Dinosaur Field Guide Supplement 2nd Ed

8/15/2019 Dinosaur Field Guide Supplement 2nd Ed

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The Dinosaur Field Guide SupplementSeptember 2010 – December 2015

By, Zachary Perry (ZoPteryx)


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Disclaimer: This supplement is intended to be a companion for Gregory S. Paul’s impressive workThe Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, and as such, exhibits some similarities in format, text, and

taxonomy. This was done solely for reasons of aesthetics and consistency between his book and this

supplement. The text and art are not necessarily reflections of the ideals and/or theories of Gregory S.

Paul.

The author of this supplement was limited to using information that was freely available frompublic sources, and so more information may be known about a given species then is written or

illustrated here. Should this information become freely available, it will be included in future

supplements.

For genera that have been split from preexisting genera, or when new information about a

genus has been discovered, only minimal text is included along with the page number of the

corresponding entry in The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs or a previous supplement. Genera

described solely from inadequate remains (teeth, claws, bone fragments, etc.) are not included, unless

the remains are highly distinct and cannot clearly be placed into any other known genera; this includes

some genera that were not included in Gregory S. Paul’s work, despite being discovered prior to its

publication.

All artists are given full credit for their work in the form of their last name, or lacking this, their

username, below their work. Modifications have been made to some skeletal restorations for aesthetic

reasons, but none affecting the skeleton itself, except where noted. Should any artist want their piece

modified or removed from this supplement, they may contact the author. All life restorations are by the

author and based on the accompanying skeletal diagram. All artwork corresponds to the entry

immediately above it.

The author apologizes in advance for any typos, overlooked information, and inconsistencies

that may be present in this and future supplements.


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Dinosaurs

Baso-DinosaursNyasasaurus parringtoni

2.4 m (8 ft) TL, 15 kg (30 lb)

Fossil Remains: Partial skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Three sacral vertebrae; neck vertebrae elongated, hollow, possibly pitted

as in theropods; long deltopectoral crest on humerus.

Age: Middle Triassic, Anisian.

Distribution: Tanzania; Manda Formation.

Habits: Growth apparently more rapid than herrerasaurs. Was likely omnivorous and capable of

running faster than most contemporary animals.

Notes: Tentatively placed within dinosauria. May be a common ancestor of both ornithischia and

saurischia, although some analyses have concluded that it is most likely a theropod. If it is not a

dinosaur, then it is the most derived protodinosaur yet known. First remains mistakenly placed in much

later Thecodontosaurus. It is not certain that the two known specimens belong under the same genus or

species.

Theropods

Herrerasaurs

Eoraptor lunensisSee Page 68

Notes: Possibly a very basal sauropodomorph or perhaps simply a basal saurischian.

Sanjuansaurus gordilloi

2.5 m (9 ft) TL, 30 kg (60 lb)

Fossil Remains: Minority of skull and partial skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Standard for baso-theropods.

Age: Late Triassic, Carnian.

Distribution: Northern Argentina; Ischigualasto.

Habitat: Seasonally well-watered forests, including dense stands of giant conifers.

Habits: Generalist predator.

Notes: Prey included Pisanosaurus, Panphagia, and Eoraptor . Main enemies Herrerasaurus and large

thecodonts.


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Alcober & Martinez

ZP

Derived Non-Avepods

Eodromaeus murphi

1.2 m (4 ft) TL, 5 kg (10 lb)

Fossil Remains: Majority of skull and skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Relatively standard for baso-therapods, but overall more gracile and with aless robust pubis than herrerasaurs.

Age: Late Triassic, Early Carnian.


Habitat: Seasonally well-watered forest, including dense stands of giant conifers.

Habits: Hunted small game.

Notes: More advanced than typical herrerasaurs but less advanced than avepods. Shared its habitat

with similar sized Eoraptor and larger Herrerasaurus, was likely prey of the latter. Prey included

Panphagia and Pisanosaurus.


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Sereno & Abraczinskas

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Avepods

Baso-Avepods

Daemonosaurus chauliodus

1.5 m (5 ft) TL, 5 kg (10 lb)

Fossil Remains: Complete skull and minority of skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout short and sloping. Eyes large. Teeth in upper jaw elongated. Upper

jaw indented near tip and slightly longer than lower jaw. Teeth at front of upper and lower jaws are

procumbent.

Age: Late Triassic, Rhaetian.

Distribution: New Mexico; Chinle.Habitat: Well-watered forest.

Habits: Probably preyed on small game.

Notes: More advanced than herrerasaurs, but may or may not be avepods. Shared its habitat with

Coelophysis, Chindesaurus, and Tawa.


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Sues et al. ZP

Tawa hallae

2.2 m (7 ft) TL, 13 kg (30 lb)

Fossil Remains: Complete skull and several skeletons, juvenile to adult.

Anatomical Characteristics: Overall build very similar to coelophysoids, but arms longer. Pelvis short

like herrerasaurs.

Age: Late Triassic, Early Norian.

Distribution: New Mexico; Chinle.

Habitat: Well-watered forests, including dense stands of giant conifers.

Habits: Capable of hunting small and medium game. Skeletons of various ages found together may

suggest some sort of group behavior.

Notes: Likely competed with Coelophysis and Chindesaurus. Enemies included large thecodonts. More

advanced than herrerasaurs, but less advanced than coelophysoids; may or may not be avepods.

Nesbitt et al.

http://www.deviantart.com/art/Tawa-the-perfect-intermediate-441064057

Hartman

http://www.deviantart.com/art/Tawa-the-perfect-intermediate-441064057http://www.deviantart.com/art/Tawa-the-perfect-intermediate-441064057http://www.deviantart.com/art/Tawa-the-perfect-intermediate-441064057


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Tachiraptor admirabilis

1.5 m (5 ft) TL, 5 kg (10 lb)

Fossil Remains: Minority of skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Insufficient information.

Age: Early Jurassic, Hettangian.

Distribution: Venezuela; La Quinta.

Notes: Potential prey included Laquintasaura.

Coelophysoids

Lepidus praecisio

1 m (3 ft) TL, 1 kg (2 lb)

Fossil Remains: Minority of skull and skeleton.


Age: Late Triassic, Early Norian.

Distribution: Texas; Dockum Group.

Notes: If this is a coelophysoid, it is the earliest known member.

Panguraptor ( or Coelophysis) lufengensis

1.5 m (5 ft) TL, 5 kg (10 lb)

Fossil Remains: Majority of skull and partial skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout and arms relatively short.


Distribution: Southern China; lower Lufeng.

Notes: More closely related to Coelophysis than to “Syntarsus”, suggesting that all should either be

lumped into Coelophysis, or “Syntarsus” should be elevated back to the genus level. Main enemySinosaurus, potential prey included early mammals and young prosauropods.


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Studziński

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Zupaysaurus rougieri

See Page 75

Notes: Research indicates that Zupaysaurus’s large crests may actually be displaced lacrimal bone.

Sinosaurus triassicus

See Page 76

Notes: “Dilophosaurus sinensis” has been found to be a junior synonym of this genus and species.

Abelisauroids

Baso-Abelisauroids


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Fosterovenator churei

Adult size not certain



Age: Late Jurassic, Middle Tithonian.

Distribution: Wyoming; upper Morrison.

Habitat: Semiarid with open floodplain prairies and riverine forests.

Notes: Classification uncertain, probably the first known basal abelisauroid from the northern

hemisphere. May include remains assigned toElaphrosaurus? unnamed species. Shared its habitat with

the much larger Allosaurus and Torvosaurus, amongst many other dinosaurs.

Dahalokely tokana

3.5 m (12 ft) TL, 40 kg (85 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: Robustly constructed.

Age: Late Cretaceous, Turonian.

Distribution: Madagascar; Diego Basin.

Notes: Taxonomic placement uncertain due to incompleteness of remains. May be a large basalnoasaurid, as some evidence suggests, or a small abelisaurid. At the time ofDahalokely ’s existence,

Madagascar and India were linked together as a large island.

Abelisaurids

Eoabelisaurus mefi

6 m (20 ft) TL, 750 kg (1,600 lb)

Fossil Remains: Partial skull and majority of skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Skull tall and arms shortened, but still functional. Vertebral spines over

hips and base of tail form shallow ridge.

Age: Middle Jurassic, Late Aalenian or Early Bajocian.Distribution: Southern Argentina; Cañadón Asfalto.

Notes: Oldest known abelisaurid. Shared its habitat with Piatnitzkysaurus, Condorraptor , and a variety

of sauropods.

Rauhut


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Kryptops palios

See Page 78

Notes: Portions of skeleton may belong to Eocarcharia.

