Digestion QuizDeveloped by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark Brims

Approved by: Gawain Hammond & Maureen Bain

Supported by: The Chancellor’s Fund

Digestion Quiz

START!

Developed by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark BrimsSupported by: The Chancellor’s Fund

Choose a Region…

• The jaws and teeth• Oesophagus• Abdominal Gastro-Intestinal Tract

(Note: See Respiration for Hyoid bones)

I want to view the….

• Mandible and Maxilla

• Teeth

• Comparitive Mandibles & TMJ’s

• Comparitive Teeth

Comparative Mandible & TMJ’s

Page 2 >

Coronoid

Condylar

Angular

Feline Mandible Bovine Mandible

TMJ

Equine Skull, Lateral Feline Skull, Lateral

Comparative Mandible/Maxilla

Feline Maxilla Feline Mandible

Symphysis

VomerPalatine Fissure

< Page 1Choose a Region

Comparative Teeth 1Ovine Skull, Lateral

Ruminant Dental Formula: 0-0-3-3 3-1-3-3

Equine Dental Formula: 3-1-3(4)-3 3-1-3-3

Equine Mandible & Maxilla, D/V

Feline Skull, Lateral

Feline Dental Formula: 3-1-3-1 3-1-2-1

Page 2 >

Comparative Teeth 2

Here it is seen that the roots of the equine cheek teeth are embedded in the Maxillary Sinus. The sinus gets larger as the horse ages and the teeth continually erupt.

This arrangement can cause problems as dental disease may pass through the sinus into the respiratory tract. By entering the sinus surgically the roots of the teeth may be accessed and the infected tooth can be removed.

Equine Maxilla, Lateral

Cheek tooth roots

Maxillary Sinus

<Page 1Choose a Region

Mandible & Maxilla Part 2

Canine Mandible, Lateral

Canine Mandible, Dorso-Ventral

A

B

C

D

What is structure A?•Body of Mandible•Coronoid Process•Condylar Process

What is structure B?•Coronoid Process•Angular Process•Condylar Process

What is structure C?•Coronoid Process•Angular Process•Condylar Process

Do you know what the orange line D represents?

•Answer

Mandibular Symphysis

• This is the Mandibular Symphysis. It is the joining point between the two halves of the Mandible. It may appear more fused in older animals.

• Back to Choose a Region

Incorrect • No, this is not the

body of the mandible.• The body is the

horizontal part extending rostrally:

Try Again!

Incorrect • No, this is not the

Condylar Process.• Here is an example of the

Condylar Process:

Try Again!

Correct! • Yes! A is the Coronoid

Process of the mandible.

• Here is another example:

• Try part B

Incorrect • No, this is not the

Coronoid Process.• Here is an example of the

Coronoid Process:

Try Again!

Incorrect • No, this is not the Angular

Process.• Here is an example of the

Angular Process:

Try Again!

Correct! • Yes! B is the Condylar

Process of the mandible.

• Here is another example:

• Try part C

Correct! • Yes! C is the Angular

Process of the mandible.

• Here is another example:

• Try part D

Mandible & Maxilla Part 1

a) Is the top radiograph of a Mandible or Maxilla?

•Mandible

•Maxilla

b) Do you know which joint is shown in the blue circle on the bottom radiograph?

•Answer

Incorrect • No, this is not the

Mandible! It forms the bottom part of the jaws.

• Here is the Mandible:

Try Again!

Correct! • Yes! This is the Maxilla. It

can be recognised by the presence of the Palatine Fissure and Vomer:

• Try part b)

Temporo-Mandibular Joint

This is the Temporo-Mandibular Joint. It is the joint connecting the Mandible to the Maxilla and the rest of the skull. It is formed by the Condylar Process and the Mandibular Fossa of the Skull.

Here is another example:

Now try Mandible & Maxilla part 2

Teetha) Can you identify the roots, pulp cavity, dentine & enamel on the top radiograph?

•Answers

b) On the bottom radiograph, which teeth are incisors, which are canines and which are premolars & molars?

What is the complete dental formula of the dog?

•Answers

Teeth

Root

Pulp Cavity

Dentine

Enamel

Now try part b)

Teeth

Complete dental formula: 3-1-4-2 3-1-4-3

Incisors (3)

Canine (1)Premolars (4)

Molars (3)

Back to Choose a Region

Oesophagus

A

B

Which is the Oesophagus, A or B?

•A

•B

Correct!

Yes! B is the Oesophagus! It lies dorsal to the Trachea in the neck.

It is not normally easy to see on radiographs as it is not rigid and is collapsed:

In the example, it has had contrast introduced.

Back to Choose a Region

(6 is a small volume of gas in the oesophagus. The rest of its length cannot be seen)

Incorrect

No! A is the Trachea. It is black on radiographs as it is rigid and gas filled. It lies ventral to the Oesophagus.

Here is another example:

Try Again! (6 is a small volume of gas in the oesophagus. The rest of its length cannot be seen)

Abdominal GIT

I want to view the:

• Liver

• Spleen

• Stomach and Duodenum

• Jejunum and Ileum

• Caecum, Colon and Rectum

Choose a Region

Liver 1a) The position of the Liver has been highlighted in the top radiograph by injecting contrast into the venous system. What limits the extent of the liver cranially (red arrows)?•Lungs•Stomach•Diaphragm

b) Contrast has been introduced into certain blood vessels on the bottom radiograph. Which vessels are shown?

•Answers

Liver Veins

Abdominal Veins (Mesenteric etc.)

