Digital Divide - Tremendous Challenge for Globalization 20 Years after Maitland Report Jaroslaw K. Ponder Strategy and Policy Unit International Telecommunication

Digital Divide - Tremendous Digital Divide - Tremendous

Challenge for GlobalizationChallenge for Globalization20 Years after Maitland Report20 Years after Maitland Report

Jaroslaw K. PonderJaroslaw K. PonderStrategy and Policy Unit

International Telecommunication Union

Presentation prepared for lecture at CBKE - The Research Centre for Legal and

Economic Issues of Electronic Communication6 March 2006, Wroclaw, Poland

Note: The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the ITU. Jaroslaw K. Ponder can be contacted at [email protected]

6 March 2006 [email protected] 2

Agenda Agenda

• Globalization and the ICTs • Origins of Digital Divide • Need for Global Action • The World Summit on the

Information Society • Implications for Central and

Eastern European Countries


Globalization and the ICTsGlobalization and the ICTs

We all build the global knowledge-We all build the global knowledge-based information society!based information society!


Globalization and the ICTs Globalization and the ICTs

• Globalization, internationalization… Economic phenomenonEconomic phenomenon, involving the

increasing interaction, or integration, of national economic systems through the growth in international trade, investment and capital flows.

Rapid increase in cross-border social, cross-border social, cultural and technological exchange cultural and technological exchange as part of the phenomenon of globalisation

• Meaning of ICTs for globalization… Meaning of the information Speed of dissemination Network externalities


Globalization and the ICTs Globalization and the ICTs

• Missing link (1985) The Independent Commission for Worldwide

Telecommunications Development published "The Maitland Report" that

Underlined the meaning of the communication technologies for the socio-economic development

Emphasized the fact that the digital divide is growing

Pledges for action

• ITU World Development Reports (1995)• WSIS Follow-up (2005)

Fixed Telecommunication Fixed Telecommunication


Fixed Telecommunications Fixed Telecommunications Per 100 Inhabitants - Per 100 Inhabitants - 19841984

Less than 3.0 3.0 – 12.1 12.1 – 23.1 23.1 – 43.1 43.2 – more No data

Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database










Progress in Teledensity Progress in Teledensity in 1992 and 2002in 1992 and 2002


Mobile TelecommunicationsMobile Telecommunications


Mobile Telecommunications Mobile Telecommunications Per 100 Inhabitants - Per 100 Inhabitants - 19841984
























Fixed and mobile Fixed and mobile telecommunications telecommunications


Internet UsersInternet Users


Internet Users Internet Users Per 100 Inhabitants - Per 100 Inhabitants - 19941994
















PCs and InternetPCs and Internet



Does Digital Divide Exists? Does Digital Divide Exists?



Need for Global ActionNeed for Global Action



Ongoing changes in the Ongoing changes in the Telecommunication sectorTelecommunication sector

• Regulatory reform Ex-monopolists: Restructurization,

Privatization Markets: Liberalization, Demonopolization,

Competition Institutional framework: Policy, Strategy,

Regulation, Regulatory Harmonization Internationalization: Mergers, Acquisitions

• Since early 90s high innovation dynamics Enhanced R&D spending Increased number of patents Growing spending on ICTs Not e

verywhere!!!


ICT sector innovation dynamicsICT sector innovation dynamics

• Fast growth of Internet users • Expansion of mobile

telecommunications • Digitalization and IP migration in

telecommunication sector• Changed requirements for the ICT

infrastructure Multimedia Generalized mobility Convergence Integrity Multi-layer orientation Open character

• Future regulatory environment…


Global Initiative: WSISGlobal Initiative: WSIS

• World Summit on the Information Society Proposed by Tunisia at

ITU Plenipotentiary Conference, 1998

Endorsed as UN Summit in 2001 (UNGA Res 56/183)

