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Two-Fold Service Matchmaking –Applying Ontology Mapping for Semantic Web Service Discovery
/// ASWC’09, Shanghai, China, December 08, 2009
Stefan Dietze1, Neil Benn1, John Domingue1, Alex Conconi2, Fabio Cattatoni2
1Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University, UK
2TXT eSolutions, Italy
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
� Semantic Web Services (SWS) mediation
� Two-fold matchmaking approach for SWS
� Prototypical implementation & application
� Conclusions
Outline
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
sws:WebServiceSWS.2
sws:WebServiceSWS.3
sws:WebServiceSWS.1
WebServiceWS.2
WebServiceWS.3
WebServiceWS.1
Introduction Semantic Web Services (SWS)
� Formalisations of Web services in
terms of capabilities (Cap),
interfaces (If) and non-functional
properties (Nfp)
� Capabilities: assumptions (Ass) and
effects (Eff)
� Use ontologies O (i.e. tuple of
concepts C, instances I, properties
P, relations R and axioms A)
� Reference models e.g. OWL-S,
WSMO, SAWSDL
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
� SWS discovery: matchmaking of
capabilities of SWS e.g. :
SWS matchmakingIssues
1212EfEfAsAs ⊂∪⊂
sws:WebServiceSWS.2
sws:WebServiceSWS.3
sws:RequestR.1
sws:WebServiceSWS.1
WebServiceWS.2
WebServiceWS.3
WebServiceWS.1
? ?
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
� SWS discovery: matchmaking of
capabilities of SWS e.g. :
� I.e., matching logical expressions
SWS matchmakingIssues
211 IIAs ∩¬≡
1212EfEfAsAs ⊂∪⊂
sws:WebServiceSWS.2
sws:WebServiceSWS.3
sws:RequestR.1
sws:WebServiceSWS.1
WebServiceWS.2
WebServiceWS.3
WebServiceWS.1
432 IIAs ¬∩≡
has-assumption
has-assumption
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
� SWS discovery: matchmaking of
capabilities of SWS e.g. :
� I.e., matching logical expressions…
� …which are heterogeneous.
SWS matchmakingIssues
211 IIAs ∩¬≡
1212EfEfAsAs ⊂∪⊂
sws:WebServiceSWS.2
sws:WebServiceSWS.3
sws:RequestR.1
sws:WebServiceSWS.1
WebServiceWS.2
WebServiceWS.3
WebServiceWS.1
?
432 IIAs ¬∩≡
<Location rdf:ID="Milton_Keynes"/>
<geospatialLocation rdf:ID="M-K"/>
has-assumption
has-assumption
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
� SWS discovery: matchmaking of
capabilities of SWS e.g. :
� I.e., matching logical expressions…
� …which are heterogeneous.
� Requires: mediation between
concepts/instances across
heterogeneous SWS.
SWS matchmakingSemantic-level mediation
1212EfEfAsAs ⊂∪⊂
sws:WebServiceSWS.2
sws:WebServiceSWS.3
sws:RequestR.1
sws:WebServiceSWS.1
WebServiceWS.2
WebServiceWS.3
WebServiceWS.1
Semantic-Level Mediation
Mediation between heterogeneous
semantic representations
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
Proposal:
� SWS matchmaking as two-fold process
(i) Semantic mediation via ontology (instance) mapping
(ii) Logical reasoning for matchmaking of capability/interface descriptions
SWS matchmaking Two-fold process
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
Proposal:
� SWS matchmaking as two-fold process
(i) Semantic mediation via ontology (instance) mapping
(ii) Logical reasoning for matchmaking of capability/interface descriptions
Issues:
� Traditional SWS matchmaking focusses on (ii)
� Integration of (i):
� Via manual mappings? - costly
� Via exploitation of linguistic or structural similarities? - prone to errors
� Representations allowing for implicit similarity-computation ?
SWS matchmaking Two-fold process
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
� Refining SWS ontologies through multiple “Mediation Spaces” (MS), i.e. multidimensional,
vector spaces
� Through MS ontology (extends SWS descriptions)
� Concept C in SWS ontology O => Mediation Space MS / Instance I of C => member M
(vector) in MS
Semantic-level mediationApproach: instance similarity computation in shared MS
( ){ }ℜ∈∈= iinn
npMSddpdpdpMS ,,...,,
2211
Instance I1j Instance I1i
Concept C1x instance-of
refined-as-ns
refined-as-member refined-as-member
d1
d2
d3
instance-of
SWS Ontology O1
Mediation Space MS1x
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
� Similarity-computation between SWS instances => spatial distances in MS
� e.g. Euclidean distance:
� Common agreement at schema (i.e. MS) level
∑=
−−
−=
n
i v
i
u
ii
s
vv
s
uupvudist
1
2))()((),(
Semantic-level mediationApproach: instance similarity computation in shared MS
d2
Instance i2i Instance i1i
Mediation Space MSx
Concept c1x
instance-of refined-as-ms
refined-as-member refined-as-member
Concept c2x
refined-as-ms
d1
d3
SWS Ontology O1 SWS Ontology O2
instance-of
Agent 1 Agent 2
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
wsmo:Mediator
Med.1
wsmo:WebService
SWS.2
wsmo:WebService
SWS.3
wsmo:Goal
G.1
wsmo:WebService
SWS.1
wsmo:MedWS
SWS.1.1 Comp. Sim.
