Different Types of Terminals Tasarim (1)

8/2/2019 Different Types of Terminals Tasarim (1)

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TERMINALS

DIFFERENT TYPES

OF


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Definition of Port

A port (or seaport) is a place at which the transfer ofcargo and passengers to and from waterways andshores occurs.

The port may be a cargo port (handling only thetransfer of cargo), a passenger port (handling onlythe transfer of passengers), or a combination

cargo/passenger port (handling the transfer of bothcargo and passengers).


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Definition of Port

In most places in the world, ports are located on theshore lands of cities. These lands are highly valued

with many alternative uses. Not only may the land

be used for marine terminals, but also for tourismand recreation industries, residential and office

buildings, nature parks and commercial fishingindustries.

Ports mostly helps the national and regionaldevelopment of the country sides.


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. Ports can

divide into two, as natural andartificial ports. Artificial ports are those

constructed along a shoreline by means ofearth fill or excavation.

Harbors are joined with the sea via anapproach channel. The entrance to thischannel is usually protected from waves andcurrent by means of breakwaters.

Also a suitably designed port entrance, an

adequate maneuvering area must beplanned.


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Cargo ports are described by the prominent type ofcargo handled.

If a port, for example, handles mostly container cargo, it will be described as a container port. Passenger portsare classified by the prominent type of passenger vesselthat calls at the port. For example, a passenger port may

be a cruise (ferry) port, where calls by cruise (ferry)vessels are prominent.

A port may have several marine terminals forhandling the same type of cargo or different types of

cargo. Ports may be commercial privately owned, seeking to

make a profit or public owned by government (local,state, or federal), generally not seeking to make a profit.


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Types of Terminals in Ports


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Kinds of Terminals

1. General Cargo Terminals

2. Dry Bulk Cargo Terminals

3. Liquid Bulk Cargo Terminals4. Multipurpose Terminals

5. Container Terminals

6. RoRo and Ferry / Passenger Terminals7. Cruise Terminals

8. Marinas


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1. General Cargo Terminals

These are terminals mostly equipped withconventional cranes which handle cargo in all typesof packaging compatible with cranes.

The packaging could be parcels, sacks, pallets, steelproducts, LoLo cargoes, containers.


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General Cargo Terminal Cargo Operations

Cargo may arrive at a port by land (rail, truck) orinland waterway (barge) carriers and then departfrom the port on a ship.

For transshipment cargo, the cargo arrives at a portby ship and then departs from the port on anothership or vice versa.

Cargoes could be loaded/discharged from the vessels either by port conventional cranes or byships cranes.


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General Cargo Terminal Cargo Handling

Loading/unloading operation by cranes of generalcargo onto a dock, transporting and stacking it insheds. Transfer to and from a shed may be by the

following ways:(1) Use of a tractortrailer combination,

(2) Use of heavy forklift trucks.

Cargo unloaded by dockside cranes can be placeddirectly on trailers. If forklifts are used instead oftractors and trailers, the cranes discharge the cargodirectly onto the dock floor for forklifts to pick up.


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Views of general cargo terminalloading/discharging/stowing operation


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2. Dry Bulk terminals

A large variety of goods is carried by ships as drybulk. These goods can be divided roughly into fourmain categories:

Minerals, such as iron ore,

Coal,

Foodstuffs such as grain,

Other commodities, such as cement.


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Dry Bulk Cargo Operations

Dry bulk is frequently transferred between theloading or discharging the storage by means of beltconveyors. If these conveyors are not located at quay,the supporting structures handling of general cargo

(grab cranes), etc to be used. In general, it is desirablethat dry bulk storage takes place fairly close to the

berths.

Stowage between covered sheds or silos is usually

based on economics. Silos would normally bepreferred when the storage time is short and forcommodities which are fine powders, for dust-controlreasons.


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Depending on the type of commodity and throughput, thestorage is usually one of four basic types:

Open storage yard, which is normally used forcommodities which do not suffer serious degradation

by being exposed to the elements;

Shed, which is normally used for commodities whichwould suffer degradation if exposed to rain;

Silo,which is used for storage of grain, cement andother commodities, which must be protected from

the elements. Silos are normally equipped withefficient materials-handling equipment;

Slurry pond, which is, only feasible for materialswhich are not damaged by water.


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3. Liquid Bulk Terminals

At these terminals, liquid bulk cargo (withoutpackaging) is handled.

The major cargo category in the world trade isbulk crude oil and petroleum products.

Other liquid-bulk cargoes can be classified asmolten sulphur, solvents, chlorine, chemicals,

LNGs and foodstuffs (vegetable oils).


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Liquid Bulk Terminal Operations

These terminals mostly stated outside of the citycentres and close to the rafineries/chemical factoriesdue to health and security reasons.

