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Directional Terms
Rostral (superior)Towards the
head endThe forehead
rostral to the nose
Term Definition Example
Caudal (inferior) Towards the tail end/lower part
The pelvis is caudal to the breastbone
Ventral (anterior)Towards the
front/belly of the bodyThe sternum is
ventral to the spine
Dorsal (posterior)Towards the
backside/behind of the body
The spine is dorsal to the sternum
Directional Terms
Medial Towards the inner side/midline
The ribcage is medial to the arm
Term Definition Example
Lateral Towards the outer side
The arms are lateral to the chest
Proximal Close to the axial part of the body
The elbow is proximal to the wrist
DistalTowards the
backside/behind of the body
The spine is dorsal to the sternum
Bones – An OverviewFunctions of the Bones:
• Support: Bones form the internal framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs.
leg bones act as pillars to support body trunk rib cage supports the thoracic wall (chest)
• Protection: Bones protect vital & soft body organs (eg. skull protects the brain;
vertebrae protects the spinal cord, etc.)
• Movement: Bones act as levers to move the body and its parts via controlling the tendons which connects to the muscles
Bones – An OverviewFunctions of the Bones:
• Storage: Bones serve as a storehouse for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus (important for neural cells, muscle cells and blood clotting process).
• Blood cell formation (or hematopoiesis): Certain bones’ marrow cavities have the ability to make and renew red blood cells.
There are 206 bones In the human body!
Classification of Bones• Bones are classified according to shape into four (4) groups:
a) Long bone c) Flat bone
b) Short boned) Irregular bone
General Skeletal StructuresSkull
Thoracic cageVertebral
columnUpper Limb
Lower Limb
General Skeletal Structures
The skeleton is divided into two (2) parts:
• Axial skeleton: forms the longitudinal axis of the body makes up of 75 bones consists of a) the skull b) vertebral column c) thoracic cage • Appendicular skeleton: is the auxiliary appendages of the body makes up of 131 bones consists of a) limbs b) pectoral & pelvic girdles
General Skeletal StructuresCranium
Clavicle Scapula
RibHumerus
RadiusUlna
Vertebra
PelvisSacrum
CarpalsMetacarpals
Phalanges
Femur
Patella
TibiaFibular
Calcaneus
TarsalsMetatarsals
Phalanges
Types of Skeletal Articulation• Other than the hyoid bone in the neck, every bone is connected or jointed to at least one other bone• There are three (3) types of joints
(c)
(d)
(e)
Cartilaginous Joints
(a)
(f)(g)
(h)
(b)Synovial
Joints
Fibrous Joints
Types of Skeletal Articulation
Structural Class Characteristics Types Mobility?
Types of Skeletal Articulation
Structural Class Characteristics Types Mobility?
Fibrous Bone ends/parts united by collagenic fibers
Suture (short fibres) no
Types of Skeletal Articulation
Structural Class Characteristics Types Mobility?
Fibrous Bone ends/parts united by collagenic fibers
Suture (short fibres) no
Cartilaginous Bone ends/parts united by cartiliage
Symphysis (fibrocartilage) slightly
Types of Skeletal Articulation
Structural Class Characteristics Types Mobility?
Fibrous Bone ends/parts united by collagenic fibers
Suture (short fibres) no
Cartilaginous Bone ends/parts united by cartiliage
Symphysis (fibrocartilage) slightly
Synovial
Bone ends/parts covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with synovial membrane
PlaneHingePivotSaddleBall and socketCondyloid
yes
Fracture type Illustration Description Comment
Common Types of Bone Fracture
Fracture type Illustration Description Comment
Comminuted Break into many small fragments
Common in old people where bones are brittle
Common Types of Bone Fracture
Fracture type Illustration Description Comment
Comminuted Break into many small fragments
Common in old people where bones are brittle
Compression
Depressed
Bone is crushed
Broken bone is pressed inward
Typical of skull fracture
Common Types of Bone Fracture
Fracture type Illustration Description Comment
Comminuted Break into many small fragments
Common in old people where bones are brittle
Compression
Depressed
Bone is crushed
Broken bone is pressed inward
Typical of skull fracture
SpiralBroken bones result from excessive twisting forces
Common sports fracture/ physical abuse
Common Types of Bone Fracture
Fracture type Illustration Description Comment
Comminuted Break into many small fragments
Common in old people where bones are brittle
Compression
Depressed
Bone is crushed
Broken bone is pressed inward
Typical of skull fracture
SpiralBroken bones result from excessive twisting forces
Common sports fracture/ physical abuse
GreenstickBone breaks incompletely like green twigs
Common in children where bones are flexible
Common Types of Bone Fracture