{;lsG5 . To;f] ubf{ gbLsf] kfgL a9\b}u/]sf] kfOPdf jf af9Lcfpg] nIf0f b]lvPdf /“ufnf] a:g] dflg;n] l;6\7L, dfbn,9\ofª\u|f], bdfxf cflb ahfP/ ufp“n]nfO{ va/ ug]{ Joj:yfldnfp“bf af9L cfpg] 7fp“af6 efu]/ dflg; ;'/lIft :yfgdf

k'Ug;S5g\ / dfgjLo Iflt x'gaf6 /f]lsG5 . k"j{r]tfjgLsf nflu /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehgaf6 k|zf/0f x'g]df};dL ;dfrf/ ;'g]/ jiff{ / af9Lsf] ;Defjgfaf/] yfxf kfpg' k5{ . To;}u/L gbLsf] lgu/fgL ug{ ?“ufnf]/fVg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . /“ufnf] a:g] JolQmnfO{ gbLsf] kfgLsf] ;txdf j[l4 ePdf jf gbLdf lxnf] df6f],emf/kft au]sf] b]lvPdf, gbLsf] lz/af6 tLtf] uGw;lxtsf] l;/]7f] rn]df, gbLsf] cfjfh kl/jt{g ePsf]cfef; ePdf ;a}nfO{ va/ ug{ ;lsfpg] .

o;/L af9L cfPsf] cg'dfg ul/Pkl5 af9Ln] k|efj If]qsf dflg;nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgtdf n}hfg'k5{ .

af9L cfPsf] ;dodf s] ug]{ <af9L cfPdf JolQmut / ;fd'bflos ¿kdf ljleGg sfd ug'{k5{ . To:tf sfd lgDgcg';f/ x'G5g\ M

3/df lah'nL / Uof; r'nf] ePdf lah'nLsf] nfOg / Uof; t'?Gt} aGb ug'{k5{ .

k"j{tof/Lsf ;fdfg / cfkm\gf ax'd"No ;DklQsf] emf]nf lnP/ 3/sf] ‰ofn9f]sf aGb u/L ;'/lIft:yfgtkm{ efUg] .

af9L cfPsf] If]qdf PSn] glx“8\g] / ;jf/L;fwg grnfpg] .

af9Ln] k|efljt kf/]sf] 7fp“sf] kfgL glkpg] .

dlxnf, a"9fa"9L, s]6fs]6L, lj/fdL / czQmnfO{ ;'/lIft 7fp“df k'Ug ;xof]u ug'{ k5{ .

af9Ldf k/]sf dflg;sf] p4f/ ug{ /]8qm;, k|x/L, ;]gf / cGo ;/sf/L lgsfodf va/ ug'{k5{ .

kLl8t JolQmnfO{ p4f/ ug]{, x/fPsf dflg;sf] vf]hL ug]{, 3fOt]sf] pkrf/ ug]{, lj:yflkt ePsfdflg;nfO{ a;f]af; u/fpg], pgLx?nfO{ vfg], a:g] / nufpg] n'ufsf] k|jGw ug]{ sfd ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

af9laf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] k'gM:yfkg ug]{ / lj:yflkt kl/jf/sf] a;f]af;sf nflu ;/sf/L lgsfo;“u;dGjo u/L sfd ug]{ sfo{ klg k5{g . o;sf nflu ljleGg If]qaf6 ;xof]u ;ª\sng ug{ klg;lsG5 . o:tf] ;xof]usf] b'?kof]u x'g gkfcf];\ eGgsf nflu rgfvf] x'g'k5{ .

3 03 03 03 03 0

3 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 1

ljeGhg (Topple) M cUnf] 7fp“af6 r§fgsf] 6'qmf em's]/, g'lxP/, afª\luP/, 3'd]/ jfef“lRrP/ tn emg]{ klx/f]nfO{ lje~hg klx/f] elgG5 .

:vng (Slide) M le/fnf] hldgsf] 9'ª\uf, df6f] cyjf r§fg lrlKnP/ tn emg]{k|lqmofnfO{ :vng klx/f] elgG5 . :vng klx/f] b'O{ k|sf/ 5g\ M

3"0f{ jf aqmfsf/ :vng M afª\uf] jf rDrfh:tf] cfsf/df klx/f] uPdf To:tf]klx/f]nfO{ 3'0f{ jf aqmfsf/ klx/f] elgG5 .

:yfgfGtl/t :vng jf l;wf klx/f] M eL/af6 afª\uf]l6ª\uf] geO{ ;Lwf au]/hfg] klx/f]nfO{ :yfgfGtl/t :vng elgG5 . o:tf] klx/f] ef}uf]lns agf]6 cg';f/ lgs}7"nf] / nfdf] If]qdf km}lng ;S5 eg] r§fg, 9'ª\uf, df6f] / h}ljs kbfy{ /x]sf] ldl>te"lddf a9L hfG5 .

kl/lIfKt km}ng (Lateral spread) : s8f r§fg ePsf] ;fdfGo le/fnf] jf ;dy/h:t}

b]lvg] hldgleq /x]sf] g/d / sdhf]/ afn'jf ldl;Psf] df6f]sf] leqLefudf w]/} kfgL k:bf To;sf] hf]8fO sdhf]/ eP/ aflx/sf] s]xL efu6'lqmP/ leq k:5 / s]xL efu ;txdf km}lnG5 eg] To;nfO{ kl/lIfKtkm}ng klx/f] elgG5 .

axg (Flow) M le/fnf] efusf] 9'ª\uf, g/d r§fg / df6f]df kfgL ldl;P/ t/n kbfy{em}“b|"tultdf au]]/ km}lng] n]bf] :j¿ksf] klx/f]nfO{ axg klx/f] elgG5 . axgsf] :j?ksfcfwf/df o;nfO{ klg ;lDdl>t axg (Debris flow), e"–axg (Earth flow) tyf d[lQsf axg(Mud flow) elgG5 .

ljeGhg klx/f]

3'0ff{sf/ klx/f]

l;wf klx/f]

jxg klx/f]

kl/lIfKt km}ng

klx/f]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fklx/f]sf] kl/ro

jghª\un, v]taf/L, eL/kfvf, ufp“;x/, ;8ssf] 5]psf] le/fnf] hldg rls{P/, km'6]/ jf wl:;P/Toxf“sf] df6f], 9'ª\uf jf r§fg, jg:klt, cflb tnlt/ v:g] cyjf kfgL;“u ldl;P/ aUg] k|lqmofnfO{ klx/f]elgG5 . klx/f] hfg] qmddf 9'ª\ufdf6f] / r§fg pb\ud:ynaf6 tnlt/ v:b} jf aUb} uP/ tNnf] If]qsf] sdle/fnf] jf d}bfgdf y'lk|G5 . kxf8sf] dflyNNff] efu tnlt/ v:bf 5]p5fpsf] efu klg rls{gG5 / kfgLsf]rfk jf k[YjLsf] u'?Tjfsif{0f ann] tnlt/ em5{ . o;/L dflysf] df6f], 9'ª\uf wl:;P/ tn emg]{ k|lqmofnfO{klx/f] elgG5 .

klx/f]sf] k|sf/

ef}uf]lns tyf 9'ª\uf, df6f], afn'jfh:tf j:t'sf] agf]6;lxt Toxf“ ePsf jg:kltsfk|hflt / hnfwf/sf] cj:yfcg'¿k klx/f]sf] :j¿k aG5 . klx/f]sf s]xL k|sf/ lgDgcg';f/5g\ M

ktg (Fall) : kxf8sf] cUnf] 7fp“af6 9'ª\uf–df6f] PsfPs tn v:g] k|lqmofnfO{ ktg klx/f] elgG5 .

3 13 13 13 13 1

3 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 2

klx/f]sf] efu M klx/f] uPsf] If]qsf] ef}uf]lns agf]6cg';f/ Pp6f klx/f]df rf/efu x'G5g\ M

!= wf“hf kmf6]sf] efu M klx/f] em/]sf] 7fp“sf] dfly / slxn]sfxL“ jl/kl/ wf“hfjf rL/f k/]sf] x'G5 . oL rL/faf6 jiff{sf] kfgL leq k;]/ hldgnfO{ sdhf]/agfp“5 / klx/f] hfG5 .

@= pb\ud -pTklQ_ :yn M klx/f] pTklQ ePsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] efunfO{ pb\ud:yn elgG5 .

#= :yfgfGt/0f ky M of] ;tx pb\ud:ynsf] 7Ls tnlt/ x'G5 . dflyaf6 klx/f] emg]{ qmd rln/x]dfof] efu klg au]/ tn em5{ t/ klx/f] /f]lsPdf of] efu :jtM l:y/ x'G5 .

