Approaches of managementFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Schools of Management ThoughtKoont Z, ODonnell and Weichrich have identified different approaches of management.Contents[hide] 1 Emprical or Case approach 1.1 Contributors \l "Theme""1.2 Theme \l "Features""1.3 Features \l "Uses""1.4 Uses \l "Limitations""1.5 Limitations2 Human Behaviour Approach 2.1 Terms \l "Theme_2""2.2 Theme \l "Divisions""2.3 Divisions \l "Features_2""2.4 Features \l "Uses_2""2.5 Uses \l "Limitations_2""2.6 Limitations3 Social System Approach 3.1 Theme \l "Features_3""3.2 Features \l "Uses_3""3.3 Uses \l "Limitations_3""3.4 Limitations4 Socio-Technical Systems Approach 4.1 Contributors \l "Features_4""4.2 Features \l "Uses_4""4.3 Uses \l "Limitations_4""4.4 Limitations5 Decision Theory Approach 5.1 Contributors \l "Features_5""5.2 Features \l "Uses_5""5.3 Uses \l "Limitations_5""5.4 Limitations6 Management Science Approach 6.1 Features \l "Uses_6""6.2 Uses \l "Limitations_6""6.3 Limitations7 Systems Approach 7.1 Features \l "Features_of_Management_as_System""7.2 Features of Management as System \l "Limitations_7""7.3 Limitations8 Contingency or Situational Approach 8.1 Features \l "Limitations_8""8.2 Limitations9 Operational Approach 9.1 Features \l "Limitations_9""9.2 Limitations[edit] Emprical or Case approachThis is based on a close study of past managerial experiences and management cases. Hence known as case approach or management experience approach.[edit] ContributorsEarnest Dale, Mooney and Reiley, Urivick and other management practitioners.[edit] ThemeThe management is considered a study of managers in practice.[edit] FeaturesManagement is basically a study of managerial experiences and can be taught best by case method. Managerial experience can be passed from one practitioner to another or to students of management for continuity in the knowledge of management. It is a study of successes and failures in the application of management techniques by managers in their practice. The techniques used by successful managers in the past can be used by future managers. Theories of management can be developed by studying large number of experiences because generalizations can be possible.[edit] UsesIt offers the most conventional way of acquiring skills in management i.e., learning through the experience of others. It offeres help in develolping management principles, It helps in classroom situations for developing diagnostic and analytic skills in management students.[edit] LimitationsSince based on cases and past experiences, it has not contributed anything fundamental to the development of management as a discipline because of contradictions in various management experiences.The proposition that a successful technique applied in the past will be good for future is untenable. 1) Management is not based on precedents 2) Situations can not be exactly identical.[edit] Human Behaviour Approach[edit] TermsHuman Relations, Leadership or Behavioural Science Approach.[edit] ThemeIt bears the existing and newly developed theories and methods of the relevant social sciences upon the study of human behaviour ranging from personality dynamics of individuals to the relations of culture.[edit] DivisionsInterpersonal B.A. => individual PsychologyGroup B.A. => Social Psychology and Organizational Behaviour.[edit] FeaturesAs management is the process of getting things done by people, managers should understand human behaviour. Emphasis is put on increasing productivity through motivation and good human relations. Motivation, leadership, communication, participative management and group dynamics are the central core of this approach.[edit] UsesIt suggests how the knowledge of human behaviour can be used in making people more effective in the organization. An individuals behaviour is not determined by organization factors alone but also by his attitude, pressure, conflicts of cultural environment etc. Hence these factors must be taken into account.[edit] LimitationsManagers can be better placed by understanding human behaviour but equating management with human behaviour is untenable.[edit] Social System ApproachThe real pioneer of this approach is Vilfredo Pareto, a sociologist and later Chester Barnard.[edit] ThemeOrganization is essentially a cultural system composed of people who work in cooperation. For achieving organization goals, a cooperative system of management can be developed only by understanding the behaviour of people in groups.[edit] FeaturesOrganization is a social system, a system of cultural relationships. Relationships exist among the external as well as internal environment of the organization. Cooperation among group members is necessary for the achievement of organization objectives. For effective management, efforts should be made for establishing harmony between goals of the organization and the various groups therein.[edit] UsesIt has real significance to the practising manager in the sense that managers operate in social system and the organization is likely to succeed if the demands of the society in which it operates are fully recognized.[edit] LimitationsIt spreads the boundary and application of management beyond the true concept of organization. For example, There may be many groups which may not be truly called organization and hence no question of management. This approach is broader than management and in practice it tends to overlook many management concepts, principles and techniques that are important to management.[edit] Socio-Technical Systems Approach[edit] ContributorsThe contributors are Trist and Bamforth of Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, England and Emery and Rice.[edit] FeaturesThe socio-technical systems approach of management views an organization as a combination of 2 systems a social system and a technical system. The real pattern of behaviour in the organization is determined by the interaction of two. Social systems of the organization is governed by social laws as well as by psychological forces. Technical systems consists of technological forces operating in the organization like physical setting of work, rules, procedures etc. Due to interaction of social and technical systems, technical aspects of the work are modified by social aspects. Thus organization of an organization situation within the framework of socio-technical system involves scrutinizing of the specific technology used, the way in which patterns are organized, the formal structuring of interpersonal interactions and the informal patterns emerging in the work group.