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Digital Preservation across the technologies, strategies, open standards & interoperability aspects including the legal issues
Pratik Shrivastava
Scientist ‘F’
National Informatics Centre New Delhi
Preservation Issues
Technological Issues Organisational Issues Legal Issue
Technological Issues
Digital Media
Digital Material are vulnerable to loss and destruction because they are stored on fragile magnetic and optical media
It can fail due to heat, humidity and contaminant or faulty reading device
Solution
Store in a stable and controlled environment
Regular refreshment cycle Making Preservation Copies Appropriate Handling Procedure Transferring to ‘standard’ storage media
Change of Technology
Frequent investment to overcome rapid obsolescence
Digital Material is machine dependent it needs appropriate hardware and associated software for access.
Change of Technology - Solution
Should use standard media and file formats
Providing detailed documentation to determine context and management.
Authenticity and Context
Established procedures for retaining qualities of integrity, authenticity and reliability.
Data integrity mechanism MD5 signatures at the time of ingest Audit trails for all action
Overlaps with legal and organisational issues.
Scale
Computer Storage is increasing while its cost is decreasing
Scalable architecture still a challenge in repositories to handle quantity of data generated from the web etc.
Technical, managerial challenges in accessioning, managing and providing access
Stretegies
Three approaches Technology Preservation Strategy
Preserve original software (and possible hardware) used to create digital material
Technology Emulation Strategy Program future powerful computer system to
emulate older obsolete operating system and platform.
Strategies
Information Migration Strategy Digital information is re-encoded in new
format before old format becomes obsolete.
Research for Strategies
Potential drawbacks to the current three strategies should be studied as research topic.
New strategies to be worked out and tested. This should be a continuous process keeping
in view that the technology will continue to evolve
Organisational Issues
Costs
Should be integral part of organisation expenses. Digital Life Cycle should determine the cost.
Organisational Issues
Relates to integration of management of digital material into their organisation structure
Need to go beyond the confines of organisations and even countries to take the benefit of technology, find cost effective solution and address copyright issues
Employing and developing staff of adequate skill in the wake of technological changes. Limited by overall resource available within the organisation.
Approach for a Cost Model
Experience within the institution. Collaboration with others confronting the
same chanllenges Development of shared tools and services Develop suitable cost models as a
research project to drive down costs.
Organisational Structure
Need to redefine responsibilities Need to redefine roles
It may cross boundaries to draw full range of skill and expertise required for digital preservation.
Many activities converge Acquistion and preservation decision should
be made at the same time.
Roles
Who should be responsible for long term digital preservation ? In house Contractual agreement
Selection
Enormous quantities of information produced digitally requires selection
Which version(s) to be preserved. Level of redundancy (multiple copies in
different repositories) May need collaboration between oranisations. Potential cost of duplication
Legal Issues
IPR and Preservation
IPR issues in digital preservation are more complex than for traditional media.
Attention to be given to not only content but to associated software. All three strategies refreshing, emulating and migrating can infringe IPR unless exemptions exists or permissions obtained from right holders.
It may involve manipulation, changing presentation and functionality.
IPR and Electronic Material
Traditional Material have legal and organisational frameworks for preservation.
This is not true for electronic material. Necessary permissions must be obtained
from copyright holder
Legal Deposit
The position of legal deposit of electronic publication is different from print publication.
A national digital library may be set up to promote voluntary deposit unless legal deposit act comes up.
Retention Period
Digital Material may have different retention period requirement.
Public Records Act will apply to government records including electronic record.
Preservation policy (long term/Short Term) influenced by Retention Period
Access and Security
Controlled Access and infringement of copyright.
Technology to control access can prevent preservation actions.
Business Model and Licensing
Dissemination of electronic material also impact IPR and preservation.
Subscriber of e-journal are concerned with archiving and perpetual access to back issues.
Stakeholder , Contracts
Archiving organisation may obtain permissions from the authors, publisher for preservation through Contract, license and grant condition
Investment by Repository
Holders invest resources to generate revised documentation and metadata and new forms of the material. Additional IPR on new investment to be
addressed Withdrawal fees to compensate for these
investment may be built in to deposit agreement
Web Archiving
Web Archive preserves web expressions of individuals, organisations, group, press etc. Whole Domain –
Sweedish Cultural Heritage Cubbed Selective
PANDORA project of Australia Thematic
LoC’ Minerva Project Deposit Mixed