$= lgIf]k:yn M dflyaf6 em/]sf 9'ª\uf, df6f] / emf/kft y'lk|Psf] clGtd :yfgnfO{ lgIf]k:ynelgG5 .

klx/f] hfg] sf/0f / k|efj;fdfGotof klx/f]nfO{ k|fs[lts sf/0fn] x'g] 36gfsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . t/ hldgdf kg]{ s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf]bafa g} klx/f] hfg] sf/s ePsfn] klx/f] k|fs[lts / dfgjLo b'j} sf/0fn] hfG5 .

k|fs[lts sf/0fxfjfkfgL M xfjfkfgLn] k[YjLsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿kdf w]/} k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . x'/Ln] w"nf], afn'jf p8fP/e"Ifo u/fP/ klx/f] hfg] cj:yf aG5 . To;}u/L 7"nf] jiff{ eP/ hldg sdnf] x'“bf / af9L cfp“bf kfgLsf]rfk a9]/ klg klx/f] hfg] jftfj/0f tof/ x'G5 .

e"Ifo M w]/} kfgL k/]df cUnf] 7fp“sf] df6f] tnlt/ aU5 . jiff{sf] k|f/Dedf df6f]sf] IfoLs/0f Go"g ePklg To;sf] k|efj ;fgf 9'ª\uf tyf sdhf]/ r§fgdf k5{ / la:tf/} IfoLs/0f a9]/ df6f] / 9'ª\uf;d]t au]/lr/fx¿sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . of] k|lqmof g/f]lsPdf Toxf“ klx/f] hfG5 .

ckIfo M hldgdf xfjf, kfgL, hLjhGt'sf] ultljlw a9]/ 9'ª\uf tyf df6f] lvOg] k|lqmofnfO{ ckIfoelgG5 . k|fs[lts ¿kdf x'g] lqmofsf sf/0f r§fg sdhf]/ eP/, km'6]/, 6'lqmP/ klg df6f]df ¿kfGt/0fx'G5 . o:tf] ckIfosf sf/0f sdhf]/ ePsf r§fg tnlt/ em/] klx/f] hfG5 .

e'O“rfnf] M e'O“rfnf] hf“bf cUnf] eL/kfvfsf sdhf]/ e"efu / r§fg;d]t xlNng] x'“bf klg klx/f] hfG5 .

gbL s6fg M g]kfnsf] pQ/L If]qaf6 tLj| ultdf blIf0ftkm{ emg]{ gbL / jiff{ofddf cfpg] af9Ln] gbLsf]lsgf/ s6fg ubf{ dflysf] efutn em/]/ klg klx/f] hfG5 .

dfgjLo sf/0fe"ldsf] s6fg M dflg;n] a:gsf nflu 3/ agfpg, ;8s jf af6f], s'nf] cflblgdf{0f ug{ hldgsf] l9:sf] jf kfvf] vGg] / km]b sf6\g] sfd x'G5 . o;/L km]bvGbf dflysf] hldg v;]/ klx/f] hfG5 .

jgljgfz M ¿vsf h/fn] df6f]nfO{ ks8]/ /fVg] x'“bf jg ePsf] 7fp“sf] hldgalnof] x'G5 . jgljgfz ePdf df6f]sf] agf]6 cl:y/ eP/ klx/f] hfg] qmd klg

3 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 3

a9\5 . To;}n] dfgjLo sf/0fn] x'g] jgkm“8fgLn] kxf8L If]qnfO{ klx/f]sf] cTolws hf]lvddf kb}{ uPsf] 5 .

klx/f] hfg] ;ª\s]t / hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

klx/f] PsfPs hfg] k|sf]ksf] 36gf xf] . o;sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug'{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . t/ klg xfdLn]klx/f] hfg] ;ª\s]t eg] yfxf kfpg ;S5f}“ . lgDg cj:yf b]lvPdf klx/f] hfg;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 M

a;f]af; tyf v]taf/LeGbf dflysf] tyf tnsf] eL/kfvfdf PsfPs kfgL pld|Psf] b]lvPdf .

klxn] l:y/ /x]sf] hldgdf crfgs rL/f k/]sf] jf hldg wl:;Psf] b]lvPdf .

af]6la?jfsf h/fn] PsfPs hldg 5f]8]sf] jf lj:tf/} n8\b} u/]sf] b]lvPdf

lrl/Psf] jf wl:;Psf] 7fp“af6 lxnf] df6f] au]df

9'ª\uf jf r§fgn] cfk\mgf] 7fp“ 5f]8]/ ;g{ yfn]df .

plNnlvt cj:yf b]lvPdf tTsfn hf]lvd sd ug{ lgDg sfd ug'{k5{ M

hldg wl:;Psf] jf lrl/Psf] If]qeGbf dflysf] kfgLnfO{ s'n];f] agfP/ klx/f]sf]hf]lvd gePsf] 7fpFaf6 aufpg] jf s6fpg] .

klx/f] hfg nfu]sf] efusf] km]bdf 6]jf kvf{n nufP/ dflysf] hldg, 9'ª\uf,df6f] tn v:gaf6 /f]Sg] .

klx/f] v:g nfu]sf] If]qdf dflg;, 3/kfn'jf kz'sf] k|j]z lgif]w ug]{ jf ;s];DdjGohGt' klg k:g glbg af/ nufpg] .

;8s, af6f], s'nf] vGbf tyf cGo lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ eL/sf] km]bLsf] s6fg/f]Sg] . s6fg ug}{ kg]{ ePdf 6]jf kvf{n nufP/ j[Iff/f]k0f u/L e"Ifo lgoGq0fug]{ .

klx/f]af6 x'g] Iflt

klx/f]n] hldg k"/} ;f]xf]/]/ / aufP/ n}hfg] ePsfn] k|efj of] ljgfzsf/L x'G5 .klx/f] uPsf] 7fp“ l:y/ x'g / klx/f] /f]lsg nfdf] ;do nfUg] x'“bf o;sf] ;fdflhs /cfly{s k|efj lgs} eofgs x'G5 . klx/f]af6 x'g] Iflt tyf k|efj lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

tTsfn b]vf kg]{ k|efj Mklx/f]n] 3/uf]7d} Iflt k'¥ofp“bf vfBfGg, n'ufkmf6f], cf}iflwpkrf/ cflbsf] cefj x'G5 .

;~rf/ ;Dks{ cj?4 eP/ tTsfnLg p4f/ / /fxtdf sl7gfO pTkGg x'G5 .

:j:y tyf ;'/lIft vfBfGg / z'4 kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf] cefjdf dxfdf/L km}lng] 8/ x'G5 .

;8s, k'n / cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgf Ifltu|:t x'“bf b}lgs hLjgofkgsf ;fwgsf] cefj eP/;dfhdf ck/fwsf 36gfdf j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf a9\5 .

bL3{sfn;Dd kg]{ k|efj Mklx/f]af6 lj:yflkt kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] k'gM:yfkg ;dod} geP pgLx¿ k'gM hf]lvdo'Qm :yfgdf a:gafWo x'G5g\ / yk klx/f]sf] kL8f ef]Ug ljjz x'G5g\ .

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sltko afnaRrf cleefjs ljxLg x'G5g\ eg] klx/f]df k/L czQm ePsf] JolQmdf lxgtfaf]w pTkGgx'G5 .

klx/f]af6 eTs]sf jf Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f u/L kLl8tnfO{ klxn]s} cj:yfdf kmsf{pg nfdf];do nfUg] / 7"nf] cfly{s nufgL ug'{kg]{ x'“bf b]zsf] ljsf;df afwf k5{ .

kLl8t ;d'bfo ;fdflhs, cfly{s dof{bf / ljsf;sf cj;/af6 jl~rt x'g] ePsfn] ltgLx¿sf efjLk':tfdf ;d]t k|lts"n c;/ sfod /lx/xG5 .

klx/f]n] ljzfn jg If]q klg aufP/ / k'/]/ Iflt ug]{ ePsfn] k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtf;ª\s6df k5{ .

klx/f] lgoGq0fsf pkfo

klx/f] lgoGq0fsf ljleGg pkfox¿ x'G5g\ . ef}uf]lns :j?k, klx/f]sf] cfsf/–k|sF/ tyf 9'ª\uf–df6f]sf]agf]6sf cfwf/df klx/f] lgoGq0f ug]{ tl/sf ckgfpg' k5{ . klx/f] lgoGq0fsfd ;s];Dd ;lhn} kfOg]j:t'sf] k|of]u u/]/ afof]OlGhlgol/ª\ k|ljlw ckgfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . klx/f] /f]Sg] kvf{n, kfgL tsf{pg] s'nf]jf cGo tl/sf ckgfPkl5 To;nfO{ alnof] / e/kbf]{ agfpg jl/kl/ pko'Qm hftsf af]6la?jf /f]k]/x'sf{pg' klx/f]sf] lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfdsf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo xf] . To;}n] xfdL oxf“ afof]OlGhlgol/ªk|ljlwaf6 klx/f] lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfoaf/] rrf{ ug]{5f}“ .

afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlwklx/f] lgoGq0fsf nflu k|of]u x'g] 9'ª\uf, df6f], l;d]G6, tf/hfnL;“u}jl/kl/ af]6la?jf /f]k]/ x'sf{pg] tl/sfnfO{ afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlwelgG5 . klx/f] /f]Sg nufOPsf] kvf{ndf x'ls{g] af]6la?jfsf h/fn]kvf{nfnfO{ n8\g / aUgaf6 /f]s]/ alnof] agfpg] ePsfn] of] k|ljlwlgs} nf]slk|o x'“b} uPsf] 5 .

afof]OlGhlgol/ªsf] dxŒjg]kfnh:tf] ul/a / ufp“ g} ufp“ ePsf] d'n'sdf klx/f] tyf e"Ifo /f]Sg dx“uf / 7"nf kvf{n nufpg' lgs}sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] ;s];Dd ufp“–7fp“df kfOg] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/]/ klx/f] /f]Sg' k5{ . o;af6k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;d]t ;+/If0f x'G5 . o; k|ljlwaf6 klx/f] lgoGq0f ubf{ lgDg nfe x'G5g\ M

jg:kltsf] km]bn] jiff{sf] kfgLnfO{ tLj| ultdf aUgaf6 /f]S5 . To;}u/L af]6la?jfsf a'6fn] 9'ª\uf–df6f]nfO{ /f]s]/ l:y/ agfpF5 .emf/kftn] hldgsf] ;txnfO{ 9fs]/ hldgdf jiff{sf] kfgLsf] bafa /f]s]/ e"Ifo x'gaf6 /f]S5 .jg:kltsf h/f hldgdf h]lnP/ /xg] x'“bf df6f] rNg kfp“b}g eg] e"ldut kfgLsf] k|jfxaf6 x'g] c;/nfO{klg lgoGq0f u5{ .¿vsf] d"nh/f hldgsf] leq;Dd hfg] x'“bf To;n] tn v:g nfu]sf] 9'ª\uf–df6f]nfO{ /f]S5 .af]6la?jfsf] h/fn] jl/kl/sf] 9'ª\uf / df6f]nfO{ hs8]/ alnof] / l:y/ agfp“5 .jg:kltn] jiff{sf] j]unfO{ /f]s/, hldgsf] kfgLnfO{ ;f];]/, h/fåf/f u|x0f u/]/ tyf k|sfz;+Zn]if0flqmofåf/f kfgLsf] jfikLs/0f u/]/ e"–Ifo lgoGq0f u5{ .

