Digimizer Manual

7/21/2019 Digimizer Manual

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Digimizer image analysis

software manual

MedCalc Software



© MedCalc Software bvba. All rights reserved. No part of this package, neither the documentation northe software may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by electronic,mechanical, photocopying, or any other means without the prior written permission of the publisher.

The author and the publisher make no representations or warrants with respect to the software and thedocumentation and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of fitness for any particular purpose.

Microsoft , Excel , Windows and Windows Vista are trademarks or registered trademarks of MicrosoftCorporation in the United States and/or other countries.

Digimizer and MedCalc are registered trademarks.

Version 4.5

Digimizer

Copyright 2005-2015 MedCalc Software bvba

MedCalc Software

Acacialaan 228400 OstendBelgium

[email protected]

www.medcalc.org

www.digimizer.com



www.digimizer.com i

Contents

Get started ..................................................... ................................................................. ......................... 1

Software installation .................................................................................... .................................... 1 Digimizer application window ...................................................................... .................................... 2 The Measurements list and the Digimizer image file format DGZ ................................................... 3

Examples ....................................................... ................................................................. ......................... 4

How to straighten an image.............................. ................................................................. .............. 4 How to calibrate measurements ....................................................... ............................................... 4 How to edit measurement objects ................................................................................................... 5 How to select measurement objects ........................... ................................................................. ... 5 Automatic measurement of leaf area .............................................................................................. 6

Toolbar ................................................................................ .............................................................. .... 10 File controls ...................................................... ................................................................. ............ 10 Edit controls ................................................................ ................................................................ .. 10 Rotate & Flip controls - Crop control ............................................................................................. 10 Measurements toolbar ..................................................................... ............................................. 11

Measurements tools ...................................................................................................... ....................... 12

Select tool ............................................................................. ........................................................ 12 Lock tool ........................................................... ................................................................. ............ 12 Unit tool ............................................................................................ ............................................. 12 Length tool ................................................................. ............................................................... .... 13 Middle tool .............................................................................................................. ....................... 13 Angle tool ......................................................... ................................................................. ............ 14 Perpendicular line tool ............................................................ ....................................................... 14

Path tool ........................................................................................... ............................................. 15 Area tool ........................................................... ................................................................. ............ 16 Center tool..................................................................................................................................... 17 Circle tool .............................................................................. ........................................................ 17 Rectangle tool ....................................................................... ........................................................ 18 Marker/Counter tool ............................................................... ....................................................... 19 Magic contour tool ................................................................. ........................................................ 19 Color selection tool ................................................................ ........................................................ 20 Brightness & Contrast controls ......................................................... ............................................. 20 Zoom controls ....................................................................... ........................................................ 21

Menu overview .................................................................................................... .................................. 22

File menu .................................................................................... ........................................................ 22

Open Image ................................................................ ................................................................ .. 22

Close ..................................................... ................................................................. ....................... 22 New Image from Clipboard............................... ................................................................. ............ 23 Save ...................................................... ................................................................. ....................... 23 Save as ............................................................................................ ............................................. 23 Select Source ......................................................................................................... ....................... 24 Acquire Image ............................................................. ................................................................. . 24 Print ....................................................... ................................................................. ....................... 24 Exit ........................................................ ................................................................. ....................... 25

File - Measurements List menu .............................................................. ............................................. 25

New ....................................................... ................................................................. ....................... 25 Open ................................................................................................ ............................................. 25 Save ...................................................... ................................................................. ....................... 26 Save As .................................................................................................................. ....................... 26

Export ............................................................... ................................................................. ............ 26



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Edit menu .......................................................................................................... .................................. 27

Undo ............................................................................................................................................. 27 Cut ................................................................................................................................................ 27 Copy ...................................................... ................................................................. ....................... 27 Paste ..................................................... ................................................................. ....................... 28 Delete ............................................................... ................................................................. ............ 28 Duplicate ................................................................................................................ ....................... 28 Select all........................................................................................................................................ 29

View menu ....................................................................... ............................................................... .... 29

Measurements List .................................................................................................................... .... 29 Statistics ........................................................... ................................................................. ............ 30 Measurements List Columns ............................................................ ............................................. 30 Grid .................................................................................................. ............................................. 31 Zoom to Fit ....................................................... ................................................................. ............ 31 Zoom In ....................................................................................................... .................................. 31 Zoom Out ......................................................................................... ............................................. 32

Format menu ................................................................................................................ ....................... 32

Resize .................................................................................................................... ....................... 32 Crop ................................................................................................. ............................................. 33

Rotate ........................................................................................................................................... 34 Flip ......................................................................................... ....................................................... 34 Reset Calibration ......................................................... .............................................................. .... 35

Image menu ........................................................................................... ............................................. 35

Contrast Auto Fix .................................................................. ........................................................ 35 Stretch Histogram ............................................................................ ............................................. 36 Background Correction .................................................................... ............................................. 37 Despeckle ................................................................................................... .................................. 37 Convert to Grayscale .................................................. .............................................................. .... 38 Invert ..................................................... ................................................................. ....................... 38 Negative ........................................................... ................................................................. ............ 39 Adjust colors.................................................................................................................................. 40 Selective color brightness .......................................... ............................................................... .... 41 Sharpen ........................................................................................................................................ 41

Filters ..................................................................................................... ............................................. 42

Canny Edge Detector ............................................................. ....................................................... 42 Emboss Filter .............................................................................................. .................................. 43 Arithmetic Mean Filter .................................................................................................... ............... 44 Geometric Mean Filter ............................................................ ....................................................... 45 Harmonic Mean Filter ............................................................................................. ....................... 47 Median Filter ......................................................................... ........................................................ 48 Maximum Filter ............................................................ ................................................................. . 49 Minimum Filter ............................................................. ................................................................. . 50 Midpoint Filter .............................................................. ................................................................. . 52 Range Filter................................................................................................................................... 53 Yp Mean Filter ............................................................. ................................................................. . 54

Binary menu ................................................................................................................. ....................... 55