• Unique Summit First Summit in two

Phases True Multi-Stakeholder

Process Numerous Parallel

Events

• Outcome Documents Geneva Declaration of

Principles Geneva Plan of Action Tunis Commitment Tunis Agenda for the

Information Society

www.wsis.org


Two PhasesTwo Phases

• Tunis November 2005 Summit of SolutionsSummit of Solutions 19’401 participantsparticipants, of

which 47 Heads of State/Govt

6’241 6’241 representatives of from 606 civil civil societysociety orgs

4’816 business4’816 business representatives from 226 organizations

92 international 92 international organizationsorganizations

979 media representatives from 642 organizations

307 Parallel events from 264 organisers

www.wsis.org

• GenevaGenevaDecember 2003December 2003 Agenda Setting SummitAgenda Setting Summit 11’000 participants11’000 participants, of

which 41 Heads of State/Govt

3’3103’310 representatives of from 481 civil societycivil society orgs

514 business 514 business representatives from 98 organizations

87 international 87 international organizationsorganizations

1’486 media representatives from 631 organizations

More than 300 Parallel events

6 March 2006 [email protected] 31www.wsis.org

WSIS Outcome WSIS Outcome

•Geneva Declaration & Tunis Commitment

Shared vision and principles of overcoming the Digital Divide and achieving MDGs

Affirmed a unified approach to Cyber-security

Reiterated Stakeholders Commitment to freedom of expression online

Enabling environment (good governance, transparency and pro-competitive policy)

Encouraged development of localized content and multilingualism

•Geneva Plan of Action & Tunis Agenda Build an inclusive,

development oriented Information Society

Set 11 Action Lines Target of 2015 Set, benchmarks and

evaluation processes Financial Mechanisms Internet Governance Implementation and

Follow-up


Financial Financial MechanismsMechanisms

www.wsis.org

• Financial Mechanisms for meeting the Challenges of ICT for Development

Voluntary Digital Solidarity FundDigital Solidarity Fund Adaptation, improvements & innovations

in existing mechanismsexisting mechanisms to assist ICT for development

IXPs and InterconnectionInterconnection issues Development of domestic financial domestic financial

instrumentsinstruments local microfinance instruments, ICT business

incubators, public credit instruments, reverse auction mechanisms, networking initiatives based on local communities, digital solidarity

Mitigation of investment risksinvestment risks and transaction coststransaction costs

Dept reliefDept relief


Internet Internet Governance Governance

• Working definitiondefinition of Internet Governance

• Creation of open, inclusive Internet Internet Governance ForumGovernance Forum

• Recognized the need for enhanced cooperationcooperation

• Nation’s Sovereignty regarding ccTLDsccTLDs addressed

• Recognized need for global approach on cyber-securitycyber-security and SPAMSPAM issues

• More focus on e-businesse-business and e-governmente-government

• Support for alternative software software solutionssolutions

www.wsis.org


Implementation Implementation Follow-upFollow-up

• Implementation process Implementation process National, regional and internationalNational, regional and international

• Multi-stakeholder Multi-stakeholder character• Role of the partnerships partnerships• Information Society in numbers Information Society in numbers

Partnership on Measuring ICT for DevelopmentPartnership on Measuring ICT for Development ICT Opportunity Index ICT Opportunity Index Digital Opportunity IndexDigital Opportunity Index

• The Golden Book New commitments and initiatives

• WSIS Stocktaking WSIS Stocktaking WSIS-related implementation activities and projects

• Connect the WorldConnect the World

www.wsis.org



www.wsis.org

• Para 90. We reaffirm our commitment to providing equitable access to information and knowledge for all, recognising the role of ICTs for economic growth and development (…)

mainstreaming and aligning national e-strategies… developing and implementing enabling policies… building ICT capacity… implementing effective training and education… paying special attention to the formulation of universal design concepts and the use of

assistive technologies… promoting public policies aimed at providing affordable access at all levels… improving access to the world's health knowledge and telemedicine services … building ICT capacities … using ICTs to improve access to agricultural knowledge … developing and implementing e-government applications … supporting educational, scientific, and cultural institutions … enhancing the capacity of communities … strengthening the creation of quality e-content … promoting the use of traditional and new media … strongly encouraging ICT enterprises and entrepreneurs to develop and use

environment-friendly production processes … incorporating regulatory, self-regulatory, and other effective policies and frameworks to

protect children and young people … promoting the development of advanced research networks … promoting the use of ICTs to enhance flexible ways of working … …



www.wsis.org

National implementation

(Para 100)

Regional implementation

(Para 101)

International implementation

(Para 102)

Source: T. Kelly (2006)