3 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 5

klx/f] uPsf] 7fp“df kvf{n;“u} /f]lkPsf af]6la?jfn] xl/ofnL a9fpg], k|fs[ltsjftfj/0fsf] k'gM:yfkgdf of]ubfg lbg] / h}ljs ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0fdf 6]jf ldNg] x'G5 .

afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ klx/f] lgoGq0fsf pkfo

klx/f] lgoGq0fsf nflu agfOg] ;+/rgf;“u} pko'Qm k|hfltsf jg:klt /f]k]/ x'sf{pg'k5{ .7fp“cg';f/ e'O“3f“;, af;“, kmnk"mn / l56} x'ls{g] hftsf la?jf /f]Kbf e"Ifo / klx/f]w]/} xb;Dd sd x'G5 . jg:kltsf k|hflt /f]k]/ klx/f] lgoGq0f ug]{ s]xL pkfolgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

km]bL kvf{n M klx/f] uPsf] 7fp“df km]l/ klg dflylt/sf] hldg v:gaf6 /f]Sg km]bdfnufpg] kvf{nnfO{ km]bL kvf{n elgG5 . o; ljlwaf6 ;–;fgf klx/f] uPsf] 7fp“sf]k'gM:yfkg ug{, elTsPsf] ;8s, s'nf] jf cGo ;+/rgf agfp“bf eL/–kfvf]sf] km]bL s6fgePsf] 7fp“df 6]jf kvf{n nufP/ dflysf] hldg tn v:gaf6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 . o:tf]kvf{n 9'ª\ufdf6f]sf] k|of]u u/]/ Ps jf b'O{ ld6/ cUnf] agfpg'k5{ .

vf8n k'g]{ M hldg rls{P/ jf wl;P/ 7"N7"nf vfN8f k/]sf 5g\ eg] To:tf vfN8fk'/]/ hldgdf yk bafj kg{ glbg vf8n k'g'{k5{ . o;/L k'l/Psf] vf8ndf klg 3f“;/ cGo hftsf af]6la?jf /f]Kg'k5{ .

6]jf kvf{n M s8f / g/d r§fg Ps} 7fp“df eP g/d r§fg l56f] lvOG5 / s8f r§fg cl:y/ eP/emg{ ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf s8f r§fgnfO{ c8\ofP/ v:g glbg tnaf6 hu agfP/ nufOg] kvf{nnfO{ 6]jfkvf{n elgG5 . o:tf] kvf{n agfp“bf cfjZostf cg';f/ kfgL lgSng] Kjfn klg /fVg'k5{ / kvf{nsf]jl/kl/ af]6la?jf /f]Kg'k5{ .

dfGb|] kvf{n M klx/f] uPsf] le/fnf] hldgdf ljz]ifu/L n]bf] df6f] aU5 . To;/Lau]sf] n]bf]nfO{ /f]Sg af“;sf ef6fsf] 6f6L jf dfGb|f] agfP/ ;–;fgf ux|fsf cfsf/dfc8\ofpg] tl/sfnfO{ dfGb|] kvf{n elgG5 . dfGb|] kvf{nsf] ux|fdf la?jf /f]k]/x'sf{p“bf lj:tf/} hldg l:y/ eP/ klx/f] lgoGq0f x'G5 .

9'ª\uf 5fKg] M klx/f]sf] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf vf]N;fx¿nfO{ ulx/f] x'gaf6 /f]SgkfgL aUg] 7fp“df 9'ª\uf 5fk]/ e"Ifo lgoGq0f ul/G5 . t/ 7"nf] If]qdf 9'ª\uf 5fKg]sfo{ vlr{nf] x'g] x“'bf To;sf] ;§fdf Jofks j[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

lgoGq0f af“w M vf]N;f] ag]sf] s'n];f]df kfgLsf] aUg] ult sd ug{ cyf{t kfgL;“u aUg] 9'ª\uf / df6f]nfO{/f]s]/ l:y/ /fVg agfOg] ;+/rgfnfO{ lgoGq0f af“w elgG5 .

h'6sf] hfnL M klx/f] uPsf] gfª\uf] / le/fnf] 7fp“df h'6sf] hfnL cf]5\ofP/ af]6la?jf /f]Kbf df6f]aUg /f]lsG5 / la?jf ;lhn} x's{g ;S5g\ . h'6sf] af]/f leh]kl5 ;'Sg w]/} ;donfUg] x'gfn] le/fnf] tyf anf}6] hldgdf la?jf x'sf{pg of] ljlw ckgfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

;tx 9fSg] M kfgL kfg]{lalQs} hldg ;f]:g] / t'?Gt} km';km';] klx/f] hfg] 7fp“dfla?jf /f]k]/ jg:kltsf] 3'¥ofgn] e'O“ 5f]Kbf e"Ifo lgoGq0f x'G5 .

3 63 63 63 63 6

e'O“rfnf]sf] cy{ tyf kl/efiff Me'O“rfnf] g]kfnLsf b'O{ zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] 5, h'g o:tf] 5 M

e" -e'O“ jf hldg_ + rfnf] -rNg', sf“Kg' jf xNng'_ = e'O“rfnf]

dflysf] zAbljGof;cg';f/ hldg rNg], xlNng] jf sDkg x'g]k|lqmofnfO{ g} e'O“rfnf] jf e"sDk elgG5 .

xfdLn] l:y/ ePsf] cg'ej ug]{ k[YjLsf] ;txdf PsfPs cfpg] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] sDkgnfO{ e'O“rfnf]elgG5 . g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] a[xt\ g]kfnL zAbsf]ifcg';f/ crfgs e'O“ xlNng] k|lqmofnfO{ e'O“rfnf] jfe"sDk elgPsf] 5 .

e'O“rfnf];DaGwL e|fds wf/0ff

k[YjL yfnh:tf] r]K6f] 5 / o;nfO{ df5f, uf]xL jf s5'jfn] af]s]/ ;fu/dfly c8\ofPsf 5g\ eGg] untwf/0ff xfd|f] ;dfhdf 5 . tL hgfj/ yfs]/ r6k6fp“bf jf sf“w km]bf{ k[YjL xlNnP/ e'O“rfnf] hfG5 eGg]ljZjf; ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . xfd|f ufp“3/df cem} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ e'O“rfnf]sf af/]df o:t} syf ;'gfpg]rng 5 . ;dfhdf rln/x]sf o:tf k/Dk/fut wf/0ffnfO{ lj1fgn] unt ;fljt ul/lbPsf] 5 .To;sf/0f e'O“rfnf] b}jL zlQmsf] sf/0f guP/ e"ue{df x'g] xnrnsf sf/0f hfG5 eGg] a'‰g' h?/L 5 .

k/Dk/fut ¿kdf dflg;n] h]h:tf cg'dfg u/] klg e'O“rfnf] eg]sf] e";tx xlNng] k|lqmof g} xf] . To;}n]e'O“rfnf] lgtfGt k|fs[lts sf/0fn] hfG5 eGg] a'‰g' k5{ . o;df b}jLzlQm, ;d'b|, df5f, s5'jf, xfQL,z]ifgfu cflb s'g} h}ljs k|f0fLsf] xft /x]sf] x'“b}g .

e'O“rfnf] hfg] sf/0fk[YjLsf] leqL v08sf] ;of}“ lsnf]ld6/ leqsf] e"ueL{o v08 rnfodfg x'G5 . w]/} rfk / bafasf sf/0f

Toxf“ xhf/f}“ l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkdf plDn/x]sf] n]bf] -DofUdf_ alu/x]sf] x'G5 . To;DofUdfdfly 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6 elgg] 7"N7"nf r§fg t}l//x]sf x'G5g\ . t}l/O/x]sf tL

r§fg Pscfk;df 3':bf jf Pscsf{af6 5'l§“bf DofUdf dflylt/ cfp“5 /ljzfn zlQm pTkGg x'G5 . To; zlQmsf] bafan] ;txdf sDkg u/fp“bf

e'O“rfnf] hfG5 . To;}u/L e"ue{df /x]sf] DofUdfnfO{ dflyaf6 r§fgLKn]6n] lyr]sf] x'G5 / DofUdf dflylt/ dflylt/ cfpg] k|of; u5{ .dfly cfpg] k|of;df /x]sf] DofUdfn] e"ue{sf] sdnf] :yfg e]6]df tLj|ultdf 7"nf] ljikmf]6 u/]/ Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6 x'“bf klg e";txdfsDkg k}bf eP/ e'O“rfnf] hfG5 .