(1)
(2)
(4)
(5)
(3)
Similarity-based service matchmakingImplementation based on WSMO/IRS-III
� Implementation: Web Service Modelling Ontology (WSMO) & SWS environment IRS-III
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
Similarity-based service matchmakingImplementation based on WSMO/IRS-III
� Implementation: Web Service Modelling Ontology (WSMO) & SWS environment IRS-III
� WSMO Mediator: computation of similarities between given request (WSMO Goal, G1) and
set of x associated SWS (SWS1..SWSx):
� Limitation: suitability of service computed based on instance similarities
(=> current work: integration into “real” two-fold matchmaking)
wsmo:Mediator
Med.1
wsmo:WebService
SWS.2
wsmo:WebService
SWS.3
wsmo:Goal
G.1
wsmo:WebService
SWS.1
wsmo:MedWS
SWS.1.1 Comp. Sim.
(1)
(2)
(4)
(5)
(3)
( )
1
11
)(
),(),(
−
=−
==∑
n
dist
SWSGDistSWSGSim
n
k
k
jiji
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
� Uses representational approach (MS, similarity-based WSMO Mediator)
� Retrieval of distributed video resources
(provided within EU FP7 IP NoTube - http://notube.tv)
� Keyword-based searches across Web services exposing video repositories
� BBC Backstage (news feed) [ http://backstage.bbc.co.uk/ ]
� BBC Programmes RDF [ http://api.talis.com/stores/bbc-backstage ]
� Open Video [ http://www.open-video.org/ ]
� OU channel on YouTube [ http://www.youtube.com/ou ]
� YouTube (mobile feed) [ http://www.youtube.com/ou ]
� Similarity-based service discovery for given request
Semantic mediation through MSPrototypical application
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
Semantic mediation through MSPrototypical application
SWS1:OU-youtube
O1:Purp O1:Env
SWS2:bbc-programmes
O2:Purp O2:Env
SWS3:open-video
O3:Purp O3:Env
SWS4: bbc-backstage
O4:Purp O4:Env
M62={v1, v2}
SWS5: mobile-youtube
O5:Purp O5:Env
MS2 Environment SpaceMS1 Purpose Space
SWS6: get-video-request
M61={v1, v2, v3}
WS1:OU-youtube
WS2:bbc-programmes
WS3:open-video
WS4:bbc-backstage
WS5:mobile-youtube
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
Semantic mediation through MSPrototypical application
SWS1:OU-youtube
O1:Purp O1:Env
SWS2:bbc-programmes
O2:Purp O2:Env
SWS3:open-video
O3:Purp O3:Env
SWS4: bbc-backstage
O4:Purp O4:Env
M62={v1, v2}
SWS5: mobile-youtube
O5:Purp O5:Env
MS2 Environment SpaceMS1 Purpose Space
SWS6: get-video-request
M61={v1, v2, v3}
WS1:OU-youtube
WS2:bbc-programmes
WS3:open-video
WS4:bbc-backstage
WS5:mobile-youtube
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
Semantic mediation through MSPrototypical application
SWS1:OU-youtube
O1:Purp O1:Env
SWS2:bbc-programmes
O2:Purp O2:Env
SWS3:open-video
O3:Purp O3:Env
SWS4: bbc-backstage
O4:Purp O4:Env
M62={v1, v2}
SWS5: mobile-youtube
O5:Purp O5:Env
MS2 Environment SpaceMS1 Purpose Space
SWS6: get-video-request
M61={v1, v2, v3}
WS1:OU-youtube
WS2:bbc-programmes
WS3:open-video
WS4:bbc-backstage
WS5:mobile-youtube
{(p1*information, p2*education, p3*leisure)} = CS1 {(p4*resolution, p5*bandwidth)} = CS2
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
SWS1:OU-youtube
O1:Purp O1:Env
SWS2:entertain-youtube
O2:Purp O2:Env
SWS3:open-video
O3:Purp O3:Env
SWS4: bbc-backstage
O4:Purp O4:Env
M62={v1, v2}
SWS5: mobile-youtube
O5:Purp O5:Env
MS2 Environment SpaceMS1 Purpose Space
SWS6: get-video-request
M61={v1, v2, v3}
WS1:OU-youtube
WS2:entertain-youtube
WS3:open-video
WS4:bbc-backstage
WS5:mobile-youtube
Semantic mediation through MSPrototypical application
� Requests (WSMO Goals) via AJAX-based UI
� Consist of:
� Input parameters: set of keywords
� Assumption: defined through dynamically created instances
(based on measurements describing purpose and environment)
� Similarity-based SWS discovery based on WSMO mediator
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
Demo
SWS1:OU-youtube
O1:Purp O1:Env
SWS2:entertain-youtube
O2:Purp O2:Env
SWS3:open-video
O3:Purp O3:Env
SWS4: bbc-backstage
O4:Purp O4:Env
M62={v1, v2}
SWS5: mobile-youtube
O5:Purp O5:Env
MS2 Environment SpaceMS1 Purpose Space
SWS6: get-video-request
M61={v1, v2, v3}
WS1:OU-youtube
WS2:entertain-youtube
WS3:open-video
WS4:bbc-backstage
WS5:mobile-youtube
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
Summary:
� Two-fold approach: considering semantic-level mediation as implicit element of SWS
matchmaking
� Mediation approach based on (instance) similarity-computation
Issues:
� Matchmaking purely based on instance similarities
(=> current work: integration into “real” two-fold matchmaking)
� Similarity-calculation requires overlapping MS and measurable quality dimensions
� Additional representational effort => future work: evaluation
ConclusionsSummary & discussion
08/12/2009 4th Asian Semantic Web Conference
Thank you!
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/dietze