VIVEK COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

VIVEK COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH DEFINE RESEARCH? WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH?Research is a systematic investigation to search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. Research helps to arrive at new conclusions. It enables to find solutions to certain problem. James Black and Dean Champion state Scientific research consist of obtaining information through empirical observation that can be used for the systematic development of logically related propositions attempting to establish casual relations among variables. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:1. Scientific method: Research uses scientific method to find facts or to provide solutions to specific problems. The researcher needs to follow a systematic procedure to conduct research. There is a set of procedures that have been tested over a period of time and are thus suitable to use in research. This means each step in the research procedure must follow the other. Scientific research in any field of knowledge cannot be conducted in a manner. Scientific research cannot be merely based on ones belief and imagination. To get the best possible research result, the researcher needs to adopt the scientific method of inquiry or investigation.

2. Objective and logical: The scientific research is objective and logical in nature. Research is based on valid procedures and principles. There is a need to collect relevant, accurate and objective data to investigate into the research problem. Researchers need to make every possible effort to avoid bias in data collection. After collection of objective data,the researcher needs to systematically process the data, analyse and interpret it and arrive at logical conclusions. Wherever required, the researcher needs to systematically verify the findings and conclusions.3. Applied and basic research: The research can be broadly classified into two broad groups: Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledges sake The goal of applied research is to improve the human condition. It is generally used to solve a particular problem. For instance, a social research can be conducted to study the problem of unemployment in rural areas, and based on the research findings; appropriate measures can be taken by Government authorities to reduce the problem of unemployment. Basic or fundamental research is driven by a scientists curiosity or interest in a scientific question. For instance, basic research can be undertaken to study the origin of the universe. Basic research lays down the foundation for the applied science that follows. The main goal of basic research is to expand mans knowledge. There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that result from basic research. For instance, basic research can be undertaken to study the origin of the universe. Basic research lays down the foundation for the applied science that follows.

4. Empirical nature of research: Research can be based on direct experience or observation by the research. Empirical research is undertaken to study certain situations or events based on experiments, observation and surveys. In empirical research, the researcher develops a hypothesis and then collects data to prove it or to disprove it.

5. Generalization: Research findings can be applied to larger population. A researcher can conduct a research on a sample of respondents that represent the universe. The sample selection must be done systematically so that it properly represents the whole population or the universe. Therefore, generalization takes place when research findings based on sample responses are applied to whole population.

6. Manipulation of concepts: The researcher tries to manipulate things, or concepts. The manipulation of purposeful control of things, or concept is done with a definite purpose so as to arrive at statements of generality. For instance, a researcher may manipulate the environment in a workplace such as lighting, or layout or seating arrangement to find out its impact on the productivity of the employees.

7. Quantitative and qualitative research: Research undertaken to measure quantity or amounts is called as quantitative research. For instance, research undertaken to find out the number of unemployed in general. On the other hand, research, which is undertaken to find out the quality of a particular situation or phenomenon, is called as qualitative research.

8. Multipurpose activity: Research is a multipurpose activity. It helps to discover new facts or verify old facts. It helps not only to predict future events, but also may help to control such events. It establishes causal relationship between variables. It also helps to develop new scientific tools, concepts and theories, which would facilitate reliable and valid study of human behavior and other aspects.

EXPLAIN THE NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN BUSINESS.

Business organization can gain significantly with the help of research. The research and development to develop new products, improve the design and quality of existing ones and to reduce costs. The marketing research helps to solve marketing problems relating to price, promotion. Physical distribution, packaging, positioning, and so on. The need and importance of research in business is stated as follows:1. Product development: Through marketing research, a business firm can identify the customer requirements and therefore, it is possible to design new models or to modify existing products to satisfy the customers. For instance, through marketing research, a car manufacturing company may find that the customers look for features, after-sales-service, re-sale value, right price, fuel efficiency, and so on. Accordingly, the product will be designed and marketed. Also, with the help of research and development, the car company would make every possible effort to develop the car with best possible features at the right prices depending upon the target customers.

2. Reduction in cost: Research in business helps a firm to reduce cost. The research may indicate the areas where high costs are involved. It may be possible for the firm to cut down the cost in certain areas. Therefore, cost-reduction will improve the overall efficiency of the organization, i.e., the organization will be in a position to achieve higher returns at a lower cost.

3. Customer relationships: Marketing research may help the firm to develop good relations with its customers, especially, the priority customers. Research can help the firm to collect valuable inputs about the priority customers. Based on the inputs, the firm can adopt various customers relationship techniques such as package of loyalty incentives, one-to-one marketing, effective after-sales-service, incentives for customer suggestions, etc.