Binarization ...................................................................................... ............................................. 55 Overlay Binary Image ............................................................. ....................................................... 56 Hide Binary Layer ........................................................ .............................................................. .... 56 Morphological Dilate ....................................................................................................... ............... 57 Morphological Erode ........................................................................ ............................................. 57 Morphological Close .................................................................................................................. .... 58 Morphological Open ............................................................................................... ....................... 58 Noise Reduction .......................................................... ................................................................. . 59 Analyze Objects .......................................................... ................................................................. . 59 Import Binary Layer ................................................................ ....................................................... 60

Tools menu ...................................................................... ............................................................... .... 60

Scripts .................................................................................................................... ....................... 60 Edit script ................................................................... ............................................................... .... 61

Options ............................................................. ................................................................. ............ 62



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Window menu .................................................................. ............................................................... .... 62

Reset Window Layout ...................................................................... ............................................. 62

Help menu .............................................................. ................................................................. ............ 63

Digimizer help ............................................................. ................................................................. . 63 What's new? ..................................................... ................................................................. ............ 63 About Digimizer ........................................................... ................................................................. . 63

Index ......................................................................................................... ............................................. 65



www.digimizer.com iv



www.digimizer.com 1

Get started

Software installation

System requirements

To run the Digimizer program you need a PC with Windows XP or later, with at least 1 GB RAM andabout 8 Megabyte free space on the hard disk.

Software installation

If you have downloaded the software from the Internet, you should locate the setup filedigimizersetup.exe on your hard disk and execute (double-click) it.

If you have a program CD, locate the setup file digimizersetup.exe on the CD and execute it.

Next follow the instructions of the installation procedure

To setup Digimizer you must be logged on to your computer with administrator privileges.

The digimizersetup.exe file is suitable for new installations as well as software updates.

If you have previously installed Digimizer, you must close any open (running) copy of Digimizerfirst.

When installation is complete, you start Digimizer by clicking the Start button and point to Programs,next click Digimizer.

Sample data

At first run, Digimizer creates a folder named "Digimizer" with a subfolder "Sample files" in the "(My)Documents)" map. The "Sample Images" folder contains the following sample files:

leafs.png

X-ray Dog.jpg

What's new

If you are already familiar with Digimizer, you can read about the latest changes and additions inDigimizer by selecting the option What's new in the Digimizer Help menu.

Updated versions of the manual in PDF format can be downloaded from the Digimizer web sitehttp://www.digimizer.com/download/.



www.digimizer.com 2

Digimizer application window

The different parts of the Digimizer application window are indicated in the following figure.

Digimizer menu

In the menu you select the different commands and options. See p. 22 for a complete overview of allmenu commands.

Toolbar

The toolbar contains buttons for the most common commands. Inactive buttons are displayed in gray.When you hover the mouse over an active button, a short description of the corresponding command isdisplayed in a small popup window. See p. 10 for a short description for all buttons on the toolbar.

Measurement tools

The measurement tools toolbar contain the different tools for manual measurements in the image. Foran overview of all measurements tools, see p. 11.

Measurements list

The measurements list contains the different measurements performed in one or more images.



www.digimizer.com 3

Only the parameters selected in the Measurements List Columns options box (p. 35) aredisplayed in the Measurements list window.

To close the Measurements list window, click the button

When the Measurements list window is not visible, select the command View measurements list(p. 29).

Click the button to obtain the following shortcut menu:

New: starts a new measurements list.

Open: opens an existing Measurements List file.

Save: save the measurements list as a file.

Save as: saves the measurements list as a new file.

Export: allows to export the measurements list as an Excel spreadsheet file, or as a MedCalcfile for statistical analysis.

Print: print the information displayed in the Measurements list window

Columns: select the columns visible in the Measurements list window (see p. 30).

Statistics

The statistics window displays summary statistics for the different measurements that are displayed inthe measurements list.

To close the Statistics window, click the button

When the Statistics window is not visible, select the View statistics command (p. 30).

Click the button to obtain the following shortcut menu:

Select Print to print the information displayed in the Statistics window.

The Measurements list and the Digimizer image file format DGZ

In Digimizer, you can save image in a special file format with file extension DGZ. The files in this formatdo not only contain the image in a compressed format (without quality loss), but also themeasurements performed in this image.

When you re-open such file the measurements are added –if not already there – to the currentmeasurements list, and you can add, delete or modify the measurements.

All measurements performed in Digimizer have a global unique identifier number. These identifiersprevent that re-opening the file results in duplicates in the measurements list.



www.digimizer.com 4

Examples

How to straighten an image

To straighten an image:

Click the Straighten button .

Identify a line in the image that should be straight (vertically or horizontally), and then click oneend of that line.

Click the other end of the line.

The image is straightened.

Example

Before: Identify straight line: The image is rotated:

How to calibrate measurements

Click the Unit tool .

Identify a line in the image of which the length is known, and then click one end of that line. Click the other end of the line.

Enter the real length and select the unit in the dialog box that appears.

Click OK.



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How to edit measurement objects

How to move points of a measurement object

Click and drag a point of the object to a new location.

Other modifications of a measurement object

Right-click on an object.

Make your selection in the popup menu.

How to select measurement objects

First click the Select button .

To select a single object:

Click on the object in the image.

To select more objects:

Click on different objects while holding down the Ctrl key.

- or -

Drag a rectangle over the different objects.

To unselect objects:

Click on the objects while holding down the Ctrl key.

- or -

Drag a rectangle over the objects while holding down the Ctrl key.





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The dialog box displays a histogram of gray levels. A red line indicates the default thresholdvalue.

Click Preview. All gray levels below the threshold value will become red (indicating an object),those above white (indicating background).

Click OK to accept the threshold value.

Select Analyze Objects in the Binary menu. Complete the dialog box as follows (a minimumarea of 3 cm² is required for an object to be identified as a leaf):



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The leafs are now outlined.

