DICTIONARY OF MARTYRSviii Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5 different archives and repositories in the States for reinforcing the performances of

DICTIONARY OF

MARTYRSINDIA’S FREEDOM STRUGGLE

(1857-1947)

Vol. 5

Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka,Tamil Nadu & Kerala

ii Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

DICTIONARY OF

MARTYRSMARTYRSMARTYRSMARTYRSMARTYRSINDIA’S FREEDOM STRUGGLE

(1857-1947)Vol. 5

Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka,Tamil Nadu & Kerala

Published by

MINISTRY OF CULTURE, GOVERNMENT OF IDNIAAND

INDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

General EditorArvind P. Jamkhedkar

Chairman, ICHR

Executive EditorRajaneesh Kumar ShuklaMember Secretary, ICHR

Research ConsultantAmit Kumar Gupta

Research and Editorial TeamAshfaque Ali

Md. Naushad AliMd. Shakeeb Athar

Muhammad Niyas A.

iv Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

First Edition 2018

Published by

MINISTRY OF CULTURE Government of India

andINDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

35, Ferozeshah Road, New Delhi - 110 001

© ICHR & Ministry of Culture, GoI

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmittedin any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, recording, or any information

storage and retrieval system, without permissionin writing from the publisher.

ISBN 978-81-938176-1-2

Printed in India by

MANAKPUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD

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Phone: 22453894, 22042529 [email protected]

MINISTRY OF CULTURE, GOVERNMENT OF INDIAand

INDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

State Co-ordinators and their Researchers

Andhra Pradesh & Telangana Karnataka(Co-ordinator) (Co-ordinator)V. Ramakrishna B. Surendra Rao

S.K. Aruni

Research Assistants Research AssistantsV. Ramakrishna Reddy A.B. Vaggar

I. Sudarshan Rao RavindranathB.Venkataiah

Tamil Nadu Kerala(Co-ordinator) (Co-ordinator)N. Rajendran B. Shobhanan

Research AssistantsC. BalakrishnanK. Suryamuthy

vi Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

FROM THE GENERAL EDITORFROM THE GENERAL EDITORFROM THE GENERAL EDITORFROM THE GENERAL EDITORFROM THE GENERAL EDITOR

I am very pleased to be able to place before the reading public the Volume 5 of ourDictionary of Martyrs: Indiaís Freedom struggle (1857-1947) ñ the last one in theseries planned in 2007 by the Implementation Committee of the Government of India(the details of which may be seen in the General Editorís remarks, Vol. 1, Part I) forcelebrating the 150th anniversary of the Uprising of 1857 and the 60 years of IndiaísIndependence, both. The present Volume, like the others preceding it, tried to presentreliably the biographical sketches of those who attained martyrdom for their countryíssake between 1857 and 1947. Its coverage spreads over the whole of the southernregion of the Indian Sub-Continent, comprising Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala taking into account mainly all the anti-imperialistresistances there, such as the tribal risings and the revolutionary challenges, theKhilafat-cum-Non-Cooperation and the Civil Disobedience movements, the IndividualSatyagraha and the ìQuit Indiaî Upheaval, the Kisan Mobilizations and the WorkersíRemonstrances, the participation in the Indian National Army (INA) operations andthe fight for responsible government in the dependant Princely States, so on and soforth. The researchers in the project work, at the headquarters and in the fields,endeavoured very sincerely, indeed, to identify as many of those as possible whogave away their precious lives in the widespread popular struggle for winning thecountryís freedom.

Our objective in the project has always been to try as best as we can to search forthe cases from all segments of Indian society, and to bring into focus not only theknown, but also the barely known, the obscure and the forgotten (especially for thelower rungs of society), and enlist martyrs into the liberated Indiaís roll of honour.However, since a work of this magnitude (on a variegated country-wide scale) cannever claim to be wholly complete, the provision of supplementary Volume has alreadybeen made in the project plan to take care of any omissions, if any.

In order to write about the martyrs (backgrounds, occupations, affiliations andcircumstances to deaths) and authenticate their martyrdom from the primary sources(archival documents ñ official and non-official and contemporary newspapers), apartfrom the scattered secondary materials, the Central Research Team of the project(over and above their regular visits to the National Archives of India and the NehruMemorial Museum and Library, New Delhi) had to undertake arduous trips to

viii Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

different archives and repositories in the States for reinforcing the performances ofthe researchers at the state level. These included the Tamil Nadu State Archives,Chennai; the Andhra Pradesh State Archives, Hyderabad; the Karnataka StateArchives, Bengaluru and the Record Office, Mysuru; the Kerala State Archives,Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam and Calicut; and various other libraries and centresof research. I must express my heartfelt thankfulness to the authorities and staffs ofthese well-known institutions for their kindly allowing our researchers access totheir valuable holdings and offering all facilities and cooperation. Prof. Amit KumarGupta and his Central Team of Researchers for the Project ñ Dr. Ashfaque Ali, Dr.Md. Naushad Ali, Dr. Md. Shakeeb Athar and Mr. Muhammad Niyas A. ñ have putin a lot of hard labour and performed excellently ñ in researching and preparing Vol.5 for publication. My special thanks to them as well as to Mr. Mukesh Upadhayay,Mr. Md. Ali and Pawan Kumar, who prepared the digital material for the press.