4. Marketing mix decisions: Marketing research enables a firm to arrive at sound marketing mix decisions with respect to product, price, promotion, and physical distribution. Product decisions: As mentioned earlier, marketing research enables a firm to design the right product to satisfy customer requirements. Pricing decisions: Marketing research enables a firm to analyze competitors pricing, customers price, sensitiveness, etc. and accordingly, the firm can fix right prices. For instance, if the customers for a particular product are not price sensitive, the firm may charge a higher price, especially when it enjoys a good image in the market. Promotion-mix decisions: Marketing research may enable a firm to adopt effective promotion mix. If promotion mix research is not conducted, the firm may give more emphasis on certain elements of promotion-mix, thereby ignoring the other elements. Place decisions: Marketing research may also enable the firm to take appropriate place decisions, with reference to area distribution, channel selection, incentives to channel intermediaries, etc. For instance, the firm may increase marketing efforts in those areas where it gets low sales, or if the existing channels are not effective, it may select alternative channels, etc.

5. Dealer relationships: Nowadays, dealer relationships are vital for the survival and success of a business organization. Marketing research enables a business firm to main good relationship with dealers. Through research, the firm can get feedback from the dealers regarding their expectations. Accordingly, the firm may take appropriate decisions relating to dealers compensation and incentives so as to maintain good relationship.

6. Corporate image: Nowadays, firm need to build, maintain and enhance corporate image in the minds of stakeholders customers, dealers, employees, others. For instance, consumer research may enable the firm to obtain feedback on customer requirements and expectations, and accordingly the company would make the right efforts to satisfy customer and develop good image in the minds of customers.

7. Competitive advantage: Through research, a company can take proactive decisions, such as introduction of new models, introduce price changes, and undertake innovative promotional schemes, and so on. The proactive decisions can confer competitive advantage to the firm. Also, through research, the firm can find out the strengths of the competitors, which make certain buyers to prefer competitors brands.

8. Human resource plans and policies: Research may be undertaken to frame effective HR plans and policies in respect of: Recruitment and selection. Training to employees. Performance appraisal. Promotion and transfers. Compensation plans.

9. Financial management: Research may be undertaken for efficient management of finance. Financial management covers two broad areas. Sources of funds. Application of funds.

DISCUSS THE NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE.Social sciences refer to business, commerce, demography, psychology, sociology, etc. Research in social sciences deals with the peoples behavior in their different roles, such as consumers, consultants, learners, leaders, teachers, trainers, employees, executives, producers, parents, artists, advisors, etc.

1. Modifies social behaviour: Social research studies social behavior. Almost all over social problems could be attributed to certain social behavior of the members of the society. Social research collects relevant data on social behavior, analyzes it and recommendations are listed. Based on the recommendations of social researcher, steps can be taken by the concerned authorities to modify the societal behavior.

2. Development of methodology: Development of methodology to deal with social issues is one of the contributions of social research. For instance, organization faces the problem of executive stress, lack of concern for ethics, poor leadership styles, employee absenteeism and turnover, etc. To overcome such problems, such methodology needs to be developed. Social research enables the organizations to develop appropriate methodology to study, analyze, and to take suitable action to overcome the problems.

3. Social development: Social research contributes to social development. Social development can be measured in terms of literacy, life expectancy, and other social development indicators. Research can be undertaken to improve social development standards of the society. For instance, social research can be conducted to improve literacy in a particular state. The researchers may study the measures adopted by highly literate states and accordingly make recommendations to use such measures so as to improve the literacy rate in low literacy states.4. Social welfare: Government organization can undertake social research to enhance social welfare of the society. Research can help to reduce income to overcome the problem of social evils such as drug addictions, abuse of alcohol, gambling, and so on. For instance, to reduce inequalities of income, Government adopts progressive taxation, undertakes transfer payments in form of subsidies, unemployment allowance, pension to poor senior citizens and handicapped persons, and so on.

5. Formulation of new theories: Social research helps to formulate new theories. The existing theories can be revaluated and modified with the help of social research. For instance, social research has enabled to develop several theories on leadership, motivation, job satisfaction, group dynamics, and so on. These theories enable business and non-business organizations to design suitable packages for uplifting the social behavior of their members.

6. Social planning and control: Social research is a tool for social planning and control. Any constructive action needs to be planned for effective implementation so as to achieve the desired outcome. Also, the research may indicate suitable control measures to correct deviations as and when the deviations occur. Timely, corrective measures would enable to organizations to save lot of time, effort and money and at the same time, the organization would be in a position to achieve its predetermined goals.

7. Economic planning: Social science research can be of immense use in economic planning in a given society. Economic planning requires basic data on the various aspects of our society and economy, resource endowment and the needs, hopes and problems of the people etc. Economic planning is undertaken to achieve certain objectives such as: To bring about regional development. To make optimum use of available resources. To bring out self-reliance. To generate employment, etc.