g]kfndf e'O“rfnf] hfg] sf/0fg]kfndf Hjfnfd'vL ghfg] ePsfn] Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6sf sf/0faf6 g]kfndf e'O“rfnf] hf“b}g . To;}n]g]kfndf 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6 elgg] e"ueL{o r§fgsf] ultzLntfsf sf/0f g} o; If]qdf e'O“rfnf] hfg]u/]sf] 5 .

e'O“rfnf] / o;af6 aRg] pkfo

3 63 63 63 63 6

3 73 73 73 73 7

g]kfnsf] e"ue{sf] blIf0ftkm{ /x]sf]] OlG8og Kn]6 / pQ/tkm{ /x]sf]] ltAa]ltogKn]6aLr x'g] ultljlwsf sf/0f e'O“rfnf] hfg] e"ue{ljb\x¿sf] egfO /x]sf] 5 .sl/a kf“r s/f]8 jif{klxn] OlG8og Kn]6 / o'/]l;og elgg] ltAa]ltog Kn]6 cfk;df7f]lSsP/ cfPsf] ljzfn e'O“rfnf]af6 6]ly; ;fu/ ePsf] 7fpFdf clxn]sf] ef/t,g]kfn / lxdfno kj{tsf] pTklQ ePsf] lj1x¿ atfp“5g\ .

o;/L g]kfnsf] blIf0ftkm{ /x]sf] Ol08og Kn]6 pQ/tkm{ /x]sf] ltAa]ltog Kn]6leqk|to]s jif{ @=% ;]lG6ld6/sf b/n] 3'l;/x]sf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f g]kfnsf] e";txkf“r ;o jif{df sl/a !) ld6/ v'lDrg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L v'lDrPsf] ;tx Ps}k6s wl:;of] eg]* l/S6/:s]neGbf a9L zlQmePsf] e'O“rfnf] hfg;S5 . o;k|sf/ OlG8og / ltAa]ltog 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6sf]ultzLntf g} g]kfndf e'O“rfnf] hfg] k|d'v sf/0f dflgPsf] 5 .

e'O“rfnf]sf] clen]vg

e'O“rfnf]sf] Ifdtf gfKg] k|lqmofnfO{ clen]vg elgG5 / ;fdfGotof o;nfO{ e'O“rfnf]sf] dfkg klgelgG5 . e'O“rfnf]sf] Ifdtf tyf tLj|tf dfkg ug]{ oGqnfO{ l;:df]u|fkm elgG5 . l/S6/:s]nn] e'O“rfnf]hf“bf pT;h{g ePsf] pmhf{sf] kl/0ffdsf cfwf/df o;sf] Ifdtf kQf nufpg l;:df]u|fkmn] b]vfPsf]t/ª\usf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ Ifdtf kQf nufpg] ul/G5 .

e'O“rfnf]sf] Ifdtf / k|sf/

k[YjLdf e'O“rfnf] guPsf] ;do g} x'“b}g . k[YjLdf Ps 306fdf b'O{l/S6/:s]n;Ddsf] !^) j6f e'O“rfnf] hfg]u5{ . o:tf] e'O“rfnf] dflg;n]yfxf gkfpg] ePsfn] To;sf] x]Ssf xfdLnfO{ x'“b}g .

e"ue{af6 pTkGg x'g] zlQmsf cfwf/df e'O“rfnf]sf] Ifdtf klg a9\b} hfG5/ hgwgsf] Ifltsf] cg'kft klg a9\5 . Ifdtfsf cfwf/df e'O“rfnf]nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{;lsG5 M

oGqLo e'O“rfnf] M )=! b]lv @=$ l/S6/:s]n;Ddsf] e'O“rfnf]nfO{ l;:df]u|fkm gfdsf] oGqaf6 dfqe'O“rfnf] uPsf] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . To;}n] o; :t/sf] e'O“rfnnfO{ oGqLo e'O“rfnf] elgG5 .

IfL0f e'O“rfnf] M o;k|sf/sf] e'O“rfnf]sf] cg'ej ;+j]bgzLn dflg;n] dfq ug{;S5g\ . IfL0fe'O“rfnf]sf] dfk @=$ b]lv #=$ l/S6/:s]n;Dd x'G5 .

xNsf e'O“rfnf] M #=% b]lv $=@ l/S6/:s]n zlQmsf] e'O“rfnf] glhs}af6 6«s jf a; rNbf pGkGg x'g]sDkg tyf ysf{x6h:t} x'G5 . of] e'O“rfnf]sf] cg'ej cf/fd ul//x]sf dflg;n] dfq ug{ ;S5g\ .

;fdfGo e'O“rfnf] M $=# b]lv $=* l/S6/ :s]n;Dd zlQmsf] e'O“rfnf]sf] cg'ej lx“l8/x]sf] dflg;n]klg ug{;S5 . ;fdfGo e'O“rfnf]af6 3/leq jf hldgdf ePsf j:t' klg xlNnG5g\ .

zlQmzfnL e'O“rfnf] M ¿v, 3/df em'l08Psf ;fdfg lgs} /fd|/L xNnpg] zlQmzfnL e'O“rfnf]sf]zlQm $=( b]lv %=$ l/S6/:s]n;Dd x'G5 . o; e'O“rfnf]af6 78ØfOPsf j:t' 9N5g\ eg] oftfoftsf

3 73 73 73 73 7

3 83 83 83 83 8

;fwg klN6g] ;Defjgf klg x'G5 .

w]/} zlQmzfnL e'O“rfnf] M %=% b]lv ̂ =! l/S6/:s]n zlQmsf] e'O“rfnf] vt/fo'Qm x'G5 . o; :t/sf]e'O“rfnf]sf sf/0f 3/sf] ufx|f] rls{g], Knf:6/ plKsg], plePsf] dflg; xlNng] tyf sdhf]/ 3/elTsP/ dflg; 3fOt] x'g] jf dg]{ ;Defjgf klg /xG5 .

vt/gfs e'O“rfnf] M o; :t/sf] e'O“rfnf] lgs} ljgfzsf/L x'G5 . dflg;nfO{ lx“8\g / pleO/xgklg sl7g x'G5 . ^=@ b]lv ^=( l/S6/:s]n zlQmsf] o; e'O“rfnf]af6 kSsL 3/sf] ufx|f] / 3/;d]tn8\g] x'“bf hgwgsf] Iflt lgs} x'G5 .

ljgfzsf/L e'O“rfnf] M & b]lv &=# l/S6/:s]nsf] e'O“rfnf]nfO{ ljgfzsf/L elgG5 . 3/ n8\g],hldg lrl/P/ rL/f kg]{], ;8s, k'n elTsg] tyf Hofb} le/fnf] kxf8L If]qdf klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgfx'G5 . o; Ifdtfsf] e'O“rfnf] hf“bf ef}lts ;+/rgf elTsP/ lylr“bf dflg; d5{g\ / 3fOt] x'G5g\ .

;j{gfzL e'O“rfnf] M &=$ b]lv * l/S6/:s]n zlQmsf] e'O“rfnf] ;j{gfzLx'G5 / ;j{q xfxfsf/dlRrG5 . ejg lgdf{0f k|ljlw ckgfP/ gagfOPsf w]/}h;f] 3/ elTsP/ gi6 x'G5g\ . o; :t/sf]e'O“rfaf6 uPdf hldg lrl/P/ kfgL pld|g]], klx/f] hfg], cfunfuL x'g] / hgwgsf] w]/} Iflt x'G5 .

k|nosf/L e'O“rfnf] M * l/S6/:s]neGbf dflysf] Ifdtf ePsf] e'O“rfnf]nfO{ k|nosf/L dflgG5 .oqf] e'O“rfnf] lgs} nfdf] ;dodf dfq hfG5 . oqf] e'O“rfnf] uPdf () k|ltzteGbf a9L ef}lts ;+/rgfWj:t x'G5g, hldg lrl/g] jf efl;g], dfly p7\g], kxf8 g} efl;g] jf pTklQ x'g], kfgLsf d'xfgk'm6\g]h:tf 36gf x'G5g\ / hgwgsf] eoª\s/ Iflt x'G5 .

g]kfndf e'O“rfnf]sf] Oltxf;

g]kfndf e'O“rfnf]sf] P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]hsf] cefj 5 . k|ljlw, 1fgsf] sdL / tYofª\s /fVg] k/Dk/fsf]gePsfn] P]ltxfl;s e'O“rfnf]sf] lnlvt Oltxf; kfpg ;ls“b}g . ljåfg\x¿sf cg';f/ g]kfndf !#!);fndf uPsf] e'O“rfnf]df k/]/ /fhf ceodNn;d]t sf7df8f}“ pkTosfdf xhf/f}“dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L g]kfndf !#!^, !$^$, !&#&, !&#*,!*@$, !*^^, !**), !*(), !*(!, !(&#, !(*# ;fndf 7"nf e'O“rfnf] uPsf]atfOPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] lnlvt b:tfj]hdf !(() ;fn df3 @ ut] uPsf] e'O“rfnf] g} k|dfl0fsdflgPsf] 5 . ;f] e'O“rfnf]df k/L *,%!( dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] eg]xhf/f}“ 3/ Wj:t ePsf lyP . eLdz]g yfkfn] agfPsf] w/x/f / rGb| ;|z]/n]agfPsf] 306f3/ klg eTs]sf lyP . To;}u/L @)@# c;f/df g]kfnsf];'b'/ klZrddf uPsf] e'O“rfnf]sf sf/0f @$ hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] lyof]eg] !,#)) 3/ eTs]sf lyP . @)#& ;fpg dlxgfdf aemª lhNnfj/k/ uPsf] e"o“rfnf]df k/]/ !)# hgfsf] Hofg uPsf] lyof] eg]@)$% ;fn ebf} % ut] k"jL{ g]kfndf uPsf] e'O“rfnf]df k/L ())dflg;sf] d[to' ePsf] / ^% xhf/ 3/ Wj:tf ePsf lyP .

