Fakir Tajul Islam_UU_Intro Com_Diff ramrom riskcisk maop1.0. RAM vs ROMRead-only memory or ROM is a form of data storage in computers and other electronic devices that can not be easily altered or reprogrammed. RAM is referred to as volatile memory and is lost when the power is turned off whereas ROM in non-volatile and the contents are retained even after the power is switched off. Random Access Memory or RAM is a form of data storage that can be accessed randomly at any time, in any order and from any physical location in contrast to other storage devices, such as hard drives, where the physical location of the data determines the time taken to retrieve it. RAM is measured in megabytes and the speed is measured in nanoseconds and RAM chips can read data faster than ROM. Comparison chartType-1RAMROM

Definition:Random Access Memory or RAM is a form of data storage that can be accessed randomly at any time, in any order and from any physical location. Allowing quick access and manipulation.Read-only memory or ROM is also a form of data storage that can not be easily altered or reprogrammed.Stores instuctions that are not nescesary for re-booting up to make the computer operate when it is switched off.They are hardwired.

Stands for:Random Access MemoryRead-only memory

Use:RAM allows the computer to read data quickly to run applications. It allows reading and writing.ROM stores the program required to initially boot the computer. It only allows reading.

Volatility:RAM is volatile i.e. its contents are lost when the device is powered off.It is non-volatile i.e. its contents are retained even when the device is powered off.

Types:The two main types of RAM are static RAM and dynamic RAM.The types of ROM include PROM, EPROM and EEPROM.

Picturial difference

Type-2OptionsRAMROM

ElaborationRandom Access MemoryRead Only memory

AccessibilityIn reference with the processor, the information stored in the RAM is easily accessedThe processor cannot directly access the information that is stored in the ROM. In order to access the ROM information, first the information will be transferred into the RAM and then it gets executed by the processor

Working typeBoth the read and write operations can be performed over the information that is stored in the RAMThe ROM memory only allows the user to read the information. User cannot make any changes to the information.

StorageRAM memory is only used to store the temporary information.ROM memory is used to store permanent information and cannot be deleted.

Speed the accessing speed of RAM is faster, it assist the processor to boost up the speedSpeed is slower in comparison with RAM, ROM cannot boost up the processor speed

Data preservingElectricity is needed in RAM to flow to preserving informationElectricity is not needed in ROM to flow to preserving information

structureThe RAM is an chip, which is in the rectangle form and is inserted over the mother board of the computerROMs are generally the optical drivers, which are made of magnetic tapes.

CostThe price of RAMs are comparatively highThe price of ROMs are comparatively low

Chip sizePhysically size of RAM chip is larger than ROM chipPhysically size of ROM chip is smaller than RAM chip.

TypesThe RAM memory is categorized into two types they are the: Statistic RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM)The ROM memory is categorized into three types, they are: PROM (Programmable Read Only memory), EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only memory) and EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only memory)

2.0. CISC and RISC processors Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) and Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) are two philosophies by which computer chips are designed. RISC became a popular technology buzzword in the 1990s, and many processors used in the enterprise business segment were RISC-based. Learning about how RISC and CISC differ can give you a better understanding of the computer hardware industry and how the personal computers of the future might operate. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. To execute each instruction, if there is separate electronic circuitry in the control unit, which produces all the necessary signals, this approach of the design of the control section of the processor is called RISC design. It is also called hard-wired approach.Examples of RISC processors: IBM RS6000, MC88100 DECs Alpha 21064, 21164 and 21264 processors Features of RISC Processors:The standard features of RISC processors are listed below: RISC processors use a small and limited number of instructions. RISC machines mostly uses hardwired control unit. RISC processors consume less power and are having high performance. Each instruction is very simple and consistent. RISC processors uses simple addressing modes. RISC instruction is of uniform fixed length.CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. If the control unit contains a number of micro-electronic circuitry to generate a set of control signals and each micro-circuitry is activated by a micro-code, this design approach is called CISC design.Examples of CISC processors are: Intel 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III Motorolas 68000, 68020, 68040, etc. Features of CISC Processors:The standard features of CISC processors are listed below: CISC chips have a large amount of different and complex instructions. CISC machines generally make use of complex addressing modes. Different machine programs can be executed on CISC machine. CISC machines uses micro-program control unit. CISC processors are having limited number of registers.