I should also thank the Co-coordinators of research teams in the states and theirmembers: Prof. V. Ramakrishna in Andhra Pradesh (with Prof. [Retd.] V. RamakrishnaReddy, Dr. I. Sudarshan Rao and Dr. B. Venkataiah); Prof. B. Surendra Rao and Dr.S.K. Aruni in Karnataka (with Dr. A. B. Vaggar and Dr. Ravindranath); Prof. N.Rajendran in Tamil Nadu (with Dr. C. Balakrishnan and Dr. K. Suryamurthy); andProf. B. Shobhnan (briefly) in Kerala (taken over later by Muhammad Niyas A. of theCentral Research Team from New Delhi)

I must also thank Prof. Rajaneesh Kumar Shukla, the Member Secretary and theExecutive Editor of the Volume, Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Director (Journal, Publication &Library) and Dr. Om Jee Upadhayay, Director (Research & Administration) for takingcare of the administrative aspect of the project. I am also indebted to Prof. ASatyanarayana and Prof. C. I. Issac for acting as experts to vet a lengthy typescriptand suggesting improvements in it.

My thanks are also due to Shri Raghvendra Singh, Secretary, Shri S.C. Barmma,Joint Secretary, Smt. Nirmala Goyal, Deputy Secretary, and Shri Arnab Aich, UnderSecretary of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, for their consistent support.

Lastly, I do profusely thank the Manak Publications Pvt. Ltd. for their almostcare in printing this Volume.

Arvind P. Jamkhedkar

ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONS

Archival Records

Acc No. Accession Number

ADTT August Disturbances at Tenali Town

AICC All India Congress Committee

AMS Andhra Mahasabha

APSAH Andhra Pradesh State Archives, Hyderabad

b/o brother of

BC Bombay Chronicle (1942), MSAM

BS Bombay Sentinel (1938), MSAM

C.No. Convict Number

Capt. Captain

CDLFLCASPGTDMG Camp Durgi, Copy of letter from L. Clift, Esquire, ActingSuperintendent of Police, Guntur, to the District Magistrate,Guntur.

CERP Challapalli Estate Rytanga Poratam

Cir. No. Circular Number

CM Chief Minister

CPIDOA Communist Party of India District Office, Alappuzha

CRR Crown Representative Records

DCC District Congress Committee

DIR Defence of India Rules

d/o daughter of

Deptt Department

x Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

distt. district

Div Division

EM English man

F Foreign

F. File

FASRR Files on Alluri Sitarama Raju (FITURI)

FR Fortnightly Report(s)

FSGJC Fort Saint George, Judicial Consultation

GO Government Order

GAD General Administration Department

GB General Branch

GP Golakonda Patrika

GOHS Government of Hyderabad State

GR Government Records

H Home

HA Hyderabad Affairs

MAKIHS Muhammad Abdul Kareem Institute of Historical Studies

HD Home Department

HDF Home Department Files

HDR Home Department Records

hqrs. Headquarters

HR Hindu Rashtra

I No. Instalment Number

IPC Indian Penal Code

IE Indian Express

ILTD Indian Leaf Tobacco Development

INA Indian National Army

IPMGFSGJD Index to the Proceedings of the Madras Government of theFort Saint George in the Judicial Department for the year1880.

JB Janma Bhoomi

JD, PMG Judicial Department, Proceedings of Madras Government.

Jud Judgement

Judl Judicial

Judl. Deptt. Judicial Department

KSAK Kerala State Archives, Kozhikode

KSAT Kerala State Archives, Trivandrum

KKK Kavumbayi Karshaka Kalapam

L No. List Number

LFDMGTCSG Letter from District Magistrate, Guntur to the ChiefSecretary to Government, Public (General) Department,Madras. Rc.No.1150-Confdl.-43 C-1 dt, 29-5-1943

LFTGRSCAO,CSGMW Letter from T.G. Rutherford Esq., I.C.S., SpecialCommissioner, Agency operations, to the Chief Secretaryto Government, Madras on Waltair.

