Dig a little deeper All living things need mineralsncertbooks.prashanthellina.com/class_10.SocialScience... · Although our mineral intake represents only ... varied forms in nature,

We use different things in our daily life madefrom metal. Can you list a number of itemsused in your house made of metals. Where dothese metals come from?

You have studied that the earth’s crust ismade up of different minerals embedded in therocks. Various metals are extracted from theseminerals after proper refinement.

Minerals are an indispensable part of ourlives. Almost everything we use, from a tiny pinto a towering building or a big ship, all aremade from minerals. The railway lines and thetarmac (paving) of the roads, our implementsand machinery too are made from minerals.Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes aremanufactured from minerals and run onpower resources derived from the earth. Eventhe food that we eat contains minerals. In allstages of development, human beings haveused minerals for their livelihood, decoration,festivities, religious and ceremonial rites.

Haban comes to Guwahati with his fatherfrom a remote village.

He sees people getting into strangehouse like objects which move along theroad. He also sees a “kitchen” dragging anumber of house along with it. He is amazedand asked his father “Why don’t our housesmove like the one we saw in Guwahati, Ba?”

Ba replies, “These are not houses, theyare buses and trains. Unlike our houses theseare not made of bricks and stones, metal likeiron and alluminium are used in makingthese. They do not move on their own. Theyare driven by an engine which needs energyto work.”

A bright smile from toothpasteand minerals

Toothpaste cleans your teeth. Abrasiveminerals like silica, limestone, aluminiumoxide and various phosphate minerals do thecleaning. Fluoride which is used to reducecavities, comes from a mineral fluorite. Mosttoothpaste are made white with titaniumoxide, which comes from minerals calledrutile, ilmenite and anatase. The sparkle insome toothpastes comes from mica. Thetoothbrush and tube containing the paste aremade of plastics from petroleum. Find outwhere these minerals are found?

Dig a little deeper and find out how manyminerals are used to make a light bulb?

All living things need mineralsLife processes cannot occur without minerals.Although our mineral intake represents onlyabout 0.3 per cent of our total intake ofnutrients, they are so potent and so importantthat without them we would not be able toutilise the other 99.7 per cent of foodstuffs.

Dig a little deeper and collect “NutritionalFacts” printed on food labels.

What is a mineral?

Geologists define mineral as a “homogenous,naturally occurring substance with a definableinternal structure.” Minerals are found invaried forms in nature, ranging from thehardest diamond to the softest talc. Why arethey so varied?

You have already learnt about rocks. Rocksare combinations of homogenous substancescalled minerals. Some rocks, for instancelimestone, consist of a single mineral only, butmajority of the rock consist of several mineralsin varying proportions. Although, over 2000minerals have been identified, only a few areabundantly found in most of the rocks.

A particular mineral that will be formedfrom a certain combination of elementsdepends upon the physical and chemicalconditions under which the material forms.This, in turn, results in a wide range of colours,hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density thata particular mineral possesses. Geologists usethese properties to classify the minerals.

Study of Minerals by Geographersand Geologists

Geographers study minerals as part of theearth’s crust for a better understanding oflandforms. The distribution of mineralresources and associated economic activitiesare of interest to geographers. A geologist,however, is interested in the formation ofminerals, their age and physical andchemical composition.

However, for general and commercialpurposes minerals can be classified as under.

MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS

Where are these minerals found?

Minerals are usually found in “ores”. Theterm ore is used to describe an accumulationof any mineral mixed with other elements. Themineral content of the ore must be in sufficientconcentration to make its extraction

commercially viable. The type of formation orstructure in which they are found determinesthe relative ease with which mineral ores maybe mined. This also determines the cost ofextraction. It is, therefore, important for us tounderstand the main types of formations inwhich minerals occur.

Minerals generally occur in these forms:

(i) In igneous and metamorphic rocksminerals may occur in the cracks,crevices, faults or joints. The smalleroccurrences are called veins and thelarger are called lodes. In most cases,they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forcedupward through cavities towards theearth’s surface. They cool and solidify asthey rise. Major metallic minerals like tin,copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtainedfrom veins and lodes.