3 83 83 83 83 8

3 93 93 93 93 9

g]kfndf e'O“rfnf]sf] hf]lvd

e'O“rfnf]n] dflg; dfb}{g t/ e'O“rfnf] hf“bf dflg;n] agfPsf ef}lts ;+/rgf elTsG5g\ / To;df lslrP/dflg; 3fOt] x'G5g\, d5{g\ eg] wg;DklQ klg gi6 x'G5 . hfkfg,cd]l/sfh:tf ljsl;t d'n'sdf ejg, ;8s, k'n cflb ;+/rgf lgwf{l/tdfkb08cg'¿k lgdf{0f ePsf sf/0f Toxf“ 7"nf] e'O“rfnf] uP klg Ifltsd x'g]u5{ . t/ g]kfnh:tf ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf cfly{s ;|f]tsf] cefj/ k|fljlws 1fgsf] sdLsf sf/0f ;+/rgf sdhf]/ aGg] ePsfn] ;fg}e'O“rfnf] uP klg hgwgsf] Iflt w]/} x'g] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf e'O“rfnf]sf]hf]lvdsf k|d'v rf/ sf/0f lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

;fdflhs ;f]r M dflg;df lzIff / r]tgfsf] sdL ePsf sf/0f e'O“rfnf] ef}ule{s sf/0fn] hfg]geP/ b}jL sf/0fn] hfG5 eGg] e|fds wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f e'O“rfnf] k|lt/f]wL 3/ agfpg] jf;'/Iffsf cGo pkfo ckgfpg] k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

ul/aL M cfly{s ;|f]tsf] cefjsf sf/0f dflg;n] cfsfz 9fSg] lx;fjn] dfq a:g] 3/ agfpg' kg]{ cj:yfljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . dflg; a:g] 3/, cWoog ug]{ ljBfno ejg sdhf]/ x'“bf ;fg} e'O“rfnf] uP klg tL3/ elTsP/ ;fgf ljBfyL{ dfq xf]Og, 7"nf dflg; klg dg]{ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f M e"sDkLo dfkb08 k"/f gu/L htftt} cJojL;yt ¿kdf agfOPsf sdhf]// cUnf 3/, ;f“3'/f uNnL, lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g, s]a'n 6]lnlehgsf tf/ 6f“luPsf sdhf]/ vDafn] ;x/LIf]qnfO{ e'O“rfnf]sf] cTolws hf]lvddf kf/]sf] 5 .

c;'/lIft lgdf{0f k2lt M g]kfndf @)^! ;fnb]lv e"sDkLo hf]lvd wfGg ;Sg]u/L3/ agfpg ejglgdf{0f ;+lxtf nfu" eP klg k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g] ;s]sf] 5}g .cem} klg sltko k'/fgf 3/ 6]sf nufP/ c8\ofOPsf] kfOG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf e'O“rnf]uOxfn]df hgwgsf] Iflt w]/} x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .

e"O“rfnf]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

3/ lgdf{0fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f M 3/ agfp“bf ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08 cg';f/ k|fljlwssf];Nnfx lnP/ agfpg'k5{ .

w]/} cUnf], w]/} sf};L lgsflnPsf] / hueGbf dflysf] efu 7"nf] kf/]/ 3/ agfpg'x'“b}g . ;s];Dd rf/ s'gf ldnfP/ husf] cfwf/cg';f/ dflyNnf] tnfsf] If]qkmnldnfP/ dfq agfpg'k5{ .

afªuf]–l6ª\uf] jf gfua]nL cfsf/ kf/]/ klg 3/ kagfpg' x'“b}g .elTsg nfu]sf k'/fgf 3/sf] pko'Qm dd{t;Def/ u/L alnof] agfpg'k5{ .bnbn] jf efl;g;Sg] hldg, le/fnf] kfvf], kfvf]sf] km]b jf gbL, kf]v/L glhs3/ agfpg' x'“b}g .

3 93 93 93 93 9

4 04 04 04 04 0

3/ agfpg klx/f] ghfg], gbLsf] af9Ln] ge]6\g], ;'Vvf / ;'/lIft hUufdf agfpg'k5{ .

u}/;+/rgfTds j:t'sf] ;'/Iffe'O“rfnf] hf“bf 3/df Iflt geP klg 3/leq /fv]sf ;fdfg cJojl:yteP tL ;fdfg n8]/ dflg; 3fOt] x'g] tyf dg]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 .To;}n] 3/leqsf ;fdfg Jojl:yt u/]/ /fVg'k5{ .sf]7fsf] b/fhnfO{ sAhfn] leQfdf s;]/ /fVg'k5{ .k':ts jf cGo ;fdfg /fVg] ¥ofsh:tf cUnf / ux|f}“ j:t'nfO{leQfdf sf“6L jf sAhf 7f]s]/ alnof] agfpg] tyf b/fh jf ¥ofssf] tNnf] v08df ux|f}“ / dflyNnfv08df xn'sf j:t' /fVg' k5{ .sL6gf;s cf}iflw, Uof;, d§Lt]n jf To:t} k|HHjngzLn kbfy{ ;'/lIft 7fp“df /fVg'k5{ .;'Tg] cf]5Øfg, 6]a'n, s';L{sf] 5]pdf cUnf / ux|'ª\uf j:t' /fVg' x'“b}g .sf};Lsf udnf v'nf ¿kdf g/fv]/ 8f]/Ln] af“w]/ gn8\g] u/L /fVg'k5{ .sf};Lsf] kfgLsf] 6Øfª\sLnfO{ bfof“afof“af6 6]jf lbO{ gxlNng] u/L /fVg'k5{ .

;fd'bflos tyf kfl/jfl/s of]hgf Me'O“rfnf] uOxfn]df cfk\mgf] kl/jf/ / l5d]sLnfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ ;fd"lxsljifodf 5nkmn u/L cfkTsfnLg of]hgf agfpg'k5{ .kLl8tsf] p4f/ / /fxtsf] nflu v'nf 7fp“sf] lgSof]{n, cf}iflw, lkpg] kfgLsf],vfBfGg / cfKtsfnLg lzIffsf af/]df ;fd"lxs of]hgf agfpg' k5{ .3/leqsf] ;'/lIft :yfgsf] klxrfg u/L e'O“rfnf] uOxfn]df kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ To:tf] 7fp“df a:gcEof; u/fpg' k5{ .e'O“rfnf] uPsf] ;dodf kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:o Ps} 7fp“df geP hfgsf/L cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yfldnfpg' k5{ .cfktsfnLg ;dodf cfjZos ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ bdsn, /]8qm;, k|x/L, ;]gfh:tf lgsfosf] 6]lnkmf]ggDa/ 3/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ /fVg nufpg'k5{ / To:tf lgsfodf;Dks{ ug]{ tl/sf klg l;sfpg'k5{ .k|fylds pkrf/sf nflu rflxg] dnxdk§L jf AofG8]h, l86f]n,PG6L;]lK6s lqmd, l;6fdf]n, ;kmf ?jf / sk8fsf] Kofs]6agfP/ cfkTsfnLg emf]nfdf /fVg'k5{ .cfktsfnLg ;dodf ;xof]u lng bdsn, /]8qm;, k|x/Lh:tf;+:yfsf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ 3/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ /fVg nufpg'k5{ .cfkTsfndf rflxg] rfprfp, lrp/f, la:s'6h:tf xn'sfvfg]s'/f, 6r{nfO6, ;nfO, lknf;, k]rs;h:tf] cf}hf/ / k|fylds pkrf/sf cf}iflw /flvPsf]cfkTsfnLg emf]nf tof/L cj:yfdf /fVg' k5{ .