The characteristics of the 6 leafs are displayed in the measurements list, and the mean areaand perimeter are displayed in the statistics window:



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Select Hide Binary layer in the Binary menu so you can judge how well the areas fit the leafs.



www.digimizer.com 10

Toolbar

File controls

Open image file (p. 22)

Save image (p. 23)

Print (p. 24)

Edit controls

Cut (p. 27)

Copy (p. 27)

Paste (p. 28)

Undo (p. 27)

Rotate & Flip controls - Crop control

Rotate counterclockwise (p. 34)

Rotate clockwise (p. 34)

Flip horizontally (p. 34)

Flip vertically (p. 34)

Straighten image (p. 4)

Crop image (p. 33)

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-file-open.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-file-save.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-file-print.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-edit-cut.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-edit-copy.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-edit-paste.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-edit-undo.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-format-rotate.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-format-flip.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/ht-straightenimage.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-format-crop.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-format-crop.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/ht-straightenimage.php





http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-edit-undo.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-edit-paste.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-edit-copy.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-edit-cut.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-file-print.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-file-open.php




Measurements toolbar

You can measure objects in the image using any of the following Measurement tools:

Select (p. 12)

Allows to select existing measurement objects in the image.Lock tool (p. 12)

When the lock is Open, the program returns to Select mode after performing ameasurement using any of the tools below. Close the lock when you need to performseveral measurements with the same tool.

Unit (p. 12)

Draw line (click two points) to define the unit of measurement.

Length (p. 13)

Draw line to measure a length or distance.

Middle (p. 13)

Draw line and mark middle point.

Angle (p. 14)

Click 3 points to measure an angle.

Perpendicular line (p. 14)

First click 2 points to draw a line. Next click a 3rd point to draw a second line perpendicularon the first line. The middle point of the second line is shown.

Path (p. 15)

Click several points to obtain a path and calculate its total length.

Area (p. 16)

Click several points to obtain an area (closed path) and calculate its surface area andperimeter.

Center (p. 17)Click several points and find their common center assuming they form a circle.

Circle (p. 17)

Click a point to define the circle, move the mouse to the center of the circle and click.

Rectangle (p. 18)

Measures a rectangle.

Marker/Counter (p. 19)

Click in the image to place a marker.

Marker/Counter (p. 19)


Magic contour (p. 19)

Finds the contour of objects automatically.

Color selection tool (p. 20)

Select color for measurement objects.

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-select.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-lock.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-unit.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-length.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-middle.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-angle.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-perpendicular.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-path.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-area.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-center.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-circle.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-rectangle.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-marker.php




http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-magic_contour.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/u-colorselection.php





















Measurements tools

Select tool

Button

Use

Select a measurement object by clicking on its outline.

To select multiple objects:

place the mouse pointer just outside (not on) the first object you want to select; hold down theleft mouse button and drag the mouse pointer over the other objects; or

click different objects whilst pressing the Ctrl key; or

press Ctrl+A to select all objects.

When multiple objects are selected, you can unselect one by clicking it whilst pressing the Ctrl key.

Lock tool

Buttons

Use

When the lock is Open, the program returns to Select mode after performing a measurement using anyof the Measurement tools.

Close the lock when you need to perform several measurements with the same tool.

Unit tool

Button

Use

Use this tool to calibrate your measurements.

Click the Unit tool .

Identify a line in the image of which the length is known, and then click one end of that line.

Click the other end of the line. Enter the real length and select the unit in the dialog box that appears.


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/t-measure.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/t-measure.php





Click OK.

The length (in pixels) is displayed in the Measurements list window.

When the option Show result after finalizing measurement is selected, then the length is displayed in asmall window next to the object.

After you have defined the unit, all previous measurements are recalculated.

Tip

A default calibration can be defined in the options box (p. 62).

Length tool

Button

Use

To measure a length or a distance:

click on one side of the object or distance to measure click on the other site of the object or distance to measure

Tip: while you are moving the mouse to the second position, length and angles are displayed in thestatus bar at the bottom of the Digimizer window.

Measurements

The length is displayed in the Measurements list window (*).

When the option Show result after finalizing measurement is selected, then the length is displayed in asmall window next to the object.

Summary statistics for all lengths measured with the Length tool are displayed in the Statisticswindow.

* Only the parameters selected in the Measurements List Columns options box (p. 30) are displayed in theMeasurements list window.

Middle tool

Button

Use

Use this tool to measure a length or a distance, and mark the middle point:

click on one side of the object or total distance to measure

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-view-measurementslist.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-tools-options.php




http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-view-statistics.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-view-columns.php











click on the other site of the object or total distance to measure

Tip: while you are moving the mouse to the second position, total and half length and angles aredisplayed in the status bar at the bottom of the Digimizer window.

Measurements

The total length is displayed in the Measurements list window (*).When the option Show result after finalizing measurement is selected, then the length and half lengthare displayed in a small window next to the object.

Summary statistics for all total lengths measured with the Middle tool are displayed in the Statisticswindow.


Angle tool

Button

Use

Click 3 points to measure the angle alpha:

Tip: while you are moving the mouse to the second and third position, lengths and angles aredisplayed in the status bar at the bottom of the Digimizer window.

Measurements

The angle is displayed in the Measurements list window (*).

When the option Show result after finalizing measurement is selected, then the angle is displayed in asmall window next to the object.

Summary statistics for all angles measured with the Angle tool are displayed in the Statistics window.


Perpendicular line tool

Button

Use

First click 2 points to draw a line. Next click a 3rd point to draw a second line perpendicular on the firstline. The middle point of the second line is shown.




















Tip: while you are moving the mouse to the second and third position, lengths and angles aredisplayed in the status bar at the bottom of the Digimizer window.

Measurements

The total length and angle are displayed in the Measurements list window (*).

When the option Show result after finalizing measurement is selected, then the total length and angleare displayed in a small window next to the object.

Summary statistics for all lengths and angles measured with the Perpendicular line tool are displayedin the Statistics window.


Path tool

Button

Use

Click several points to obtain a path and calculate its total length.

Double-click the last point (point 5 in the example) to finish.

Tips

To undo a mouse click, press the Esc key.

"Lasso" function: when using the path or area tools, the program will "sample" points when you

press the Ctrl key whilst moving the mouse.

While you are moving the mouse to the next position, lengths and angles are displayed in thestatus bar at the bottom of the Digimizer window.

Measurements

The total length is displayed in the Measurements list window (*).

When the option Show result after finalizing measurement is selected, then the total length is displayedin a small window next to the object.

Summary statistics for all lengths measured with the Path tool are displayed in the Statistics window.





















