DIMESA presentation 17 June 2008 [email protected] Environmental impacts of European consumption and production patterns Highlights from

DIMESA presentation 17 June 2008 [email protected]

Environmental impacts of European consumption and

production patterns

Highlights from ongoing EEA – ETC/RWM analysis based on NAMEA

Pawel Kazmierczyk

DIMESA meeting, Copenhagen 17 June 2008


Background– Policy context: increasing focus on Sustainable

Consumption and Production (SCP)

– The analysis builds on regular data work carried out by Eurostat and national statistical offices

– Part of the joint work programme Eurostat-EEA

– Upcoming EEA report: “Environmental impacts of European consumption and production patterns” (2nd half of 2008)


Objectives:

– Analyse European consumption and production patterns

– Pinpoint environmental ‘hot spots’ in the economy

– Identify potentials for improvements and priorities for policy intervention

Separately examined are the production perspective and the consumption perspective


Methodology & Data

• Environmentally extended Input-Output analyses (EE-IOA) …based on NAMEA (National Accounting matrices including Environmental Accounts)

• NAM: monetary Input-Output tables (Eurostat)

• EA: data on air emissions (Eurostat, national statistical institutes); data on material inputs (Eurostat)

– Global Warming (GWP): CO2, N2O, CH4

– Acidification (ACID): SOx, NOx, NH3

– Tropospheric Ozone Formation (TOFP): NOx, NMVOC, CO, CH4

– Domestic Extraction Used (DEU)

• Time series: EU-25: 1995-2004; EU-8: 1995, 2000 (data limitations)


Production perspective

Direct pressures

from national production for domestic use and export

+

from households

Can be drawn directly from NAMEAs

resource extractionresource extraction emissionsemissions

exportsexports

All production in country AAll production in country A

Environment

Domestic useDomestic use


Production perspective• A small number of industries account for some 50-80%

of total production-related environmental pressures: – agriculture, – electricity supply, – transport, – basic manufacturing

• Production-related environmental hot spots are already fairly well researched / known

• While they have been successfully tackled by a wide range of environmental policies, it is open to debate whether these will be sufficient in the long term (consumption growth outstrips efficiency gains)


Consumption perspectiveDirect pressures from national production & households

minus

Pressures embodied in exports

plus

Pressures embodied in imports

Requires complex manipulation of NAMEAs


Production chainsfor the homemarket only


Global environment

Domesticuse

Domesticuse




Global environment

Domesticuse

Domesticuse

importsimports


Production for exportto country A


Country BCountry B

Country CCountry C

Country XCountry X

importsimports




Country BCountry B

Country CCountry C

Country XCountry X

Exports

UNIQUE IS THE CROSS-COUNTRY

ANALYSIS


Pressures from consumption in more detail

such pie charts available also for TOFP and ACID


Consumption – priority areas

Three priority consumption areas account for about 2/3 of overall pressures:

1. Eating & drinking

2. Housing & infrastructures

3. Transport of persons & goods

(these results are consistent with the results of JRC’s EIPRO studies and with the conclusions of most national studies)

Note that today each one of these consumption areas ALONE accounts for about 2-3 tonnes of GHG emissions per capita.

Contrast this with IPCC goal to cut GHG emissions industrialised countries by 80% by 2050, reducing the TOTAL to about 2-2.5 tonnes per capita



Eating & drinking(ca. 2 t CO2-eq. GHG/cap)

eating & drinking

2.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

1

t C

O2-

eq.

GH

G p

er c

ap


eating & drinking

food products and beverages +

agricultural products; 1.4

electricity; 0.3

restaurants; 0.2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

1

t C

O2-

eq.

GH

G p

er c

ap

Eating & drinking(ca. 2 t CO2-eq. GHG/cap)


Eating & drinking (e.g. DE,2000)

Chain analysis for food products: agriculture is the most important stage

Chemicalindustry

Paper industry

*Amount in t CO2 equiv. per capita

**in % of total 1.08 t CO2-equiv. activated

Electricitysupply

Manufacturing of food &

beverages

1.08 t CO2-equiv. 7 cap

Global WarmingPotentials

activated by nationalconsumption of

food products and

beverages

0.02 t/cap1.4 %

Agriculture

0.12 t/cap11.3 %

0.11 t/cap9.9 %

Germany, 2000

0.01 t/cap0.7 %

0.03 t/cap2.9 %

0.56 t/cap52.1 %

0.01 t/cap 0.7 %

0.01 t/cap0.8 %


Eating & drinking

• Potentials for improvements:

• Change in diets: less animal products (e.g. beef meat, dairy products)

• Less food waste: approx. 1/3 of food is wasted; reducing food waste implies less production-wide pressures

• Efficiency gains in production:

– agriculture (less fertilizer, manure management), – limited, given current production-mix

– food processing industry (less electricity use)

• Efficiency gains in storing and preparing food in retail sector, restaurants, private households

!

!



Housing & infrastructures (ca. 2.6 t CO2-eq. GHG/cap)

buildings and infrastructures

heating; 1.0

construction work; 0.8

electricity; 0.4

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

1

t C

O2-

eq.

GH

G p

er c

ap


Housing & infrastructures


• Heating of buildings; hot water: e.g. through thermal insulation, use of solar-thermal techniques

• Efficiency gains in production of building materials (including switch in building materials)

• Decreasing net increase of stock: less new infrastructures and buildings

• Reversing the ongoing trends: bigger flats and bigger malls and office buildings

!



Transport of persons and goods (ca. 1,9 t CO2-eq. GHG/cap)

transport of persons & goods

car driving private

households; 1.0

transport services; 0.5

vehicles (manufact.); 0.4

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

1

To

nn

en T

HG

pro

Ko

pf


Transport of persons & goods


• Fuel efficiency of vehicles

• Efforts/incentives to slow down growth in transport (in particular private transport)

• Changed modal split

!

!


Some overall conclusions

• European pressures are unsustainably high. Emissions of greenhouse gases in industrialized countries need to be reduced by 80% by 2050 (IPCC).

• Achieving such high reduction targets will require radical changes in EU consumption and production patterns.

• This goal cannot be achieved through efficiency gains in production chains alone - changes in lifestyles will be necessary.


Some overall conclusions

• So far, majority of environmental policies have addressed production, with considerable success

• Since the 1990s, decoupling occurred in many instances related to air emissions

• However, most of it was thanks to improvements in eco-efficiency in the production chains, and not due to a move towards more sustainable consumption patterns

• In addition, technical potentials to improve environmental efficiency of production are limited (e.g. steel, cement etc.).


Future development potentialNAMEA-based analyses of the consumption

perspective provide first insights on where policy could place additional levers

• continuing the EE-IO analyses to extend country & time coverage currently only based on 8 countries and 1995/2000 data (depends on data availability at Eurostat and member states)

• Exploring in more detail priority consumption areas (this would require approaches going beyond NAMEA)


Thank you !

Documents

DIMESA presentation 17 June 2008 [email protected] Environmental impacts of European consumption and production patterns Highlights from