DIESEL RETROFITS FOR HEAVY-DIESEL RETROFITS FOR HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLESDUTY VEHICLES

ROUNDTABLE ON CLEAN FUELS ROUNDTABLE ON CLEAN FUELS AND VEHICLES in TURKEYAND VEHICLES in TURKEY

May 4, 2006May 4, 2006Katherine Buckley, US EPAKatherine Buckley, US EPA

22

Why Diesel Retrofit?Why Diesel Retrofit?

New emission standards generally only affect New emission standards generally only affect new vehicles or new engines.new vehicles or new engines.Air quality benefits must wait for fleet Air quality benefits must wait for fleet turnover.turnover.Diesels can last 20-30+ years or more.Diesels can last 20-30+ years or more.Cost effective technologies are available Cost effective technologies are available today for existing diesels.today for existing diesels.Desire to demonstrate benefits of ultra low Desire to demonstrate benefits of ultra low sulfur fuel with advanced technologies.sulfur fuel with advanced technologies.

33

EPA Funded Diesel Retrofit ProjectsEPA Funded Diesel Retrofit Projects

44

Typical Retrofit Demo Schedule Typical Retrofit Demo Schedule Establish stakeholder/technical groupsEstablish stakeholder/technical groupsDatalogging of exhaust temperaturesDatalogging of exhaust temperaturesSelection and purchase of retrofit devicesSelection and purchase of retrofit devicesBaseline emission testingBaseline emission testingInstall Install verifiedverified retrofit devices retrofit devices1 month break-in “degreening”1 month break-in “degreening”Emission testingEmission testingPublic Rollout “White Cloth Test”Public Rollout “White Cloth Test”1 year of operation1 year of operation– Monitor performance and maintenanceMonitor performance and maintenance– Monitor fuelingMonitor fueling

Final emission testingFinal emission testingOutreach to publicOutreach to public

55

Mexico City Diesel Retrofit Pilot Mexico City Diesel Retrofit Pilot Project Project

Retrofitted 20 transit buses Retrofitted 20 transit buses

Used Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Used Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel (1 PPM) Fuel (1 PPM)

Trucked in from USTrucked in from US

Emission testing using Emission testing using portable RAVEMportable RAVEM

Measured PM and Measured PM and gaseous emissionsgaseous emissions

Partnered with Mexico City, Partnered with Mexico City, Ministry of Environment, RTP Ministry of Environment, RTP Bus Company, Center for Bus Company, Center for Sustainable Transport, Sustainable Transport, WRI/EmbarqWRI/Embarq

66

Technologies UsedTechnologies UsedDiesel Particulate Filters Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) = Highly Effective(DPFs) = Highly Effective– Filter control capabilitiesFilter control capabilities

PM 80% to 90+% reductionPM 80% to 90+% reductionCO > 75%CO > 75%HCs > 85%HCs > 85%

– Require Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Require Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel FuelFuel

Optimally <15 ppmOptimally <15 ppm– Use on Euro II or newer enginesUse on Euro II or newer engines

Diesel Oxidation Catalysts Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOCs) = Efficient and Proven(DOCs) = Efficient and Proven– Hundreds of thousands have been Hundreds of thousands have been

retrofitted since the 1960s on retrofitted since the 1960s on highway, mining, materials highway, mining, materials handling and construction vehicleshandling and construction vehicles

– Durabilities in excess of 10,000 Durabilities in excess of 10,000 hours of operationhours of operation

– Diesel oxidation catalyst control Diesel oxidation catalyst control capabilitiescapabilities

PM 20 to 30% reductionPM 20 to 30% reductionCO > 40%CO > 40%HCs > 50%HCs > 50%

Exhaust InExhaust In(Soot, CO, HC)(Soot, CO, HC)EnterEnter

Trapped SootTrapped Soot

Exhaust (COExhaust (CO22, H, H22O)O)

OutOut

Cell PlugsCell Plugs

Diesel Particulate Filter

Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

CarbonCarbon

NOxNOx

WaterWater

CarbonCarbon

SOFSOF

NOxNOx

COCO

HCHC

77

Mexico City Pilot Retrofit HighlightsMexico City Pilot Retrofit Highlights

Use of Verified Use of Verified TechnologiesTechnologies– Devices proven to reduce Devices proven to reduce

emissions for specific emissions for specific applicationsapplications

Comprehensive testing Comprehensive testing and Review of Resultsand Review of ResultsQuantitative determination Quantitative determination of percent emissions of percent emissions reductionreduction

– Verified by:Verified by:USA EPA (USA EPA (& listed at & listed at EPA.gov.OTAQ/retrofit)EPA.gov.OTAQ/retrofit)California Air Resources California Air Resources Board (CARB)Board (CARB)

Use of Ultra Low Sulfur Use of Ultra Low Sulfur FuelFuel

88

Measured ResultsMeasured Results

Emissions Emissions ReductionsReductions

1991 1991 Buses Buses (DOC)(DOC)

2001 2001 Buses Buses (DPF)(DPF)

Particulate Particulate MatterMatter

29-44% 29-44% 90-92%90-92%

•Typical test filter – Typical test filter – current standardscurrent standards

•Test filter – 2007 Test filter – 2007 standardsstandards

•Unused test filterUnused test filter

PM Emissions with DPFPM Emissions with DPF

99

Additional Ongoing US EPA International Additional Ongoing US EPA International Retrofit ProjectsRetrofit Projects

Bangkok, ThailandBangkok, ThailandDOCs and DPFs on transit buses, and DOCs and DPFs on transit buses, and vans vans