Pycnonemosaurus nevesi

See Page 79

Notes: Correct spelling of “Pycnoneosaurus”.

Majungasaurus crenatissimus

See Page 80

Anatomical Characteristics: Neck robust and fairly long, shorter legs result in a low-slung appearance.

Headden

Rahiolisaurus gujaratensis

7.5 m (25 ft) TL, 2 tonnes

Fossil Remains: Minority of several skeletons found in association.

Anatomical Characteristics: Leg long and gracile.

Age: Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian.

Distribution: Western India; Lameta.

Habits: Hunted titanosaur sauropods and ankylosaurs.

Notes: May be the same as contemporary Indosuchus raptorius. Shared its habitat with Rajasaurus.


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Vitakridrinda sulaimani





Distribution: Pakistan; Pab.

Notes: Appears fairly standard for an abelisaurid, but too little known to be certain.

Arcovenator escotae

6 m (20 ft) TL, 750 kg (1,600 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: Bony brow ridges well developed.

Age: Late Cretaceous, Late Campanian.

Distribution: France; Lower Argiles Rutilantes.

Habitat: Large subtropical island with large rivers.

Notes: Potential prey included titanosaurs and rhabdodonts.

Noasaurids

Velocisaurus unicus

1.5 m (5 ft) TL, 15 kg (30 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: Middle toe enlarged, outer toe atrophied. Claws short and straight.

Age: Late Cretaceous, Santonian.

Distribution: Northern Argentina; Bajo de la Carpa.

Habits: Peculiar foot anatomy, unlike any other known dinosaur, likely an adaptation for running.

Notes: Prey may have included Alvarezsaurus and flightless birds. Shared its habitat with Bonitasaura.

Averostrans

Elaphrosaurs

Ceratosaurs

Genyodectes serus


Fossil Remains: Minority of skull.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout robust, teeth long and dagger-like.Age: Early Cretaceous, Aptian.

Distribution: Southern Argentina; Cerro Barcino.

Notes: Classification uncertain, but arrangement of teeth most like that of Ceratosaurus. Shared its

habitat with Tyrannotitan and Chubutisaurus.


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Camarillasaurus cirugedae

3 m (10 ft) TL, 70 kg (150 lb)



Age: Early Cretaceous, Early Barremian.

Distribution: Spain; Camarillas.

Notes: The only Cretaceous age non-abelisauroid ceratosaur known from Eurasia thus far. Prey

included hypsilophodonts and iguanodonts. Exact classification uncertain, may be an elaphrosaur.

Tetanurans

Baso-Tetanurans

Kayentavenator elysiae


Fossil Remains: Minority of skeleton, juvenile.

Anatomical Characteristics: Insufficient information.Age: Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian.

Distribution: Arizona; Kayenta.

Habitat: Well-watered forest, likely surrounded by arid regions.

Notes: May be one of the earliest tetanurans or an advanced coelophysoid. Shared its habitat with

Dilophosaurus.

Chilesaurus diegosuarezi

3 m (10 ft) TL, 70 kg (150 lb)

Fossil Remains: Majority of skull and several partial skeletons, juvenile to adult.

Anatomical Characteristics: Skull small and snout at least moderately short, though its exact length is

uncertain. Teeth are elongated, unserrated, and slightly procumbent. A short beak may have been

present. Neck and body long and gracile. Arms moderately long, hands bear only two functional

fingers; third finger greatly reduced and likely vestigial. Hand claws are slightly hooked. Pubis slightly

retroverted. Legs moderately long. Hallux enlarged and weight bearing, as in unrelated therizinosaurs.

Age: Late Jurassic, Late Tithonian.

Distribution: Chile; Toqui.

Habits: Likely omnivorous, browsing on plant matter as well as catching insects and small vertebrates.

Notes: The earliest confirmed example of herbivory in a theropod, this unusual dinosaur bears a

mixture of traits seen in ornithischians, basal sauropodomorphs, basal theropods, coelurosaurs, and

non-dinosaurian shuvosaurids. Had some of remains not been found in full articulation, they would

have likely been classified as many different taxa. Exact classification uncertain, may be close to

elaphrosaurs, basal avepods, or, conversely, to coelurosaurs. Either way, a rather large ghost lineage

must still be hidden in the fossil record. Eshanosaurus deguchiianus, an enigmatic species from the EarlyJurassic of China, bears a lower jaw and procumbent teeth that are quite similar to that of Chilesaurus,

and therefore could be related.


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Novas et al.

ZP

Megalosaurs

Cruxicheiros newmanorum

9 m (30 ft) TL, 2 tonnes



Age: Middle Jurassic, Bathonian.

Distribution: Central England; Chipping Norton Limestone.

Notes: Originally placed in Megalosaurus. Taxonomic placement uncertain, may be a basal carnosaur.

Leshansaurus qianweiensis

7 m (21 ft) TL, 700 kg (1,500 lb)

Fossil Remains: Partial skull and skeleton.Anatomical Characteristics: Snout fairly wide toward front.

Age: Middle to Late Jurassic, Bathonian to Callovian.

Distribution: Central China; Dashanpu, Shangshaximiao.

Habitat: Heavily forested.

Habits: Potential prey included sauropods and stegosaurs. Purpose of widened snout unclear, may

have allowed for a larger bite when attempting to wound large prey.


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Notes: Originally classified as a sinraptorid, is more likely a megalosaur. Snout shows some similarities

to Afrovenator .

Torvosaurus gurneyi



Anatomical Characteristics: More robust and with fewer teeth than T. tanneri .

Age: Late Jurassic, Late Kimmeridgian.

Distribution: Portugal; Lourinhã.

Habitat: Large seasonally dry island with open woodlands.

Habits: Big game hunter, potential prey included sauropods and stegosaurs.

Notes: Theropod eggs and embryos found in the region likely belong to this species.

Sciurumimus albersdoerferi


Fossil Remains: Nearly complete juvenile skull and skeleton, external fibers.

Anatomical Characteristics: In juveniles: Snout subtriangular. Tail fairly long. Simple protofeathers

cover much of body, particularly long over base of tail.Age: Late Jurassic, Early Tithonian.

Distribution: Southern Germany; Painten.

Habitat: Semi-arid islands.

Habits: Likely hunted small game. Adults’ diet unknown.

Notes: The first non-coelurosaur found with definitive feathers. It is unknown if these feathers were

retained into maturity. Although superficially similar to Juravenator starki , the two appear to be quite

distinct from one another. Not all researchers agree that Sciurumimus is a megalosauroid, preferring to

classify it as a very basal coelurosaur. As physical features can change with maturity, any exact

classification is tentative. Skeletal shown here is only partially restored.

ZP


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ZP

SpinosaursNotes: Fragmentary remains suggest presence in Australia. Other fragments suggest that derived

spinosaurs may have existed as early as the Late Jurassic.

Ichthyovenator laosensis

8.5 m (28 ft) TL, 1.7 tonnes


Anatomical Characteristics: Vertebral spines moderately long but show an abrupt decrease in height

over hips, and then rise again over base of tail. This gap appears to be natural, but it is unclear if it

would have been visible in life.

Age: Early Cretaceous, Aptian.

Distribution: Laos; Grès supérieurs.

Habitat: Coastal river delta.

Notes: The first definitive spinosaur from Asia. Probably includes Siamosaurus suteethorni , which is

based on inadequate remains. Shared its habitat with sauropods and iguanodonts.

Spinosaurus aegyptiacus

See Page 88 15 m (49 ft) TL, 10 tonnes

Fossil Remains: Minority of skulls and partial skeletons, juvenile and adult.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout pitted with receptor sites, neck fairly long, hand rather long, tall

(over 2 m tall) skin-covered sail over body, pelvis small, legs barely longer than arms. Toes bear

flattened claws and the hallux is elongated and lowered, so feet likely webbed in life. Limb bones are

quite dense internally.

Habits: Spent most of its time in the water; either walking on the bottom when in the shallows or

paddling with feet when in deeper water, paddling motion likely accompanied by horizontal undulation

of the tail. Sensory pits on snout, like those of crocodilians, suggest that Spinosaurus was a tactile

feeder of aquatic prey; probably either a sit-and-wait predator of passing game or moved slowly along

feeling with snout, akin to a stork. Though sail likely played a role in thermoregulation, greatly

exaggerated size indicates a primary function of communication to other members of its species,

perhaps allowing rivals to assess the size and strength of each other while the majority of the body was

submerged. Far forward center of gravity and short legs imply that quadrupedal movement was

employed on land, but this is not certain, and a slow bipedal gate is perhaps more likely.

