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• Difference between the mass of an atom and the mass of its individual particles.
4.00260 amu 4.03298 amu
Mass Defect
Nuclear Forces
Nuclear Binding Energy
• Energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons.
• High binding energy = stable nucleus.
E = mc2
E: energy (J)m:mass defect (kg)c: speed of light
(3.00×108 m/s)
Nuclear Binding Energy
Unstable nuclides are radioactive and undergo radioactive decay.
The seven most widely recognized magic numbers as of 2007 are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126
He42
Types of Radiation
• Alpha particle ()– helium nucleus paper2+
• Beta particle (-)– electron
e0-1 1-
lead
• Positron (+)– positron
e01 1+
• Gamma ()– high-energy photon 0
concrete
ChargeShielding
00
Penetrating Ability of Radiation
Nuclear Decay
He Th U 42
23490
23892
e Xe I 0-1
13154
13153
e Ar K 01
3818
3819
Pd e Ag 10646
0-1
10647
•Transmutation-One element becomes another.
More than 83 protons means that the nuclei is unstable (radioactive)
Ethan Hawke
11
I. Classes of Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons (C & H only) Heteroatomic compounds
aliphatic aromatic
alkanes
alkenes
alkynes
cyclic compounds
alcohols
ethers
aldehydes
ketones
carboxylic acids
esters
amines
amides
C C
C C
C C
R OH
R O R'
R C
O
H
R C
O
R'
R C
O
OH
R C
O
OR'
R C
O
NH2
R NH2
12
III. IUPAC NomenclatureA. Parent chains: normal alkanes
Parent names:CH4 methane n-C11H24 undecane
CH3CH3 ethane n-C12H26 dodecaneCH3CH2CH3 propane n-C13H28 tridecane
CH3(CH2)2CH3 butane n-C14H30 tetradecaneCH3(CH2)3CH3 pentane ¦CH3(CH2)4CH3 hexane n-C20H42 icosane
n-C7H16 heptane n-C30H62 triacontanen-C8H18 octane n-C40H82 tetracontanen-C9H20 nonane ¦n-C10H22 decane etc.
systematic name: {side groups}parent chain{suffix}
knowto here(teens)
13
II. AlkanesB. Isomers: normal and branched alkanes
n-butane
“straight chain”
branched chain
isobutane
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3
CH3 CH CH3
CH3
HCCCCH
H H
H H
H H
H H
constitutionalisomers
C4H10
“butane” lighters:5% n-butane95% isobutane
14
II. AlkanesB. Isomers: normal and branched alkanes
C5H12 n-pentane
isopentane
neopentane
CH3 CH2 CH CH3
CH3
CH3 C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
C6H14 5 isomersC10H22 75 isomersC20H42 366,319 isomers
obviously need system of nomenclature