102. At the international level, bearing in mind the importance of the enabling environment:

a) Implementation and follow-up of the outcomes of the Geneva and Tunis phases of the Summit should take into account the main themes and action lines in the Summit documents;

b) Each UN agency should act according to its mandate and competencies, and pursuant to decisions of their respective governing bodies, and within existing approved resources;

c) Implementation and follow-up should include intergovernmental and multi-stakeholder components.



www.wsis.org


(Para 100)


(Para 101)


(Para 102)

Source: T. Kelly (2006)

Follow-up and review(Paras 104, 105, 111)Follow-up and review(Paras 104, 105, 111)

Coordination amongUN agencies(Para 103)


Multi-stakeholderImplementation(Paras 108-110

+ Annex)


+ Annex)



www.wsis.org Source: T. Kelly (2006)


(Para 100)


(Para 100)


(Para 101)


(Para 101)


(Para 102)


(Para 102)





+ Annex)


+ Annex)

Periodic evaluation, using an agreed methodology (Paras 113-120)




www.wsis.org Source: T. Kelly (2006)


(Para 100)


(Para 100)


(Para 101)


(Para 101)


(Para 102)


(Para 102)





+ Annex)


+ Annex)



Focus on action line facilitation/

moderation


ImplementationImplementationFollow-upFollow-up

Action LineAction LinePossible Possible

moderators/facilitatorsmoderators/facilitators

С1. The role of public governance authorities and all stakeholders in the promotion of ICTs for development

ECOSOC/UN Regional Commissions/ITU

С2. Information and communication infrastructure ITU

C3. Access to information and knowledge ITU/UNESCO

C4. Capacity building UNDP/UNESCO/ITU/UNCTAD

C5. Building confidence and security in the use of ICTs ITU

C6. Enabling environment ITU/UNDP/UN REGIONAL COMMISSIONS/UNCTAD

C7. ICT Applications E-government E-business E-learning E-health E-employment E-environment E-agriculture E-science

UNDP/ITUWTO/UNCTAD/ITU/UPU

UNESCO/ITU/UNIDOWHO/ITUILO/ITU

WHO/WMO/UNEP/UN-Habitat/ITU/ICAOFAO/ITU

UNESCO/ITU/UNCTAD

C8. Cultural diversity and identity, linguistic diversity and local content UNESCO

C9. Media UNESCO

C10. Ethical dimensions of the Information Society UNESCO/ECOSOC

C11. International and regional cooperation UN REGIONAL COMMISSIONS/ UNDP/ITU/UNESCO/ECOSOC

Moderators/facilitators for the Action LinesModerators/facilitators for the Action Lines


Facilitation and Facilitation and ModerationModeration

www.wsis.org

• 24 February 2006 Moderators/Facilitators Consultation

Meeting

• 9 March 2006 Consultation on action line C2: Information

and Communication Infrastructure

• 15 May 2006 Consultation on action line C5: Building

Confidence and Security in the use of ICTs


Building Digital Building Digital Bridges Bridges

Digital Opportunity Index

1/3 1/3

1/3 www.wsis.org

DOIDOI

OpportunityOpportunity UtilizationUtilization

Infrastructure


Digital Opportunity Digital Opportunity IndexIndex

DOIDOI

percentage of population covered by mobile cellular telephony

percentage of population covered by mobile cellular telephony

internet users per 100 inhabitants

Proportion of households with fixed line telephone

mobile cellular tariffs as a percentage of per capita income

mobile cellular tariffs as a percentage of per capita income

internet access tariffs as a percentage of per capita income

internet access tariffs as a percentage of per capita income

ratio of broadband internet subscribers to

internet subscribers

ratio of broadband mobile subscribers to

mobile internet subscribers

mobile cellular subscribers per 100 inhabitants

proportion of households with Internet access at home

mobile internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants

proportion of households with a computer


Digital Opportunity Digital Opportunity IndexIndex

• Digital Opportunity Index Leaders: Korea, Hong

Kong and Japan CEE: High

opportunities but low utilization

• Mobile component and broadband


The Golden BookThe Golden Book

OriginsOriginsSwiss proposalSwiss proposal during PrepCom-2

for a “stakeholder commitments paper”, later endorsed by Intergovernmental Bureau of PrepCom.