Notes: Current skeletal model is a composite of Egyptian and Moroccan material from specimens of

varying maturity, thus it raises numerous concerns regarding reliability. Recent studies indicate the

Moroccan material can safely be regarded as that of a spinosaur, possibly Spinosaurus, but no material


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overlaps the original Egyptian remains for comparison, so these could also belong to Sigilmassasaurus

and/or an unknown third taxa. Nevertheless, the basic anatomy outlined above still likely holds true, as

all of the aforementioned species are close relatives. Proposed quadrupedal movement on lands has

received numerous criticisms as the theropod pectoral girdle and forelimbs are not designed to support

weight or move in a fashion conducive to walking. Short hips and legs are scaled up from the remains of

a Moroccan juvenile; as ontogenic changes in dinosaurs can be profound, it’s possible that the hips and

legs in a mature adult would have been proportioned more normally.

Ibrahim et al.

ZP

Sigilmassasaurus (or Spinosaurus) brevicollis


Fossil Remains: Neck vertebrae, possibly an unknown portion of skull and skeleton.


Age: Late Cretaceous, Early Cenomanian.

Distribution: Morocco; Kem Kem.

Habitat: Coastal mangroves, lagoons, and floodplains.


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Habits: Likely an aquatic or semi-aquatic predator akin to its relatives.

Notes: Resurrected genus split from Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, as its cervical vertebrae have been

demonstrated to be distinct. Includes remains assigned to Spinosaurus “ maroccanus” and possibly Ernst

Stromer’s destroyed “Spinosaurus B”. Other spinosaurid remains from the Kem Kem, such as a partial

rostrum, pelvis, and hind limbs, cannot be directly compared to either Spinosaurus or Sigilmassasaurus

due to a lack of overlapping elements. However, the presence of additional cervical vertebrae distinct

from Sigilmassasaurus suggests that at least one other species of giant spinosaurid, possibly

Spinosaurus, was contemporaneous with Sigilmassasaurus. Whether the two avoided competition via

niche partitioning or if there was simply enough prey to go around remains to be seen.

Oxalaia ( or Spinosaurus/Sigilmassasaurus) quilombensis





Distribution: Eastern Brazil; Alcântara.

Notes: Known from only a snout tip and a few other fragments. May belong to one of the better known

giant North African spinosaurs.

Avetheropods

Baso-Avetheropods

Carnosaurs

Carnosaur Miscellanea

Allosauroids

Sinraptorids

Metriacanthosaurus parkeri

8 m (25 ft) TL, 1 tonne



Age: Late Jurassic, Callovian.

Distribution: Southern England; Oxford Clay.

Notes: Classification uncertain. May be a more derived carnosaur.

Allosaurids

Allosaurus lucasi


Fossil Remains: Partial skull and minority of skeleton, juvenile and adult.

Anatomical Characteristics: Skull more robustly constructed then other Allosaurus species.

Age: Late Jurassic, Tithonian.


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Distribution: Colorado; upper Morrison.

Habitat: Semiarid with open floodplain prairies and riverine forests.

Habits: Big game hunter.

Notes: May include remains assigned to Allosaurus “atrox ”.

Lourinhanosaurus ( or Allosaurus) antunesi

See Page 96

Notes: Eggs with embryos found nearby likely belong to this species. Classification uncertain, may be a

basal coelurosaur.

Carcharodontosaurids

Veterupristisaurus milneri




Age: Late Jurassic, Late Kimmeridgian/Early Tithonian.

Distribution: Tanzania; middle Tendaguru.Habitat: Coastal, seasonally dry with heavier vegetation further inland.

Notes: Fairly large in size. If this is a carcharodontosaurid, it is the earliest known.

Aerosteon riocolloradensis

See Page 99

Notes: Correct spelling of “ Aerosteons”.

Eocarcharia dinops

See Page 97

Notes: A pelvis assigned to Kryptops may belong to this species.

Becklespinax altispinax


Fossil Remains: A few vertebrae.

Anatomical Characteristics: At least some vertebral spines relatively tall.

Age: Early Cretaceous, Valanginian.

Distribution: Southeast England; Hastings Beds.

Notes: Exact placement of tall spined vertebrae uncertain, initially thought to be above the shoulders

but may actually be closer to the hips as in Concavenator . Taxonomic placement questionable, could be

another type of allosauroid or even a spinosaurid. Shared its habitat with Hylaeosaurus and

iguanodonts.

Concavenator corcovatus

6 m (20 ft) TL, 500 kg (1,000 lb)

Fossil Remains: Majority of skull and skeleton, skin impressions.

Anatomical Characteristics: Vertebrae just before hips rise sharply to form a sail-like structure

extending over hips and likely connecting to second smaller rise in vertebrae at base of tail.

Alternatively, these may have formed separate hump-like structures. Bony knobs along back of ulna may

be quill nodes. Broad subrectangular scales line the underside of the tail, bird-like scutes cover the feet,

and the underside of the feet possessed pads.


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Age: Early Cretaceous, Barremian.

Distribution: Spain; Calizas de al Huergina.

Habitat: Well-watered forest and floodplains.

Habits: Sail or hump almost certainly had a display function, but potential mechanical use is unclear.

May have been used in thermoregulation and/or as a site for muscle attachments. Preyed included

sauropods, iguanodonts, and Pelecanimimus.

Notes: Bony knobs on ulna may actually be muscle attachment points, as their arrangement is not

consistent with those of normal quill nodes.

Sinkkonen

ZP

Sauroniops pachytholus



Anatomical Characteristics: Skull roof robust in structure.


Distribution: Morocco; Kem Kem Beds.

Habitat: Coastal region with arid interior.

Notes: Could potentially be a large abelisaurid, but carcharodontosaurid identity is more likely.

Neovenatorids

Notes: Subgroup megaraptora, which includes all members except Neovenator and Chilantaisaurus,

may actually be basal coelurosaurs close to tyrannosauroids. All are left within neovenatorids at this

time until the taxonomy of the group can be resolved.


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Megaraptor namunhuaiquii

See Page 99

Fossil Remains: Minority of skeletons, adult. Majority of skull and skeleton, juvenile.

Anatomical Characteristics: In large juveniles: Skull narrow and subtriangular, teeth relatively small.

Arms well developed with slender hand claws, legs long and gracile.

Habits: Likely a pursuit predator that used its teeth and claws to wound smaller prey.

Notes: Juvenile remains suggest placement of this species and relatives within the tyrannosauroids.

Until mature specimens can be found to test this theory, it has been left in its traditional position within

neovenatorids.

Get Away Trike! Blog

ZP

Siats meekerorum


Fossil Remains: Partial skeleton, large juvenile.

Anatomical Characteristics: Fairly robust.

Age: Early Creatceous, Early Cenomanian.

Distribution: Utah; Upper Cedar Mountain.

Habitat: Semiarid open woodland.


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Habits: Big game hunter.

Notes: Establishes the presence of neovenatorids in North America and shows that they were capable

of reaching the same sizes as carcharodontosaurids. Potential prey included nodosaurs, iguanodonts,

and basal hadrosaurs.

Datanglong guangxiensis




Age: Early Cretaceous.

Distribution: Eastern China; Xinlong.

Notes: Originally classified as a basal allosauroid, is more likely a neovenatorid or perhaps a basal

tyrannosaur.

Coelurosaurs

TyrannosauroidsBaso-Tyrannosauroids

Guanlong wucaii

See Page 93

Notes: Almost certainly a tyrannosauroid related to Proceratosaurus and Kileskus.

Proceratosaurus bradleyi

See Page 123

Notes: Most likely a basal tyrannosauroid close to Guanlong and Kileskus.

Kileskus aristotocus

3 m (10 ft) TL, 70 kg (150 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: May have had a large midline crest.

Age: Middle Jurassic, Bathonian.

Distribution: Central Russia; Itat.

Notes: Closest relative Proceratosaurus, and like it, probably a basal tyrannosauroid.

Juratyrant langhami

See Page 100

Notes: New genus for “Stokesosaurus” langhami .

Yutyrannus huali

9 m (30 ft) TL, 2.5 tonnes

Fossil Remains: Complete skull and nearly complete skeletons, external fibers, juvenile and adult.

Anatomical Characteristics: Body standard for baso-tyrannosauroid. Low wavy midline crest on snout.

Brow hornlets prominent. Arms well developed. Simple feathers up to 20 cm (8 inches) long covered

most of body and limbs.



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Distribution: Northeast China; Yixian.

Habitat: Well-watered forests and lakes.