STATE AND EXPLAIN THE OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH.Researcher undertakes research with definite objectives. Some of the important purposes or objectives of research are briefly stated as follows:1. To find solutions to problems: Research can be undertaken to find solutions to solve specific problems. For instance, an organization may initiate research to find solution to the problem of declining sales of their products in the market. An educational institution can undertake research to find out the causes of low attendance or poor results. A government organization may undertake research to solve the problem of water scarcity in a particular area or district or to ascertain the impact of slums on the quality of life in a particular city, and such other research activities.

2. To verify and test existing laws on theories: Research may be undertaken to verify and test existing laws or theories. Such verification and testing of existing theories helps to improve the knowledge and ability to handle situations and events. This is true when the existing theories may not be sufficient or relevant to handle certain situations and events, and therefore, through research, improvements and modifications can be made in the existing laws or theories.

3. To obtain information: Research is undertaken to obtain information, which may not be easily obtained during the ordinary course of functioning of an institution or an organization. For instance, marketing research may be undertaken to understand the changes in consumer behavior. A firm may undertake product research to bring about improvement or modification in the existing product on the basis of feedback obtained from consumers, dealers and others.

4. To extend knowledge: Researchers undertake research to extend the existing knowledge in physical sciences as well as in social sciences. The knowledge can be enhanced by undertaking research in general and by fundamental research in particular.

5. To establish generalizations and general laws: Research can be undertaken to establish generalization and general laws in a particular society. In other words, statements of generality can be stated through research. For instance various laws, principles and models have been developed through research. The AIDA model, the law of demand and supply, the law of gravitation, etc., have been developed through observation, experimentation, and other methods of research.

6. To predict events: Research may be undertaken to predict future course of events. For instance, research may be undertaken to find out the impact of growing unemployment of educated youth on the social life of the society in future. The findings of such research would not only indicate the possible impact, but also would make the concerned authorities to take appropriate measures to reduce unemployment, to reduce the growth of population, and to overcome the negative consequences, as and when they take place.

7. To analyze inter-relationships: Research may be undertaken to analyze inter-relationships between variables, so as to derive casual explanations, which in turn would enable to have a better understanding of our society and the universe in which we live. Researchers often develop hypotheses and test them to analyze the casual relationship between variables.

8. To develop new tools and concepts: Research helps to develop new tools and concepts for a better study of an unknown phenomenon. For this purpose, exploratory research is undertaken to achieve new insights into such phenomenon.

9. To develop new principles and theories: A systematic research helps to develop new principles and theories. Such principles and theories can be useful to several organizations to managed and deal with people and things in a better way. The general laws or theories developed through research may enable us to make reliable predictions of events, which have not yet occurred.

10. To develop innovative ideas: Research may be undertaken to generate innovative ideas for the welfare of mankind. For instance, research may enable an organization to develop innovative ideas in respect of: New and improved products. Improved organization structure. Better technology. New sources of raw materials, etc

DISCUSS THE TYPES OF RESEARCH.The research activity can be classified into different categories. Some of the main types of research are as follows:1. Basic research: Basic research is also called as pure or fundamental research. It is undertaken to develop a theory or a body of knowledge. The main goal of basic research is to expand mans knowledge. In basic research, there is no common angle. For instance, basic research can be undertaken to study the origin of the universe. Basic research lays down the foundation for the applied science that follows. In basic research there is no commercial angle. There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that result from basic research. In almost all countries, pure research is mainly carried out by universities and institutes financed by the government. Basic research advances fundamental knowledge about the world. It focuses on refusing or supporting theories that explained observed phenomenon. Pure research is the source of most new scientific ideas and ways of thinking about the world. It can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory; however explanatory research is the most common.

2. Applied research: Applied research is a scientific study designed to solve practical problems, rather than merely acquiring knowledge. Applied research is used to find solutions to everyday problem, and develop innovative technologies. For instance, a social research scholar may undertake research to find out job satisfaction of college teachers affiliated to University of Mumbai. The research findings can be applied by colleges of the university to improve the level of the satisfaction of the teachers. Also, a research can be undertaken to study the job satisfaction of nurses in Government hospitals vis--vis private hospitals in the city of Mumbai. The applied research can be undertaken by business organizations as well. For instance, business organizations may undertake applied research to find out the causes of poor sales of a particular brand in the market.

3. Descriptive research: Descriptive research or statistical research provides data about the population or universe being studied. But it can only describe the who, what, when, where and how of a situation. It does not describe what caused a particular situation. Therefore, descriptive research is used when the objective is to provide a systematic description research is used when the as possible. One of its major limitations is that it cannot help determine what causes a specific behavior, motivation or occurrence. It cannot establish a cause-effect relationship between variables. Another example of descriptive research is in respect of the study to understand the general pattern of buying behavior of consumers during a particular season or in general throughout the year the quantity of purchases, the frequency of purchases, the types of purchases, and so on. This research will not provide answers as to why the customers buy certain quantity or quality or the reasons for low / high frequency of purchases, and so on.