Lieut. Lieutenant

M Mandal

m/o mother of

MD Madras Daily/Malayala Manorama

MHDFC Minute by the Honí. D.F. Carmichael

MM Madras Mail

MPAJC Munagala Pargana Amaraveerula Jeevitha Charitralu

NAI National Archives of India, New Delhi

NG Nizamís Government

NMM&L Nehru Memorial Museum & Library, New Delhi

No Number

NOTRAEGD Note on the Rampa Agency East Godavari District

ORAOPDGOM Operations, Police Department, Government of Madras

P. Page Numbe; Press

PCC Pradesh Congress Committee

po post office

Abbreviations xi

xii Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

PA Peopleís Age (1946), ICHR

PAHSOTNGHS Political and Home Secretariat of the Nizamís Governmentof Hyderabad State

PC, FSG Press Communique, Fort Saint George

PCO Press Communique, Otacamund

PIW Personal Interview with

Poll Political

pp. Page Numbers

Proc. Proceedings

Pt Part

Pub Public

RACJ Records from the Alipuram Camp Jail

RAPDMP Reports on the Administration of the Police Department ofthe Madras Presidency

RBCJ Records from the Bellary Central Jail

RR Ralina Ratnalu

RRCJ Records of Rajahmundry Central Jail

RTSJ Records of Tanjore Special Jail

S & VOs Sarpanch and Village Officers

s/o son of

Sec Secret

SJMRPCK Sunamudi Jeevadhara Mandasa Rytula Pratighatana CharitraKadhanam

SMEAB Stone Memorial Erected at Bairanpalli in Jangaon Taluq ofWarangal District in A.P., on 12-12-2003

SMEAT Stone Memorials Erected at Tenali

SMEAV Stone Memorial Erected at Vadapalli

SMEAVGP Stone Memorial Erected at Veera Gunnammapuram

spl special

Sr. Serial

SS Sri Sadhana

Abbreviations xiii

SVVP Sri Vijaya Vani Patrika

t. tehsil

TH The Hindu

TNSAC Tamil Nadu State Archives, Chennai

TOI The Times of India, Bombay Edition (1942 & 1946), NMM&L

ULCM United Lutheran Christian Missionary

UH & EAM Union Home and External Affairs Minister

UM, H & F Union Minister, Home & Finance

v. village

Vol. Volume

w/o wife of

Secondary Sources

ALS K.N Panikkar, Against lord and State: Religion and PeasantUprisings in Malabar

APDGG Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers, Guntur

APKC Andhra Pradesh Karmikodyama Charitra

ASMEAB Amaradipika, Stone Memorial erected at Bhimavaram

ASRR Alluri Sitarama Raju

ASK Agrarian Struggles in Kerala

BPPHATAIR Bonagi Pandu Padal, his affidavit to All India Radio

CHN V Suresh, The Cultural History of Neyyattinkara (Malayalam),

DNB S.P. Sen (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, Vols.1-IV

EMK K.K. Kusuman, Extremist Movement in Kerala

FF Shamsudeen (ed), Freedom Fighters

FMRASPRMPNM Freedom Movement to Rayalaseema : A Study of Peopleís responseto the major phases of National Movement, 1905 ñ 1947

FST C. Narayana Pillai, Freedom struggle in Travancore

HFMAP Highlights of the Freedom Movement in Andhra Pradesh

HFMRSRAD History of Freedom Movement in Rayalaseema with special referenceto Anantapur District

xiv Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

HFSAP History of Freedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh

HMR R.H. Hitchcock, A History of Malabar Rebellion, 1921

HMR History of Malabar Rebellion

IBS PVNR Information by Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao

IPV K.C. George, Immortal Punnapra Vayalar

KQIC Suryanath Kamat, Karnatakadalli Quit India Chalavali

LMI A.R. Desai, et.al, Labour Movement in India

MKSSAR Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Struggles

MM Stephan Dale, The Mappilas of Malabar 1498-1922: IslamicSociety on the South Asian Frontier

MMMM V.C.Hittalamani, Maadi Madid Mailar Mahadevappa

MRTASRR Manyamlo Rytula Tirugubatu : (Alluri Sita Rama Raju)

PASIHC Proceedings of Annual South Indian History Congress, V,1987

PPMAK Private Papers of Muhammad Abdul Kareem

PPRM K.N Panikkar (ed), Peasants Protest and Revolts in Malabar

PPRM Peasant Protest and Revolt in Malabar

PSLRSC P. Radhakrishnan, Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and SocialChange: Malabar

RR Puthupally Raghavan, Remembrances of Revolution(Viplavasmaranakal) Vol. I

RSVH A.B. Vaggar and Dr. M.R. Jarakunti, Ramdurg SamsthanVimochana Horat

SIWI Divekar V.D., South India in 1857 war of Independence

SSS Vol-I Suryanath Kamat, Swatantry Sangramad Smritigalu

TF Sumit Sarkar (ed.), Towards Freedom, Documents on theMovement for Independence in India, 1946, Part-I