Habits: Midline crest and brow hornlets were for display. Long feathers were likely for insulation in the

cool Yixian climate. Two adults found together with a juvenile suggest this species may have lived in

small family groups. Shows a standard tyrannosauroid growth pattern; limbs shorten and skull becomes

more robust as age progresses.

Notes: The largest dinosaur known to preserve direct evidence of feathers. The largest known predator

in its habitat, prey included a variety of smaller therapods, ceratopsians, and ornithopods. Some

features of the skull resemble those of allosauroids.

Anton

ZP

http://scotthartman.deviantart.com/art/Beautiful-feathered-tyrant-head-comparison-294353870

Hartman

http://scotthartman.deviantart.com/art/Beautiful-feathered-tyrant-head-comparison-294353870http://scotthartman.deviantart.com/art/Beautiful-feathered-tyrant-head-comparison-294353870http://scotthartman.deviantart.com/art/Beautiful-feathered-tyrant-head-comparison-294353870


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Derived Tyrannosaurs

“Raptorex kriegstenis”

See Page 101

Notes: Found to be from younger sediments than the Yixian, most likely from the Nemegt. Also shown

to most likely be a young juvenile, rather than a small adult. These factors combine to suggest that“Raptorex ” is actually the juvenile of a larger tyrannosaur species, possibly Tarbosaurus.

Tyrannosaurids

Qianzhousaurus (or Alioramus) sinensis


Fossil Remains: Complete skull and partial skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout very long, low, and shallow. Crenulated midline crest on snout.


Distribution: Southeastern China; Nanxiong.

Habits: Likely preferred smaller game, despite large size.

Notes: Closely related to, if not a mature specimen of, Alioramus, and with them likely represents a

unique East Asian radiation of long-snouted tyrannosaurids. Some studies have found these long-

snouted tyrannosaurs to be the sister group of true tyrannosaurids, rather than actually members.

Get Away Trike! Blog ZP


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Lythronax argestes

7.5 m (25 ft) TL, 2.5 tonnes


Anatomical Characteristics: Skull short and stout. Body robust.

Age: Late Cretaceous, Early Campanian.

Distribution: Utah; Wahweap.

Habits: Likely an ambush predator adapted to tackling robust game, such as ceratopsians.

Notes: The earliest member of the lineage that would lead to Tyrannosaurus.

http://scotthartman.deviantart.com/art/All-hail-the-King-of-Gore-412767668

Hartman

Loewen et al. ZP

Teratophoneus curriei


Fossil Remains: Partial skulls and skeletons.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout short and number of teeth reduced.


Distribution: Utah; Kaiparowits.Habitat: Riverine forests and floodplains.

Habits: Short snout probably an adaptation for hunting well protected game, such as ceratopsians.

Notes: Prey included Kritosaurus, Utahceratops, Kosmoceratops, and Hagryphus. Along with

Bistahieversor , likely represents a unique lineage of tyrannosaurids in southwestern North America.

Carr et al.

http://scotthartman.deviantart.com/art/All-hail-the-King-of-Gore-412767668http://scotthartman.deviantart.com/art/All-hail-the-King-of-Gore-412767668http://scotthartman.deviantart.com/art/All-hail-the-King-of-Gore-412767668


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http://scotthartman.deviantart.com/art/Teratophoneus-the-monster-killer-268423426

Hartman

ZP

Zhuchengtyrannus magnus


Fossil Remains: Partial skull.

Anatomical Characteristics: Robustly constructed. Teeth bear extensive serrations.

Age: Late Cretaceous, Campanian.

Distribution: Eastern China; Wangshi Group.

Notes: Prey included Sinoceratops, Zhuchengceratops, Tanius and Tsintaosaurus.

Nanuqsaurus hoglundi




Age: Late Cretaceous, Late Maastrichtian.

Distribution: Northern Alaska; Prince Creek.

Habitat: Polar forest with warm humid summers and cold dark winters.

Notes: Originally considered a species of Albertosaurus/Gorgosaurus, is instead more closely related to

tyrannosaurines such as Tyrannosaurus. Potential prey included pachycephalosaurs, ceratopsians, and

hadrosaurs.

http://scotthartman.deviantart.com/art/Teratophoneus-the-monster-killer-268423426http://scotthartman.deviantart.com/art/Teratophoneus-the-monster-killer-268423426http://scotthartman.deviantart.com/art/Teratophoneus-the-monster-killer-268423426


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Ornithomimosaurs

Baso-Ornithomimosaurs

Hexing qingyi

1.1 m (3.5 ft) TL, 5 kg (12 lb)Fossil Remains: Complete skull and partial skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout narrow, tip of upper jaw curves downward. Tiny teeth restricted to

front of jaws.

Age: Early Cretaceous, Valanginian or Early Barremian.

Distribution: Northeast China; lower Yixian.


Notes: The smallest known ornithomimosaur. Main enemy Sinornithosaurus.

Jin et al. ZP

Deinocheirus mirificus

See Page 112 11 m (36 ft) TL, 6 tonnes

Fossil Remains: Complete skull and majority of skeletons, gastroliths.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout elongated, upper jaw shallow and terminates in a fairly broad

squared-off beak, lower jaw very robust and terminates in a short cropping beak. Cheeks likely present

along posterior half of jawline, no teeth present. Neck and arms are proportional normal for this large

an ornithomimosaur, digits end in blunt hooked claws. Relatively narrow body is tilted upright by large

hips and bears tall robust vertebral spines over midsection and hips, likely culminating in a camel-like

hump in life. Legs relatively short, short toes end in blunt claws, hallux absent. Last few vertebrae of tail

fused into a pygostyle, may have supported a small feather fan.

Habits: Small fish bones in stomach hint at an omnivorous lifestyle in and around swampy terrain.

Hadrosaur-like beak, lack of teeth, robust lower jaw but weak bite force, and presence of many

gastroliths suggest that the majority of this species’ diet was composed of soft low-growing plant matter

with animal matter likely being taken opportunistically.

Notes: Bizarre anatomy likely adaptations to supporting its supersized lifestyle, such as the wide beak

to maximize eating efficiency and tall vertebral spines lined with stiffening ligaments that helped

support the neck and stomach. Closest relatives appear to be Garudimimus and Beishanlong, together

they form a sister-group to the ornithomimids. One skeleton shows evidence of being fed upon byTarbosaurus. Evolution of a pygostyle may be independent of that of more advanced coelurosaurs.


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Lee et al.

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Lee et al. ZP


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Lee et al.

Ornithomimids

Qiupalong henanensis



Anatomical Characteristics: Smaller than other derived ornithomimids.

Age: Late Cretaceous, probably Campanian.

Distribution: Central China; Qiupa.

Notes: Closest relatives appear to be North American forms like Struthiomimus. Main enemy

Luanchuanraptor .

Anserimimus planinychus

See Page 113

Notes: Correct spelling of “ Ansermimus”.

Struthiomimus ( or Ornithomimus) sedens

See Page 117

Anatomical Characteristics: Short protofeathers found on neck, back, and legs; longer pennaceous

feathers on lower arm of adults. Legs devoid of feathers from mid-thigh downward, scales apparently

absent. Underside of the tail bare as well, however, long protofeathers along the top and sides of the

tail likely hung down and obscured this. A flap of skin connected the upper thigh to the torso region, a

reduced version of what is seen in modern birds.

Notes: Long arm feathers, only found in adults, appear ragged and most likely used for display.

Tototlmimus (or Struthiomimus) packardensis

4 m (12 ft) TL, 170 kg (370 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: Legs long.


Distribution: Mexico; Packard Shale.

Notes: The most southerly known North American ornithomimosaur.

Maniraptors

Compsognathids

Juravenator starki

See Page 118

Anatomical Characteristics: Small scales cover most of tail, legs, and snout. Simple protofeathers at

base of tail and above hips, most likely covered more of body.


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Sinocalliopteryx gigas

See Page 121

Habits: Known to have consumed smaller dinosaurs, including Sinornithosaurus and a small

ornithischian, and the early bird Confuciusornis. Stomachs containing multiple prey items suggest that

Sinocalliopteryx had a very high metabolism. Stomachs also found to contain small gastroliths.

Maniraptor Miscellanea

Aorun zhaoi


Fossil Remains: Complete skull and partial skeleton, juvenile.

Anatomical Characteristics: Head subtriangular. Thumb claw larger and more curved compared to

other claws on hand.

Age: Late Jurassic, Early Oxfordian.

Distribution: Western China; Shishugou.

Notes: Difficult to classify due to the immaturity of the specimen. A very basal coelurosaur, may not be

a maniraptor, but it is seemingly more advanced than tyrannosauroids and possibly ornithomimosaurs.