Area tool

Button

Use

Click several points to obtain an area (closed path).

Double-click the last point (point 7 in the example) to close the path.

Tips


"Lasso" function: when using the path or area tools, the program will "sample" points when youpress the Ctrl key whilst moving the mouse.


Measurements

The surface area, perimeter, length, width, centroid (geometric center) , roundness, average intensityand hue are displayed in the Measurements list window (*).

Roundness is defined by (4*PI*Area) / (Perimeter*Perimeter) and is a number between 0 and1. Values closer to 1 indicate a more 'round' object. A circle has a roundness of 1.

Definition of length and width:

Length is maximum distance between any 2 points on the object outline.

Width is the sum of the two maximum perpendicular distances between length-axis and anypoint on the object outline, on both sides of the length-axis.

When the option Show result after finalizing measurement is selected, then the area and perimeter aredisplayed in a small window next to the object.

Summary statistics for all areas, perimeters, lengths, widths and average intensities measured with theArea tool are displayed in the Statistics window.













Center tool

Button

Use

Click several points and find their common center assuming they form a circle.

Double-click the last point (point 5 in the example) to finish.

Tips


"Lasso" function: when using this tool, the program will "sample" points when you press the Ctrlkey whilst moving the mouse.


Measurements

The radius is displayed in the Measurements list window (*).

When the option Show result after finalizing measurement is selected, then the radius is displayed in asmall window next to the object.

Summary statistics for all radiuses measured with the Center tool are displayed in the Statisticswindow.


Circle tool

Button

Use

To measure a circle:

click one point on the circle

move the mouse to the center of the circle and click












Tips

While you are moving the mouse to the center position, radius and angles are displayed in thestatus bar at the bottom of the Digimizer window.

As an option, quadrants can be displayed in the circle (see Options, p. 62)

Measurements

The radius, perimeter, area, average intensity and hue are displayed in the Measurements list window(*).

When the option Show result after finalizing measurement is selected, then the radius, diameter,perimeter and area are displayed in a small window next to the object.

Summary statistics for all radiuses, areas, perimeters and average intensities measured with the Circletool are displayed in the Statistics window.


Rectangle tool

Button

Use

To measure a rectangular shape:

click one corner point of the rectangle

move the mouse to the opposite corner point of the rectangle and click

Measurements

The area, perimeter, width, height, average intensity and hue are displayed in the Measurements listwindow (*).

Width and height are measured on the vertical and horizontal axes respectively.

When the option Show result after finalizing measurement is selected, then the perimeter, area, widthand height are displayed in a small window next to the object.

Summary statistics for all areas, perimeters, widths, lengths, and average intensities measured with theRectangle tool are displayed in the Statistics window.























Marker/Counter tool

Buttons

Use


To count objects:

click on the Lock tool so it shows the locked state

select one of the two marker tools or

click in the image on the different objects

the number of objects is displayed in the Statistics window

Measurements

Digimizer counts the number of each marker. The totals are displayed in the Statistics window.

Magic contour tool

Button

Use

Finds the contour of objects automatically.

Select the magic contour control

Click inside the object (or drag a 'sampling' rectangle inside the object for increased precision)

The program locates the contour of the object

If the contour does not reach the actual border of the object: click on the contour and delete it,

increase the tolerance and try again.

If the contour goes beyond the actual border of the object: click on the contour and delete it,decrease the tolerance and try again.

Measurements

The surface area, perimeter, length, width and average intensity are displayed in the Measurements listwindow (*).

When the option Show result after finalizing measurement is selected, then the area and perimeter aredisplayed in a small window next to the object.














Summary statistics for all areas, perimeters, lengths, widths and average intensities measured with theMagic contour tool are displayed together with those of other Areas in the Statistics window.

Only the parameters selected in the Measurements List Columns options box (p. 30) are displayed in theMeasurements list window.

Color selection tool

Button

Use

Select color for measurement objects.

To change the color of existing objects, select these objects first and next select the new color.

Brightness & Contrast controls

Brightness

Contrast

To change the image brightness:

enter a brightness value in the range -100 to 100 and press Enter,

- or -

use the up-down control to increase or decrease the brightness.

To change the image contrast:

enter a contrast value in the range -100 to 100 and press Enter,

- or -

use the up-down control to increase or decrease the contrast.

Example

Before: Increased brightness: Increased brightnessand contrast:












Related items

Contrast Auto Fix (p. 35)

Stretch Histogram (p. 36)

Zoom controls

Zoom factor

To change the zoom factor:

enter the zoom factor in the range 1 to 2000 and press Enter,

- or -

use the up-down control to increase or decrease the zoom factor.

Zoom in

Click in the image to increase the zoom factor and show more detail.

Zoom out

Click in the image to decrease the zoom factor and show less detail.

Fit

Adjusts the zoom so that the image fits inside the window.

Drag

Move the image inside the window.

Tip

To zoom into a specific area: click a starting point and then move the mouse to drag the rectangle overthe area of interest.

Note

Zooming only magnifies the image on your screen; it does not change the physical size of the picture.

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-image-contrastautofix.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-image-stretchhistogram.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-image-stretchhistogram.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-image-contrastautofix.php




Menu overview

File menu

Open Image

Command

File

Open Image

Description

Loads an image file from disk. Digimizer can read image files in the following formats:

Digimizer image format (*.dgz)

JPEG Interchange format (*.jpg; *.jpeg)

Tagged Image File Format (*.tif)

Windows bitmap (*.bmp)

Graphic Interchange Format (*.gif)

Portable Network Graphics (*.png)

Windows Metafile (*.wmf) and Enhanced Metafile (*.emf)

DICOM file format (*.dic, *.dcm, *.dicom, or files without file extension)

Shortcut

Ctrl+O

Close

Command

File

Close

Description

Closes the image window.




New Image from Clipboard

Command

File

New image from Clipboard

Description

Creates a new image from a bitmap image on the clipboard.

You place an image on the clipboard for example by using the Copy command on a graphics object inother software.

Save

Command

FileSave

Description

Allows to save the image in Digimizer native format (file extension .dgz), or in JPG, GIF, PNG or TIFFformat.

If you want to save the image as a new file, use the command Save as .

