"Disability Resources for Students (DRS) is looking for a notetaker forthis class to assist a student who is unable to take complete class notesbecause of the effects of a disability. They have asked me to make anannouncement to request volunteers, as a notetaker has not yet been found.At least two notetakers are needed; a primary who would be able to copy his/her notes once a week, and an alternate who would be on standby as a back-up notetaker. The time commitment is minimal, but the difference it makes for the student is significant. DRS pays for the photocopying and will provide a letter of recommendation for your volunteer hours.

If you are interested in volunteering, or if you have any questions,please contact DRS for more information. They are located in Schmitz Hall, room 448. You may call DRS at 543-8924 or email them atuwdss@u.washington.edu. Thank you for your consideration."

Forests and Society• History of Reverence for Forests • Conservation and Regulation of Forest Uses • History of Forest Protected Areas • Democratization of Forest Uses & Sustainability• Characteristics of Forests and Human Survival • Environmental U.S. Legislation

• Products and Uses of Forests and TreesProducts and Uses of Forests and Trees

What types of forest resources are consumed/extracted in industrialized

and developing countries?

• forests important in most parts of world

• extractive economies are highly dependent on forests for subsistence – especially in tropics where high species

diversity and high poverty exist

• products extracted from forests globally (and mainly for fuelwood)

3

Wood Consumption (1990) – Global: 124 billion cubic feet

• 54% Fuel – not very efficient or environmental, just burning with large losses of heat energy

• 33% Industrial (saw logs, construction, etc)• 13% Pulp and paper

– United States: 14.1 billion ft3

(11% of world consumption but <5% population)• 18% Fuel• 51% Industrial• 31% Pulp and paper

FAO predicts by 2025 fuelwood demand will be twice the available supply

4

Some World Consumption Data, 1994 (% of total)

Fuelwood Fiber – for paper

Non-fiber industrial

(plywood etc)

Asia 93 % 1 % 6 %Africa 81 % 6 % 13 %South America 50 % 31 % 19 %former USSR 44 % 17 % 39 %North/Central America

21 % 37 % 41 %

Europe 15 % 33 % 52 %

Half global forest area where ~50% wood

used as fuelwood

As become more industrialized use less wood for energy, more for paper5

Several trends are apparent from the data Table

• most of the developing nations use a significant amount of wood as fuelwood or firewood while the industrialized world uses little to none for this purpose

• as a country becomes more industrialized, there is a shift from wood to fossil fuels as an energy source.

6

• ~25% world’s forests managed for wood production– amount could be supplied by 5% of forests if intensively managed

• mainly single species dominated forests– Monoculture forestry – especially in plantations– mainly led by industrial countries

7

Wood Use in United States

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1800

1820

1840

1860

1880

1900

1920

1940

1960

1970

1980

Billion

Cubic

Fee

t

OtherPulp LumberFuelwood

WHY decreasing?

Pulp is the production of paper productsWhat was used to make paper in mid-1880s?

8

MUMMIES' RAGS WERE ONCE THE RAGE THAT PROVIDED U.S. THE PRINTED PAGE

Abstract:Linen wrappings from Egyptian mummies were once used by some U.S. papermakers in the late 19th century to make bond and printing papers.

Source: Pollack, M., Printing Impressions, v 21, n 7, Dec., 1978, 60-61

ISSN: 0032-860X

9http://www.paperonline.org/history/history_frame.html

• Global consumption of paper products dramatically increasing during the last decade suggesting a greater proportion of future wood supply might be used for producing paper products

• Currently a third of the wood supply in Europe and the United States is used for fiber to produce paper products. This consumption does not appear to be slowing down even with high use of computers for digital transfer and storage of information (WRI, 1998-1999)

10

Origins of Paper

• Paper from wood originated in China during former Han Dynasty (207 BC – 9 AD)

• 3rd century spread to Vietnam, then Tibet

• 4th century introduced to Korea

• 6th century spread to Japan, then India, then to the Moslem world, and finally Europe

11

Global Paper Consumption (FAO 2001, AFPA 2000)

• Global Consumption of Paper in 2000:

• 36% in Communication (e.g., printing, writing, newsprint)

• 57% in Packaging (e.g., containerboard, packaging paper, boxboard)

• 7% in Miscellaneous (hygienic, health care, etc)

• Consumption going up1. 1990 Consumption of Paper = 10 million tons

2. 2000 Consumption of Paper = 140 million tons

12

Global Per Capita Consumption of Paper Products

• World - 46 kg/person• China - 18 kg/person • Western Europe - 160 kg/person • USA - 308 kg/person

13

Paper Manufacture

• Pulp and paper industry in top 10 manufacturing industries in U.S.