(ii) In sedimentary rocks a number of mineralsoccur in beds or layers. They have beenformed as a result of deposition,accumulation and concentration inhorizontal strata. Coal and some forms ofiron ore have been concentrated as a resultof long periods under great heat andpressure. Another group of sedimentaryminerals include gypsum, potash salt and

sodium salt. These are formed as a resultof evaporation especially in arid regions.

(iii) Another mode of formation involves thedecomposition of surface rocks, and theremoval of soluble constituents, leaving aresidual mass of weathered materialcontaining ores. Bauxite is formed this way.

51MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

Fig. 5.1

52 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

(iv) Certain minerals may occur as alluvialdeposits in sands of valley floors and thebase of hills. These deposits are called‘placer deposits’ and generally containminerals, which are not corroded by water.Gold, silver, tin and platinum are mostimportant among such minerals.

(v) The ocean waters contain vast quantitiesof minerals, but most of these are too widelydiffused to be of economic significance.However, common salt, magnesium andbromine are largely derived from oceanwaters. The ocean beds, too, are rich inmanganese nodules.

Let us now study the distribution of a fewmajor minerals in India. Always remember thatthe concentration of mineral in the ore, the easeof extraction and closeness to the market playan important role in affecting the economicviability of a reserve. Thus, to meet the demand,a choice has to be made between a number ofpossible options. When this is done a mineral‘deposit’ or ‘reserve’ turns into a mine.

Ferrous MineralsFerrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the production ofmetallic minerals. They provide a strong basefor the development of metallurgicalindustries. India exports substantialquantities of ferrous minerals after meetingher internal demands.

Iron OreIron ore is the basic mineral and the backboneof industrial development. India is endowedwith fairly abundant resources of iron ore. Indiais rich in good quality iron ores. Magnetite isthe finest iron ore with a very high content ofiron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent magneticqualities, especially valuable in the electricalindustry. Hematite ore is the most importantindustrial iron ore in terms of the quantityused, but has a slightly lower iron content thanmagnetite. (50-60 per cent).

Rat-Hole Mining. Do you know that mostof the minerals in India are nationalisedand their extraction is possible only afterobtaining due permission from thegovernment? But in most of the tribal areasof the north-east India, minerals areowned by individuals or communities. InMeghalaya, there are large deposits of coal,iron ore, limestone and dolomite etc. Coalmining in Jowai and Cherapunjee is doneby family member in the form of a longnarrow tunnel, known as ‘Rat hole’ mining.

Dig a little deeper: What is the differencebetween an open pit mine, a quarry and an

underground mine with shafts?

India is fortunate to have fairly rich and variedmineral resources. However, these are unevenlydistributed. Broadly speaking, peninsular rockscontain most of the reserves of coal, metallicminerals, mica and many other non-metallicminerals. Sedimentary rocks on the western andeastern flanks of the peninsula, in Gujarat andAssam have most of the petroleum deposits.Rajasthan with the rock systems of the peninsula,has reserves of many non-ferrous minerals. Thevast alluvial plains of north India are almostdevoid of economic minerals. These variationsexist largely because of the differences in thegeological structure, processes and time involvedin the formation of minerals.

Fig. 5.2: Production of iron ore showingstatewise share in per cent, 2003-04


The major iron ore belts in India are:

• Orissa-Jharkhand belt: In Orissa highgrade hematite ore is found in Badampaharmines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhardistricts. In the adjoining Singbhumdistrict of Jharkhand haematite iron ore ismined in Gua and Noamundi.

• Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies inChhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very highgrade hematites are found in the famousBailadila range of hills in the Bastar districtof Chattisgarh. The range of hills compriseof 14 deposits of super high grade hematiteiron ore. It has the best physical propertiesneeded for steel making. Iron ore from thesemines is exported to Japan and SouthKorea via Vishakapatnam port.

• Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkurbelt in Karnataka has large reserves of ironore. The Kudermukh mines located in theWestern Ghats of Karnataka are a 100 percent export unit. Kudremukh deposits areknown to be one of the largest in the world.The ore is transported as slurry through apipeline to a port near Mangalore.

• Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the stateof Goa and Ratnagiri district ofMaharashtra. Though, the ores are not ofvery high quality, yet they are efficientlyexploited. Iron ore is exported throughMarmagao port.

