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Different Different Patterns of Patterns of Inheritance Inheritance Blood Types, Sex- Blood Types, Sex- Linked and Linked and Polygenic Polygenic Traits Traits

Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

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Page 1: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Different Different Patterns of Patterns of InheritanceInheritance

Blood Types, Sex-Linked Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenicand Polygenic

TraitsTraits

Page 2: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Blood Typing!Phenotype Genotype

A AA or AO

B BB or BO

AB AB

O OO

Page 3: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Blood Types

Type O-negative blood does not have any antigens. It is called the

"universal donor" type because it is compatible with any blood type.

Type AB-positive blood is called the "universal recipient" type because a person who has it can receive blood of any type. + = have Rh protein- = no Rh protein

A person who has:

Can receive:

A- blood A-, O- blood

A+ blood A-, A+, O-, O+ blood

B- blood B-, O- blood

B+ blood B-, B+, O-, O+ blood

AB- blood AB-, O- blood

AB+ bloodAB-, AB+, A-, A+, B-, B+, O-, O+

blood

O- blood O- blood

O+ blood O-, O+ blood

Page 4: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Blood Type Crosses!

Samara is type AB

Naveen is type Ahis mother was A, Father O

What are their genotypes?

What are their possible offspring’s blood types?

Phenotype

Genotype

A AA or AO

B BB or BO

AB AB

O OO

S= AB N = AO

50% A25% AB25% B

Page 5: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Blood Typing!

Kristina is type B

Kyle is type A

Is is possible for their child to be type O?

Phenotype

Genotype

A AA or AO

B BB or BO

AB AB

O OO

Page 6: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

PolygenicsPolygenicsMultiple GENES affect the traits being expressed

Skin colorHair colorEye color

Page 7: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

How it works…

Eye Color = Brown

Skin Color = Light

Eye Color = Hazel

Skin Color = Tan

Page 8: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Eye Color

Page 9: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Sex Linked TraitsSex Linked Traits

Sex Chromosomes (X, Y)Sex Chromosomes (X, Y) In humans male determined sex of offspringIn humans male determined sex of offspring

• Give X = femaleGive X = female• Give y= maleGive y= male

Genes can be located on sex chromosomes = Sex Linked TraitsMostly on X for humans

Page 10: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Fly ExperimentFly Experiment

Eye color carried on X R = red r = white More males are white than female

because..

SEX LINKED TRAIT!! SEX LINKED TRAIT!!

(only on X Chromosome)(only on X Chromosome)

Male XY Female XX

100% 50%

0% 50%

Page 11: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Sex Linked Sex Linked DiseaseDisease

Females can be carriers, males will show it Red- green color blindness Night Blindness Fragile X syndrome Sickle Cell Anemia Huntington's disease Cystic Fibrosis Hemophilia

Page 12: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Sex-Linked Genetic Cross

No Traits

carried on “Y”

This is why MALES

usually show the

recessive trait!!

Page 13: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Reinforcement

Pg 175- 176 ( 3 P.R.) Pg 180-182 (3 P.R.)

Page 14: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

PEDIGREE CHARTS

A family history of a genetic condition

Page 15: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

What is a pedigree chart?

Pedigree charts show a record of the family of an

individual They can be used to study the transmission of a

hereditary condition They are particularly useful when there are large

families and a good family record over several

generations.

Page 16: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Studying Human Genetics

Pedigree charts offer an ethicalethical way of studying human genetics

Today genetic engineering has new tools to offer doctors studying genetic diseases

A genetic counsellor will still use pedigree charts to help determine the distribution of a diseasedistribution of a disease in an affected family

Page 17: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Symbols used in pedigree charts

Normal male Affected male Normal female Affected female Marriage

A marriage with five children, two daughters and three sons. The second born son is affected by the condition.

Eldest child Youngest child

Page 18: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Organising the pedigree chart

A pedigree chart of a family showing 20 individuals

Page 19: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Organising the pedigree chart

Generations are identified by Roman numerals

I

II

III

IV

Page 20: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Organising the pedigree chart

Individuals in each generation are identified by Roman numerals numbered from the left

Therefore the affected individuals are II3, IV2 and IV3

I

II

III

IV

Page 21: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Different Patterns of Inheritance Sex-Linked RecessiveSex-Linked Recessive

Passed on the X or Y chromosome •Usually XUsually X

What this means…•Girls can be carriers (XX)Girls can be carriers (XX)•Males either have it or are normal Males either have it or are normal (XY)(XY)

•Examples:• Hemophilia, color-blindness, muscular Hemophilia, color-blindness, muscular

dystrophydystrophy

Page 22: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Sex-Linked Recessive

males get their X from their mother

fathers pass their X to daughters only

females express it only if they get a females express it only if they get a copy from both parents.copy from both parents.

expressed in males if present

Possible Carriers in females Shown by half filled circlesShown by half filled circles

Usually more males show this!!Usually more males show this!! Cannot have sick male, normal Cannot have sick male, normal

mothermother

Page 23: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Autosomal Autosomal DominantDominant

All unaffected individuals are homozygous for the normal recessive allele.

Page 24: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Autosomal Autosomal RecessiveRecessive

All affected are homozygous.

Incest matings are often (but not always) involved.

Heterozygous are “normal”

Page 25: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Dominant vs. Recessive Dominant vs. Recessive AutosomalAutosomal

Is it a dominant pedigree or a recessive pedigree?

1. If two affected people have an unaffected child, it must be a dominant If two affected people have an unaffected child, it must be a dominant pedigreepedigree D is the dominant mutant allele and d is the recessive wild type allele. Both

parents are Dd and the normal child is dd. 2. If two unaffected people have an affected child, it is a If two unaffected people have an affected child, it is a

recessive pedigreerecessive pedigree: R is the dominant wild type allele and r is the recessive mutant

allele. Both parents are Rr and the affected child is rr. 3. If every affected person has an affected parent it is a If every affected person has an affected parent it is a

dominant pedigreedominant pedigree..

Page 26: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2

I

1 2 3 4 5 6

II

III

Dominant Autosomal Dominant Autosomal PedigreePedigree

1. If two affected people have If two affected people have an unaffected child, it must be an unaffected child, it must be a dominant pedigreea dominant pedigree

Page 27: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Recessive Recessive Autosomal PedigreeAutosomal Pedigree

If two unaffected If two unaffected people have an people have an affected child, it affected child, it is a recessive is a recessive pedigreepedigree

Page 28: Different Patterns of Inheritance Blood Types, Sex-Linked and Polygenic Traits

Recessive Sex Linked Recessive Sex Linked PedigreePedigree

If I don’t tell you.. Look for If I don’t tell you.. Look for shadingshading

If I tell you, shade itIf I tell you, shade it