[edit] UsesWhile analysing management problems of getting things done by people, adequate consideration should be given to technology as well as informal interactions of people.[edit] LimitationsThe assertion that social and technical aspects of work should be taken into account for managing an organization is not a new one. People have been aware about this aspect in the past and have been following it.[edit] Decision Theory Approach[edit] ContributorsMajor Simon, March, Cyert, Forrester.[edit] FeaturesManagement is essentially decision-making. Members of the organization are decision-makers and problems solvers. Organization can be treated as a combination of various decision centres. The level and importance of organization members are determined on the basis of importance of decisions, which they make. Quality of decision affects the organization effectiveness. All factors affecting decision-making are the subject matter of study of management. Besides processes and techniques in decision making factors affecting decisions are information systems, social and psychological aspects of decision-makers.[edit] UsesIt demonstrates how managers can discharge their functions effectively and for this approach it provides various tools. Decision theorists have grappled with decisions pertaining to diagnosis and the resulting prescriptions for improving communication, incentives, reactions of the individuals to group and analysis of human values write stated objectives.[edit] LimitationsThis approach does not take the total view of management. Decision-making is vital in every school of management. This vital aspect cannot be denied but management is more than mere decision-making.[edit] Management Science ApproachIt is known as Mathematical or Quantitative Measurement Approach.[edit] FeaturesManagement is regarded as the problem-solving mechanism with the help of mathematical tools and techniques. Management problems can be described in terms of mathematical symbols and data. Thus every managerial activity can be quantified. This approach covers decision-making, systems analysis and some aspects of human behaviour.Operations research, mathematical tools, simulation, models etc. are the basic methodologies to solve managerial problems.[edit] UsesIt has contributed significantly in developing orderly thinking in management which has provided exactness in management discipline. Various Mathematical tools like sampling, linear programming, games theory, time series analysis, simulation, waiting line theory etc. have provided more exactness in solving managerial problems. This approach is a fast developing area in analysing and understanding management.[edit] LimitationsIt is very difficult to call a separate school of management because it does not provide the answer for total managerial problems. Managerial activities are not really capable of being quantified because of involvement of human beings who are governed by many irrational factors also. more expertise and technical skills are requrid to formulate mathematical models[edit] Systems ApproachSystem is defined as An organized or complex whole; an assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex unitary whole.[edit] FeaturesA system is basically a combination of parts, subsystems. Each part may have various sub-parts. An organization is a system of mutually dependent parts, each of which may include many subsystems.[edit] Features of Management as SystemManagement is regarded as a system and it is taken in the following ways, Management as a Social System Management as Open System Adaptive Dynamic Probabilistic Multilevel and Multidimensional Multivariable An integral approach Multidisciplinary.[edit] LimitationsIt is considered as an Abstract Approach and Lack of Universality in it.[edit] Contingency or Situational Approach[edit] FeaturesManagement action is contingent on certain action outside the system or subsystem as the case may be. Organizational action should be based on the behaviour of action outside the system so that organization should be integrated with the environment. Because of the specific organization environment relationship, no action can be universal. It varies from situation to situation.[edit] LimitationsInadequate literature. Complex Difficult emprical testing Reactive not Proactive.[edit] Operational ApproachAlso known as Management Process Approach[edit] FeaturesManagement is the study of what managers do. It emphasises on management functions and various concepts and principles involved in performing these functions. Management functions are universal irrespective of the type of organizational or level of management in an organization, though there may be differences on emphasis on a particular function in a particular organization or at particular level. The conceptual framework of management can be constructed on the basis of the analysis of management process and identification of management principles. The central core of managing revolves around planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. This central core of management is unique and is not found in other activities.[edit] LimitationsCriticisms of Operational Approach are as follows.The basic tenets of operational management that is various managerial functions are not universally accepted. Management functions differ from author to author. Various terms used in this approach are not commonly shared. Example, People substitute leading for directing. It claims universality or management principles while management differs from organization to organization and from level to level. Operational Approach emphasises static conditions whereas the organizations have to function in dynamic conditions.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approaches_of_management" Categories: Management science Personal toolsLog in / create accountNamespacesArticle /w/index.php?title=Talk:Approaches_of_management&action=edit&redlink=1"DiscussionVariantsViewsRead /w/index.php?title=Approaches_of_management&action=edit"Edit /w/index.php?title=Approaches_of_management&action=history"View historyActionsSearchTop of Form 1

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