ManganeseManganese is mainly used in themanufacturing of steel and ferro-manganesealloy. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is requiredto manufacture one tonne of steel. It is alsoused in manufacturing bleaching powder,insecticides and paints.

Fig. 5.3: Iron ore mine

Fig. 5.4: Production of Manganese showingstatewise share in per cent, 2003-2004

Orissa is the largest producer of manganeseores in India. It accounted for one-third of thecountry’s total production in 2000-01.

Dig a little deeper: Superimpose the mapsshowing distribution of iron ore, manganese,coal and iron and steel industry. Do you see

any correlation. Why?

Non-Ferrous Minerals

India’s reserves and production of non- ferrousminerals is not very satisfactory. However, theseminerals, which include copper, bauxite, lead,zinc and gold play a vital role in a number ofmetallurgical, engineering and electricalindustries. Let us study the distribution ofcopper and bauxite.

Kudre in Kannada means horse. Thehighest peak in the western ghats ofKarnataka resembles the face of a horse.The Bailadila hills look like the hump ofan ox, and hence its name.


India: Distribution of Iron Ore, Manganese, Bauxite and Mica


CopperIndia is critically deficient in the reserve andproduction of copper. Being malleable, ductileand a good conductor, copper is mainly usedin electrical cables, electronics and chemical

Fig. 5.5: Copper mines at Malanjkhand

Fig. 5.6: Production of Copper showing state-wiseshare in per cent, 2003-04

BauxiteThough, several ores contain aluminium, it isfrom bauxite, a clay-like substance thatalumina and later aluminium is obtained.Bauxite deposits are formed by thedecomposition of a wide variety of rocks richin aluminium silicates.

Fig. 5.7: Production of Bauxite showing state-wiseshare in per cent, 2003-04

Fig.5.8: Bauxite Mine

industries. The Balaghat mines in MadhyaPradesh produce 52 per cent of India’s copper.The Singbhum district of Jharkhand is also aleading producer of copper. The Khetri minesin Rajasthan are also famous.

Aluminium is an important metal becauseit combines the strength of metals such as iron,with extreme lightness and also with goodconductivity and great malleability.

India’s bauxite deposits are mainly foundin the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills andthe plateau region of Bilaspur- Katni.

Orissa is the largest bauxite producingstate in India with 45 per cent of the country’stotal production in 2000-01. Panchpatmalideposits in Koraput district are the mostimportant bauxite deposits in the state.

Dig a little deeper: Locate the mines ofBauxite on the physical map of India.


Non-Metallic Minerals

Mica is a mineral made up of a series of platesor leaves. It splits easily into thin sheets. Thesesheets can be so thin that a thousand can belayered into a mica sheet of a few centimetershigh. Mica can be clear, black, green, red yellowor brown. Due to its excellent di-electricstrength, low power loss factor, insulatingproperties and resistance to high voltage, micais one of the most indispensable minerals usedin electric and electronic industries.

Mica deposits are found in the northernedge of the Chota Nagpur plateau. KodermaGaya – Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is theleading producer.

In Rajasthan, the major mica producingarea is around Ajmer. Nellore mica belt ofAndhra Pradesh is also an important producerin the country.

After the discovery of aluminium EmperorNapoleon III wore buttons and hooks onhis clothes made of aluminium and servedfood to his more illustrious guests inaluminium utensils and the lesshonourable ones were served in gold andsilver utensils. Thirty years after thisincident aluminium bowls were mostcommon with the beggars in Paris.

Fig. 5.9: Production of Limestone showing state-wise share in per cent, 2003-04

Rock Minerals

Limestone is found in association with rockscomposed of calcium carbonates or calciumand magnesium carbonates. It is found insedimentary rocks of most geologicalformations. Limestone is the basic raw materialfor the cement industry and essential forsmelting iron ore in the blast furnace.

Dig a little deeper: Study the maps to explainwhy Chota Nagpur is a storehouse of minerals.

Hazards of MiningHave you ever wondered about the efforts the miners make in making life comfortablefor you? What are the impacts of mining onthe health of the miners and the environment?