• 4% of US exports• Employs 700,000

people

14

Industrialized Country (e.g., U.S.): Waste management

• landfills are expensive to maintain, • land less available to use for this purpose

New ways of managing wastes are needed!!!

Forest Products:paper, building materials, packing materials, furniture, clothing

FORESTS

2) Composting 3) Recycling

Fuelwood

82%

4) Burned

~18%

16%

27%

Environmental services, biodiversity

1) Landfill 57%

15

Paper Manufacture• Raw Material Needs - 320 million tons

– Wood-Based Raw Materials - 176 million tons– Recycled Fiber - 96 million tons– Minerals and Chemicals - 38 million tons– Non-wood Fiber - 10 million tons

• Recovery Rate of fibers (1991)– North America - 36%– Western Europe - 39%– Japan - 50%

16

Portion of paper recycled -

paper can only be recycled 4-5 times since fibers break down eventually from use of strong chemicals in preparation

17

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEXICAN PAPER INDUSTRYUsing Rags to Make Paper• The Mexican paper industry created in 1590 when first paper industry opened in Mexico City• Throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, the Mexican paper industry made paper from old rags, which were usually scarce. The rags collected in colonial Mexico were in short supply due to the fact that inhabitants used their clothes as long as possible, discarded them infrequently and in small quantities.

Where does the recycled paper in Mexico come from??

18

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEXICAN PAPER INDUSTRYUsing Rags to Make Paper• The recovery of discarded rags for papermaking during 17th-18th centuries such economic importance that it commanded royal attention • Felipe III of Spain signed the Reglamento de Libre Comercio de Indias (free trade law between the Spanish Crown and its territories in the Americas) in 1778 which exempted rags collected in the Spanish possessions in the Americas from the payment of import tariffs• This Reglamento attempted to encourage Mexican traperos to increase their gathering of rags, which would be exported to Spain, transformed into paper, and part of the paper sent back to New Spain

Recycled Fiber Important for the Mexican Paper IndustryDue to the impracticality of achieving backward vertical integration with the forestry sector, the Mexican paper industry has undertaken vigorous efforts to increase the use of recycled fiber. In 1984, the Mexican paper industry used 58.3% wastepaper as a fiber source, while in 1994 it had increased to 73.8%. Correspondingly, primary fiber (wood pulp and sugar cane bagasse) utilization decreased from 41.7% in 1984 to 26.2% in 1994.

19

Northern Brazil

Developing Countries: tree materials or vegetables used to make CHARCOAL – converting to a higher energy product when converted to charcoal. WHY? 20

Wood pile before covering it by turf or soil, and firing it (around 1890) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal

India Himalayas –

• cutting trees for fire wood,

• not enough wood available,

• this is poor looking forest, and

• not enough trees for use as firewood or fuelwood

21

Outside New Delhi, India – houses made of cow piles set aside to use later as fuel for cooking and heating because not enough woody or vegetable biomass to use as a fuel 22

Harvesting resin from pine for lanterns

Collecting leaves for animal fodder (food)

Himalayas – IndiaTHESE PRODUCTS ARE ALSO NEEDED FROM FORESTS THAT ARE NOT ENERGY RELATED

Subsistence economies where people are helped to survive by collecting forest materials.

23

Developing Countries: • many non-wood products are collected for subsistence from

forests; • they frequently have no economic value in regional, national

or global markets & are therefore traded locally; • timber has highest economic return

Collecting Latex – rubber tree24

Major factors causing loss of Forests: agricultural conversion predominant

Amazon, shifting agriculture or subsistence survival by clearing small tracts of land in forest, farming for 5 – 20 yrs and then moving to another location 25

North Brazil

• LAND CONVERSION BIGGEST LOSS OF FORESTS - Not all forests exploited for fuelwood

• Shift from subsistence economies to those providing higher economic return on global economies

• Much deforestation in south/central America due to conversion to cattle ranches which returns a higher revenue for local elites but not communities surviving at a subsistence level. 26

• Small scale being converted to large scale agricultural enterprises (palm oil plantations) for food production

• This results in loss of native forests

27Malaysia, palm oil plantations

27

Subsistence Population Densities directly related to how much Forest Cover Remaining, Maya Region

(Meyerson 2000)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10 34 40 100 200

Population Density (persons/km2)

Fore

st R

emai

ning

(% o

f Tot

al)

Population Density(# people/km2)