4. Analytical research: Analytical research is undertaken to collect facts or data, or the facts or data may be readily available. The researcher attempts to critically evaluate such facts and data so as to at conclusions. This type of research may establish the cause and effect relationship. The researcher may provide necessary recommendations to improve or solve the problem or to handle certain situation or event. A research may be conducted to find out the relationships between advertising and sales. The marketer sold the product in two periods. The analytical research helps to understand the cause-effect relationship between variables. It also helps to focus on those variables that have grater positive effect, and to eliminate certain variables that have negative effect on the situation. The analytical research helps to understand the cause-effect relationship between variables5. Empirical research: Empirical research can be defined as research based on experimentation or observation. Empirical research is a wayof gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experiment. Such research conducted to test hypotheses. The word empirical means information gained by experience, observation, or experiment. The central theme in science method is that all evidence must be empirical which means is based on evidence. In scientific method the word empirical refers to the use of working hypothesis that can be tested using observation and experiment. Empirical evidence can be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively. Through quantifying the evidence, the researcher can answer empirical questions, which should be clearly defined and answerable with the evidence collected. Research design varies by field and by the question being investigated. Many researchers combine qualitative and quantitative form analyze to better answer questions which cannot be studied in laboratory settings, particularly in the social sciences.

6. Qualitative research: Qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in many disciplines, especially in the social sciences. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, mot just what, where, and when. Hence smaller but focused samples are more often used than large samples. For instance, a research undertaken to find out the reasons to why employees remain absent from work or why people behave in certain manner. The motivational research is an important type of qualitative research. Qualitative research is especially important in the behavioral sciences where the main aim is to find out the underlying motives of human behavior.

7. Quantitative research: Quantitative research is Explaining phenomena by collection of numerical data that are using analyzed using mathematically based methods. The objective of quantitative research is to be developed and employ mathematical methods, theories and / or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationship. The researcher asks a specific, narrow question and collects a sample of numerical data from the respondents. The researcher analyzes the data with the help of statistics. The objective of quantitative research is to be developed and employ mathematical methods, theories and / or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.

DESCRIBE THE ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH.There are certain issues that affect the effectiveness of research. The issues are relating to objectivity of data collection, ethical issues, and so on. The issues create problems for the researcher to collect, correct, accurate and reliable data. The problem in research are as follows:1. Problem of accuracy: Social sciences deal with human beings their behavior and social life. The human behavior cannot be predicted with accuracy. This is because; human behavior is subject to change depending upon the situation, the nature of the person, and other factors. Therefore, scientific method in social science cannot predict with accuracy the behavior of human being.

2. Problem of uniformity: Human behavior is not uniform. Different persons behave differently under certain situations. In other words, all people do not behave in the same manner in similar situations. Also one may behave differently in similar situations at different times. Therefore, scientific method in social sciences has a problem of generating uniformity in the behavior of different human beings under similar situations.

3. Problem of bias: The scientific method in social sciences is affected by a problem of bias on the part of the researcher. Some research may be biased in using the scientific method. They may draw conclusions subjectively depending upon their likes, dislikes, feelings and emotions. In other words, there is a problem of objectivity in using the scientific method in social sciences compared to physical sciences.

4. Problem of sampling: In social sciences, the researcher uses a particular sample of respondents to understand the behavior of human beings to a given situation. However, there are problems in sampling. In other words, the selected sample of respondents may not represent the universe, and as such, even if the study conducted with the use of scientific method, may not bring objective results.

5. Problem of respondents: In social sciences, scientific method may not provide objective responses from the respondents. Some respondents may deliberately give wrong responses so as to please the researcher or to get away with the interviews as quickly as possible. Even in the case of observation, the respondents may be conscious of being observed, and therefore, they may behave differently than otherwise.

6. Problem of verification: The physical phenomena may be known directly through senses, but the social phenomena are known only symbolically through words representing such social phenomena, i.e., culture, customs, tradition, values, and other subjective aspects of social life. Therefore, it is difficult to verify the conclusions drawn from social science research.

7. Problem of laboratory experiments: In most physical sciences, it is possible to undertake controlled laboratory experiments. However, it is difficult to perform controlled laboratory experiments in the case of social science research, although to a limited extent laboratory experiments are possible in social sciences as well. As social sciences develop, a number of human problems may be hopefully being brought within the reach of laboratory experiments.

8. Problem of segregating cause-effect relationship: In social sciences it is difficult to segregate the cause-effect relationship. In other words, it does not make sense to know which the cause is, and which the effect is. For instance, the question of Is poverty the cause of low skills? or Are low skills the cause of poverty?