The dust and noxious fumes inhaled byminers make them vulnerable to pulmonarydiseases. The risk of collapsing mine roofs,inundation and fires in coalmines are aconstant threat to miners.

The water sources in the region getcontaminated due to mining. Dumping of wasteand slurry leads to degradation of land, soil,and increase in stream and river pollution.

Fig. 5.10: Air pollution due togeneration of dust in mining areas


Stricter safety regulations andimplementation of environmental laws areessential to prevent mining from becoming a“killer industry”.

CONSERVATION OF MINERALS

We all appreciate the strong dependence ofindustry and agriculture upon mineraldeposits and the substances manufacturedfrom them. The total volume of workablemineral deposits is an insignificant fractioni.e. one per cent of the earth’s crust. We arerapidly consuming mineral resources that

required millions of years to be created andconcentrated. The geological processes ofmineral formation are so slow that the ratesof replenishment are infinitely small incomparison to the present rates ofconsumption. Mineral resources are,therefore, finite and non-renewable. Richmineral deposits are our country’s extremelyvaluable but short-lived possessions.Continued extraction of ores leads toincreasing costs as mineral extraction comesfrom greater depths along with decreasein quality.


A concerted effort has to be made in orderto use our mineral resources in a planned andsustainable manner. Improved technologiesneed to be constantly evolved to allow use oflow grade ores at low costs. Recycling of metals,using scrap metals and other substitutes aresteps in conserving our mineral resources forthe future.

Dig a little deeper: Make a list of items wheresubstitutes are being used instead of minerals.

Where are these substitutes obtained from?

Energy Resources

Energy is required for all activities. It is neededto cook, to provide light and heat, to propelvehicles and to drive machinery in industries.

Energy can be generated from fuel mineralslike coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium andfrom electricity. Energy resources can beclassified as conventional and non-conventional sources. Conventional sourcesinclude: firewood, cattle dung cake, coal,petroleum, natural gas and electricity (bothhydel and thermal). Non-conventional sourcesinclude solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogasand atomic energy. Firewood and cattle dungcake are most common in rural India.According to one estimate more than 70 percent energy requirement in rural householdsis met by these two ; continuation of these isincreasingly becoming difficult due todecreasing forest area. Moreover, using dungcake too is being discouraged because itconsumes most valuable manure which couldbe used in agriculture.

Conventional Sources of Energy

Coal: In India, coal is the most abundantlyavailable fossil fuel. It provides a substantialpart of the nation’s energy needs. It is used forpower generation, to supply energy to industryas well as for domestic needs. India is highlydependent on coal for meeting its commercialenergy requirements.

As you are already aware that coal isformed due the compression of plantmaterial over millions of years. Coal,therefore, is found in a variety of formsdepending on the degrees of compression

Fig. 5.11 (a): A view from inside of a coal mine

Fig. 5.11 (b): A view from outside of a coal mine

and the depth and time of burial. Decayingplants in swamps produce peat. Which hasa low carbon and high moisture contentsand low heating capacity. Lignite is a lowgrade brown coal, which is soft with highmoisture content. The principal lignitereserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu andare used for generation of electricity. Coalthat has been buried deep and subjected toincreased temperatures is bituminous coal.It is the most popular coal in commercialuse. Metallurgical coal is high gradebituminous coal which has a special valuefor smelt ing iron in blast furnaces.Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.

In India coal occurs in rock series of twomain geological ages, namely Gondwana, a littleover 200 million years in age and in tertiarydeposits which are only about 55 million yearsold. The major resources of Gondwana coal,which are metallurgical coal, are located in


India: Distribution of Coal, Oil and Natural Gas


Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand).Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are importantcoalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son andWardha valleys also contain coal deposits.

Tertiary coals occur in the north easternstates of Meghalaya, Assam, ArunachalPradesh and Nagaland.

Remember coal is a bulky material, whichloses weight on use as it is reduced to ash.Hence, heavy industries and thermal powerstation are located on or near the coalfields.

PetroleumPetroleum or mineral oil is the next majorenergy source in India after coal. It providesfuel for heat and lighting, lubricants formachinery and raw materials for a number ofmanufacturing industries. Petroleumrefineries act as a “nodal industry” forsynthetic textile, fertiliser and numerouschemical industries.

