Fakir Tajul Islam_UU_Intro Com_Diff ramrom riskcisk maop1.0. RAM
vs ROMRead-only memory or ROM is a form of data storage in
computers and other electronic devices that can not be easily
altered or reprogrammed. RAM is referred to as volatile memory and
is lost when the power is turned off whereas ROM in non-volatile
and the contents are retained even after the power is switched off.
Random Access Memory or RAM is a form of data storage that can be
accessed randomly at any time, in any order and from any physical
location in contrast to other storage devices, such as hard drives,
where the physical location of the data determines the time taken
to retrieve it. RAM is measured in megabytes and the speed is
measured in nanoseconds and RAM chips can read data faster than
ROM. Comparison chartType-1RAMROM
Definition:Random Access Memory or RAM is a form of data storage
that can be accessed randomly at any time, in any order and from
any physical location. Allowing quick access and
manipulation.Read-only memory or ROM is also a form of data storage
that can not be easily altered or reprogrammed.Stores instuctions
that are not nescesary for re-booting up to make the computer
operate when it is switched off.They are hardwired.
Stands for:Random Access MemoryRead-only memory
Use:RAM allows the computer to read data quickly to run
applications. It allows reading and writing.ROM stores the program
required to initially boot the computer. It only allows
reading.
Volatility:RAM is volatile i.e. its contents are lost when the
device is powered off.It is non-volatile i.e. its contents are
retained even when the device is powered off.
Types:The two main types of RAM are static RAM and dynamic
RAM.The types of ROM include PROM, EPROM and EEPROM.
Picturial difference
Type-2OptionsRAMROM
ElaborationRandom Access MemoryRead Only memory
AccessibilityIn reference with the processor, the information
stored in the RAM is easily accessedThe processor cannot directly
access the information that is stored in the ROM. In order to
access the ROM information, first the information will be
transferred into the RAM and then it gets executed by the
processor
Working typeBoth the read and write operations can be performed
over the information that is stored in the RAMThe ROM memory only
allows the user to read the information. User cannot make any
changes to the information.
StorageRAM memory is only used to store the temporary
information.ROM memory is used to store permanent information and
cannot be deleted.
Speed the accessing speed of RAM is faster, it assist the
processor to boost up the speedSpeed is slower in comparison with
RAM, ROM cannot boost up the processor speed
Data preservingElectricity is needed in RAM to flow to
preserving informationElectricity is not needed in ROM to flow to
preserving information
structureThe RAM is an chip, which is in the rectangle form and
is inserted over the mother board of the computerROMs are generally
the optical drivers, which are made of magnetic tapes.
CostThe price of RAMs are comparatively highThe price of ROMs
are comparatively low
Chip sizePhysically size of RAM chip is larger than ROM
chipPhysically size of ROM chip is smaller than RAM chip.
TypesThe RAM memory is categorized into two types they are the:
Statistic RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM)The ROM memory is
categorized into three types, they are: PROM (Programmable Read
Only memory), EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only memory) and
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only memory)
2.0. CISC and RISC processors Reduced Instruction Set Computer
(RISC) and Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) are two
philosophies by which computer chips are designed. RISC became a
popular technology buzzword in the 1990s, and many processors used
in the enterprise business segment were RISC-based. Learning about
how RISC and CISC differ can give you a better understanding of the
computer hardware industry and how the personal computers of the
future might operate. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)RISC
stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. To execute each
instruction, if there is separate electronic circuitry in the
control unit, which produces all the necessary signals, this
approach of the design of the control section of the processor is
called RISC design. It is also called hard-wired approach.Examples
of RISC processors: IBM RS6000, MC88100 DECs Alpha 21064, 21164 and
21264 processors Features of RISC Processors:The standard features
of RISC processors are listed below: RISC processors use a small
and limited number of instructions. RISC machines mostly uses
hardwired control unit. RISC processors consume less power and are
having high performance. Each instruction is very simple and
consistent. RISC processors uses simple addressing modes. RISC
instruction is of uniform fixed length.CISC (Complex Instruction
Set Computer)CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. If
the control unit contains a number of micro-electronic circuitry to
generate a set of control signals and each micro-circuitry is
activated by a micro-code, this design approach is called CISC
design.Examples of CISC processors are: Intel 386, 486, Pentium,
Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III Motorolas 68000, 68020, 68040,
etc. Features of CISC Processors:The standard features of CISC
processors are listed below: CISC chips have a large amount of
different and complex instructions. CISC machines generally make
use of complex addressing modes. Different machine programs can be
executed on CISC machine. CISC machines uses micro-program control
unit. CISC processors are having limited number of registers.