9. Issue relating to practical significance: At times, the research may be undertaken for name sake or just for the purpose of recognition. For instance, academic research may be undertaken to get M. Phil or PhD degrees. A number of research programmers undertaken by academicians in India and hardly serves any practical significance.

10. Ethical issues relating to research process: There are various ethical issues in research. Some of the ethical research issues in research are connected with the research process. The ethical issues relating to the research process are concerned with research design, sample size, data collection, data processing, data analysis and interpretation, and so on. However, the ethical issues relating to research process can be avoided by systematic planning for research and by the following ethical norms conducting the research.

11. Issues relating to plagiarism: There are also issues relating plagiarism is the copying the published work of another person as ones own without proper permission and acknowledgement without proper permission and acknowledgement .Plagiarism does not refer to words alone it can also refer to copying images, graphs, tables, and ideas. Presentation is the limited to written work. It also includes oral presentation of computer assignments and artistic works. If you translate the work of another person into French or English and do not cite the source, this also the plagiarism. If you translate the work of another person into French or English and do not cite the source, this also the plagiarism. If you cite your own work without the correct citation, therefore, one should not copy, paraphrase or translate anything from elsewhere without stating the source of the original text.

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY? EXPLAIN ITS NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS

1. Methodology is the systematic analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge. Merriam Webster Dictionary provides two definitions on research methodology as follows: The analysis of the principles of methods, rules and postulates employed by a discipline. The systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline.

NATURE OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Systematic process: Research methodology is a systematic process of analyzing and selecting the best method to conduct research. The research methodology process consists of the following main stages:1. Identification of research problem1. Formulation of research design1. Collection of data1. Processing of data

1. Purpose of research methodology: The main purpose of research methodology is to select the best method to conduct the research. After selecting the research methodology, the research proceeds to collect the data, analysis it, and draws conclusions and recommendations.

1. Reliance on empirical evidence: research methodology involves a systematic process to find a solution to the research problem. The solution to a problem is found not on the basis of intituion or imagination. The research methodology involves collection of data through survey, observation or experimentation. The conclusions are based on empirical evidence and not on imagination or on ones own blind belief.

1. Commitment to objectivity: Research methodology is objective in nature because it makes use of scientific methods to collect and analyses data. Objectivity involves forming a judgment based on accurate facts. The researcher examines the facts in a scientific manner.

1. Verifiability: Research methodology ensures that the conclusions drawn by the researcher are verifiable. With the help of research methodology, the researcher is in a position to justify the conclusion. When others verify the researchers conclusions under the same conditions, then they are accepted as correct. Therefore, the researcher must expose or even invalidate them.

1. Ethical neutrality: Research methodology is based on ethical neutrality. It aims at making correct statements about facts. The researcher should not be biased and distort the facts. Distortion of the facts will not help the researcher to solve the researcher problem. Distortion of facts may even aggravate the research problem especially in the case of commercial research.

1. Development of principles and theories: Systematic research methodology helps to develop new principles and theories. The principles and theories can have universal application. This means, the research findings can be used by several applications. The general theories developed through research also enable the researchers to make reliable predictions of events, which have not yet occurred.

1. Multipurpose activity: Research methodology is the multipurpose activity. It helps to discover new facts or verify old facts. It helps not only to predict future events, but it also helps to control such events. It establishes causal relationship between two or more variables.

1. Use of induction and deduction methods: Research methodology makes use of induction and deduction methods to arrive at logical conclusions.1. Induction method follows the logical reasoning process. It is a process of reasoning whereby, the researcher arrives at universal generalization from particular facts. This method studying several individual cases and then drawing generalized conclusions.1. Deduction method is a reasoning process of applying generally accepted principles to a specific individual case. It establishes a logical relationship between major premise and a minor premise and thereby arrives at a conclusion.

1. Limitation or constraints: The effectiveness of research methodology in social sciences is affected due to certain constraints. Some of the constraints are:1. Social sciences deals with human beings their behavior and social life. The human behavior cannot be predicted with accuracy.1. The research methodology in social sciences is affected by the problem of bias of researcher and the respondents. Some researcher may draw biased conclusions depending upon their likes, dislikes, feelings and emotions. The respondents may also give biased responses. DESCRIBE THE STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROCESSScientific research is a systematic process undertaken to study the research problem and to arrive at conclusions. The scientific research process consists of a sequence of steps that have to be followed while undertaking a research project:1. Identifying and selection of research problem: Identification or formulation of research problem is the first and most important step of research process. The problem formulation is like an identification of a destination before undertaking journey. It is often said that a well-defined problem is half solved. Before formulating the research problem, the research must always think what the problem is, why it is a problem, and for whom the problem is. Precise definition of the problem would help the researcher to collect the relevant data for solving the research problem. 1. Researchable The problem can be investigated through the collection and analyze of data.1. Interesting The problem keeps the researcher involved in it throughout the research process.