Most of the petroleum occurrences in Indiaare associated with anticlines and fault trapsin the rock formations of the tertiary age. Inregions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurswhere oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone orsandstone through which oil may flow. The oilis prevented from rising or sinking byintervening non-porous layers.

Petroleum is also found in fault trapsbetween porous and non-porous rocks. Gas,being lighter usually occurs above the oil.

About 63 per cent of India’s petroleumproduction is from Mumbai High, 18 per centfrom Gujarat and 16 per cent from Assam.From the map locate the 3 major off shore fieldsof western India. Ankeleshwar is the mostimportant field of Gujarat. Assam is the oldestoil producing state of India. Digboi,Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are theimportant oil fields in the state.

Natural GasNatural gas is an important clean energyresource found in association with or withoutpetroleum. It is used as a source of energy aswell as an industrial raw material in thepetrochemical industry.

Natural gas is considered an environmentfriendly fuel because of low carbon dioxideemissions and is, therefore, the fuel for thepresent century.

Large reserves of natural gas have beendiscovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin.Along the west coast the reserves of the MumbaiHigh and allied fields are supplemented byfinds in the Gulf of Cambay. Andaman andNicobar islands are also important areashaving large reserves of natural gas.

The 1700 km long Hazira-Bijaipur -Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline linksMumbai High and Bassien with the fertilizer,power and industrial complexes in western andnorthern India. This artery has provided animpetus to India’s gas production. The powerand fertilizer industries are the key users ofnatural gas. Use of Compressed Natural Gas(CNG ) for vehicles to replace liquid fuels isgaining wide popularity in the country.

ElectricityElectricity has such a wide range ofapplications in today’s world that, its per-capita consumption is considered as an indexof development. Elecctricity is generated mainlyin two ways: by running water which driveshydro turbines to generate hydro electricity;and by burning other fuels such as coal,petroleum and natural gas to drive turbinesto produce thermal power. Once generated theelectricity is exactly the same.

Name some river valley projects and writethe names of the dams built on these rivers.

Hydro electricity is generated by fastflowing water, which is a renewable resource.India has a number of multi-purpose projectslike the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valleycorporation, the Kopili Hydel Project etc.producing hydroelectric power.

Thermal electricity is generated by usingcoal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermalpower stations use non-renewable fossil fuelsfor generating electricity. There are over 310thermal power plants in India.


India: Distribution of Nuclear and Thermal Power Plants

Rawat Bhata


From the map identify a thermal powerstation in your state and also name the fuelthat is used there.

Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained byaltering the structure of atoms. When such analteration is made, much energy is released inthe form of heat and this is used to generateelectric power. Uranium and thorium, whichare available in Jharkhand and the Aravalliranges of Rajasthan are used for generatingatomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sandsof Kerala is also rich in thorium.

Locate the 6 nuclear power stations and findout the state in which they are located.

Non-Conventional Sources of EnergyThe growing consumption of energy hasresulted in the country becomingincreasingly dependent on fossil fuels suchas coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil andgas and their potential shortages have raiseduncertainties about the security of energysupply in future, which in turn has seriousrepercussions on the growth of the nationaleconomy. Moreover, increasing use of fossilfuels also causes serious environmentalproblems. Hence, there is a pressing need touse renewable energy sources like solarenergy, wind, tide, biomass and energy fromwaste material. These are called non-conventional energy sources.

India is blessed with an abundance ofsunlight, water, wind and biomass. It has thelargest programmes for the development ofthese renewable energy resources.

Solar EnergyIndia is a tropical country. It has enormouspossibilities of tapping solar energy.Photovoltaic technology converts sunlightdirectly into electricity. Solar energy is fastbecoming popular in rural and remote areas.The largest solar plant of India is located atMadhapur, near Bhuj, where solar energy isused to sterlise milk cans. It is expected thatuse of solar energy will be able to minimise thedependence of rural households on firewoodand dung cakes, which in turn will contributeto environmental conservation and adequatesupply of manure in agriculture.