Portal Vein

Now try Liver 2

Portal Vein

The radiograph shows the abdominal veins supplying the Portal Vein. The second radiograph, above, shows how the lobes of the liver are heavily vascularised by the branches of the Portal Vein.

Incorrect

No, the lungs themselves do not limit the extent of the Liver. They are located in the thoracic cavity, they do not come into direct contact with the Liver in the Abdominal Cavity.

Try Again!

Incorrect

No, the stomach does not limit the cranial extent of the Liver. The stomach lies caudal to the liver and may affect its extent in that direction.

Try Again!

Correct! • Yes! The red arrows point to

the diaphragm. The liver lies pressed against the diaphragm and takes on its shape in situ.

• This can be seen in this feline example where air has entered the peritoneum and shows the outline of the liver:

Try part b)

Liver 2a) The bile duct of this liver has

been injected with contrast. What is A?

• Gall Bladder• Spleen• Stomach

A

Correct! • Yes! A is the Gall Bladder. It

fills with bile collected from the lobes of the liver. It sits between the Quadrate and Right Medial lobes.

• Here is an example in an isolated liver:

• Can you name the other lobes?

Back to Abdominal GIT

Incorrect

No! A is not the Spleen. The Spleen is not connected to the Bile duct, is larger and located more caudally than A.

Here is an example (labeled):

Try Again!

Incorrect

No! A is not the Stomach. The Stomach is not connected to the Bile duct, is larger and located more caudally than A.

Here is an example (with contrast):

Try Again!

Spleen

Do you know where in the abdomen the spleen is located?•Answer

Spleen location

Here is the location of the spleen. It is located on the left side of the abdomen and lies along the greater curvature of the stomach. As it is connected to the stomach by the gastrosplenic ligament, its exact position depends on the stomach.

Back to Abdominal GIT page

Stomach & Duodenum

A

B

C

D

a) Can you name the regions of the stomach labelled A, B, C & D?

What types of glands are present in these regions?

•Answers

b) Where is the Duodenum? What side of the abdomen is it on? What are its regions?

•Answers

Canine Stomach & Duodenum with contrast

Cr.Cd.

Click here for lateral and Feline views of the stomach

Left

Right

Lateral & Feline StomachCanine Stomach & Duodenum with contrast Feline Stomach

Feline Stomach

Cr.Cd.

Back to Stomach & Duodenum

Regions of the Stomach

Cardia

Fundus

Body

Pylorus

A = Cardia (Oesophagus enters. Has mucous secreting Cardiac glands)

B = Fundus (Has HCl secreting Parietal cells and pepsin secreting Chief cells. Also endocrine cells secreting Gastrin)

C = Body (Has HCl secreting Parietal cells and pepsin secreting Chief cells. Also endocrine cells secreting Gastrin)

D = Pylorus (Has mucous cells and endocrine glands which secrete Gastrin. Duodenum begins here) Try part b)

Cd. Cr.

The DuodenumHere is the Duodenum. It leaves the stomach on the right side of the abdomen, descends caudally, turns back on itself, then ascends cranially a short distance.

After this, it becomes the Jejunum.

Canine Stomach & Duodenum with contrast

Cranial Flexure

Ascending Duodenum

Caudal Flexure

Descending Duodenum

Right

Left

Back to GIT page

Jejunum & IleumThe radiograph shows the loops of Jejunum in the circled area. The Ileum is also located in this area but cannot be distinguished from the Jejunum.

Some of the loops have a black appearance, why is this? Is this normal?

•Answer

Jejunum & Ileum Answer

•The Jejunum has a black appearance in some places as contains a small amount of gas (gas does not absorb x-rays so the film behind gas-filled structures is maximally exposed).

•A small amount of gas is normal in the jejunum but excessive gas build up is not; this may cause digestive problems and can be painful for the animal.

An example of excessive gas in the jejunum and ileum is shown here:

Normal

Abnormal

Back to Abdominal GIT page

Large Intestine 1

This is a radiograph of a canine abdomen; can you identify the Large Intestine?

Also try to identify the other regions of the digestive tract.

•Answers

Large Intestine 1 Answers

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Stomach

The area in the red circle is the large intestine. It is identifiable by the faecal balls present in the colon. It lies dorsal to the Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum & ileum).

The green arrow points to the stomach. Note that it is distended and gas filled; this is not it’s normal appearance!!

Now try Large Intestine 2

Large Intestine 2

a) This is a dorso-ventral radiograph of a canine Large Intestine filled with contrast. The letters A-D identify the regions of the colon, can you name them? What would the colon look like in a lateral view?

•Answers

b) What is the organ in the orange circle?

•Stomach

•Urinary Bladder

•Caecum

A

B

C

D

Cr.

Cd.

Large Intestine 2 Colon answers

Here are the regions of the Colon with labels.

The image below is a lateral view of the same dog. The regions of the colon cannot be distinguished as they are superimposed on one another.

Try part b)

Ascending Colon

Transverse Colon

Descending Colon

Anus

Anus Colon

Cd.

Cr.

Incorrect No, this is not the stomach! The stomach is much larger than this and located more cranially, as seen in this radiograph:

Try again!

Canine Stomach & Duodenum with contrast

Cr.Cd.

Incorrect No, this is not the urinary Bladder! It is located just cranial to the pelvis:

Also, contrast has been introduced to the lower digestive tract; it would not enter the bladder from here!

Try again!

Correct! Yes! This is the Caecum. It is a blind ending pouch found at the junction between the ileum and colon. It lies on the right side of the abdomen.

It is smaller in the dog than in herbivorous species, especially hindgut fermenters such as the horse.

Back to Abdominal GIT page