1. Review of literature: The researcher should undertake extensive literature survey relating to the problem. He may consider various publications, such as journals, books, research reports, and other published matter. Particularly, the researcher should go through the similar research studies that were conducted previously.

1. Formulation of hypothesis: The researcher should formulate the hypothesis. The hypothesis is a tentative assumptions made to test its logical or empirical consequences. The hypothesis should be formulated on the basis of insight and knowledge about the problem. The hypothesis may prove to be either wrong or right.1. Product price is too high, and / or1. Middlemen are not getting adequate margin, and / or1. The problem is becoming obsolete.1. Research design: The researcher must prepare a research design. It is a logical and systematic plan prepared for conducting a research study. It can be called as a blue print for collection, measurement and analysis of data. The research design provides guidelines to researcher regarding the time period within which research is to be conducted, the type of data to be collected, the area and the respondents from which the data is to be collected, the techniques of data collection and data analysis , and so on.1. A clear statement of the research problem.1. The sources of data collection.1. The time period of research study.1. The area or place where research is to be conducted.

1. Designing the questionnaire : If the researcher cannot solve the problem with the help of secondary data, observation and experimentation, then he should make efforts to collect the primary data from the field for which he requires a questionnaire. While designing questionnaire, the following points must be kept in mind:1. What types of information is required?1. What type of technique will be used for conducting research, i.e., whether telephone interview, person interview or mail?1. There should be proper wording and proper sequence of questions.

1. Sampling design: Generally, it is not possible to collect data from member of the universe or population under study due to limitation time, effort, and money. Therefore, the researcher needs to select a sample of respondents that represents the universe. Sampling design is a plan to select the appropriate sample to collect the right data so as to achieve the research objectives. A sample represents those individual chosen from the population of interest as subjects in an experiment to be respondents to a survey.1. The sample must be representative of the universe.1. The sample must be decided depending on the research objectives.1. The sample size must be economical or cost-effective.1. Collection of data: Problem solving is essentially a process for collecting information. The data can be collected from various sources primary and secondary. While collecting data care should be taken of:1. Information is up-to-date and free from bias.1. It is objective and relevant to the needs of problem.1. It is complete in all respects.

1. Processing of data: The collected data is mostly available in a raw form and therefore, it needs to be processed. Processing of data involves:1. Editing: It helps to weed out unwanted and irrelevant data. It also helps to check errors and omission in data collection.1. Coding: It involves assigning codes to the categories or responses. It is required especially when the sample size is large and when there is large number of responses.1. Classification: It refers to grouping of data under different categories or classes such as age, gender, education, area, etc. It facilitates tabulation of data.

1. Data analysis: Organization of data is generally followed by its analysis and interpretation. The purpose of analyzing data is to establish a relation between the information and problem. Analysis reviews the data in the light of hypothesis or research problem. Interpretation refers to analysis and generalization of results. It enables to clear the meaning and implication of study. It enables to link findings with research problem and arrive at logical conclusions.

1. Hypothesis testing: After analysis and interpretation of data, the researcher must be in a position to test the hypothesis. The researcher should find out whether or not the research findings support the hypothesis or prove to be contrary. Various tests such as Chi-square test, F-test, etc., have been developed for such testing. The testing of hypothesis will result in either accepting it or rejecting it.

1. Preparation of research report: The research findings and conclusions are presented with the help of research report. The research report is divided into three parts:1. Preliminary contents which include title of the report, letter of authorization, letter of transmittal and tables of contents.1. Main body which includes introduction, methodology, findings, limitations if any, conclusions and recommendations.1. Concluding part Which includes appendix and bibliography.

1. Follow-up of part: The researcher should submit the report to concerned authorities. For instance, a doctorate thesis is to be submitted to guide for approval and then to the concerned university. A business research report is to be submitted to the concerned management of business organization. The researcher should find out his report is accepted. If accepted, whether his recommendations are accepted and implemented. If implemented, whether the recommendations are successful in solving the problem.

DISCUSS THE STEPS IN FORMULATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEMThe research problem should be clearly defined. In order to do so, the researcher must follow a systematic process. The technique for this purpose involves a series of steps in defining and formulating the research problem:

1. Statement of the problem: The researcher should state the problem in a general way, keeping in view the objective of studying the problem. For this purpose, the researcher should get him thoroughly involved into the problem. There should be systematic involvement in the subject matter through first-hand observation. The researcher should get him deeply involved in the subject matter area within which he wants to formulate the problem. For example, if the researcher wants to conduct a study to know the problems of slum dwellers in a particular city, then it would be better if he visits the relevant slum area where he wants to conduct the study.