4 04 04 04 04 0

4 14 14 14 14 1

e'O“rfnf] uPsf] ;dodf ckgfpg'kg]{ zts{tf M

e'O“rfnf] uPsf] ;dodf s] gug]{ <bf}8]/ e¥ofª cf]ln{g' jf dflyNnf] tnfdf pSng' x'“b}g .‰ofn tyf sf};Laf6 xfdkmfNg' x'“b}g .l;;fsf] ‰ofn tyf xlNnP/ n8\g;Sg] b/fh, ¥ofs, P]gf, k|]mdh:tf j:t'sf]5]p5fp a:g' x'“b}g .3/aflx/ lgl:sPsf] lx“l8/x]sf] cj:yfdf 7"nf ¿v, lah'nL jf 6]lnkmf]gsf] vDaf, k'/fgf / cUnf 3/sf]5]p5fp tyf k'ndfly jf d'lg a:g' x'“b}g .

e'O“rfnf] hf“bf s] ug]{ <3/leq 9f]sfsf] rf}sf];sf] tn, 6]an', vf6h:tf kmlg{r/sf] d'lg a:g] .6fpsf] / z/L/sf] ;+j]bgzLn cª\u hf]ufpg tlsof jf c? s'g} j:t'n] 6fpsf] 5f]Kg], s]xL;fdfg ge]l6P cfkm\gf] xft / kfv'/f hf]8]/ 6fpsf] / cf“vfsf] /Iff ug]{ .;s];Dd 3f]K6f] k/]/ e'O“df a:g] .efG5fdf cfuf] afn]sf] eP tTsfn} cfuf] lgeP/ Uof; r'nf]sf /]u'n]6/ aGb ug]{ .sy+sbflrt\, e'O“rfnf]af6 3/ elTsP/ To;n] k'l/xfNof] eg] w}o{tfsf ;fy cfkm" af“Rg]s'/fdf ljZj:t eP/ p4f/ 6f]nLsf] k|tLIff ug'{k5{ . cflQP/ lrRofpg], s/fpg] ubf{d'6' / lbdfudf cgfjZos bafa kg]{ x'“bf ;s];Dd zfGt /xg] k|of; ug'{k5{ . o:tf]cj:yfdf l;¶L, ;';]nL ahfP/ tyf aHg] ;fdfg e]l6P To;nfO{ ahfP/ p4f/sdL{nfO{yfxf lbg] k|of; ug'{k5{ .

e'O“rfnf] uO;s]kl5 s] ug]{ <3/leqsf]] cfuf], Uof;, lah'nL tTsfn} aGb ug'{k5{ .cfkTsfnLg emf]nf / cGo dxŒjk"0f{ j:t' af]s]/ t'?Gt} aflx/ lg:sg'k5{ .dlxnf, afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, czQm / la/fdLnfO{ 3/af6 aflx/ Nofpgk|fyldstf lbg'k5{ .3/af6 aflx/ lgl:sPkl5 klxn] lgwf{l/t v'nf / ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg'k5{ .e'O“rfnf] cfp“bf aflx/ ePdf tTsfn 3/leq gk:g], k:g} kg]{ ePdfkl5Nnf wSsfn] 3/ gelTsg] osLg u/]/ dfq leq k:g'k5{ .e'O“rfnf] uPkl5 cg'dflgt xNnfsf] kl5 gnfuL jf:tljstf a'‰g] k|of;ug'{k5{ .e'O“rfnf] yfldPkl5 jl/kl/ ePsf] Ifltsf] cj:yf x]/]/ ;s];Dd p4f/sfo{df nfUg'k5{ .p4f/sf nflu cfPsf p4f/sdL{nfO{ kl/jf/, 5/l5d]ssf] s'g 3/df sltdflg; lyP / tLdWo] slt x/fO/x]sf 5g\ cfk"mnfO{ yfxf eP;Dd To;sf]hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ .

4 14 14 14 14 1

4 24 24 24 24 2

dxfdf/L / o;af6 aRg] pkfodfxfdf/Lsf] cy{;dfhsf] s''g} Ps If]qdf b]vf k/]sf] Pp6} /f]u 5f]6f] ;dod} km}lnP/dflg; ;ª\qmldt x'g] / dg]{ cj:yfnfO{ dxfdf/L elgG5 . dxfdf/L ;?jf/f]u xf] . of] Ps JolQmdf nfu]kl5 lb;f–lk;fj, vfgf, n'ufkmf6f],Zjf;k|Zjf; cflbsf dfWodaf6 c?df ;/]/ km}lnG5 . o;/L /f]u km}ln“bf :yfgLo txsf lrlsT;s, cf}iflw,:jf:Yo s]Gb|sf] Ifdtf / pknAw ;|f]t tyf ;fwg ckof{Kt eP/ k|sf]ksf] cj:yf pTkGg x'G5 . crfgsb]vf k/]/ km}lnO{ hg:jf:Yodf ;d:of pTkGg ug]{ ;?jf /f]unfO{ g} dxfdf/Lsf] k|sf]k elgG5 . x}hf,emf8fkvfnf, Dofb]Hj/f], cf}nf], OG;]km\nfOl6;, sfnfhf/, sdnlkQ, OGkm\n'PGhf, 8]“u' Hj/f] cflbdxfdf/Lsf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ . To;}u/L a8{k\mn', PrcfOeL÷P8\; klg dxfdf/Lsf] ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 .

dxfdf/L km}lng] sf/0f/f]u pTkGg ug]{ hLjf0f' k|b"lift jftfj/0fdf l56f] km}lnG5g\ . ;'4 vfg] kfgL tyf;/;kmfOsf] sdL, JolQmut jf 3/fo;L / ;fd'bflos txdf ;/;kmfOsf] cefj,b"lift jf af;L jf lem“uf / To:t} sL/f nfu]sf] vfgf cflb dxfdf/L km}lng] sf/0fx'g\ . dxfdf/Lsf] pTklQ eP/ km}lng] k|d'v sf/0f lgDg 5g\ M

b"lift vfg] kfgL, zf}rfnosf] cefj jf v'nf 7fp“df ul/g] lb;flk;fj / ;/;kmfOsf]cefj,lem“uf, e';'gf, nfdv'§] jf cGo sL/f eGs]sf], af;L / ;8]un]sf] c;'/lIft vfBkbfy{,jfo'k|b"if0f, hnk|b"if0fh:tf jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f,hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f pTkGg /f]usf gof“ hLjf0f',af9L, klx/f], zLtnx/, e'O“rfnf]h:tf k|sf]ksf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] kmf]xf]/d}nf tyf k|b"if0f,ul/aL, kf]li6s tŒjo'Qm vfgf / :jf:YolzIffsf] sdL .

;?jf /f]usf hLjf0f' z/L/leq k:g] dfWod / af6f];?jf /f]usf hLjf0f' tyf sL6f0f' dflg;sf] z/Lleq k:g] / z/L/af6 aflx/ lg:sg] af6f] x'G5 . o:tfhLjf0f' dflg;sf] vfgf / kfgLsf dfWodaf6 lgn]df kfrg gnL x'“b} z/L/df k|j]z u5{g\ . To;}u/L xfjfsf]dfWodaf6 Zjf;k|Zjf; gnLsf] af6f] x'“b} / 3fp, sdhf]/ 5fnf, ;'O cflbsf] dfWodaf6 eP 5fnf / df;'sf]lemNnLsf] af6f]af6 k|j]z u5{g\ .

;?jf /f]usf hLjf0f' z/L/leq k:g] dfWod / af6f] M;?jf /f]usf hLjf0f' dflg;sf] lb;f, lk;fj, y's, ¥ofn, l;“ufg, vsf/, lkk, /ut, z/L/af6/Qm;|fjh:tf dfWodaf6 aflx/ lg:sG5g\ .

;?jf /f]u ;g]{ dfWod Ms'g} Ps dflg;nfO{ nfu]sf] ;?jf /f]u vfgf, kfgL, xfjf, k|ToIf ;Dks{, c;'/lIft of}g;Dks{, nfdv'§],p8';, plkof“ jf cGo hgfj/sf] 6f]sfOaf6 ;5{ . lem“uf jf cGo p8\g] sL/fn] klg Ps 7fp“af6 csf]{

4 24 24 24 24 2

4 34 34 34 34 3

7fp“df /f]usf hLjf0f'nfO{ ;fg]{ x'“bf ltgnfO{ klg /f]u ;fg]{ dfWod elgG5 .

dxfdf/Lsf] :jefj M;?jf /f]u Jofks ¿kdf km}lng', 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf dflg; lj/fdL x'g', dflg;sf] d[To' x'g] qmd g/f]lsg,:yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ;d]t /f]u km}lng' dxfdf/Lsf] :jefj xf] .

dxfdf/Lsf] nIf0f Mdf8h:tf] ;]tf] jfGtf cfpg',k]6 b'Vg', kftnf], df8h:tf] / ¥ofNn k/]sf] lb;f nfUg',xft–v'§f, k]6 / z/L/sf df+zk]zL a6fl/g', b'Vg' / /f]uL sdhf]/ aGb} hfg',lk;fj sd nfUg' jf nfUb} gnfUg' .ltvf{ nfUg' t/ kfgL lkpg]lalQs} jfGtf cfpg',lj/fdL l;lyn x'“b} hfg' / ;dod} pkrf/ geP jf ;'wf/ gcfPdf /f]uLsf] d[To' x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

dxfdf/Laf6 aRg] pkfo Mdxfdf/L km}lng] cj:yfdf la/fdL x'g] ;ª\Vof / d[To' ;ª\Vof 36fpg ;?jf /f]unfO{ tTsfn} lgoGq0f ug{kxn ug'{k5{ eg] To;cl3 k"j{tof/Lsf sfd klg ug'{k5{ . /f]uhGo dxfdf/L lgoGq0fug{ jf To;af6 aRg lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg'k5{ M