Shortcut

Ctrl+S

Save as

Command

File

Save as

Description

Select Save as to save the image as a new file on disk, or to save a file on a different disk.

You will have to enter a new name for the image in the file selector box.

Digimizer can save files in the following formats:

Digimizer image format (*.dgz) (see also p. 3)

JPEG Interchange format (*.jpg) (minimal compression)

Tagged Image File Format (*.tif)

Windows bitmap (*.bmp)

Graphic Interchange Format (*.gif)

Portable Network Graphics (*.png)






Select Source

Command

File

Select Source

Description

Allows to select a TWAIN compliant scanner or camera - if available.

TWAIN defines a standardized way to provide communication between imaging devices, such as ascanners or digital cameras, to software applications. Digimizer supports most TWAIN-compliantdevices, but compatibility with particular scanning devices is not guaranteed.

Acquire Image

Command

File

Acquire Image

Description

Allows to acquire an image from a TWAIN compliant scanner or camera - if available. If you haveseveral TWAIN devices, you select the TWAIN device using the Select Source command (see above),before acquiring the image.

In your imaging software, do not select a color depth higher than 24-bits. MedCalc does not support48-bit images (optionally produced by some scanners).

Print

Command

FilePrint ...

Description

Allows to print the contents of the image window.

Shortcut

Ctrl+P




Exit

Command

File

Exit

Description

Stops the program.

If the latest changes have not been saved then the program will display an appropriate warning. In thiscase you will have the option to save the data (Yes), or exit the program without saving the data (No),or cancel the Exit command and stay in the program (Cancel).

Shortcut

Alt+F4

File - Measurements List menu

New

Command

FileMeasurements List

New

Description

Starts a new measurements list.

Open

Command

File

Measurements List

Open

Description

Opens an existing Measurements List file.




Save

Command

File

Measurements List

Save

Description

Save the measurements list as a file.

Save As

Command


Save As

Description

Saves the measurements list as a new file.

Export

Command


Export

Description

Allows to export the measurements list as an Excel spreadsheet file, or as a MedCalc file for statisticalanalysis.




Edit menu

Undo

Command

Edit

Undo

Description

With the Undo command (if available) you can undo your most recent actions.

Shortcut

Ctrl+Z

Cut

Command

Edit

Cut

Description

Removes the selection from the window and places it on the Clipboard. The selection can then bepasted at another location.

Shortcut

Ctrl+X

Copy

Command

Edit

Copy

Description

Copies the selection from the window and places it on the Clipboard. The selection can then be pastedat another location.

Shortcut

Ctrl+C




Paste

Command

Edit

Paste

Description

The Paste command is used to paste the contents of the clipboard onto the active window.

Shortcut

Ctrl+V

Delete

Command

EditDelete

Description

Deletes the current selection (does not affect the clipboard).

Shortcut

Del (Delete key)

Duplicate

Command

Edit

Duplicate

Description

Duplicates the current selection.

Shortcut

Ctrl+D




Select all

Command

Edit

Select all

Description

Selects the entire contents of the active window.

Shortcut

Ctrl+A

View menu

Measurements List

Command

View

Measurements List

Description

Opens or closes the measurements list window.

The measurements list displays measurements in the current image, but can also includemeasurements of several images.




Statistics

Command

View

Statistics

Description

Opens or closes the statistics window.

The statistics window displays summary statistics (n, mean, SD, minimum and maximum) of the

measurements in the Measurements list.

Measurements List Columns

Command

View

Measurements List Columns

Description

Allows to select the columns or measurements that are visible in the Measurements List and Statisticswindow.

Dialog box

Select the columns corresponding to the measurements of interest.








Click OK to proceed.

Grid

Command

View

Grid

Description

Allows to display or hide a grid in the image window.

Zoom to Fit

Command

View

Zoom

Zoom to Fit

Description

Adjusts the zoom so that the image fits inside the window.

Shortcut

Ctrl+0

Note

This command does not change the physical size of the picture.

Zoom In

Command

ViewZoom In

Description

Allows to increase the zoom factor and show more detail.

Shortcut

Ctrl+ +

Note

Zooming in only magnifies the image on your screen; it does not change the physical size of thepicture.




Zoom Out

Command

View

Zoom Out

Description

Allows to decrease the zoom factor and show less detail.

Shortcut

Ctrl+ -

Note

Zooming out only reduces the magnification of the image on your screen; it does not change the

physical size of the picture.

Format menu

Resize

FormatResize

Description

Allows to resize the image.

Dialog box

Width and Height: select the required width or height.

Option Lock aspect ratio: when this option is selected the ratio width:height will remain unchanged.





Crop

Command

Format

Crop

Description

Cropping an image is removing unwanted border areas from an image.

To crop the image, you:

Select Crop in the Format menu

Click a starting point in the image and drag the new outline

After dragging the outline, you can make corrections to the outline rectangle

Click OK in the Crop dialog box

Dialog box

Width and Height: select the exact required width and height of the cropped image.


Example

Before cropping:

The new image outline is defined by dragging the mouse over the area of interest:




After cropping:

Rotate

Command

Format

Rotate

Rotate Clockwise

Rotate Counterclockwise

Description

Allows to rotate the image clockwise or counterclockwise.

Example

Before: Rotate clockwise: Rotate counterclockwise:

Flip

Command

FormatFlip

Flip Horizontal

Flip Vertical

Description

Allows to flip the image horizontally or vertically.




Example

Before: Flip horizontal: Flip vertical:

Reset Calibration

Command

Format

Reset Calibration

Description

Allows to reset the calibration.

Note: this command is not available when a unit line is present in the image.

To reset the calibration, you

first remove the unit line, if present.

select Reset Calibration in the menu.

If a default calibration is defined in the Options box (p. 62), then the calibration is reset to this default

calibration.

Image menu

Contrast Auto Fix

Command

Image

Contrast Auto Fix

Description

Maximizes contrast automatically.








Example

Before: After:

Stretch Histogram

Command

Image

Stretch Histogram

Description

Allows to optimize contrast by selecting a lower and upper threshold value.

Dialog box

The dialog box displays a histogram of gray levels. The upper and lower threshold values arerepresented by vertical red lines.