1. Understanding the nature of the problem: The researcher should try to understand the origin and nature of the problem clearly. This is especially required in the case of business or organizational research. For this purpose, the researcher may discuss the problem with those who raised the issue of the problem. For instance, if the problem is raised by an organization relating to declining productivity, then the researcher should have a preliminary discussion with the management of the organization concerned.

1. Surveying the relevant literature: In order to formulate a problem, the researcher must be well equipped to experience some challenge or difficulty. For this purpose, the researcher should undertake a through reading of the available literature, which would make him familiar with the relevant theories, reports, record, etc. From review of literature would come to know if there are certain gaps in the theories, and if so, then he would try to fill up such gaps through his research work. 1. Discussions with experienced persons: The researcher needs to hold discussions with experienced persons in the field of study. In case of academic research activity, the researcher may have to consult the guide before finalizing the research problem. The experienced persons would enlighten the researcher on different aspects of the research work. They would guide him as to how to proceed with the research work, with reference to questionnaire, selection to field staff, selection of sample of respondents, etc. They may also suggest to the researcher for further review of relevant literature, if so required.

1. Repurchasing the research problem: The researcher may repurchase the problem into a working proposition. By repurchasing the research problem, the researcher expresses it in specific terms, and develops it into a working hypothesis. The hypothesis is a tentative solution or proposition to investigative question. The task of the researcher is to test and establish such hypothesis. The hypothesis describes the properties of variables or shows the relationships between them. The hypothesis determines what facts will be sought and what research procedure will be used.

1. Operational definition of concepts: The researcher should clearly define the technical terms and words or phrases with special meanings used in the statement of the problem. The basic assumptions relating to the research problem must be clearly stated.

1. Delimiting the scope of the study: The scope of the investigation or the limits within which the problem is to be studied must be mentioned clearly in defining the research problem. The researcher should take a close view of the implications and the dimensions of the selected problem, and the keep the scope of his study within manageable limits, i.e., within the ability of the mind to grasp the implications and within the amount of time and other resources available. The main aim of delimitation is to avoid confusion and promote clarification and to ensure successful completion of the research study within the time limits and available resources. The various aspects that may be delimited are:1. The objectives of the study, i.e., the number and extent of questions to be studied.1. The geographical area to be covered under the study.1. The time period of the study.1. The sample of respondents.

WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS? EXPLIAN ITS IMPORTANCEThe formulation of hypothesis is an important step in the formulation of research problem. The hypothesis is a tentative proposition formulated to determine its validity. The hypothesis may prove to be correct or incorrect. In any event, it leads to an empirical test. Whatever the outcome, the hypothesis is a question put in such a way that an answer of some kind can be forthcoming. It is an example of the organized skepticism of science, the refusal to accept any statement without empirical verification. Websters Dictionary defines hypothesis as an unproved theory, proposition, supposition, etc., tentatively accepted to explain certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigation, argument, etc.IMPORTANCE OF HYPOTHESIS:Hypothesis plays an important role in the research process. It guides the research activity in the proper direction. In all analytical and experimental studies, hypothesis should be framed in order to give a proper direction to the research activity.

1. Provides definite focus: A hypothesis provides a definite focus on the research problem. R.E. Chaddock states, A hypothesis gives point to the inquiry and if founded on sufficient previous knowledge, guides the lines of investigation. Cohen and Nagel statement that We cannot take a single step forward in any inquiry without a hypothesis, may well be an accurate statement of the value of hypothesis in scientific investigation.

1. Specifies sources of data: A hypothesis specifies the sources of data. Therefore, the researcher would consider only the relevant sources of data, which in turn would speed up the research activity.

1. Determines data needs: R.E.Chaddock states, that without hypothesis much useless data may be collected in the hope that nothing essential will be omitted or important data may be omitted which could have been easily included if the purpose of inquiry had been more clearly defined.

1. Suggests the type of research: The hypothesis suggests which type of research is likely to be most appropriate in solving the research problem.

1. Technique of analysis: The hypothesis indicates the most appropriate technique analysis of data, which in turn helps the researcher to draw proper conclusions from the research findings.

1. Development of theory: Hypothesis contributes to the development of theory. It make an attempt to link theory and investigation. A hypothesis can be deducted from theory. When it is tested with the help of research studies, and if found valid, it forms part of theory.

DISCUSS THE TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

1. Hypothesis are classified in several ways. Some of the important classification of hypothesis are as follows:

1. On the basis of level of abstraction: Goode and Hat have identified three broad levels of abstraction typified by hypothesis:

1. Common sense hypothesis: At the lower level of abstraction, are some hypotheses that state the existence of empirical uniformities. These hypotheses frequently though not always, represent the scientific examination, common sense propositions. For instance, Well paid employees are more motivated than less paid employees.