TFSAPA The Freedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh (Andhra)

TFSH The Freedom Struggle in Hyderabad State

TGRASRRHHIA The Grand Rebel Alluri Sitarama Raju, His Heroes inAndamans

TPS Telugu Press Summary, published in Madras Daily, dated:14-02-1948

Abbreviations xv

TPSL P. Sundrayya, Telengana Peopleís Struggle and its Lessons

TTT A. Sreedhara Menon, Triumph and Tragedy in Travancore:Annals of Sir CPís Sixteen Years

VGRC V. Gonvida Rajachary

WTS Wagon Tragedy Smaranika, Wagon Tragedy 60th AnniversarySupplement

WWFFK K. Karuna Karan, Who is Who of freedom fighters in Kerala

WWFSAP Whoís Who of Freedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh

WWIM P.N. Chopra (ed.), Whoís Who of Indian Martyrs, Vols. 1-III

Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 1

A. Kunhiraman Adiyodi: Belonging toKerala (place not known). Born inSeptember 1908 and studied up to theninth standard, he gave up studiesto participate in the CivilDisobedience movement. Arrestedin Payyanur in 1930 for taking partin the Salt Satyagraha, he wassentenced to 6 monthsí rigorousimprisonment and sent to CannanoreCentral jail. Subsequently transferredto Alipuram Central jail, he expiredin detention on 21 September 1930.[Revenue Records, R-Dis Files (1926-1930), No. 6887/30, B. No 314, KSAC;WWFFK, p. 290]

A. Kuppusamy: Resident of No. 4Somasundara Vinayakar Koil Street,Perambur, Madras (Chennai),Tamilnadu; s/o Abbu. An employeeof the Buckingham Mill, Madras, hetook active part in the labourprotestations at the Buckingham andCarnatic Mills. On 11 March 1942 hereceived gunshot wounds in thepolice firing on the striking workers,and died on 12 March 1942. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 1130,

08.04.1942, TNSAC]

A. P. Naidu: Resident of distt.Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (nowin Telangana); s/o A. RajagopalNaidu. He served as Warrant Officerin No. 46 Motor Workshop of theBritish Indian Army. Leaving hisearlier job, he joined the IndianNational Army in Malaya and servedas an S.O. in its ReinforcementGroup. He was killed in action againstthe British forces in Burma in 1944.[WWIM, II, p. 210]

A. R. Sundaram: Resident of v.Maruthangudi, p.o. Siravayal, t.Tirupattur, distt. Ramanathapuram,Tamilnadu. He served as a Sepoy inthe Indian National Army TrainingCentre, Selatar Camp, Singapore. Hedied in the heavy air-strike by theAllied forces over his training centrein 1945. [FFPO No. 4697/1969,29.11.1969, TNSAC]

A. Radhakrishnan: Resident of No.15,Appasamy Pillai Street, PeramburBarracks, Madras (Chennai),

AAAAA

2 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Tamilnadu; s/o Annu Naidu. A milk-vendor by profession, he joined theworkersí protest as a supporter in theBuckingham and Carnatic Mills.When the police resorted to firing onthe protesting workers on 11 March1942, he received gunshots and diedon 12 March 1942 at the age of 17.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS)No.1130, 08.04.1942, TNSAC]

Abbu Vokker: Resident of V. Urangattiriamsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram,Kerala. He was taken into custodyin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 6June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Vokker died on 21 June 1922in detention at the age of 26. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Abdul Gafhar Chaktayi: Resident (notknown). In connection with the Non-Cooperation movement in theBombay Presidency in 1921-22, largeprocessions, meetings and theburning of foreign goods took placein various localities. Abdul GafharChaktayi participated in the picketingin front of an arrack shop in Dharwadalong with his companions on 1 July

1921. When the police opened fire onthe gathered people, he was killedin it. [KQIC, p. 6]

Abdul Haji: Belonging to Malabar,Kerala (place not known), he was aclose associate of M.P. NarayanaMenon ññ one of the most influentialleaders of the Khilafat movement. Hewas involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding withKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. The rebellion began on21 August 1921 and spread to Ernad,Valluvanad and Ponnai taluks whereMartial Law was declared. He diedin the ensuing clash between the fullyarmed troops and the semi-armedpeasants. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(Ord.Series) (MS) No.1151,01.12.1925, TNSAC].