You drag the red lines to the required threshold values.

pixels with a gray value less than the lower threshold value will be black.

pixels with a gray value higher than the upper threshold value will be white.

the gray values between the two threshold values will be stretched over the full range ofpossible gray values.

Click Preview to judge the results.





Example

Before: After:

Background Correction

Command

Image

Background Correction

Description

Corrects image defects caused by uneven i llumination (e.g. in microscopy).

Example

Before: After:

Despeckle

Command

Image

Despeckle

Description

Removes noise from images without blurring edges.




Example

Before: After:

Convert to Grayscale

Command

Image

Convert to Grayscale

Description

Converts the image to a grayscale image.

Example

Before: After:

Invert

Command

ImageInvert

Description

Creates a negative of the image.




Example

Before: After:

Negative

Command

Image

Negative

Description

Allows to invert selected colors planes (red, green or blue).

Dialog box

Select the color channels you want to invert.





Example

Before: Invert Blue: Invert Red:

Adjust colors

Command

Image

Adjust colors

Description

Allows to increase or decrease the intensity of the red, green and blue color components in the image.

Dialog box

Use the sliders to increase or decrease the intensity of the 3 color components.


Example

Before: After:




Selective color brightness

Command

Image

Selective color brightness

Description

Allows to increase or decrease the brightness of red, green and blue pixels in the image.

Dialog box

Use the sliders to increase or decrease the brightness of red, green and blue pixels.

E.g. if you move the slider for the red color to the right, then pixels with a high red component willappear lighter.


Example

Before: After:

Sharpen

Command

Image

Sharpen

Description

Applies a sharpen filter to the image.




Dialog box

Filter Size: larger filter yields stronger effect.

Filter Intensity: % filter intensity.


Example

Before: After:

Filters

Canny Edge Detector

Command

ImageFilters

Canny Edge Detector

Description

Applies a Canny Edge Detector to an image.




Dialog box

Sigma: Standard deviation of the Gaussian filter. Good values to start with are between 0.6 and 2.4.Smaller filters cause less blurring, and allow detection of small, sharp lines. A larger filter increasesprocessing time and causes more blurring.

Low and High thresholds: A threshold set too high can miss important information. On the otherhand, a threshold set too low will falsely identify irrelevant information (such as noise) as important.0.2-0.5 are good starting values for the low threshold; 0.6-0.9 are good starting values for the highthreshold.

Click Preview to judge the results.Click OK to proceed.

Examples

Before: After:

Emboss Filter

Command

Image

Filters

Emboss Filter

Description

Generates an embossed image.




Dialog box

Filter Size: controls depth of effect.

Option Color emboss: preserves color in the image.



Example

Before: After:

Arithmetic Mean Filter

Command

Image

Filters

Arithmetic Mean Filter

Description

Applies an arithmetic mean filter to an image.

An arithmetic mean filter operation on an image removes short tailed noise such as uniform and

Gaussian type noise from the image at the cost of blurring the image. The arithmetic mean filter isdefined as the average of all pixels within a local region of an image.

The arithmetic mean is defined as:

Pixels that are included in the averaging operation are specified by a mask. The larger the filteringmask becomes the more predominant the blurring becomes and less high spatial frequency detail thatremains in the image.




Dialog box

Filter Size: size of the filter mask; a larger filter yields stronger effect.



Examples

Before: After:

Geometric Mean Filter

Command

ImageFilters

Geometric Mean Filter

Description

Applies a geometric mean filter to an image.




In the geometric mean method, the color value of each pixel is replaced with the geometric mean ofcolor values of the pixels in a surrounding region. A larger region (filter size) yields a stronger filtereffect with the drawback of some blurring.

The geometric mean is defined as:

The geometric mean filter is better at removing Gaussian type noise and preserving edge features thanthe arithmetic mean filter. The geometric mean filter is very susceptible to negative outliers.

Dialog box




Examples

Before: After:




Harmonic Mean Filter

Command

Image

Filters

Harmonic Mean Filter

Description

Applies a harmonic mean filter to an image.

In the harmonic mean method, the color value of each pixel is replaced with the harmonic mean ofcolor values of the pixels in a surrounding region.

The harmonic mean is defined as:

A larger region (filter size) yields a stronger filter effect with the drawback of some blurring.

The harmonic mean filter is better at removing Gaussian type noise and preserving edge features thanthe arithmetic mean filter. The harmonic mean filter is very good at removing positive outliers.

Dialog box




Examples

Before: After:




Median Filter

Command

Image

Filters

Median Filter

Description

Applies a median filter to an image. The median filter is defined as the median of all pixels within alocal region of an image.

The median filter is normally used to reduce noise in an image, somewhat like the mean filter. However, it often does a better job than the mean filter of preserving useful detail in the image.

Dialog box




http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-image-filtermean.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/m-image-filtermean.php




Examples

Before: After:

Maximum Filter

Command

Image

Filters

Maximum Filter

Description

Applies a maximum filter to an image. The maximum filter is defined as the maximum of all pixelswithin a local region of an image.

The maximum filter is typically applied to an image to remove negative outlier noise.

Dialog box







Examples

Before: After:

Minimum Filter

Command

Image

Filters

Minimum Filter

Description

Applies a minimum filter to an image. The minimum filter is defined as the minimum of all pixels withina local region of an image.

The minimum filter is typically applied to an image to remove positive outlier noise.




Dialog box




Examples

Before: After:




Midpoint Filter

Command

Image

Filters

Midpoint Filter

Description

Applies a midpoint filter to an image.

In the midpoint method, the color value of each pixel is replaced with the average of maximum andminimum (i.e. the midpoint) of color values of the pixels in a surrounding region. A larger region (filtersize) yields a stronger effect.

The midpoint filter is typically used to filter images containing short tailed noise such as Gaussian anduniform type noise.

Dialog box




Examples

Before: After:




Range Filter

Command

Image

Filters

Range

Description

Applies a Range filter to an image.

In the range method, the color value of each pixel is replaced with the difference of maximum andminimum (i.e. the range) of color values of the pixels in a surrounding region.

The range filter is used to find edges within an image.