af;L, sf“rf], ;8]un]sf] vfgf vfg' x'“b}g, b"w klg /fd|/L pdfn]/ dfq lkpg'k5{ .lkpg] kfgL pdfn]/, lkmN6/ u/]/ jf kfgL lgd{nLs/0f ug]{ cf}iflw /fv]/ z'4kf/]/ dfq lkpg'k5{ .v'nf 7fp“df /fv]sf, lem“uf eGs]sf, ld7fO{, ;j{t, jf cGo vfg]s'/f vfg' x'“b}g ./f]u nfu]sf] ;dodf ef]sf] k]6 a:g' x'“b}g .;?jf /f]u nfu]sf] dflg;n] k|of]u u/]sf] jf ;ª\qmldt n'ufkmf6f] jf ;fdfg k|of]u ug'{ x'“b}g .lbzf u/]kl5, vfgf ksfpg' / vfg' cl3 jf vfgf vfO;s]kl5 ;fa'g kfgLn] xftw'g'k5{ .3/–cf“ug / ufp“–6f]nsf] lgoldt ¿kdf ;/;kmfO ug'{k5{ .lbzflk;fj zf}rfnodf dfq} ug'{k5{, v'nf 7fp“df ug'{x'“b}g .;?jf /f]u nfu]sf] dflg;nfO{ cnUu} ;kmf 7fp“df /fVg'k5{/ pm;“u ;Lwf ;Dks{df gcfP/ glhs hf“bf df:s nufP/ hfg'k5{ .;?jf /f]u nfu]sf] yfxf kfpgf;yf k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ / :jf:Yorf}sL jf c:ktfnn}hfg'k5{ ./f]uLsf] lb;flk;fj v'nf 7fp“df k\mof“Sg' x'“b}g, ;'/lIft 7fp“df vfN8f] vg]/ k'g'{k5{ ./f]uLnfO{ yf]/}–yf]/} hLjghn jf g'g lrgLkfgL lknfpg'k5{ . emf8f jf jfGtf u/]sf]cg'kftdf kfgL v'jfpg'k5{ .

4 34 34 34 34 3

4 44 44 44 44 4

x'/Latf;sf] hf]lvd / o;af6aRg] pkfo

x'/Latf; s] xf] <lgoldt ¿kdf xfjf rNg' jfo'sf] k|fs[lts ultzLntf xf] . t/,a]un] xfjf rn]/ x'/L tyf cf“wLsf] ¿k lnP/ 3/, uf]7, jgsf¿v cfbL n8fP/ hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] cj:yfnfO{ c:jefljsdflgG5 . ljz]ifu/L x'/Latf; udL{ df};ddf rN5 . udL{ df};ddf jfo'd08nsf] s'g} :yfgdf tfkqmd a9\bfTo; 7fp“sf] xfjf tft]/ xn'sf eP/ dflylt/ p8\5 . tftf] 7fp“sf] xfjf dflylt/ ;/]/ vfnL ePsf] 7fp“eg{ jl/kl/sf] rL;f] xfjf To;tkm{ x'lQG5 . o;/L x'lQ“bf xfjfsf] j]u Hofb} tLj| ePdf To;nfO{ x'/Latf;tyf cf“wLa]x/L elgG5 .

udL{ df};ddf hldg;“u}sf] xfjf klg tft]/ xn'sf eO{ cfsfzlt/ hfG5 . tft]/ dfly uPsf] 7fp“sf] vfnLefunfO{ eg{ csf]{ 7fp“sf] xfjf To;tkm{ Psf]xf]l/G5 . o; ;dodf k5fl8sf] lr;f] xfjfn] vfnL 7fp“tkm{x'lQPsf] cufl8sf] xfjfnfO{ tLj| bjfj lbG5 / 7"nf] If]qdf jfo'sf] axfj ck|Tofl;t ¿kdf a9]/ x'/L tyfcf“wLsf] ¿k lnG5 .

x'/Latf;sf] k|sf/ M:yfgLo x'/L M jfo'd08nsf] s'g} vf; If]qsf] tfkqmd a9]/ jfo'sf] pkl:ylt 36\b} hf“bf csf]{ If]qsf] lr;f] jfo'To;tkm{ x'lQP/ cfp“g] ;Lldt If]qsf] x'/LnfO{ :yfgLo x'g/L elgG5 . o:tf] x'/Lsf] ult ;fdfGotofk|lt306f %) lsnf]ld6/;Dd x'G5 . o:tf] x'/L cfp“bf sfnf] afbn d8fl/g], lah'nL rDsg], r6Øfª kg]{ tyfkfgL kg]{ ;Defjgf x'G5 . g]kfndf rNg] w]/}h;f] x'/L :yfgLo k|sf/sf] g} x'G5 .

cf“wL M cf“wL x'/Lsf] k|r08 ¿k xf] . o;sf] ult k|lt306f %) b]lv !!) lsnf]ld6/;Dd x'G5 . cf“wLn]rNbf sRrL3/, 3/sf 5fgf, 7"N7"nf ¿v, lah'nLsf vDaf n8fP/ hgwgsf] 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofp“5 . g]kfndfslxn]sfxL“ dfq cf“wL rN5 .

;d'b|L cf“wL M k|lt306f !^) lsnf]ld6/;Ddsf] ult x'g] ;d'b|L cf“wL ljgfzsf/L / 8/nfUbf] x'G5 .g]kfndf ;d'b| glhs gePsfn] ;d'b|L cf“wL rNb}g . ef/t, jª\unfb]z, cd]l/sf, d]lS;sf]h:tf b]zdf;d'b|L cf“wLn] jif]{gL xhf/f}“ dflg;sf] Hofg lnG5 eg] c/af}“ ?k}of“ a/fa/sf] wg;DklQ gi6 ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

rqmjft M rqmjft ;d'b|L cf“wLsf] rsf]{ ¿k xf] . ;d'b|sf] tftf] kfgLdf cf“wLsf] j]u 7f]lSs“bf ;d'b|df ljzfncfsf/sf] 5fn p7\b5 . o;/L p7]sf] 5fndf cf“wL 7f]lSsg] qmd rln/x\of] eg] 5fn / cf“wLsf] ld>0fa6fl/P/ ljgfzsf/L ¿k lnG5 h;nfO{ rqmjft elgG5 . rqmjftn] 7"N7"nf 3/ / ;a}vfnsf ef}lts;+/rgfnfO{ gi6 u/]/ hgwgsf] ljzfn Iflt u5{ .

g]kfndf x'/Latf;sf] ;d:ofg]kfnsf] e"kl/j]li7t d'n's ePsfn] ljgfzsf/L cf“wLa]x/L / rqmjft cfp“b}g . vf;u/L aª\ufnsf] vf8L/ c/a ;fu/af6 ptkGg x'g] ;d'b|L cf“wL g]kfndf slxn]sfxL“ cf“wLsf ¿kdf k|j]z u5{ . t/ clwsf+zg]kfndf :yfgLo x'/L g} rNg] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf slxn] klZrLdL x'/L rN5 eg] w]/}h;f] k"jL{ x'/L rn]/

4 44 44 44 44 4

4 54 54 54 54 5

hgwgsf] Iflt ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . x'/Latf;n] vf;u/L r'/} z[ª\vnfeGbf blIf0fsf] t/fO{df a9L Iflt k'¥ofpg]u/]sf] 5 . oBlk klZrd g]kfnsf h'Dnf, x'Dnf, dgfª, d':tfª cflb kxf8L lhNnf;lxt cGo e]udf :yfgLox'/Latf; lgoldt ¿kdf rNg] ub{5 .

x'/Latf;af6 g]kfndf x'g] Iflt Mg]kfndf r}tb]lv c;f/–;fpg;Dd x'/Latf; 5N5 . df};dLkmnk"mn cf“k, lnrL, ;'Gtnf cflbsf] km"n k'mNg] / lrlrnf nfUg]o; df};ddf cfpg] x'/Latf;n] kmnk"mn pTkfbgdf k|lts"n k|efjkfb{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm t/fO{ / u|fdL0fIf]qsf sdhf]/ 3/,uf]7 / ljsf;sf ;+/rgf eTsfpg] / dfgjLo Iflt;d]t k'¥ofpg]u/]sf] 5 .

x'/Latf;n] ljz]ifu/L t/fO{sf sRrL k'm;sf 3/ elQ“bf dflg;dg]{ / 3fOt] x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ljBfno elTsg] / clwsf+z:s"nsf 5fgf x'/Ln] p8fP/ nfdf] ;do;Dd ljBfno ;~rfnggx'g] cj:yf;d]t pTkGg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; cy{df x'/Latf;sf] hf]lvdf :s'ndf k9\g] ;fgf aflnaflnsf g}/x]sf] kfOG5 . x'/Latf;n] lah'nL tyf 6]lnkmf]gsf vDaf tyf 3/ 5]psf ¿v 9fNbf klg hgwgsf] Ifltx'g] u/]sf] 5 . slxn]sfxL“ sfddf uPsf jf af6fdf lx“l8/x]sf dflg; klg ¿v 9n]/ dg]{ / 3fOt] x'g] 36gfx'G5g\ .

x'/Latf; rn]sf] ;dodf cfunfuLn] l;ª\u} ufp“ g} ;vfk kf/]sf 36gf klg w]/} kfOG5g\ . o; cj:yfdf x'g]cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug{ jf?0foGq tyf clUg;dgssf cGo pkfo k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg] x'“bf hgwgsf] Iflt klgw]/} x'G5 . x'/Latf; rNbf lah'nL rlDsg], r6Øfª kg]{, ljB't\ ljt/0fk|0ffnLdf cj/f]w l;h{gf eP/cfunfuL x'g] ;Defjgf a9\b5 . g]kfndf k|To]s jif{ x'/Latf;sf sf/0f hgwgsf] 7"nf] Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

x'/Latf;sf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg] pkfo Mx'/Latf;sf] k|sf]k x'g] :yfgdf To;nfO{ 5]Sg] lsl;dsf af“; jf alnof] sf08 x'g] tyf h/fhldgleq;Dd hfg]] hftsf ¿v /f]k]/ x'sf{pg] .