Specifically, the U.States noted that these terminalswould be a potential terrorist target.

What differs these terminals from the others are

berting places could be offshore terminals, jackettype platforms, island jetties.

Ships can moor at floating buoys or dolphins.


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Both chemical/LNG and oil terminals, loading anddisch.operations carries out centerly commonsuction pipes. Usually, pumping machinery with

suitable piping is used at these terminals. There is no need huge gentry cranes on berths.

From berths to lands, cargoes transferes by

submarine pipes. (Pipelines can easily andinexpensively be placed over or under other trafficlanes.)


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A distinction must be made between loading anddischarging terminals. Cargo is normally discharged

byships pumps. This is a factor over which the portdesigner has no control.

For specialized cargo terminals, the cargo flowduring loading and unloading has to be calculatedfirst, to ensure that vessels will be serviced within

acceptable periods of time. Initial and final cargo testing procedures carries out

by jetty operators.


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LNG Marine Terminals

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that isstored and transported in liquid form at atemperature of minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit (-126

C) By converting the gas into a liquid form, itsvolume is significantly reduced for transport by LNGtanker ships and for handling by LNG marineterminals.

An LNG marine terminal may be a liquefaction (forexporting natural gas) or a regasification (forimporting natural gas) terminal.


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Multipurpose Terminals

These terminals combine a variety of functions in asingle terminal, where containers, but alsoconventional general cargo or other packagedproducts, can be handled.

Unitized cargoes on specialized vessels start appearingin quantities that do not yet require development of aspecialized terminal. Thus, a multipurpose terminal iscreated in which break-bulk cargo traffic isdiminished, although unitized cargo is also handled.

At the same time, the specialization of dry bulk cargoterminals continues.


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Handling Operation Options

Two alternative handlingoptions are available in thisrespect:

(1) The full cargo can beforwarded inland via portsheds,

(2) Direct loading/unloading to and from railor road vehicles can be

retained but conducted atsome distance from thedocks.


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Container Terminals

A container port is the place, where non-transshipment containers received from vesselsare transferred to inland carriers such as railroads,truck carriers, inland waterway and coastalcarriers and transshipment containers aretransferred from one vessel to another.

Container ports are often located on the shore

lands of cities e.g., Rotterdam-Netherlands, Antwerp-Belgium, Hamburg-Germany, LosAngeles United States ext.


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Container Terminal Operations

Containers are handled using specialloading/unloading, transfer and stackingequipment.

Containers are loaded to and fromcontainerships by ship to-shore gantrycranes.

These cranes may be dock cranes (located

on the dock or wharf of the port) or ship-mounted cranes (mounted on thecontainerships).


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Port Equipment

Cranes stated for operations on wharfs arepowerful dock gantry cranes that can attain anoutput of 25 to 30 TEU (twenty-food equivalentunit) per hour. (The operational life of a typicalgantry crane extends to 15 years and 2,000,000

operating cycles.) Since most modern containerships are non-self-

sustaining (without ship-mounted cranes), theyrequire the use of dock cranes while in port. Themajority of ship-to-shore gantry dock cranes arerail cranes (although some are rubber-tired).

Typically, several to be used gangedtogether for working (i.e., unloading and loading containersfrom and to) large containerships simultaneously.


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Container Operation

Containers that move through a container port areinvolved in four basic port activities:

(1) receiving,

(2) loading/unloading, (3) staging,

(4) storage.

The container terminal consists of various buildings,

roadways and pathways for the movement ofcontainers within the port by trucks and varioustypes of yard equipment, and land area for thestorage of containers and equipment.


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A Containers operation

1.An export container arrives at the ports

interchange gate by truck.2.Then, the truck moves to a location within the port,where the container is removed from the truck andplaced in storage location.

3.Than it will be moved to a staging location to wait

the arrival of the specific ship onto which it will beloaded.4.The container load to proper vessel.1.The container is unloaded from the ship by a ship-

to-shore crane and placed on the staging location.

2.From the staging location, the container is movedto a storage location or loaded onto a truck fordeparture from the port.

3.If placed in storage, it will eventually be removedby loading it onto a truck or rail car for departurefrom the port. The import container will leave the

port through its interchange gate.


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From Ship to Truck Transfer

From Railway to Truck Transfer

Port inland transfer by top loader


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Container carrying equipments

The equipments used at container ports forlifting and lowering of containers:

(1) ship-to-shore gantry cranes,

(2) straddle carriers,

(3) yard gantry cranes (transtainers),

(4) top loaders,

(5) automated guided vehicles (AGVs).

Trucks with chassis and AGVs are used tomove containers to and from differentlocations within the port.