Main enemies included Sinraptor , Monolophosaurus, Guanlong, and Zuolong; it does not appear to be a juvenile of any of these.

Zuolong salleei

3 m (10 ft) TL, 70 kg (150 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: More robust than compsognathids, snout subtriangular.


Distribution: Western China; Shishugou.

Notes: Main enemy Yangchuanosaurus ( =Sinraptor) dongi .

Choiniere et al.


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ZP

Bicentenaria argentina

3 m (10 ft) TL, 60 kg (130 lb)

Fossil Remains: Majority of skull and partial skeleton. Numerous unevaluated remains.Anatomical Characteristics: Snout subtriangular, hand short, legs long.

Age: Late Cretaceous, Middle Turonian.

Distribution: Western Argentina; Portezuelo.

Habitat: Well-watered woodlands with short dry season.

Habits: A pursuit predator of small- and medium-sized game.

Notes: Little available information on this genus, despite apparent completeness of remains. Site

locality contains a number of individuals that have yet to be excavated or thoroughly examined. May be

a basal tyrannosauroid. Main enemy Megaraptor . Prey included Macrogryphosaurs and young

titanosaurs.

ZP


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ZP

Scansoriopterygids

Epidexipteryx hui

See Page 147

Notes: Almost certainly a scansoriopterygid rather than an oviraptorosaur.

Yi qi

0.5 m (1.7 ft) TL, 0.4 kg (0.85 lb)

Fossil Remains: Complete skull and majority of skeleton, impressions of feathers and wing membranes.

Anatomical Characteristics: Skull subtriangular, jaws slightly downturned, peg-like procumbent teeth

restricted to the ends of jaws. Nostrils retracted from snout tip, eyes large. Arms very long. Hand very

long and strongly asymmetric due to hyper-elongation of third finger, fingers not fused to each other.

Claws moderately hooked, more so on first finger. A slightly bent bony or cartilaginous prong, identified

as a styliform, projects from the back of the wrist; exact orientation uncertain. Legs fairly long. Feet and

tail unknown. The feathers have a paintbrush-like structure, with many smaller filaments emerging

from a central flattened structure that accounts for the majority of the feathers’ length. Feathering

extends from just behind the nostrils, down both sides of the neck, throughout the body, down the arms

to the center of the hand, and down along the legs to at least the ankles. Feathers are longest about the

neck, upper arm, and lower leg. Patches of striated membranous skin are preserved between the

fingers and between the third finger and the styliform, likely forming a gliding membrane, the exact

shape of which is uncertain. The striations in the membrane may be stiffening fibers or merely folds on

the skin. Large melanosomes are present in the feathers of head, neck, and legs, likely corresponding to

darker coloration in these regions.


Distribution: Northeast China; Tiaojishan.Habitat: Warm, well-watered forest.

Habits: Likely a nocturnal or crepuscular insectivore or omnivore. Long legs suggest it fed on the

ground, but climbing ability undoubtedly present as it would have needed elevated perches in order to

start its glides; its pectoral anatomy was not well suited for powered flight. Gliding would be a very

energy efficient way to search large areas for suitable foraging sights, such as fallen logs, where its

downturned snout and procumbent teeth would be useful in stripping bark in search of prey. Since the


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elongated third finger was incorporated into the flight membrane, it was probably not used to probe

crevices like an aye-aye.

Notes: Unique wing structure of Yi likely represents an independent evolution of volant tendencies to

that of birds, perhaps one of several amongst maniraptors. The incorporation of the elongated fingers

into the flight membrane may have been a driving factor of their hyper-elongation in this group; perhaps

all long-fingered scansoriopterygids had gliding membranes of some sort. Shared its habitat with

Anchiornis, Pedopenna, Xiaotingia, Eosinopteryx , Scansoriopteryx , Epidexipteryx , Aurornis, and

Tianyulong. There is a possibility that Yi is the adult form of one of the other scansoriopterygid species it

shared its habitat with, Scansoriopteryx and Epidexipteryx , the juvenile nature for the former perhaps

making it the most likely suspect.

Xu et al.

ZP


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Alvarezsaurs

Alvarezsaurids

Albinykus baatar

0.6 m (2 ft) TL, 1 kg (2 lb)

Fossil Remains: Complete legs and pelvis.

Anatomical Characteristics: Bones in feet fused together.


Distribution: Mongolia; Javkhlant.

Notes: Preserved in a sitting position reminiscent of modern birds.

Alnashetri cerropoliciensis

1 m (3.3 ft) TL, 3.5 kg (8 lb)



Age: Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian.

Distribution: Western Argentina; Candeleros.Habitat: Well-watered woodlands with short dry season.

Notes: Main enemy Ekrixinatosaurus. Shared its habitat with Buitreraptor .

Bonapartenykus ultimus

2.5 m (8 ft) TL, 25 kg (50 lb)

Fossil Remains: Minority of skeleton, egg shell fragments.


Age: Late Cretaceous, Late Campanian or Early Masstrichtian.

Distribution: Western Argentina; Allen.

Notes: Shared its habitat with Saltasaurus.

Heptasteornis andrewsi





Distribution: Romania; Maastrichtian Sânpetru.

Notes: Although the remains are very fragmentary, they are almost certainly those of a small

alverezsaur, the first known from Europe.

Linhenykus monodactylus

0.6 m (2 ft) TL, 1 kg (2 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: Completely lacked remnants of other fingers, neck relatively long.


Distribution: Northern China; Wulansuhai.

Notes: Despite derived hands, this is still a relatively basal alvarezsaurid.


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Xu et al.

Xixianykus zhangi

0.4 m (1.3 ft) TL, 0.25 kg (0.5 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: Pubis strongly retroverted, foot strongly compressed from side to side.


Distribution: Eastern China; Majiacun.

Notes: The oldest known derived alvarezsaurid.

Avepectorans

Deinonychosaurs

Deinonychosaur Miscellanea

Pneumatoraptor fodori

0.7 m (2.5 ft) TL, 0.6 kg (1.3 lb)




Distribution: Hungary; Csehbánya.

Habits: Hunted small game.Notes: May be a dromaeosaurid or troodontid. Shared its habitat with Hungarosaurus.

Anchiornis huxleyi

See Page 128

Notes: Considered a primitive avian by some researchers.


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Xiaotingia zhengi

0.5 m (1.7 ft) TL, 0.5 kg (1.1 lb)

Fossil Remains: Complete skull and majority of skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Overall very similar to Archaeopteryx , but arm and especially hand shorter.

Teeth more robust. Hyperextendable toe well developed, but sickle claw not large.


Distribution: Northeast China; probably Tiaojishan.

Habits: Flight ability inferior to that of Archaeopteryx , if present at all. Diet included small game and

possibly seeds.

Notes: Originally thought to be an archaeopterygid, probably more closely related to Anchiornis. Exact

origin of fossil unclear, slightly more derived deinonychosaur traits may lend toward the younger Yixian

Formation. Considered a primitive avian by some researchers.

Xu et al.


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ZP

Eosinopteryx brevipenna

0.3 m (1 ft) TL, 0.25 kg (0.5 lb)

Fossil Remains: Complete skull and majority of skeleton, feathers.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout short, eyes large. Arms long, with well-developed symmetrical

primary feathers; orientation of wing bones and shape of feathers made flapping flight improbable.Toes slender with unhooked claws, second toe not hyperextendable, hallux semireversed, and lower leg

lacked feathers. Tail relatively short and may have lacked a pennaceous feather fan.

Age: Late Jurassic, Oxfordian.

Distribution: Northeast China; Tiaojishan.

Habitat: Well-watered subtropical forest.

Habits: Lack of feathers on feet and inability to flap indicates a more terrestrial existence than other

small feathered deinonychosaurs of its age; legs and feet well suited for running. Likely a nocturnal

predator of small game.

Notes: Originally classified as a basal troodont, rather than a basal deinonychosaur. Lack of a feather

fan at the end of its tail could be gender or age related, or a retained basal trait. Shared its habitat with

Anchiornis, Xiaotingia, Aurornis, and Tianyulong.


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Herran

ZP

Pamparaptor micros

0.7 m (2 ft) TL, 1 kg (2 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: Foot construction primitive.

Age: Late Cretaceous, Turonian.

Distribution: Southern Argentina; Portezuelo.

Notes: Originally considered to be the same as Neuquenraptor . Exact classification uncertain, shows

some similarities to troodontids.