3/jl/kl/ ePsf cUnf ¿vsf xf“uf l5dNg] / sdhf]/ ¿v sf6]/ x6fO{gof“ la?jf /f]Kg] .

3/ / uf]7sf] 5fgf] tyf cGo sdhf]/ efusf] dd{t;Def/ u/Lalnof] agfpg] .

cfuf]sf] k|of]u ;fjwfgL;“u ug]{, x'/Latf; nfu]sf] ;dodf cfuf]sf]k|of]u gug]{ .

x'/Latf; rNbf n8\g;Sg] sdhf]/ ;+/rgf5]p5fp ga:g] / 3/aflx/glg:sg] .

x'/Latf; rNbf x'/Latf; htfaf6 rn]sf] 5 Totf gkls{g] / x'/Latf; cfPsf] lbzflt/ glx“8\g] .

x'/Latf; rn]sf] ;dodf 3/aflx/ eP x'/Laf6 aRg ¿vsf] km]bdf a:g'kg]{ eP x'/Latf; htfaf6 rn]sf]5 Totfk§L a;]/ cf8 lng] .

4 54 54 54 54 5

4 64 64 64 64 6

cfunfuLsf] k|sf]k / Go"gLs/0fcfunfuL s] xf] <

kfgLsf] dfqf sd ePsf] s'g} j:t'df clS;hg (Oxygen) / OGwg(Fuel) sf] 3if{0f x'“bf jf tfk ldl;P/ x'g] /f;folgs k|ltlqmofaf6pTkGg zlQmnfO{ cfuf] elgG5 . cfuf]df tfk / zlQm b'j} x'g] ePsfn] o;n] kfgLsf] dfqf Go"g ePsf s'g}klg j:t'nfO{ hnfP/ /fvdf kl/0ft ul/lbG5 . dflg;sf] hLjglgjf{xsf nflu cfuf] clgjfo{ j:t' xf] .vfgf agfpg, rL;f] df};ddf 3/ tyf sf]7f tftf] agfpg, pBf]u jf snsf/vfgf rnfpg cfuf] bfp/f,Uof;, sf]Onf cflb hnfP/ cfuf] aflnG5 . cfhsn lah'nLaf6 klg tfk / k|sfz lgsfn]/ cfuf]sf] sfdug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

cuf]sf] pTklQ clS;hgdf kg]{ 3if{0faf6 pTkGg tfk / zlQmsf] ;+of]hgaf6 x'G5 . ;'s]sf] 3'¥ofg, sf7 jfbfp/f, h}ljs Uof;, sf]Onf cflb aNbf t/ª\usf] ¿kdf Hjfnf dfly p7\5 . s'g} j:t'df ePsf] clS;hgan]/ To;df ePsf] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 / cGo Uof; jfo'df ld;P/ hfG5g\ . o;/L s'g} j:t' aNg]k|lqmofnfO{ cfuf] an]sf] elgG5 . cfuf] aNbf aflx/ lg:sg] kbfy{ w"jf“sf ¿kdf klg lgl:G5 . jt{dfg;dodf cfuf]af6 k|fKt x'g] tfk / k|sfzsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;nfO{, nfO6/, rsds, em'nf], ljB't\lx6/h:tf ;fwgsf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf j:t'sf] k|of]u ubf{ dflg;sf] lgoGq0feGbf aflx/ uP/cfuf]n] 3/, uf]7, wgdfn hnfpg] cj:yf pTkGg x'G5, h;nfO{ cfunfuL elgG5 . ctM dflg;sf]sfa'eGbf aflx/ uP/ crfgs ;lNsP/ 3/af/, wgdfn gi6 ug]{u/L cfuf] an]df To;nfO{ cfunfuLelgG5 . cfunfuL x'“bf dflg;åf/f agfOPsf 3/, uf]7, k;n, sfof{noejg, ljBfno ejg gi6 x'G5g\ eg]jgdf nfUg] cfunfuL tyf 89]nf]n] jghª\un;“u} Toxf“ /x]sf hLjhGt'hnfP/ gi6 kf5{ .

cfunfuLsf] k|sf/ M

ccfunfuL M dflg;sf 3/, ufOj:t'sf uf]7, ljBfno, sfof{no /pBf]u tyf snsf/vfgfdf nfUg] cfunfuL h;n] k|ToIf ¿kdf hgwgsf]Iflt u5{

89]nf] M jgdf nfUg] cfunfuLnfO{ 89]nf] elgG5 . 89]nf]n] hgwgsf] k|ToIf Iflt gu/] klg jg, jGohGt'tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]t gi6 u5{ . 89]nf]n] jftfj/0f ljgfzdf klg 7"nf] e"ldsf v]N5 .

cfunfuLsf] sf/0f M

k|fs[lts sf/0f M ;'Svf tyf af]qmf lklN;Psf ¿v Pscfk;df 3if{0f eP/,r6\Øfªsf sf/0f cfuf] pTkGg eP/, rlDsnf] j:t', rlDsnf] 9'ª\uf jfkfgLaf6 ;"o{sf] ls/0f nuftf/ k/fjt{g eO{ ;'s]sf jf k|HHjngzLn j:t'dfkbf{ cfuf] pTkGg eP/ cfunfuL x'g'nfO{ cfunfuLsf] k|fs[lts sf/0f xf] .

cfunfuL x'g] dfgjLo sf/0f M cfuf]sf] hyfefjL k|of]u, r'/f]6la“8Lsf7'6f glgefO{ hyfefjL kmfNg', :6f]e–Uof; kl8\sg', sdhf]/ ljB't\ jfol/ª,k6fsfsf] k|of]u, d;fn h'n';, k|HHjngzLn j:t'sf] hfyfefjL pkof]u,

4 64 64 64 64 6

4 74 74 74 74 7

pBf]u snsf/vfgfsf] dd{t;Def/ sf] cefj, jgdf hfgfhfg cfuf] nufpg' / a;, sf/ / xjfOhxfhb'3{6gfh:tf sf/0fn] x'g] cfunfuLnfO{ dfgjLo sf/0faf6 x'g] cfunfuL dflgG5 .

cfunfuL ;lhn} km}lng] If]q M

;'s]sf / ;lhn} aNg;Sg] j:t' ePsf 7fp“df cfunfuL l56f] km}lnG5 . cem xfjf tyf x'/Latf; rn]sf];dodf dflgl;n] lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sbf cfunfuL Jofks ¿kdf km}lnG5 . cfunfuLsf] k|sf]ksf] lj:tf/lgoGq0f ug]{ hgzlQm gePsf], ;fwg tyf ;|f]t pknAw gePsf], uf'h'd'Hh 3/ ePsf] a:tL, v8]/L k/]/emf/kft ;'Vvf ePsf] 7fp“df cfunfuL l56f] km}lnG5 .

cfunfuLsf] c;/ M

cfunfuLdf ljz]ifu/L dlxnf, afnaflns, a"9fa"9L, czQm / la/fdL kg]{ ;Defjgf x'G5 . cfuf] nfu]dfTo;df k/]/ dflg; dg]{, 3fOt] x'g], 3/sf] wgdfn, 3/kfn'jf kz' cflb gi6 x'G5 . o;af6 kl/jf/ /;d'bfodf cfly{s ;ª\s6 pTkGg x'G5 .

cfunfuLsf] /f]syfd M

cfuf]sf] k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 /fd|/L lgefpg] .

;nfO{, nfO6/h:tf j:t' s]6fs]6Ln] ge]6\g] 7fp“df /fVg] .

r'/f]6 la“8L gvfg] vP klg To;sf 7'6f /fd|/L lgefP/ dfq kmfNg] .

k]6«f]n, l8h]n, Uof;, ;'s]sf] v/ cflb cfuf]af6 6f9f /fVg] .

cfunfuL s'g] / /f]Sg] ljifodf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ .

cfunfuL eOxfn] s] ug]{ <

cfunfuL ePsf] hfgsf/L l5d]sLnfO{ tTsn} lbP/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;xof]udfUg'k5{ .

cfuf] km}lng gkfp“b} lgoGq0f ug{ tTsfn} h'6\g] .

cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug]{ ;|f]t, ;fwgsf] ;xL ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{ .

nfOgdf a;]/ kfgL, s]/fsf] kft, xl/of] ;]pnf, df6f]h:tf j:t' xfn]/ cfuf]lgefpg'k5{ .

;a}n] ;xof]usf] efjgfn] sfd ug]{ .

cfuf] nflu;s]sf] 7fp“af6 cGoq km}lng glbg ljz]if ;ts{tf ckgfpg'k5{ .

cfuf]sf] 3]/faf6 lgl:sg g;s]sf kLl8tnfO{ kfgLn] leh]sf]] sk8f lbP/ jf cfk\mgf] z/L/df a]/]/kLl8tnfO{ aflx/ lgsfNg'k5{ .

cfunfuLdf k/]/ 3fOt] ePsf] dflg;nfO{ tTsfn} :jf:Yorf}sL jf c:ktfnn}hfg'k5{ .

cfunfuL ePsf] hfgsf/L /]8qm;, a?0foGq, k|x/L / ;]gfnfO{ tTsfn}lbP/ p4f/sf nflu ;xof]u dfUg'k5{ .

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