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Ship to shore gantry crane Straddle carrier

Container Carrying Equipments-1


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Top loader Yard gantry crane



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Automated guided vehicle(AGV) AGV Double stacked



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Automatic Stacking Crane(ASC)

.


ISO T TEU E l Di i ( ) M Lif i C i C i


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ISO Type TEU External Dimensions (m) Max.Lifting Capacity Capacity(m) (tons) (m3)

1C (20 ft) 1 6.05*2.435*2.435 20 29.0

1A (40 ft) 2 12.190*2.435*2.435 30 60.5

1B (30 ft) 1,5 9.125*2.435*2.435 25 45.0

1D (10 ft) 0,5 2.990*2.435*2.435 10 14.1

Table. Selected container sizes


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Th ld l i k d b TEU


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The worlds largest container ports, ranked by TEUthroughput, appear in below table.

Theseports are often described as load center ports:

Number of Terminals and Total Hectares


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Number of Terminals and Total HectaresControlled by the Twelve Largest Port Holdings

Terminals

47

38

50

42

9

11

20

10

14

13

16

14


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Ro Ro and Ferry Terminals

Here cargo is transferred within a roll onroll off system, withloading and unloading of cargo by horizontally moving lorries,forklifts, tractors and so on.

RoRo and Ferry ports are ports where roro and ferry vessels call.

Ferry vessels may carry passengers and their vehicles and truckand rail transporting cargo.

Ferry services are provided between origin and destinationlocations where a bridge (or tunnel) does not exist or where thewidth of the body of water between these locations would make

the construction of a bridge (or tunnel) impractical. Ferryservices are usually found in coastal urban regions, but also maybe found in inter-island and inter-coastal regions.


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Image of modern multipurpose passenger


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Image of modern multipurpose passengerterminal


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LoLo Loading Method

LoLo vessels load andunload cargo at Roll On-Roll Off (Ro-Ro) ports,Load On-Load Off (Lo-Lo)ports and at unserviced

jetties, using its owncranes.

Self-geared Lift-on/Lift-off(Lo/Lo) type vessels are

loaded and unloaded by acrane, which lifts cargo to aspecific location on theLo/Lo ship.


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Cruise Lines/Terminals

Cruise lines are water carriers that providepassenger transportation (getting from origin A todestination B), tourism and leisure services.

Cruise ports have passenger ashore supportfacilities such as shops, foreign exchange bureaus andtourism information offices and provide passengersincluding shops (food and retail), luggage interchange

(between ship and shore) offices.


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Cruise ports operations

They utilize smaller sized equipment inloading/unloadg luggage and supplies on cruise

vessels. Also, cruise ports utilize passenger loading

bridges. These bridges vary in design according tovessel portal heights and longitudinal positions, tideand vessel load line variation.

Passengers may arrive at a port by automobile or

for-hire transportation service (e.g., taxi) and thendepart from the port on a ship, or conversely.


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Marinas

Marinas provide harboring and supply and repairservices for pleasure boats. Recently, marinetourism and other recreational activities, such asamateur fishing and sailing, have increased rapidly

worldwide.

These services include water and bunker supply,availability of a repair unit, vessel lifting and

launching arrangements, a supplies and provisionsoutlet and vessel dry berthing.

An example of a fully developed small craft harbor isillustrated below.


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Port Operation/Service Providers

Stevedore Company:

A stevedore is a company whose functions are to load,stow and unload vessels. In many ports, the stevedore

is an independent contractor that is hired by shippinglines to work their ships while in port, i.e., load andunload cargo. At unionized ports, the stevedore hireslocal union dockworkers to work ships.


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Aships agent:

Is a company that looks after the interest of a ship andher master and crew while in port on behalf of the shipowner, e.g., making all necessary arrangements withthe port and a stevedore while a ship is in port. Theships agent may arrange for the pilotage, towage, anda berth for a ship, pay for charges incurred by the ship

and handle relations with shippers, consignees, andgovernment officials.


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Ship chandlers: A company that supplies ships withstores and provisions, may also provide ships with

bunkers (ship fuel) while in port.Pilotage is the assistance given by a pilot to a ships

master in navigating his ship when entering and leavinga port or in confined waters. The pilot is usually licensedand an experienced mariner familiar with the given portor place.Towage is the towing or pushing of ships in port, e.g.,

in the berthing and unberthing of ships, by a tug (a smallpower-driven vessel) and is provided by towagecompanies. Ships may also receive ship repair andmaintenance services from ship repair and maintenancecompanies while in port.


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THANKS YOUR ATTENDANCE

TUNC ALTAN

Different Types of Marine

Terminals

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Different Types of Terminals Tasarim (1)