Dialog box




Examples

Before: After:




Yp Mean Filter

Command

Image

Filters

Yp Mean Filter

Description

Applies a Yp Mean filter to an image.

The Yp mean filter is member of a set of nonlinear mean filters which are better removing Gaussiantype noise and preserving edge features than the arithmetic mean filter. Yp mean filter is very good atremoving positive outliers for negative values of P and negative outliers for positive values of P (Power,see below).

Dialog box


Power : controls power. P<0 removes positive outliers; P>0 removes negative outliers.



Examples

Before: After:




Binary menu

Binarization

Command

Binary

Binarization

Description

Converts an image to a binary image by converting all pixels below a user-selected threshold value tored and those above to white.

Dialog box

The dialog box displays a histogram of gray levels.

In the histogram you drag the red line to the required threshold value.

All gray levels below the threshold value will become red (indicating an object), those above white(indicating background).






Example

Before: After:

Overlay Binary Image

Command

BinaryOverlay Binary Image

Description

Option to show the Binary Image as a semi-transparent layer over the original image.

Example

Overlay binary image Off: Overlay binary image On:

Hide Binary Layer

Command

BinaryHide Binary Layer

Description

Option to hide or show the binary image layer.




Morphological Dilate

Command

Binary

Morphological Operations

Dilate

Description

This filter will morphologically dilate the binary image. Binary dilation of an object increases itsgeometrical area by setting the background pixels adjacent to an object’s contour to the object’s graylevel value. The filter adds pixels at region boundaries and fills in holes.

Example

Before: After:

Morphological Erode

Command

Binary


Erode

Description

This filter will morphologically erode the binary image. Binary dilation of an object reduces itsgeometrical area by setting the contour pixels of an object to the background value. The filter removespixels at boundaries or regions and increases the size of holes.

Example

Before: After:




Morphological Close

Command

Binary


Close

Description

This filter will morphologically close the binary image. Morphological closing of a binary image isdefined as the dilation of the image followed by the erosion of the dilated image.

The closing filter operation will smooth boundaries, reduce small inward bumps, join narrow breaks andfill small holes caused by noise.

Example

Before: After:

Morphological Open

Command

Binary


Open

Description

This filter will morphologically open the binary image. Morphological opening of a binary image isdefined as the erosion of that image followed by the dilation of the eroded image.

The opening filter operation will smooth boundaries, reduce small outward bumps and small narrowopenings within the object.

Example

Before: After:




Noise Reduction

Command

Binary

Noise Reduction

Description

Reduces noise in the binary image.

Example

Before: After:

Analyze Objects

Command

Binary

Analyze Objects

Description

Allows to automatically extract object contours from the binary image.

Dialog box

Minimum object area: the minimum area of an object. Objects with a smaller area will be ignored.

Maximum object area: the maximum area of an object. Objects with a larger area will be ignored.

Option Exclude objects on image border : when this option is selected, objects that are on the borderof the image will be ignored (since the object is not completely 'visible', area and perimeter of the objectcannot be calculated accurately).





Example

Before (binarized image): After:

Import Binary Layer

Command

BinaryImport Binary Layer from Image File

Description

Allows to import the binary layer from a different Digimizer image file (file extension .dgz).

To fix the placement of the imported binary layer in the image use Set coordinates origin on matchingpoints in both images.

To fix possible magnification differences, use the Unit tool (p. 12) in both images.

Tools menu

Scripts

Command

Tools

Scripts

Description

Allows to create and manage scripts.

A script is a text with a sequence of commands. A different shortcut key can be assigned to eachscript.

Dialog box

The left panel lists the available scripts.

Buttons

New: create a new script.

Edit: edit the selected script. See Edit script.

Delete: delete the selected script.

Execute: execute the selected script.

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/ht-setcoordinates.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/dlg-scripts-edit.php

http://www.digimizer.com/manual/dlg-scripts-edit.php


http://www.digimizer.com/manual/ht-setcoordinates.php




Edit script

Description

Allows to edit a script.

Required input

Script name: each script requires a unique name.

Shortcut key: assign a shortcut key to the script. You can select a character in the range A..Z or 1..9.For example when you select the letter A, you will be able to execute the script by pressing the keycombination Shift + Ctrl + A

Script commands: a list of commands that make up the script.

Script commands

AnalyzeObjects [include | exclude] [minarea maxarea]

Extract object contours from the binary image.

Optional parameters:

include | exclude: include or exclude objects that are on the image border

minarea: minimum area of objects

maxarea: maximum area of objects

BackgroundCorrection

Correct image defects caused by uneven illumination.

Binarize [threshold]

Convert the image to a binary image by converting all pixels below a threshold value to red andthose above to white. Optional parameter:

threshold: a value in the range [0..255]

ContrastAutoFix

Maximize contrast automatically.

Despeckle

Remove noise from images without blurring edges.

Flip vertical | horizontal

Flip the image vertically or horizontally.

Grayscale

Convert the image to a grayscale image.

Invert

Create a negative of the image.

Rotate left | right

Rotate the image left or right.

MorphDilate Add pixels at region boundaries and fill in holes (Morphological Dilate operation).

MorphErode

Remove pixels at boundaries or regions and increase the size of holes (Morphological Erodeoperation).

MorphOpen

Smooth boundaries, break narrow isthmuses and eliminate small noise regions (MorphologicalOpen operation).

MorphClose

Smooth boundaries, join narrow breaks and fill small holes caused by noise (MorphologicalClose operation).

SelectAll

Selects all measurement objects in the image window.

Sharpen [filtersize] [intensity]




Apply a sharpen filter to the image.

Optional parameters:

filtersize: larger filter size yields stronger effect

intensity: % filter intensity

Options

Command

Tools

Options

Description

Allows to configure the software and select different options.

Dialog box

Default calibration: select this option to use a default calibration. The default calibration isentered as number of pixels per unit of length.

Digimizer offers the following units of length: kilometer (km), hectometer (hm), decameter (dam),meter (m), centimeter (cm), millimeter (mm), micrometer (µm), nanometer (nm), picometer (pm),femtometer (fm), attometer (am), inch (in), foot (ft), yard (yd), mile (mi), degrees (°), units (u)(this is an unnamed relative unit), or pixels.