Abdul Razak: Born in Bangalore,Karnataka, he took part in the Khilafatand Non-Cooperation movement inCantonment Area in 1920-21. Whena hartal was observed on 17November 1921 on the occasion ofPrince of Walesís visit to India, anda protest demonstration was held on18 November 1921, its participantswere fired upon by the police.Receiving gunshots in the firing,Razak died soon thereafter. [SSS, II,p. 31]

Aboo Master alias Komath Abdulla:Born in 1919 at PathiriyodeMambram Bazar, t. Thalassery, distt.Kannur, Kerala; s/o MamballyMammu and Komath Kadees Umma,


he was a primary school teacher ofMambram. He participated in Anti-Repressive movement staged atTellicherry (now Thalassery) on 15September 1940 to protest against thereinforcement of repressive measuresby the British colonial governmentfor subjugating the peasants andworkers further. The ìblackîmarketing of essential commoditiesalso made life miserable for millionsof people who lived on the verge ofstarvation due to extraordinaryscarcity of food created by theSecond World War. In thesecircumstances Kerala PradeshCongress Committee had decided toobserve 15 September 1940 as Anti-Repression Day and the authoritiesimposed ban on its observance. Theban was defied and meetings tookplace in many places, includingTellicherry, and this resulted infiring in which two persons werekilled including Aboo.[Mathrubhumi, 17 September 1940,NMML; MKSSAR]

Aboobacker (Avokar): Born in 1918 atPallikal, distt. North Malabar, Kerala;s/o Kunjamina Umma. A petty traderand agricultural labourer byoccupation, he was a member ofCommunist Party and an accused inthe Palayi Harvest Case in 1941. Laterhe was acquitted from it; He was alsoactive in the agitation of KarshakaSangham at Kayyur in the Kasargodtaluk of South Malabar. TheCommunists organized a processionin protest against the harassment ofKarshaka Sangham members by thepolice at Kayyur on 28 March 1941.

A police constable who came acrossthe procession, was forced to jumpinto the nearby river and he wasdrowned. Police registered a case,Kayyur Riot Case. He was the 51st

accused in the riot case, charge-sheeted for murder under section 302of IPC, sentenced him to be hangedby the neck till death. He wasexecuted at Kannur Central Jail on29 March 1943. He walked to thegallows shouting ìInquilabZindabadî and ìCommunist PartyZindabadî. Died as a braveCommunist. [Court Records in Sc.No. 44/1941 (Mangalore); Sc. No. 3/1941 (Tellicherry); Sc. No. 11/1941(Tellichery); Fortnightly Report(Political) for the second half ofMarch 1941, first half of April 1941,and first half of May 1941 NAI; PW,21 March, 28 March and 11 April1943, NMML]

Aboobakkar: Resident ofKadanammana, t. Walluvanad, distt.Malabar, Kerala; s/o KunnummalMoideenkutty. He was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. In theensuing clash between the fullyarmed troops and the scarcely armedpeasants on 9 December 1921 nearMankada Kovilakam, about 14Mappilas were killed. Aboobakkarwas one among those militantpeasants who died on that day in theBritish troopsí firing. [Private Papersof Muhammad Abdul Kareem,MAKIHS, Kondotty; Pub Deptt


(Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922,TNSAC; HMR, Superintendent,Government Press, KSAK]

Abu: Resident of Mambram inTellicherry (Thalassery), distt.Kannur, Kerala. A school teacher, hewas actively involved in nationalistand anti-imperialist movements.Participated in the activities of theIndian National Congress and laterhe joined the Communist Party. Heattended the ëAnti-Repression Dayícall of the Congress and ëAnti-Imperialist Dayí observance of theCommunist Party on 15 September1940. The District Administrationbanned public meeting atJawaharghat in Tellicherry underDefence of India Rules and the policedispersed the crowd by resorting tofire. Abu was killed in police firing.He was 28 when while attending thepublic meeting at Jawaharghat. Firstmartyr, one among the two, of theCommunist Party in Kerala. [H/Poll,F. No. 2/22/1940, NAI; H Pub, (MS)G.O. No. 4654, 24 October 1941,TNSAC; AICC Papers File No. G (32)K. I. Part 2, 1940, NMML]

Achankunju: Resident ofNaduvilakkariyil, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala. He participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. [For more details, seethe entry on Agneess Lonappan].Achankunju was shot dead by themilitary on 27 October 1946.

[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Agneess Lonappan: Resident of v.Puthuval, Vayalar, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala. He participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was at thereceiving end of the Vayalar firingwhich took place on 27 October 1946.On that day Ramaswamy Aiyarísmilitary reached Vayalar labour campand attacked the labourers gatheredtherein and in the process they shotLonappan dead. [Punnapra-VayalarRecords, CPIDOA]

Ahamad Kutty: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was kept in theCannanore Central Jail as an under-trial prisoner. A prison outbreakoccurred in the Jail on 4 December1921 at 4.00 p.m. when the prisonerswere let out of their cells for meals.He received bullet wounds and hisskull got fractured when the policeopened fire to control the outbreak;he died the same day. [Law Deptt(G), G.O. (Ord. Series) Nos.1084 and1085, 25.04.1922, TNSAC]

Ahmed Kutti: Resident of distt.


Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was sentenced todeath by the Malabar Special Tribunaland was executed on 18February1922 at the CoimbatoreCentral Jail. [Judl Deptt, G.O. (Ord.Series) No. 496, 11.04.1922, TNSAC]

Ahmedkutty: Resident ofKadanammana, t. Walluvanad,Malabar, Kerala; s/o KunnummalMoideenkutty. He was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Aboobakkar).Ahmedkutty was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 9December 1921 in the British troopsífiring. [PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922,TNSAC; HMR]

Ahmmad Kutty: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; s/o KoothranadanAtheez, a tenant-cultivator there inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri. He wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, andcoinciding with Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. The violentclash was triggered off with thearrest of Vedakkuvetil Mammoth, apopular local Khilafatist, who had

falsely been accused of the theft of agun by the landlords of NilamburKovilakam. When the enragedtenants aggressively demonstratedagainst the arrest in protest, theinfluential landlords panicked andpersuaded the British districtadministration to come to theirrescue. The authorities promptlydespatched a 125-member strongarmy from Malappuram toKozhikode to take on the Mappilademonstrators. In the ensuing clashbetween the fully armed troops andthe semi-armed peasants on 26August 1921 in Pukkottur, about 400unyielding Mappilas were believed,by the District Magistrate, to haveperished. Ahmmad Kutty was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on that day in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, 1921, File No.241, NAI; HMR, KSAK; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Akkara Veetil alias KunnapalliAchuthan Nayar: Resident ofTrikkalangod amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala. A tenant-cultivator,he was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. After his arrest, he wastransported to Podanur CentralPrison near Coimbatore from Tirur,along with 100 other Mappila rebelsin an almost air-tight Railway goodswagon on 19 November 1921. When


the train reached Podanur theofficials found the prison there to befull to its maximum capacity and theyordered the prisoners to be takenback. The wagon was inspectedbefore the return journey and thecondition of the captives checked atPodanur. The findings weredevastating: 56 dead due tosuffocation, another 6 died on theway to the Coimbatore Hospital and8 died in the hospital itself, bringingthe death toll to 70. Achuthan Nayarwas one among those who had beenin this wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,27.09.1922; Under-Secretary SafeSecret F. No. 390A, 20.01.1923, NAI;Malayala Manorma, 22 November 1922;WTS]

Alagirisamy Chettiar: Resident of t.Chingleput (Chengalpattu), distt.Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu; he was aparticipant in the Civil Disobediencemovement. While taking part, alongwith others, in picketing of Toddyshops at Bodinaickanur, he was shotdead by the police on 7 August 1930.[Pub Deptt, G.O. No.117, 30.01.1931;K. Dis 3198/68, 16.10.1968, CollectorOffice; FFPO No. 3544/1969,26.03.1969; Chingleput District JailSlip No.128, TNSAC]

Alagu Thevar: Born in 1885, resident ofSrivilliputhur, distt. Virudhunagar,Tamilnadu; s/o Subbiah Thevar.

While taking part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942, he was arrestedand sentenced to 3 yearsíimprisonment under Sections 395 and188 IPC. He was kept in Central Jail,Tiruchirappalli, where died indetention on 20 February 1943. [PubDeptt (Military/Confd.), G.O. (MS)No. 3010, 03.12.1948;Ramanathapuram District Jail Slip No.6, TNSAC]

Alandaddan Ahmad: Resident of t.Ernad, a tenant-cultivator inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement ( for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Ahmad was oneamong those militant peasants whodied in the 26 August 1921 firing bythe British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC;PPMAK, MAKIHS; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Ali Hassan: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala and a tenantcultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Ali Hassan wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in the


firing by the British troops. [H/Poll,1921, F. No. 241, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Ali Musaliar: Born in Nellikottu amsomin Eranad, distt. Malappuram,Kerala; s/o Kunju Moideen Sahib andAmina; Education at Ponnani, highereducation at Mecca. Scholar in IslamicHistory, Shariat and Theology. Chiefquasi at Kavaratti Island. ChiefMusaliar of Tirurangadi Mosque in1907. Great orator; organizedMadrasas in different parts ofMalabar; wide following in manyparts of south Malabar; the mostinfluential leader of the Khilafatmovement. In search of a Khilafatleader police in full uniform enteredTirurangadi Mosque and thisaroused religious passion. AliMusaliar accompanied by followersreached the police station to releasethe arrested Khilafat leaders. Policeopened fire and killed hundreds ofvolunteers. The rebellion began on21 August 1921 and spread to Eranad,Valluvanad and Ponnani taluks.Martial Law was declared. GurkhaRegiment was rushed to Malabar.Tirurangadi mosque was seized andrebels were flushed out. Ali Musaliarand followers surrendered and aftertrial he was sent to gallows. Executedby hanging on 17 February 1922.[Fortnightly Reports, January 1921 toMarch 1922, Note of F.B. Evans, incase no. 7/21, The Fort St. GeorgeGazette No. 37, Madras, 12 September1922, Part- I, Pub Deptt. Report ofthe Administration of the MadrasPresidency for the year 1921-22