CISC and RISC processors - a comparisonCISC processorsRISC processors

1 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) processors hasabigger instruction set with many addressing modes.1.Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC) processors has a smaller instruction set with few addressing modes

2. It has to use a seperate micro-programming unit with a control memory to implement complex instructions.2. It has a hard-wired programmed-unitwithout acontrol memory, and seperate hardwaretoimplement each and every instruction.

3. An easy compiler design3.A complex compiler design.

4. The calculations are slower and precise4The calculations are faster and precise

5. Decoding of instruction is complex5. Decoding of instruction is

6.The Execution time is very high.6. It takes a very less execution time.

7. It frequently needs the external memory access to make calculations.7. Since it uses a hardwired model, its not often, totake the external memory access for calculations.

8. Pipelining does not function correctly here because of complexity in instructions.8. Pipeling is not a major problem and this option speeds up the processors.

9. These processors often stall because of pipelining problem.9. Since the instructions are not complex,stalling is mostly reduced.

10. Code Expansion is not a problem in CISC processors.10. Code expansion can be a problem in some cases in RISC processors.

11. Disc space is wasted.11. Disc space is saved.

12. Used in low end applications such us Security systems, Home automation12. Used in High end applications such us video processing, telecommunications, image processing

CISC ComputerRISC Computer

The acronym is variously used.

If it reads as above (i.e. as CISC computer), it means a computer that has a Complex Instruction Set Chip as its cpu.

It is also referred to as CISC computing.

It is sometimes called a CISC chip. This could have a tautology in the last two words, but it can be overcome by thinking of it as a Complex Instruction Set Computer chip.The acronym is variously used.

If it reads as above (i.e. as RISC computer), it means a computer that has a Reduced Instruction Set Chip as its cpu.

It is also referred to as RISC computing.

It is sometimes called a RISC chip. This could have a tautology in the last two words, but it can be overcome by thinking of it as Reduced Instruction Set Computer chip.

CISC chips have an increasing number of components and an ever increasing instruction set and so are always slower and less powerful at executing common instructionsRISC chips have fewer components and a smaller instruction set, allowing faster accessing of common instructions

CISC chips execute an instruction in two to ten machine cyclesRISC chips execute an instruction in one machine cycle

CISC chips do all of the processing themselvesRISC chips distribute some of their processing to other chips

CISC chips are more common in computers that have a wider range of instructions to executeRISC chips are finding their way into components that need faster processing of a limited number of instructions, such as printers and games machines

3.0. Difference between Optical & Magnetic Storage

Magnetic storageOptical storage

StorageMagnetic storage uses disks coated with a magnetic material. Each tiny bit of the disk carries a magnetic charge; the direction of that charge determines whether it represents a 1 or a 0.Optical storage, meanwhile, uses disks made of reflective material; how each bit reflects light--or doesn't reflect it--determines whether it's a 1 or a 0.

AccessMagnetic storage devices use "read/write heads," electromagnets that detect (read) or change (write) the magnetization patterns on the disk.Optical storage devices use lasers to read the reflections in the disk or "burn" the data pattern into the disks.

AdvantagesIn general, it's faster and easier to write data to magnetic storage mediaIn general, it's slower to write data to optical storage media

Advantagesdata stored on magnetic media tends to be less durabledata stored on optical media tends to be more durable

examplesexamples of magnetic storage media include floppy disks, magnetic recording tape, and magnetic stripes on credit cardsCD ROM, DVD ROM, Blu Ray etc..

Magnetic Storage

a) Stores data in magnetic form.b) It is affected by magnetic field.c) It has high storage capacity.e) It doesn't use laser to read/write data.f) Magnetic storage devices are ; Hard disk , Floppy disk, Magnetic tape etc

Optical Storage.

a) Stores data optically & used laser to read/write.b) It is not affected by magnetic field.c) It has less storage than hard disk.e) Data accessing is high as compared to floppy.f) Optical storage devices are ; CD-ROM,CD-R, CD-RW, DVD etc.Page | 2 Fakir Tajul Islam. Contact: 01687473922 or ftiprince_gb@yahoo.com