50 ppm S diesel fuel to be used with 50 ppm S diesel fuel to be used with DPFs onlyDPFs only

DOCs have been installed, working wellDOCs have been installed, working well

DPFs not yet installedDPFs not yet installed

Emission testing in laboratory on chassis Emission testing in laboratory on chassis dynamometerdynamometer

Santiago, ChileSantiago, ChileAlready have 50 ppm S diesel fuelAlready have 50 ppm S diesel fuel

Trucks only; DPFs onlyTrucks only; DPFs only

Looking to incorporate retrofit into Looking to incorporate retrofit into future regulatory programsfuture regulatory programs

Emission testing in laboratory – Emission testing in laboratory – chassis dynamometerchassis dynamometer

Beijing, ChinaBeijing, China25 Euro 1 and Euro 2 buses 25 Euro 1 and Euro 2 buses

DOCs, DPFs and PFFs DOCs, DPFs and PFFs

ULSD fuel for buses with DPFsULSD fuel for buses with DPFs

Engine dyno testing at beginning and end of Engine dyno testing at beginning and end of projectproject

PM testing with portable sampling systemPM testing with portable sampling system

Dekati DMM 230 for PM onlyDekati DMM 230 for PM only

Pune, IndiaPune, India

20 buses; DOCs, DPFs, PFFs20 buses; DOCs, DPFs, PFFs

Just launched in April 2006Just launched in April 2006

PMT buses to participatePMT buses to participate

Guidance from Advisory Group and Guidance from Advisory Group and Technical PanelTechnical Panel

““In-Kind” support from Indian partnersIn-Kind” support from Indian partners

Currently determining fuel sourceCurrently determining fuel source

1010

Partial Flow FiltersPartial Flow Filters

An intermediate step between DOCs and DPFsAn intermediate step between DOCs and DPFs– New technologyNew technology

Using some in Beijing for first timeUsing some in Beijing for first timeRely on turbulent flow and impaction to reduce PMRely on turbulent flow and impaction to reduce PMPartial Filter Control CapabilitiesPartial Filter Control Capabilities– PM PM >>50%50%– HC and CO HC and CO >> 50% 50%

1111

Frequently Asked Questions Frequently Asked Questions Concerning Retrofit ProgramsConcerning Retrofit ProgramsDrivabilityDrivability• Properly selected retrofit Properly selected retrofit

technologies do not impair technologies do not impair driving performancedriving performance

MaintenanceMaintenance• Oxidation catalysts and Oxidation catalysts and

partial flow filters are partial flow filters are virtually maintenance freevirtually maintenance free

• DPFS require very little DPFS require very little maintenance (infrequent ash maintenance (infrequent ash removal)removal)

Effects on Engine LifeEffects on Engine Life• Properly maintained engines Properly maintained engines

and retrofit control systems and retrofit control systems do not shorten engine lifedo not shorten engine life

Fuel PenaltiesFuel Penalties– Most oxidation catalysts Most oxidation catalysts

have no effect on fuel have no effect on fuel consumptionconsumption

– Most filters have no effect Most filters have no effect on fuel consumption on fuel consumption

WarrantiesWarranties– Manufacturers provide Manufacturers provide

various warranties as part various warranties as part of a purchase agreementof a purchase agreement

Cost ConsiderationsCost Considerations– DOC ($425-1500)DOC ($425-1500)– DPF ($3000-5500)DPF ($3000-5500)

1212

Lessons LearnedLessons Learned

Insist on verified productsInsist on verified productsGo through open bidding Go through open bidding process to get productsprocess to get productsEnsure buses have been Ensure buses have been and are well maintainedand are well maintainedSet buses to spec before Set buses to spec before testingtestingProtect fuel supplyProtect fuel supplyLocking fuel caps on Locking fuel caps on buses with DPFsbuses with DPFsAnalyze fuel periodically Analyze fuel periodically for Sulfurfor Sulfur

Involve all relevant Involve all relevant stakeholdersstakeholders– Stakeholder Group and Stakeholder Group and

Technical PanelTechnical Panel

Treat drivers and Treat drivers and mechanics as partnersmechanics as partnersBuild public supportBuild public supportHave engine Have engine manufacturer supportmanufacturer supportTry to do muffler Try to do muffler replacements if possiblereplacements if possibleStrategize how to use the Strategize how to use the emission resultsemission results

1313

Lessons Learned (Cont)Lessons Learned (Cont)

Have a key person in the Have a key person in the city with the retrofit city with the retrofit project to handle day-to-project to handle day-to-day thingsday thingsFormulate good test planFormulate good test planRequire technical support Require technical support from vendorfrom vendorHold a “White Cloth” test Hold a “White Cloth” test to demonstrate DPFs to to demonstrate DPFs to publicpublicThink about particle Think about particle sizes….sizes….

1414

ContactsContactsKatherine BuckleyKatherine BuckleyUS EPA / Office of International AffairsUS EPA / Office of International AffairsTel: +1-202-564-6426Tel: +1-202-564-6426Fax: +1-202-565-2412Fax: +1-202-565-2412Email: Email: buckley.katherine@epa.govbuckley.katherine@epa.gov

US EPA Diesel Retrofit Information: US EPA Diesel Retrofit Information: www.epa.gov/cleandieselwww.epa.gov/cleandiesel

US EPA Verified Technologies Information:US EPA Verified Technologies Information:www.epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/retroverifiedlist.htmwww.epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/retroverifiedlist.htm