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Balaur bondoc

2 m (6 ft) TL, 20 kg (40 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: Robustly constructed. Outer finger vestigial, claws on remaining fingers

strongly hooked. Pubis highly retroverted. Hyperextendable hallux faces forward and bears sickle claw

along with inner toe.

Age: Late Cretaceous, Early Maastrichtian.

Distribution: Romania; Sebeş.

Habitat: Forested island.

Habits: Robust legs, reduced hands, and retroverted pubis suggest that this species ate more plant

matter than most other deinonychosaurs. Probably also an opportunist of small game.

Notes: Originally thought to be velociraptorine dromaeosaurid, however, recent studies suggest that

this is species is in fact a large and highly unusual member of a lineage closer to birds that also includes

such species as Anchiornis and Xiaotingia. Unusual anatomy likely the result insular isolation.

Ellison

Archaeopterygids

Aurornis xui

0.5 m (1.7 ft) TL, 0.5 kg (1.1 lb)

Fossil Remains: Complete skull and skeleton, feathers.

Anatomical Characteristics: Head subtriangular with highly pointed snout and small teeth. Neck

relatively short. Body not deep. Pelvis short and pubis nearly vertical. Arm and hand very long, but

unable to flap. Legs similar in length to forelimbs, ankles relatively short. Second toe not

hyperextendable, hallux semireversed. Tail moderately long. Body covered in short feathers. Exact

arrangement of symmetrical primary feathers uncertain, may have lacked feathers on feet and ankles.


Distribution: Northeast China; Tiaojishan.

Habits: Probably incapable of powered flight, some gliding possible. Fed on small game.

Notes: Classification as a basal archaeopterygid not certain. The most derived non-avian known, or the

most primitive avian known, depending on the position of Archaeopteryx and other basal

deinonychosaurs. Shared its habitat with Anchiornis, Xiaotingia, Eosinopteryx, and Tianyulong.


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Herran

ZP

Dromaeosaurids

Microraptorinae

Sinornithosaurus millenii

See Page 132

Anatomical Characteristics: Mottled coloration composed of rusty red, black, and gray.

Notes: Despite popular claims, was not venomous.


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Microraptor zhaoianus

See Page 133

Anatomical Characteristics: First few teeth of lower jaw slightly procumbent. Two streamer-like

feathers at end of tail. All feathers entirely glossy black, however, some individuals show color banding

on primary feathers.

Habits: Known to have preyed on small mammals, birds, and fish. Streamer feathers on tail and glossy

coloration suggest that Microraptor may have been fairly social like many glossy black birds today, such

as starlings, crows, and grackles. Differences in coloration amongst individuals likely represent sexual or

age differences.

Notes: Likely includes M. hanqingi .

Changyuraptor yangi

1.2 m (4 ft) TL, 5 kg (10 lb)

Fossil Remains: Complete skull and skeleton, feathers.

Anatomical Characteristics: Tail long with long feathers (up to 30 cm) running its length. Long primary

feathers on arms and legs extending onto feet.

Age: Early Cretaceous, Early Aptian.Distribution: Northeast China; Yixian.

Habitat: Well-watered forest and lakes.

Habits: Small game hunter, able to attack larger prey than Microraptor . Aerial abilities likely inferior to

those of Microraptor due to its larger size and long tail feathers.

Notes: Possible descendent of Microraptor . Shared its habitat with a wide variety of other dinosaurs.

Dromaeosaurid Miscellanea

Zhenyuanlong suni

2 m (6 ft) TL, 20 kg (44 lb)

Fossil Remains: Complete subadult skull and majority of skeleton, feathers.Anatomical Characteristics: Skull subrectangular. Arms rather short. Legs fairly long, though the femur

is rather short. Simple feathers, up to 1 cm long, cover the body and neck, full extent uncertain. Long

pennaceous feathers (over 30 cm) sprout from the lower arm and along the second finger over most of

its length, considerably smaller coverts overlap the large primary feathers. Wings asymmetrical in

overall shape, appear to lack alular feathers. More pennaceous feathers lined the entire length of the

tail, growing longer toward the end (at least 15 cm). Legs apparently devoid of feathers, though this

could be an artifact of preservation. Color banding present on wing coverts.




Habits: A terrestrial predator of small game.

Notes: Despite similar proportions, this does not appear to be a specimen of Tianyuraptor . Exact

relationship to other Yixian dromaeosaurids uncertain, may form a short-armed clade with Tianyuraptor

within microraptorinae, or it may be closer to more advanced dromaeosaurs.


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Skull modified after Sinkkonen

Tianyuraptor body modified after Anton

ZP

Boreonykus certekorum





Distribution: Alberta; Wapiti.

Habitat: Riverine forest with warm humid summers and cool winters.

Notes: Classification not certain, may or may not be a dromaeosaur. Shared its habitat with

Pachyrhinosaurus.

Dromaeosaurines

Yurgovuchia doellingi

2.5 m (8 ft) TL, 25 kg (55 lb)




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Age: Early Cretaceous, Barremian.

Distribution: Utah; upper Cedar Mountain.

Habitat: Short wet season, otherwise semiarid with floodplain prairies and open woodlands, and

riverine forest.

Notes: Shared its habitat with a variety of iguanodonts, nodosaurs, basal therizinosaurs, and basal

hadrosaurs. Main enemy Utahraptor .

Dakotaraptor steini

5.5 m (18 ft) TL, 200 kg (450 lb)

Fossil Remains: Minority of skeletons.

Anatomical Characteristics: Proportions more gracile than other giant dromaeosaurs. Teeth heavily

serrated. Sickle claw large. Quill knobs present on ulna, indicative of relatively large wing feathers.


Distribution: South Dakota; Hell Creek.

Habitat: Well-watered forest.

Habits: Predator of small and medium sized game, such as ornithomimids, Thescelosaurus,

Pachycephalosaurus, and the young of large ceratopsians and hadrosaurs. Better suited to running than

other large dromaeosaurs, better able to pursue prey over longer distances. Main competition waslikely juvenile Tyrannosaurus.

Notes: Robust and gracile morphs appear to be present in adults of this species, probably indicative of

sexual dimorphism. Exact classification uncertain. Shared its habitat with the considerably smaller

Acheroraptor , among many other dinosaurs. A purported furcula assigned to this species more likely

belongs to a softshell turtle.

Velociraptorines

Linheraptor ( or Tsaagan) exquisitus

2 m (7 ft) TL, 15 kg (30 lb)

Fossil Remains: Complete skull and majority of skeleton.Anatomical Characteristics: Very similar to Velociraptor , slightly more robust overall.



Habitat: Desert with dunes and oases.

Habits: Generalist predator.

Notes: Apparently more closely related to Tsaagan than either is to Velociraptor . Shared its habitat

with at least one of the raptors mentioned above, as well as Protoceratops, oviraptorids, and

Saurornithoides.


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Headden

ZP

Pyroraptor olympius

1.3 m (4 ft) TL, 5 kg (10 lb)



Age: Late Cretaceous, Late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian.

Distribution: France; Grès à Reptiles.

Notes: Shared its habitat with sauropods.

Acheroraptor temertyorum

2.5 m (8 ft) TL, 25 kg (55 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: Snout more robust than relatives.


Distribution: Montana; Hell Creek.

Habitat: Well-watered forests and floodplains.Notes: First velociraptorine known from North America.


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Saurornitholestes sullivani





Distribution: New Mexico; Kirtland.

Habitat: Seasonal woodland with several large rivers.

Unenlaginines

Rahonavis ostromi

See Page 138

Notes: Considered a primitive avian by some researchers.

Troodonts

Geminiraptor suarezarum

2 m (7 ft) TL, 20 kg (40 lb)Fossil Remains: Partial skull.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout not slender. Teeth robust.

Age: Early Cretaceous, Early Barremian.


Habitat: Short wet season, otherwise semiarid with floodplain prairies, open woodlands, and riverine

forests.

Notes: The oldest confirmed troodontid from North America. Shared its habitat withEolambia,

Hippodraco, and Iguanacolossus.

Byronosaurus jafferi

See Page 141Notes: Hatchling skulls, originally assigned to Velociraptor , have been found oviraptorid nests. How this

would come to be is uncertain, most likely the oviraptorid preyed upon the hatchling troodontids and

fed them to its own young. It has been suggested, however, thatByronosaurus may have been a nest

parasite, in which case the newly hatched troodontids may have preyed on their sibling oviraptorids.

Xixiasaurus henanensis


Fossil Remains: Partial skull.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout long and shallow.


Distribution: Eastern China; Majiacun.

Habits: Preyed upon small game, possibly fished.

Notes: Closely related to Byronosaurus. Together they probably represent a unique East Asian radiation

of troodontids.