Fig. 5.12: Solar operated electronic milktesting equipment

Fig. 5.13: Wind mills – Nagarcoil

Wind powerIndia now ranks as a “wind super power” inthe world. The largest wind farm cluster islocated in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil toMadurai. Apart from these, Andhra Pradesh,Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra andLakshadweep have important wind farms.Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known foreffective use of wind energy in the country.

BiogasShrubs, farm waste, animal and human wasteare used to produce biogas for domesticconsumption in rural areas. Decomposition oforganic matter yields gas, which has higherthermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene,dung cake and charcoal. Biogas plants are setup at municipal, cooperative and individuallevels. The plants using cattle dung are knowas ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. Theseprovide twin benefits to the farmer in the formof energy and improved quality of manure.


Biogas is by far the most efficient use of cattledung. It improves the quality of manure andalso prevents the loss of trees and manure dueto burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.

at shallow depths. Groundwater in such areasabsorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot.It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’ssurface, it turns into steam. This steam is usedto drive turbines and generate electricity.

There are several hundred hot springs inIndia, which could be used to generateelectricity. Two experimental projects have beenset up in India to harness geothermal energy.One is located in the Parvati valley nearManikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the otheris located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.

Conservation of Energy Resources

Energy is a basic requirement for economicdevelopment. Every sector of the nationaleconomy – agriculture, industry, transport,commercial and domestic – needs inputs ofenergy. The economic development plansimplemented since Independence necessarilyrequired increasing amounts of energy toremain operational. As a result, consumptionof energy in all forms has been steadily risingall over the country.

In this background, there is an urgent needto develop a sustainable path of energydevelopment. Promotion of energy conservationand increased use of renewable energy sourcesare the twin planks of sustainable energy.

India is presently one of the least energyefficient countries in the world. We have toadopt a cautious approach for the judicioususe of our limited energy resources. Forexample, as concerned citizens we can do ourbit by using public transport systems insteadof individual vehicles; switching off electricitywhen not in use, using power-saving devicesand using non-conventional sources of energy.After all, “energy saved is energy produced”.

Fig. 5.14: Biogas Plant

Tidal EnergyOceanic tides can be used to generateelectricity. Floodgate dams are built acrossinlets. During high tide water flows into theinlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed.After the tide falls outside the flood gate, thewater retained by the floodgate flows back tothe sea via a pipe that carries it through apower-generating turbine.

In India, the Gulf of Kuchchh, provides idealconditions for utilising tidal energy. A 900 mwtidal energy power plant is set up here by theNational Hydropower Corporation.

Geo Thermal EnergyGeothermal energy refers to the heat andelectricity produced by using the heat from theinterior of the Earth. Geothermal energy existsbecause, the Earth grows progressively hotterwith increasing depth. Where the geothermalgradient is high, high temperatures are found

EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES

1. Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks,leaving a residual mass of weathered material?(a) coal (b) bauxite (c) gold (d) zinc

(ii) Koderma, in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which one of the followingminerals?(a) bauxite (b) mica (c) iron ore (d) copper


(iii) Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the stratas of which of thefollowing rocks?

(a) sedimentary rocks (c) igneous rocks

(b) metamorphic rocks (d) none of the above

(iv) Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand?(a) oil (b) uranium (c) thorium (d) coal

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.(i) Distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words.

(a) ferrous and non-ferrous minerals(b) conventional and non-conventional sources of energy

(ii) What is a mineral?(iii) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?(iv) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources ?

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.(i) Describe the distribution of coal in India.(ii) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?

ACTIVITY

Fill the name of the correct mineral in the crossword below:

DOWN

1. Found in placer deposit (4)2. Iron ore mined in Bailadila (8)3. Indispensable for electrical industry (4)4. Geological Age of coal found in north east

India (8)5. Formed in veins and lodes (3)

ACROSS

1. A ferrous mineral (9)2. Raw material for cement industry (9)3. Finest iron ore with magnetic properties (9)4. Highest quality hard coal (10)5. Aluminium is obtained from this ore (7)6. Khetri mines are famous for this mineral (6)7. Formed due to evaporation (6)

2 1M

3M

4

M2

4T

6

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5 5T

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Dig a little deeper All living things need mineralsncertbooks.prashanthellina.com/class_10.SocialScience... · Although our mineral intake represents only ... varied forms in nature,