1. Complex hypotheses: At a relatively higher level of abstraction are some hypotheses that are concerned with ideal complex types. These hypotheses aim at testing the existence of logically derived relationships between empirical uniformities. For example human ecology early describes a large number of empirical uniformities. Land values, industrial concentrations; types of businesses, mental disorders, and many other phenomena appeared to show unquestionable uniformities in distribution. Further study and logical analysis of these and other related findings led to the formulation of various hypotheses concerning the way in which these were related.

1. Analytical hypotheses: At the highest level of abstraction are some hypotheses that are concerned with the relation of analytic variables. These hypotheses occur at a level of abstraction beyond that of ideal types. Whereas the hypotheses of empirical uniformities lead to the observation of simple difference, and those dealing with ideal types lead to specific coincidences of observations, the study of analytic variables requires the formulation of relationship between changes in one property and changes in another. 1. On the basis of functions: There can be two types of hypotheses on the basis of functions:

1. Descriptive hypotheses: These hypotheses describe the characteristics such as rate, size, form, or distribution of a variable. The variable may be an individual, organization, institution, situation, event or an object. For example, The rate of poverty is more in rural areas of India as compared to that of urban areas. The quality of education is privately managed schools is far better than that of government schools.

1. Relational hypotheses: These hypotheses describe the relationship between two variables. The relationship may be positive or negative correlation or causal relationship. For example: Educated people spend more on clothing as compared to uneducated people. Literate couples have fewer children as compared to illiterate couples.

1. Casual hypotheses: These hypotheses state that the existence of, or a change in, one variable leads to an effect on another variable. The first variable is called the independent variable, and the second one is called the dependent variable. For example Increase in the female literacy results in lower birth-rate.

1. On the basis of nature of hypotheses: The hypotheses can also be classified as:

1. Working hypotheses: The working hypotheses provide the basis for further investigation. While planning a research study, hypotheses are formed, which may not be very specific initially. They are subject to subject to modification as the investigation proceeds.

1. Null hypotheses: These are hypothetical statement denying what is explicitly indicated in working hypotheses. For example, even though there is a relationship between literacy and population growth, a null hypothesis may state There is no relationship between literacy and population growth. The null hypotheses are formulated for testing statistical significance.

1. Statistical hypotheses: These hypotheses are statement relating to statistical population. These are derived from sample. These are quantitatively measurable. For example, Community A is more literate than Community B.

DESCRIBE THE SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS1. Hypothesis can be developed from a number of sources. Some of the important sources are as follows:

1. Intuition: A person may get ideas to develop hypothesis due to ones own intuition. Ideas can strike like a flash. It is often said that reflective mind is the spring of knowledge. The story of laws of gravitation propounded by Newton at the sight of falling apple is the intuition.

1. Research studies: Research on one problem can help to develop hypothesis to solve another problem. Also, the research studies conducted earlier can be a source of problems, as the researcher can develop hypothesis based on the earlier research studies.

1. Consultations: The researcher can hold discussions with experts to develop hypothesis. For instance, in academic research, the research student can take the help of a guide to develop the hypothesis, which a can be subsequently tested through research findings.

1. Theory: A hypothesis can be developed from a body of theory, which may lead by way of logical deduction, to the prediction that if certain conditions are present, certain results will follow. A theory represents what is known. Logical deductions from the theory lead to new hypothesis. The hypothesis must be valid, if the theory holds true. For instance, the theory of human relations in management states the effective human relations help to improve productivity. On the basis of this theory, a hypothesis can be developed that Effective management labour relations facilitates higher productivity.

1. Observation: Hypothesis can be developed through observation. For instance, one can observe general pattern of buying behavior in the market and develop a hypothesis such as Educated customers prefer branded items than illiterate customers. The history of science is full of instances of discoveries made just because the right person happened to make the right observation due to characteristic life history and exposure to the world of events.

1. Analogies: Analogies facilitate the development of hypothesis. In the study of sociology, one comes across analogies wherein the society is compared to a biological organism, the natural law to the social law which facilitates the development of hypothesis.

1. Culture: Culture provides the basis for developing hypotheses. Culture involves knowledge, beliefs, morals, laws and customers, traditions, etc. The cultural norms and values are passed from one generation to another through institution like family, educational institution, religion, etc. Western cultures are affecting the Indian society, especially in urban areas. The younger generation is more influenced by western culture in urban areas, and therefore a hypothesis can be developed as Urban youth in India is more influenced by western culture as compared to rural youth in India.

1. Continuity of research: The continuity of research in a particular field can facilitate the development of hypothesis. As the research progresses, the researcher may reject some of the hypotheses, which may lead to formulation of new one capable of explaining dependent variables in subsequent researches on the same subject.

BIBLIOGRAPHY & WEBLIOGRAPHY

Research methodology (C R Kothari) Wikipedia www.jkgroup.co.in Google

COMPANY REPORT OF J.K. TYREPage 24