Linhevenator ( or Saurornithoides?) tani

2 m (7.5 ft) TL, 20 kg (40 lb)

Fossil Remains: Partial skull and skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Arms short and robust. Sickle claw large.


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Distribution: Northern China; Bayan Mandahu.


Habits: Possibly hunted larger game than most troodontids.

Notes: May be congeneric with Saurornithoides.

Talos sampsoni

2 m (7 ft) TL, 15 kg (30 lb)




Distribution: Utah; Kaiparowits.

Notes: Potential prey included Kritosaurus and Hagryphus. Main enemy Teratophoneus.

Gobivenator mongoliensis

1.6 m (5 ft) TL, 3 kg (7 lb)

Fossil Remains: Complete skull and majority of skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout narrow, otherwise standard for large troodontid.Age: Late Cretaceous, late Campanian.

Distribution: Mongolia; Djadochta.


Habits: Small game hunter, possible took plant matter on occasion.

Notes: The most complete large troodontid known. Potential prey included alvarezsaurs. Shared its

habitat with Saurornithoides and velociraptorine dromaeosaurs.

Tsuihiji et al.


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ZP

Oviraptorosaurs

Ningyuansaurus wangi

1 m (3 ft) TL, 3 kg (7 lb)

Fossil Remains: Partial skull and majority of skeleton, feathers.

Anatomical Characteristics: Skull more elongated than other oviraptorosaurs, also with more teeth and

a straighter lower jaw than usual. Body short and deep, pelvis not large. Arms and hands short, outer

finger reduced. Legs very long, hallux semireversed. Tail long by oviraptorosaur standards. May have

had a feather fan at the end of its tail.

Age: Early Cretaceous, Early Aptian.

Distribution: Northeast China; upper Yixian.


Habits: Known to have eaten seeds, so likely omnivorous. Main defense high speed.Notes: The most basal known oviraptorosaur, as favored by the long tail and relatively high number of

teeth which are oriented like those of protarchaeopterygids. However, unlike protarchaeopterygids, it

has long legs, short arms, and a long skull which are more similar to caudipterygids. Alternatively, it

could be an indeterminate basal deinonychosaur.


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Omnivoropterygids

See Page 144

Notes: Most authorities consider omnivoropterygids to be birds distantly related to oviraptorosaurs.

Protarchaeopterygids

Epidexipterygids

Notes: Despite similarities in skull construction, these are almost certainly scansoriopterygids.

Caudipterygids

Avimimids

Caenagnathids

Gigantoraptor erlianensis

See Page 152

Notes: Probably a basal caenagnathid rather than an oviraptorid.

Epichirostenotes curreii

See Page 151

Notes: New genus and species for Chirostenotes? unnamed species.

Leptorhynchos gaddisi

1.5 m (5 ft) TL, 15 kg (30 lb)

Fossil Remains: Partial skull and minority of skeletons.

Anatomical Characteristics: Lower jaw short and broad. Tip of beak wide and upturned.


Distribution: Texas; Aguja.Habits: Upturned beak may be an adaptation for rooting in soil for plant and animal matter.

Notes: Shared its habitat with at least one other caenagnathid species and a variety of other dinosaurs.

Oddly shaped beak and presence of close relatives in the same habitat suggests niche partitioning via

differences in feeding strategies within caenagnathids. The nameLeptorhynchos is currently occupied

by a plant, and will need to be changed in the future.

Anzu wyliei

See Page 151

3.5 m (11 ft) TL, 200 kg (440 lb)

Notes: New genus and species for Caenagnathus? unnamed species.

Oviraptorids

Ajancingenia yanshini

2 m (7 ft) TL, 40 kg (85 lb)

Fossil Remains: Majority of skulls and skeletons.

Anatomical Characteristics: Beak short and notably hooked. Hand short.


Distribution: Mongolia; Baruungoyot.


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Habitat: Semidesert with dunes and oases.

Notes: New genus for “Ingenia” yanshini . Remains placed in this genus from other formations are likely

the growth stages of related forms. Considerable controversy surrounds the publication and use of this

new name; it may not withstand the test of time.

Headden

Machairasaurus leptonychus



Anatomical Characteristics: Hand not large, claws relatively long and slender.


Distribution: Northern China; Bayan Mandahu.


Habits: Long claws suitable for pulling down branches.

Notes: Main enemies Velociraptor and Linhevenator .

Luoyanggia liudianensis

1.5 m (5 ft) TL, 15 kg (30 lb)

Fossil Remains: Minority skull and skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Beak of lower jaw pointed.

Age: Early Late Cretaceous.

Distribution: Eastern China; Mangchuan.

Notes: Probably a rather primitive oviraptorid.

Yulong mini


Fossil Remains: Complete skull and majority of skeletons, embryos to subadults; eggs.

Anatomical Characteristics: Much smaller than other derived oviraptorids. Snout not as high as in

other oviraptorids and no crest present, but these features could be age related. Upper beak pointed

and well developed.



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Distribution: Central China; Qiupa.

Habits: Gathered in groups to nest like other oviraptorids.

Notes: Possibly the smallest derived oviraptorid. Proportions of legs similar at all ages, suggesting no

change in feeding strategy upon maturity. Shared its habitat with Qiupalong. Main enemy

Luanchuanraptor .

Lü et al.

Wulatelong gobiensis

1.5 m (5 ft) TL, 20 kg (45 lb)Fossil Remains: Partial skull and skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Lower jaw deep. Hands and claws slender.



Notes: Possibly the most basal known oviraptorid.

Headden

Banji long


Fossil Remains: Complete skull.

Anatomical Characteristics: Relatively short crest bears horizontal striations. Nostrils elongated and

follow curvature of crest. Small by oviraptorid standards.



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Distribution: Southern China; Nanxiong.

Notes: Purpose of striations unclear, may have acted as an attachment point for a keratin extension.

Xu ZP

Ganzhousaurus nankangensisAdult size not certain


Anatomical Characteristics: Lower jaw shallow.



Notes: Appears to have had a mix of primitive and advanced features. Shared its habitat with several

other oviraptorids and Gannansaurus.

Jiangxisaurus ganzhouensis

1.5 m (5 ft) TL, 20 kg (45 lb)

Fossil Remains: Partial skull and majority of skeleton.Anatomical Characteristics: Lower jaw not as downturned as relatives. Thumb robust.



Notes: Shared its habitat with several other oviraptorids.

Nankangia jianxiensis

2 m (7 ft) TL, 40 kg (85 lb)

Fossil Remains: Minority of skull and partial skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Lower jaw deep and U-shaped.



Habits: Probably more herbivorous than other oviraptorids.

Notes: Appears to be a relatively basal oviraptorid. Shared its habitat with several other oviraptorids.

Haunansaurus (or Citipati ) ganzhouensis

2.5 m (8 ft) TL, 75 kg (160 lb)

Fossil Remains: Complete skull and partial skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Low subrectangular crest tilted forward. Upper beak not strongly hooked

and projects further than lower beak. Hand fairly short, claws moderately hooked.


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Age: Late Cretaceous, Late Campanian or Early Maastrichtian.

Distribution: Southeast China; Nanxiong.

Habits: Possibly more herbivorous than relatives.

Notes: Despite coexisting with at least four other oviraptorids, its closest relative appears to be Citipati .

Jesse ZP

Therizinosauroids

Notes: Fragmentary remains suggest presence in Latest Cretaceous North America and Africa.

Baso-Therizinosaurs

Martharaptor greenriverensis

4 m (12 ft) TL, 100 kg (220 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: Insufficient information.Age: Early Cretaceous, Barremian.


Habitat: Short wet season, otherwise semiarid with floodplain prairies, open woodlands, and riverine

forests.

Notes: Likely a close relative or descendant of Falcarius.

Jianchangosaurus yixianensis


Fossil Remains: Complete skull and majority of skeleton with feathers, juvenile.

Anatomical Characteristics: Skull somewhat robust with a well-developed upper beak and a tooth

arrangement like that of ornithischians. Hand not as elongated as Falcarius and lunate carpal not as welldeveloped. Tapering band-like feathers at least over shoulders. It is not certain that the feet belong to

this specimen.

Age: Early Cretaceous, Early Aptian.



Habits: Likely a mid-level browser.


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Notes: More derived than Falcarius and larger than Beipiaosaurus when fully grown, it shared its

habitat with the latter species as well as a wide variety of other dinosaurs. Relatively short neck and

some other features may be juvenile traits. Main enemyYutyrannus.

Pu et al.

ZP

Alxasaurids

Therizinosaurids

Nothronychus mckinleyi (=grafmani ?)