ContentSample of commitmentscommitments and new initiativesand new initiatives

that has been anounced during the Tunis Phase of WSIS

On 31 January 2006 378 commitments > 3.2 Billions Euro


The Golden BookThe Golden Book

Amount of financial commitments by stakeholder

378 378 commitmentscommitments >> € € 3.2 3.2

billionbillion

www.itu.int/wsis/goldenbookwww.itu.int/wsis/goldenbook

6 March 2006 [email protected] 47www.itu.int/wsis/goldenbookwww.itu.int/wsis/goldenbook

China: 'Cun Cun Tong' Project Village Connected: The overall goal of this project is the

realization of universal access to telephone service in the nearly 70,000 villages having no telephone coverage.

Ethiopia: Rural Connectivity Project The government of Ethiopia has allocated a huge amount of

resources from the national budget. As a result of the RCP more than 60 million Ethiopians will have access to telephone, Internet and television services.

Pan African E-Network Project The network should connect all 53 countries of the African

Union to provide effective communication and connectivity among these countries.

Selected large commitments Selected large commitments GovernmentsGovernments


European Union: GEANT2 The European Union supports a broader policy to ensure the global reach of

research and education networks. It includes also the launching of concrete initiatives to support developing regions in the world, in particular the Mediterranean rim, Latin America and Asia via the projects EUMEDconnect, ALICE and TEIN2, respectively.

UN Industrial Development Organisation ICT support to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in developing countries

World Bank: Africa Regional Initiative Regional Communications Infrastructure Program in East and Southern

Africa is an investment and Technical Assistance (TA) project in support of the liberalization of telecommunication markets in Eastern and Southern African countries and the development of a modern fiber-optic backbone to connect these countries to each other and the rest of the world.

Selected large commitmentsSelected large commitmentsInternational and Regional OrganisationsInternational and Regional Organisations


CATEL: Rural Area Telecommunications Program Using state-of-the-art CDMA 3G technology, CATEL plans to expand its

network to rural areas in Azerbaijan, so that people across the Country can benefit from the access to ICT for development.

Microsoft: Telecentre.org Canada’s IDRC, Microsoft Corp and the Swiss SDC announced the

launch of telecentre.org, a CAN$21 million collaborative initiative that will strengthen the capacity of tens of thousands of community-based telecentres around the world.

Sentech: Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting in South Africa Digitisation of the Television Broadcasting infrastructure will enable our

systems to seamlessly carry broadcasting, data and voice content efficiently. Digital television broadcasting and, more specifically, digital terrestrial broadcasting, opens up many possibilities for providing universal access on a very broad basis.

Selected large commitments Selected large commitments Business Sector Entities Business Sector Entities


Village Phone Replication ManualGrameen Foundation USA GFUSA is working to spread the successful Village Phone model throughout

the developing world with the release of its Village Phone Replication Manual. The manual, which draws from the experiences of Village Phone in both Bangladesh and Uganda, provides a blueprint for bringing affordable, accessible telecommunications service to poor, rural areas through microfinance and for creating demand on infrastructure investment.

ICT for Poor MASTEL, Indonesia Increasing Internet and telecommunications access for people in rural

areas through telecenters, as well as keeping such telecenters self-sufficient.

Community CETEBI Telecenter Model Enlace Quiché, Guatemala This new model builds on the successful School CETEBI model that began in

2000 and has been implemented in over 30 schools in rural Guatemala.

Selected large commitments Selected large commitments Civil Society EntitiesCivil Society Entities


WSIS Stocktaking WSIS Stocktaking

• Ongoing processprocess • Collaborative databasedatabase• Online questionnairequestionnaire• More than 2’600 projects• Basis for future evaluationevaluation• ReportReport on Stocktaking

published at Tunis Summit

www.wsis.org www.itu.int/wsis/stocktakingwww.itu.int/wsis/stocktaking


WSIS Stocktaking WSIS Stocktaking

• Tunis Agenda, paragraph 120 “The sharing of information related to the

implementation of WSIS outcomes is an important element of evaluationelement of evaluation. We note with appreciation the report on the Stocktaking of WSIS-related activities, which will serve as one of the valuable tools for assisting with the follow-upassisting with the follow-up, beyond the conclusion of the Tunis Phase of the Summit, as well as the “Golden Book” of initiatives launched during the Tunis phase. We encourage all WSIS stakeholders to continue to contribute information on their activities to the public WSIS stocktaking WSIS stocktaking databasedatabase, maintained by ITU. In this regard, we invite all countries to gather information at the national level with the involvement of all stakeholders, to contribute to the stocktaking.”