(Madras, 1923), Kerala Patrika(Supplement), 1 September 1921]

Alirambilkandi Krishnan: Belonging toKerala (place not known), he was anactivist of the Karshaka Sangham ofIrikkoor which took the initiative inproviding relief to the peoplesuffering from ìblackî marketingand hoarding. The Sangham activistsrequested the landlord forpermission to cultivate the land ofKavumbai. When the Jenmi refused,they appealed for some action to theministers and officials of the MadrasGovernment. Not getting anyresponse, the peasants under theleadership of the Karshaka Sanghamdecided to occupy the area andcultivate it even if they had to facepolice action. The police did turn up,cordoned off the area and fired uponthe activists of the Sangham on 30December 1946. Krishnan lost his lifein this firing. [PA, 2 February 1947,NMML; ASK, p. 33; KKK, p. 64]

Allur Venkata Raju: A domicile of distt.West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, hetook part in the Civil Disobediencemovement against the Britishimperialist rule. He was arrested atthe height of the agitation, and diedin jail probably in the second half of1931. [AICC Papers, AndhraProvincial Committee Report, F.No.G-1(i)/8-11-1931, NMML]

Alluri Srirama Raju alias Alluri SitaramaRaju: Resident of v. Pydiputta, ml.Addateegala, distt. East Godavari,Andhra Pradesh; s/o VenkataramaRaju and Smt.Suryanarayanamma;


belonged to Kshatriya community. Hisfamily moved to Rajahmundry in hisfourth year where he studied up tothe fourth standard in BangaraiSchool. Moving intoRamachandrapur National School, helater joined Taylor High School atNarsapur. A great patriot from earlyage, he undertook an All-India touras a bala sanyasi; studied Sanskrit forone year at Benaras (Varanasi) andfelt inclined towards Vedanta andYoga. Simultaneously, he startedorganizing the tribal people of theAgency area of VisakhapatnamDistrict, against the tyranny andatrocities of the notorious DeputyTahsildar Bastian and other revenueofficials. He led successful attacks ofthe tribal people on the Chintapalli,Krishnadevipeta and RajavommangiPolice Stations in the Agency area;captured plenty of arms andammunitions. A good strategist inguerrilla warfare, he carried outseveral telling assaults on theGovernment Reserve Police;ambushed a strong force of ReservePolice, led by the British officers, Scotand Hyter, and killed them at theDamanapalli Ghat. A follower of theconcepts of chivalry of ancient Indianwarriors, he attacked the enemy onlyafter giving prior notice. He achievedseveral victories in encounters withthe British Police at Addateegala,Chodavaram and some other places.The freedom struggle he carried onis known in the annals of the Andhrahistory as the famous ìRampaRebellionî or the ìRampa Pitooriî. Histwo year armed struggle (1922-24)against the Government caused great

trepidation among the British inIndia, and led to their proclamationof a reward of Rs. 10,000/- on hishead, dead or alive. Not faring wellagainst Raju, the British resorted toreprisals against the tribals, and theirmounting misery eventually impelledhim to surrender. A just andchivalrous man, he expected a fairtrial and recognition of his peopleísrights.With these in mind, hesurrendered to the IntelligenceOfficer, Jamadar Kunchu Menon. Hewas brought to Koyyur where MajorGoodall had arrived with a party ofAssam Rifles. He was treacherouslyshot dead by the British Police atKoyyur on 7 May 1924. His body,tied to a cot and kept on a cart in astanding posture, was taken in aprocession from Koyyur toKrishnadevipeta, trumpeting that therebellion had ended. Rajuís body wascremated on the morning of 8May1924, marking the end of hisglorious fight against the BritishGovernment, and his leaving behindthe great tradition of anti-imperialism in Andhra. [AndhraPatrika, 9 May 1924 & 17 May 1924;MM, 8 May 1924; RAPDMP, 1924, p.13; F.No.-22, FASRRF, 1925, p. 135;FNR, 1924, p. 3; Pub Deptt (G),(Madras) (1938), G.O. No. 1451, 24-8-1938, pp. 25 & 209 &LFTGRSCAO,TCSGMW, 22-8-1924,APSAH; PCO, 16-5-1924 & 10-6-1924,TNSAC; WWFSAP, III, pp. 504-505; WWIM, I, p. 8; TFSAPA, III, pp.91-92]