See Page 158

Anatomical Characteristics: Well-developed salt glands in the nasal region.Habits: Prominent salt glands may hint at a diet composed mostly of saltmarsh plants.


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Sauropodomorphs

Baso-Sauropodomorphs

Pampadromaeus barberenai1.5 m (5 ft) TL, 10 kg (25 lb)

Fossil Remains: Majority of skull and skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Skull fairly large, front teeth heavily serrated. Arm short. Lower leg long.


Distribution: Southern Brazil; Santa Maria.

Habits: Possibly more omnivorous than other baso-sauropods. Long lower legs indicate that it was a

good runner.

Notes: Possibly the most primitive sauropodomorph known. Prey of Staurikosaurus.

Cabreira et al.

ZP


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ProsauropodsNotes: Remains from South Africa suggest some prosauropods were capable of reaching or exceeding

the size of the largest theropods, possibly making them the largest bipedal animals of all time.

Chromogisaurus novasi

2 m (6.5 ft) TL, 25 kg (50 lb)Fossil Remains: Partial skeleton.




Habitat: Seasonally well-watered forests, including dense stands of conifers.

Notes: Main enemies were herrerasaurs and large thecodonts.

Chuxiongosaurus lufengensis


Fossil Remains: Complete skull.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout subtriangular.


Distribution: Southern China; lower Lufeng.

Notes: Appears to be the most basal known prosauropod from the Lufeng.

Lü et al.

Sarahsaurus aurifrontanalis

4.3 m (14 ft) TL, 200 kg (450 lb)

Fossil Remains: Complete skull and majority of skeletons.

Anatomical Characteristics: Snout subtriangular, upper jaw slightly longer than lower. Hands unusually

large and robust.

Age: Early Jurassic, Sinemurian or Pliensbachian.

Distribution: Arizona; Kayenta.

Habitat: Partially arid.

Habits: Large hands possibly adapted for digging up roots.

Notes: Among the most primitive prosauropods known from North America.


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Colbert & Rowe

ZP

Seitaad ruessi

3 m (10 ft) TL, 70 kg (150 lb)



Age: Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian.

Distribution: Utah; upper Glen Canyon.

Notes: A basal prosauropod.

Sertich & Loewen


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Efraasia (or Plateosaurus) minor

See Page 166

Notes: Split from Plateosaurus ( =Sellosaurus) gracilis. Many mostly complete specimens are awaiting

further study.

Glacialisaurus hammeri




Age: Early Jurassic, Sinemurian or Pliensbachian.

Distribution: Central Antarctica; Hanson.

Habitat: Polar forest with warm, daylight-dominated summers and cold, dark winters.

Notes: May be another species of Plateosaurus, but too little is known to be certain. Main enemy

Cryolophosaurus.

Jaklapallisaurus asymmetrica


Fossil Remains: Minority of skeleton.Anatomical Characteristics: Insufficient information.

Age: Late Triassic, Late Norian or Early Rhaetian.

Distribution: Central India; Upper Maleri.

Leonerasaurus taquetrensis



Anatomical Characteristics: Neck possibly more stiff than in other prosauropods.

Age: Early Jurassic, probably Pliensbachian or Sinemurian.

Distribution: Southern Argentina; Leoneras.

Notes: A highly derived prosauropod.

Nambalia roychowdhurii


Fossil Remains: Partial skeletons.


Age: Late Triassic, Late Norian or Early Rhaetian.

Distribution: India; Upper Maleri.

Notes: Two of the skeletons, a smaller and a larger individual, were found together.

Xixiposaurus suni



Anatomical Characteristics: Snout slants sharply downward.

Age: Early Jurassic, Hettangian and/or Sinemurian.

Distribution: Southwest China; Lower Lufeng.

Notes: A derived prosauropod.


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Unaysaurus ( or Plateosaurus) tolentinoi

2.5 m (8 ft) TL, 40 kg (80 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: Head shallow, subrectangular. Arm relatively short.

Age: Late Triassic, Norian.

Distribution: Southern Brazil; Caturrita.

Habits: Short arm indicates that this species was more bipedal than similar prosauropods.

Notes: Establishes the presence of Plateosaurus-type prosauropods in the Southern Hemisphere. May

include Teyuwasu barbarenai . Shared its habitat with Guaibasaurus.

Elias

Leyesaurus marayensis

2.5 m (8 ft) TL, 40 kg (80 lb)

Fossil Remains: Majority of skull and minority of skeleton.

Anatomical Characteristics: Skull subrectangular.

Age: Early Jurassic.

Distribution: Western Argentina; Quebrada de Barro.

Notes: Appears to be a relative of Massospondylus.

Apaldetti et al.


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Eucnemesaurus entaxonis

6 m (20 ft) TL, 500 kg (1,000 lb)


Anatomical Characteristics: Legs robust.

Age: Late Triassic, Late Carnian or Early Norian.

Distribution: Southeast Africa; Lower Elliot.

Habitat: Arid.

Notes: Shared its habitat with Eucnemosaurus fortis, Melanorosaurus, and Blikanasaurus.

Sefapanosaurus zastronensis


Fossil Remains: Minority of several skeletons.


Age: Late Triassic or Early Jurassic.

Distribution: South Africa; Elliot.

Habitat: Arid.

Habits: More quadrupedal than most prosauropods.

Notes: Shared its habitat with a variety of other prosauropods, early sauropods, heterodontosaurids,and coelophysoids.

Aardonyx celestae


Fossil Remains: Partial skulls and skeletons, juveniles.

Anatomical Characteristics: Elastic cheeks greatly reduced, yet snout still narrow, nasal openings large.

Limbs relatively robust. Orientation of limbs suggest more quadrupedal than other prosauropods, but

still capable of slow bipedal motion.


Distribution: South Africa; Upper Elliot.

Habitat: Some regions arid.Habits: Lack of large cheeks widened gape, allowing for bulk feeding similar to sauropods.

Notes: A highly derived prosauropod, already showing adaptations for quadupedalism and bulk feeding.

Yates


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ZP

Arcusaurus pereirabdalorum




Age: Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian.


Habitat: Semi-arid.

Notes: Thought to be a derived prosauropod, but too little is known to be certain.

Sauropods

Vulcanodonts

Antetonitrus ingenipes

See Page 171 8 m (25 ft) TL, 1.5 tonnes

Pulanesaura eocollum


Fossil Remains: Minority of skull and several skeletons, juvenile to adult.Anatomical Characteristics: Neck fairly flexible.

Age: Early Jurassic, Late Hettangian or Sinemurian.


Habitat: Arid.

Habits: Could high-browse with less effort than the prosauropods it cohabitated with.

Eusauropods

Cetiosaurs

Nebulasaurus taito




Age: Middle Jurassic.

Distribution: Southern China; Zhanghe.

Notes: Known only from a braincase. Closest relative appears to be Spinophorosaurus. Shared its

habitat with Yuanmousaurus and Eomamenchisaurus.


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MamenchisauridsNotes: Euhelopids are likely basal titanosaurs and therefore not particularly closely related to

mamenchisaurids.

Tonganosaurus hei11 m (35 ft) TL, 3.5 tonnes



Age: Early Jurassic.

Distribution: Central China; Yimen.

Notes: If this is a mamenchisaurid, it is the earliest known.

Huangshanlong anhuiensis




Age: Middle Jurassic.

Distribution: Eastern China; Hongqin.

Notes: Only known from an arm, but most likely belongs with mamenchisaurids.

Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis



Anatomical Characteristics: Hindlimbs relatively short.

Age: Middle Jurassic, Aalenian.

Distribution: Northwestern China; Qigu.

Notes: One of the first gigantic sauropods.

Qijianglong guokr



Anatomical Characteristics: Neck very long.

Age: Late Jurassic, Oxfordian.

Distribution: Central China; Suining.

Notes: A relatively basal mamenchisaurid.

Turiasaurs

Zby atlanticus




Age: Late Jurassic, Late Kimmeridgian.

Distribution: Portugal; Lourinhã.

Habitat: Large, seasonally dry island with open woodlands.

Notes: Main enemies included Allosaurus, and Torvosaurus.


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Neosauropods

Diplodocoids

Rebbachisaurids

Comahuesaurus windhauseni




Age: Early Cretaceous, Aptian or Albian.

Distribution: Western Argentina; Lohan Cura.

Notes: Previously thought to be a species of Limaysaurus, appears to be a more basal rebbachisaurid.

Demandasaurus darwini


Fossil Remains: Mino

Documents

Dinosaur Field Guide Supplement 2nd Ed