Show result after finalizing measurement: when this option is selected, a small resultswindow will be displayed after each measurement.

Show circle quadrants: show quadrants in circle measurement objects

Do not ask to save unnamed measurements lists: when a measurement is added to themeasurements list, the list is marked as 'changed', and you will be prompted to save themeasurements list before clearing the list, or before you exit the program. If you don't need thisreminder, select this option.

Default zoom: enter an optional default zoom (1 to 2000).

Invert image after scanning: option to invert the image after acquiring it from the scanner (see Acquire image, p. 24).


Window menu

Reset Window Layout

Command

Window

Reset Window Layout

Description

Resets the Digimizer window layout to a default layout.




Help menu

Digimizer help

Command

Help

Digimizer help

Description

Displays help.

You select Digimizer help or press F1 to browse the comprehensive on-line documentation.

In Help, click one of the following tabs:

Click the Contents tab to browse through topics by category.

Click the Index tab to see a list of index entries, and then either type a word or scroll through thelist.

Click the Find tab to search for words or phrases that may be contained in a Help topic.

What's new?

This help page lists the more important changes and new features in recent versions of Digimizer. Themost recent additions and changes are listed at the top.

About Digimizer

Command

Help

About Digimizer

Description

Displays program version and copyright notice.

Dialog box




This dialog box displays:

the Digimizer version number

copyright notice

link to the Digimizer website

Click OK to close.




Index

About Digimizer ............................................ 63 Acquire image ............................................... 24 Adjust colors ................................................. 40 Analyze objects............................................. 59 Angle tool ...................................................... 14 Application window ......................................... 2 Area ..................................................... ......... 16 Area tool ....................................................... 16 Arithmetic Mean Filter ................................... 44 Average hue ................................................. 16Background correction .................................. 37

Binarization ................................................... 55Binary image Analyze objects ..................................... 59Binarization ............................................ 55Hide Binary Layer .................................. 56Import Binary Layer ............................... 60Morphological Close .............................. 58Morphological Dilate .............................. 57Morphological Erode .............................. 57Morphological Open .............................. 58Noise reduction ...................................... 59Overlay Binary Image ............................ 56

Binary menu ................................................. 55Brightness & Contrast controls ..................... 20Calibration

Default calibration .................................. 62How to calibrate measurements .............. 4Reset ..................................................... 35Unit tool ................................................. 12

Canny Edge Detector ................................... 42Center tool .................................................... 17Centroid ........................................................ 16Circle tool ...................................................... 17Close image .................................................. 22Color selection tool ....................................... 20Contrast Auto Fix .......................................... 35Convert to grayscale ..................................... 38Copy .................................................... ......... 27Count ............................................................ 19

Crop .............................................................. 33Cut ................................................................ 27Delete ....................................... .................... 28Despeckle ..................................................... 37Duplicate ....................................................... 28Edit menu ..................................................... 27Edit script ...................................................... 61Emboss Filter ................................................ 43Everage intensity .......................................... 16Exit ................................................................ 25Filters

Arithmetic Mean Filter ............................ 44Canny Edge Detector ............................ 42Emboss Filter ......................................... 43

Geometric Mean Filter ........................... 45Harmonic Mean Filter ............................ 47Maximum Filter .................. .................... 49

Median Filter ......................................... 48Midpoint Filter ....................................... 52Minimum Filter ...................................... 50Range Filter .......................................... 53Yp Mean Filter....................................... 54

Flip image .................................................... 34Format menu ................................................ 32Geometric center ......................................... 16Geometric Mean Filter.................................. 45Grid .............................................................. 31Harmonic Mean Filter ................................... 47

Help.............................................................. 63Hide Binary Layer ........................................ 56Image menu ................................................. 35Import Binary Layer ...................................... 60Installation ...................................................... 1Invert ............................................................ 38Length tool ................................................... 13Load image file ............................................. 22Lock tool....................................................... 12Magic contour tool ........................................ 19Marker/counter tool ...................................... 19Maximum Filter ............................................ 49Measurement tools

Angle tool .............................................. 14 Area tool ............................................... 16

Center tool ............................................ 17Circle tool .............................................. 17Length tool ............................................ 13Lock tool ............................................... 12Magic contour tool................................. 19Marker/counter tool ............................... 19Middle tool ............................................ 13Path tool ................................................ 15Perpendicular line tool .......................... 14Rectangle tool ....................................... 18Select tool ............................................. 12Unit tool ................................................. 12

Measurements ListColumns ................................................ 30

Export ................................................... 26New ..................................................... .. 25Open ..................................................... 25Save ...................................................... 26Save as ................................................. 26View ...................................................... 29

Measurements List menu ............................. 25Measurements toolbar ................................. 11Median Filter ................................................ 48Middle tool .................................................... 13Midpoint Filter .............................................. 52Minimum Filter ............................................. 50Morphological Close .................................... 58Morphological Dilate .................................... 57

Morphological Erode .................................... 57Morphological Open ..................................... 58Negative ..................................................... .. 39



Noise reduction ............................................. 59Open image file............................................. 22Options ................................................ ......... 62Overlay Binary Image ................................... 56Paste ................................ ............................ 28Path tool ....................................................... 15Print .......................................... .................... 24

Radius ................................................. ... 17, 18Range Filter .................................................. 53Rectangle tool ............................................... 18Reset calibration ........................................... 35Reset window layout ..................................... 62Resize ........................................................... 32Rotate image ......... ....................................... 34Roundness ....................... ............................ 16Save image ................................................... 23Save image as .............................................. 23Scripts ........................................................... 60Select all ....................................................... 29

Select source ............................................... 24Select tool .................................................... 12Selective color brightness ............................ 41Sharpen ....................................................... 41Statistics window .......................................... 30Stretch histogram ......................................... 36System requirements ..................................... 1

Toolbar ....................................................... .. 10Tools menu .................................................. 60Undo ............................................................ 27Unit tool ...................................................... .. 12View menu ................................................... 29What’s new .................................................. 63Window menu .............................................. 62Yp Mean Filter .............................................. 54Zoom controls .............................................. 21Zoom in ........................................................ 31Zoom out ...................................................... 32Zoom to Fit ................................................... 31