For forest extractive communities – surviving from forests mostly

28

Wildfire Trends – loss of significant forest area in U.S. resulting from past fire control and selective logging of trees that were tolerant of fire leaving behind the more fire-intolerant species.

http://www.nifc.gov/stats/wildlandfirestats.html

US Wildland Fires (#)

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

29

Wildfire Trends

http://www.nifc.gov/stats/wildlandfirestats.html

US Wildfires (Acres)

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

8,000,000

9,000,000

# Acres Average Acres

Avg. = 4.1 MillionAvg. = 4.9 Million

1994 - 2002

30

Fire costs are high because of proximity of forests to urban areas 31

2003, Biggest Insurance Losses ($ billions)

0 1 2 3 4

US, Winter Storm

S. Korea, Typhoon M oemi

US, Thunderstorms with hail

US, Thunderstorms, hail

US, "Old fire", wildfire

France, F loods, heavy rain

US, "Cedar Fire" wildfire

US, Thunderstorms, hail

US/Canada, Hurricane Isabel

US, Tornadoes, hail

The Economist, March 20, 2004

Wildfires

32

1909

Fire control has made the forest landscape more susceptible to large scale fires today

NOTE: how open the forest is in this photo when there was no fire control policy!

33

Fire Control

1948 1958

196834

Effects of Fire Control over Time

1989

NOTE: • dense stand with lots of foliage close to the ground, • species like fir, which are not tolerant of fire, dominate

35

The result is FIRES

36

Biomass can also be converted into many goods traditionally produced from fossil fuels as they are all carbon based:

• Energy• Transportation fuels• Industrial chemicals/materials

37

Bio-oils

Chemicals

Methanol

Transportation Biofuels

Pharmaceutical Precursors

Electricity using Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Chemical Industry Precursors

DIVERSITY OF NON-TRADITIONAL PRODUCTS POSSIBLE FROM WOOD TODAY

38

BIOMASS RESOURCE USES

Corn Solvents, Pharmaceuticals, Adhesives, Starch, Resins, Binders, Polymers, Cleaners, Ethanol, Fabrics

Wood Paper, Building materials, Cellulose for fibers and polymers, Resins, Binders, Adhesives, Coatings, Paints, Inks, Fatty acids, Road and roofing pitch, Methanol, Ethanol, Pharmaceutical precursorsPolymers from cellulose: plastics, motion picture film, clear lacquer coating, rayon (fabrics) [www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/proposal/dreyfus/outcome/plascot/cellace.htm]

39

Technological breakthroughs facilitating development of new

biomass energy systems

• New C neutral chemical transformation processes for biomass conversion to methanol

• Developments in hydrogen fuel cells

40

Wood Conversion to Energy

What is new about that?

Methods of conversion advanced from simply combusting wood to producing energy (direct heat or steam).

New Technologies convert to bio-oils, methanol at high efficiencies:

= 1 ton Wood Biomass can produce 186 gallons of Methanol

= 44 - 60% efficiency in wood transformation to methanol

41

http://www2.whidbey.net/lighthook/woodgas.htm wood-gas powered VW Beetle

http://www.green-trust.org/woodgas.htm

G.B. Kobelt and fitted gas producer approx 1942-43; http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/woodfire3.htm

circa 1943-44; http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/woodfire3.htm

42

Wood-fired gasifier still used in Australia; http://www.green-trust.org/woodgas.htm

The old wood-gas car idea is alive today using old technology in remote or rural areas

43

(A) turkey guts, skin, bones, fat, blood, feathers to useful products. After first-stage heat-and-pressure reaction, fats, proteins, and

carbohydrates break down into (B) carboxylic oil, (C) a light oil - further distilled into lighter

fuels such as (D) naphtha, (E) gasoline, (F) kerosene. Process also yields: (G) fertilizer-grade minerals mostly from

bones & (H) industrially useful carbon black. 44

Casio Fuel Cell Powered Notebook computer fueled by methanol

-runs computer 20 hrs on one refueling

Toshiba fuel cell power MP3 player on methanol – 20 hrs power digital music player

45Electronic equipment fueled by methanol powered fuel cells

Advantages of using wood non-traditionally

A. Solutions allowing conservation, increased rural viability, and decreased loss of forestlands

B. Decrease dependence on fossil fuels for energy

C. Mitigate climate change effects due to greenhouse gas production especially from the transportation sector

D. Significant environmental effects due to decreased input of wastes into landfills, burning, and increased recycling of wood as the wood life-cycle is included in economics and management

E. Manage for old growth forest conditions, achieve conservation goals

Using Wood Non-traditionally: for alternative renewable energy, fuels

46