WSIS Stocktaking:WSIS Stocktaking:Future Future


• Tracking progress progress made in building the Information Society

• Maintaining and improving the Internet-based Stocktaking DatabaseStocktaking Database

• Encouraging all WSIS stakeholders to submit and update descriptions of descriptions of projectsprojects

• Establishing the necessary links to moderators/facilitatorslinks to moderators/facilitators to share and exchange information efficiently


WSIS Stocktaking:WSIS Stocktaking:Future Future


• Raising awareness awareness of the content of the database among all WSIS stakeholders through greater information and publicity

• Developing analytical tools analytical tools and materials emphasizing countries’ experiences and best practices

• Regular publication Regular publication of future editions of the Stocktaking Report to present the efforts of all stakeholders in WSIS implementation


Connect the World Connect the World

Connect the World is a global multi-stakeholder effort established within the context of the WSIS to encourage new projects and partnerships to bridge the digital divide.

By showcasing development efforts now underway and by identifying areas where needs are the most pressing, Connect the World will create a critical mass that will generate the momentum needed to “connect the unconnected by 2015.”

Connecting the unconnected by 2015...

www.itu.int/partnerswww.itu.int/partners


Implications for Central and Implications for Central and Eastern European Countries Eastern European Countries



Implications for the CEECsImplications for the CEECs

• ICTs enable globalization process • Digital Divide exists everywhere; This is

not only the problem of poor countries• DD has particular meaning for transition

economies and developing economies• It may have significant impact on

integration process• Many CEE countries did significant

progress in development of IS• Much more work has to be done in the

future in order to connect the unconnected


Implications for CEECsImplications for CEECs

• Regional coordination/facilitation of development of information society is very important

• Global coordination will bring advantages, nevertheless this process needs involvement of all stakeholders

• Further development of the Information Society requires promotion of multi-stakeholder approach

• Multi-stakeholder partnerships are fundamental for sustainability of this on-going process


Thank you very much Thank you very much for your attention!for your attention!

Jaroslaw K. Ponder International Telecommunication UnionStrategy and Policy Unit E-mail: [email protected] http://www.itu.int/spu Tel: 00 41 22 730 60 65



ITU - International ITU - International Telecommunications UnionTelecommunications Union



ITU - International ITU - International Telecommunication UnionTelecommunication Union

• The oldest specialized UN agency with more than 140 years of experience in communication sector

• Headquarters in Geneva and Regional Offices

• ITU Staff: more than 750 from more than 80 countries

• 189 member states, more than 640 sector members

• ITU Agenda for Change• Structure of the ITU

ITU-T – Telecom Standardization ITU-R – Radio-communications ITU-D – Development Bureau


ITU – InternationalITU – InternationalTelecommunication UnionTelecommunication Union


ITU Strategy and Policy Unit ITU Strategy and Policy Unit

• New Initiatives Programme Digital Bridges Ubiquitous Network Societies Today’s Networks Tomorrow What rules for the NGNs? Digital Transformations in the Information

Society Regulatory Environment for Future Mobile

Multimedia Services • Internet Reports

Internet of Things Portable Internet Birth of Broadband


ITU Strategy and Policy UnitITU Strategy and Policy Unit

• Digital Opportunity Index• Content Team for the WSIS• WSIS Thematic Meetings

Countering Spam (2004) Internet Governance (2004) Cybersecurity (2005) Multi-stakeholder Partnerships for

Bridging the Digital Divide (2005)• Databases

The Golden Book Database and Publication (on-going)

WSIS Stocktaking Exercise and Reporting (on-going)

ICT Success Stories (Official Launch 2006) Cyber Security Portal


Internship at the ITUInternship at the ITUwww.itu.int/employment/stages.html www.itu.int/employment/stages.html

• ITU internship programme The Union runs a non-remunerated internship programme for

students who wish to improve their skills and gain experience working in an international environment. This programme is open to all undergraduate and graduate students from ITU's 189 Member States. Candidates are selected in response to specific needs identified within ITU departments.

• Strategy and Policy Unit competition SPU launched its first essay-writing competition under the

"Young Minds in Telecoms" Programme in November 2004. The competition was open to graduate students and recent graduates in economics, political science, law, literature, telecommunications, computer science, information systems and related fields.

Deadline: 17 March 2005

No specific deadline for application