CISC and RISC processors - a comparisonCISC processorsRISC
processors
1 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) processors hasabigger
instruction set with many addressing modes.1.Reduced Instruction
Set Computers (RISC) processors has a smaller instruction set with
few addressing modes
2. It has to use a seperate micro-programming unit with a
control memory to implement complex instructions.2. It has a
hard-wired programmed-unitwithout acontrol memory, and seperate
hardwaretoimplement each and every instruction.
3. An easy compiler design3.A complex compiler design.
4. The calculations are slower and precise4The calculations are
faster and precise
5. Decoding of instruction is complex5. Decoding of instruction
is
6.The Execution time is very high.6. It takes a very less
execution time.
7. It frequently needs the external memory access to make
calculations.7. Since it uses a hardwired model, its not often,
totake the external memory access for calculations.
8. Pipelining does not function correctly here because of
complexity in instructions.8. Pipeling is not a major problem and
this option speeds up the processors.
9. These processors often stall because of pipelining problem.9.
Since the instructions are not complex,stalling is mostly
reduced.
10. Code Expansion is not a problem in CISC processors.10. Code
expansion can be a problem in some cases in RISC processors.
11. Disc space is wasted.11. Disc space is saved.
12. Used in low end applications such us Security systems, Home
automation12. Used in High end applications such us video
processing, telecommunications, image processing
CISC ComputerRISC Computer
The acronym is variously used.
If it reads as above (i.e. as CISC computer), it means a
computer that has a Complex Instruction Set Chip as its cpu.
It is also referred to as CISC computing.
It is sometimes called a CISC chip. This could have a tautology
in the last two words, but it can be overcome by thinking of it as
a Complex Instruction Set Computer chip.The acronym is variously
used.
If it reads as above (i.e. as RISC computer), it means a
computer that has a Reduced Instruction Set Chip as its cpu.
It is also referred to as RISC computing.
It is sometimes called a RISC chip. This could have a tautology
in the last two words, but it can be overcome by thinking of it as
Reduced Instruction Set Computer chip.
CISC chips have an increasing number of components and an ever
increasing instruction set and so are always slower and less
powerful at executing common instructionsRISC chips have fewer
components and a smaller instruction set, allowing faster accessing
of common instructions
CISC chips execute an instruction in two to ten machine
cyclesRISC chips execute an instruction in one machine cycle
CISC chips do all of the processing themselvesRISC chips
distribute some of their processing to other chips
CISC chips are more common in computers that have a wider range
of instructions to executeRISC chips are finding their way into
components that need faster processing of a limited number of
instructions, such as printers and games machines
3.0. Difference between Optical & Magnetic Storage
Magnetic storageOptical storage
StorageMagnetic storage uses disks coated with a magnetic
material. Each tiny bit of the disk carries a magnetic charge; the
direction of that charge determines whether it represents a 1 or a
0.Optical storage, meanwhile, uses disks made of reflective
material; how each bit reflects light--or doesn't reflect
it--determines whether it's a 1 or a 0.
AccessMagnetic storage devices use "read/write heads,"
electromagnets that detect (read) or change (write) the
magnetization patterns on the disk.Optical storage devices use
lasers to read the reflections in the disk or "burn" the data
pattern into the disks.
AdvantagesIn general, it's faster and easier to write data to
magnetic storage mediaIn general, it's slower to write data to
optical storage media
Advantagesdata stored on magnetic media tends to be less
durabledata stored on optical media tends to be more durable
examplesexamples of magnetic storage media include floppy disks,
magnetic recording tape, and magnetic stripes on credit cardsCD
ROM, DVD ROM, Blu Ray etc..
Magnetic Storage
a) Stores data in magnetic form.b) It is affected by magnetic
field.c) It has high storage capacity.e) It doesn't use laser to
read/write data.f) Magnetic storage devices are ; Hard disk ,
Floppy disk, Magnetic tape etc
Optical Storage.
a) Stores data optically & used laser to read/write.b) It is
not affected by magnetic field.c) It has less storage than hard
disk.e) Data accessing is high as compared to floppy.f) Optical
storage devices are ; CD-ROM,CD-R, CD-RW, DVD etc.Page | 2 Fakir
Tajul Islam. Contact: 01687473922 or [email protected]
