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Direct to TOEFL iBT™ Contract 7

Direct to TOEFL iBT™ Introduction 8Using Direct to TOEFL iBT™ Test Preparation Program 9Study Plans 10Extra Activities 11 Internet-Based Activities Other Activities Direct to TOEFL iBT™ Test Skills 12Format of the Test The Computer Keyboard Toolbars Directions 15Taking Notes 16Reading Establishing Context Skimming and Scanning Formation of Clouds 18 Adding Details 24 Biomimicry: How Humans Have Learned to Imitate Nature 25 Paul Cézanne—The Father of Modern Art 27 Pidgin Languages and Creoles 29Listening 31 Establishing Context Adding Details 37 Lecture in Literature class: Herman Melville 38 Conversation in the library Lecture in History class: Brooklyn Bridge 39 Conversation with an advisor 40Pace 41 Timing Reading Speed Strategies 49

Reading 50Facts About Reading 52 Sample Reading Screens 53

Skills 56 Basic Comprehension Skill 1 Factual Information Skill 2 Vocabulary 58 Skill 3 Negative 61 Skill 4 Inference 63 Skill 5 Purpose 66

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Skill 6 Reference 68 Skill 7 Simplification 70 Skill 8 Text Insertion 73Reading to Learn 76 Skill 9 Summary The Rise of Safety Standards in the American Workplace Formation of Volcanoes 79 Skill 10 Completion 81 Eugene O’Neill: America’s First Great Playwright 82 Sand Painting in Two Cultures 84Skills Practice 86 Passage 1: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Passage 2: The Presidency of John Tyler 90 Passage 3: American Poet: Emily Dickinson 94Reading Practice Test 98 Passage 1: The Building of the Transcontinental Railroad Passage 2: Ardi: Our Ancient Ancestor 102 Passage 3: Two Intriguing New Planets 106

Listening 110Facts About Listening 112 Sample Listening Screens 113Skills 116Basic Comprehension Skill 1 Main Ideas Skill 2 Purpose 117 Skill 3 Detail 118Pragmatic Understanding 120 Skill 4 Function Skill 5 Attitude 122Connecting Information 124 Skill 6 Organization Skill 7 Relationships 125 Skill 8 Inferences 127Skills Practice 129 Lecture 1 in Biology class: Ecosystem of Lake Baikal Lecture 2 in Geology class: Types of Islands 130 Lecture 3 in Literature class: Memoir as a Literary Genre 131 Lecture 4 in Native American Studies class: Iroquois Farming Practices 132 Conversation 1 in the library: Reserve Books 133 Conversation 2 in a professor’s office: Marketing Classes 134Listening Practice Test 136 Lecture 1 in Psychology class: Bipolar Disorder Lecture 2 in Literature class: Mark Twain and His Works 137

TOEFL COnTraCT

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Lecture 3 in Anthropology class: The Aztecs and Chocolate 139 Lecture 4 in Biology class: The Horseshoe Crab 140 Conversation 1 in an advisor’s office: Asian Studies Graduate Program 142 Conversation 2 in a professor’s office: Missed Classes 143

Speaking 146Facts About Speaking 148 Sample Speaking Screens 150Skills 154Question 1: Personal Preference

Skill 1 Description Skill 2 Opinions 155Skill 3 Specific Information 157

Question 2: Personal Choice 158Skill 4 Compare and Contrast Skill 5 Specific Explanations 160

Question 3: Campus. Read/Listen/Speak 163Skill 6 Point of View

Question 4: Lecture. Read/Listen/Speak 168Skill 7 Determine the Purpose

Question 5: Campus Situation. Listen/Speak 173Skill 8 Problem/Solution

Question 6: Lecture. Listen/Speak 177 Skill 9 Citing and Summarizing General Speaking Skills 177

Skill 10 Word Families and Stress Skill 11 Sentence Stress 182Skill 12 Transition Words and Intonation Skill 13 Lists and Intonation 183

Skills Practice Question 1: Neighborhood Question 2: Transportation Question 3: Library Policy on Overdue Books 184 Question 4: Phobias Question 5: Apartment Problem Question 6: The Cotton Gin’s Effect on the U.S. Economy 185Speaking Practice Test 186 Question 1: Object with Personal Value Question 2: Music or Quiet Question 3: Student Center Renovations 187 Question 4: The Bystander Effect 188 Question 5: Transportation Problem 189 Question 6: The Erie Canal’s Effects on Society 190

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Writing 192Facts About Writing 194Sample Writing Screens 195Skills 198Integrated Writing Task Skill 1 Main Ideas Reading and Lecture Example: Solar Energy Reading and Lecture 1: Parental Involvement in Education 199 Reading and Lecture 2: The Effectiveness of Aromatherapy 200 Reading and Lecture 3: Forest Fires 201 Reading and Lecture 4: Industrial Agriculture 202 Skill 2 Presenting the Information 203 Skill 3 Introduction 204 Skill 4 Adding Details 206 Skill 5 Summarizing the Points 211 Skill 6 Citing and Paraphrasing 212Independent Writing Task 215 Skill 1 The Main Idea – Your Opinion Skill 2 Writing the Introduction 216 Skill 3 Writing a Paragraph 218 Skill 4 Stating Your Opinion 220 --Expressing Your Opinion --Generalizing and Qualifying 221 Skill 5 Putting It All Together 223General Writing 225 Skill 1 Transition Words and Phrases Skill 2 Synonyms 228 Skill 3 Pronouns 229 Skill 4 Parallel Structures 230 Skill 5 Coherence 231 --Repeating --Rephrasing Skill 6 Sentence Types 233 Skill 7 Punctuation 234 Skill 8 Revision 236Skills Practice 248 Reading and Lecture: Memory Loss Writing Practice Test 250 Reading and Lecture: Violence on Television

Complete Practice Test 252