Alluri Venkata Raju: Resident of v.Kovvada, t. Bhimavaram, distt. West


Godavari, Andhra Pradesh; s/oVenkata Raju; belonged to Kshatriyacommunity. An agriculturist, he tookpart in the Salt Satyagraha and wassentenced on 18 June 1930 to rigorousimprisonment and a fine of Rs. 70/-in default of which, to undergofurther three monthsí rigorousimprisonment. Incarcerated in theRajahmundry, Tiruchirapalli andAlipuram Jails, he died on 21December 1930 in the Alipuram CampJail while serving the imprisonment.[RACJ, C.No-1830, 1930, TNSAC;WWFSAP, III, p. 550]

Alungal Ayamed: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrestedand detained in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theMalappuram Sub-Jail. Ayamed dieddue to cholera on June 1922 in theMalappuram Sub-Jail hospital. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Amanath Mammed: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrestedand detained in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theMalappuram Sub-Jail. Mammed died

of pneumonia due to very badsanitary conditions, overcrowdingand insufficiency of clean water andfood in June 1922 in the MalappuramSub-Jail hospital. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (MS) No.998, 28.11.1922,TNSAC]

Ambalakaran Periathambi: Resident ofv. Thondiakkadu, t. ThiruthuraiPoondi, distt. Thanjavur, Tamilnadu.He joined the Indian National Armyand died in action in 1944 on the war-front. [FFPO No. 6507/1970,19.11.1970, TNSAC]

Ambalam Karuppiah: Born in 1901,resident of Pappni, p.o.Tiruvegampet, distt.Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu; s/oKalimuthu. He took an active part inthe ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942,and was arrested under Sections 147,433 IPC and 38 of DIR. Sentenced to14 yearsí imprisonment and kept inTiruvadanai and Madurai Jails, andfinally at Wellesley Sanatorium Jail,Bellary, where he died in 1946.[Ramanathapuram District Jail Slip,Clean Copy No. 267, TNSAC]

Ambalathara Kutty: Resident of Vayalar,distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. Heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. He was at thereceiving end of the Vayalar firingwhich took place on 27 October 1946.Ramaswamy Aiyarís military


reached Vayalar labour camp andattacked the labourers gatheredtherein, arrested Kutty andimmediately sent him to jail. He diedin jail within a few days due toinhuman tortures. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, CPIDOA]

Ambali Abdul Khader: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Khader was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, 1921,F. No. 241, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Ammankallan Viran Kutty: Resident ofIruveethi amsom, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 5May 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police tortures,and a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Viran Kutty died on 25 May

1922 in detention at the age of 30.[Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Ammankuyhiyil Mammutty: Residentof Karuvara Kundu amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements. He was detained on 8June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police tortures,a serious attack of pneumonia in thejail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Mammutty died on 30 June1922 in detention at the age of 40.[Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Ammoo: Resident of Othalur amsom, t.Ponnani, distt. Malappuram, Kerala;s/o Kunhoran; he was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was kept in theCannanore Central Jail as an under-trial prisoner. A prison outbreakoccurred in the jail on 4 December1921 at 4:00 p.m. when the prisonerswere let out of their cells for meals.He received bullet wounds and afractured skull when the police


opened fire to control the outbreakand died the same day. [Law Deptt(G), G.O. (Ord. Series) Nos.1084 and1085, 25.04.1922, TNSAC]

Ammuammal: Resident of Gandhipuramin Coimbatore Town, distt.Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; w/o GopalNair. A labourer in SomasundaraMills, Coimbatore, he participated inthe labour struggle organized by theCoimbatore Spinning and WeavingMills Company Limited. On 11November 1946, police opened fireon an estimated mob of 6000workers. Thirty-nine rounds of firingtook place and Ammuammal died ofgun shot during the struggle. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 2701,14.12.1946, TNSAC]

Anaghasayan: Belonging to distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. In the MenasseriCamp. Alappuzha, Keral,Anaghasayan, an eleven-year oldboy, was the scout of the camp forkeeping a watch on the militarymovements and reporting these tothe leaders. In the Menasserishooting Anaghasayan was killed on27 October 1946. [TravancoreInformation and Listener, VII No. 5,January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30October and 15 November 1946,NMML; PVCS, pp. 78-9; IPV, p.107]

Anaikutti Velar: Inhabitant of t.Kuruntham Patti, distt.Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu. Heserved as an activist in HAWKAN ñan Indian Independence LeagueBranch in Burmaññfrom 1942 to 1945during the Second World War in East

Asia. He was killed in action in thebattlefield in 1945. [FFPO No. 6241/1970, 19.09.1970, TNSAC]

Anangadan Bappi: Belonging toMalabar, Kerala (place not known),he was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabaroutbreaks against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis. He wassentenced and transported for life fortaking part in a Mappila conspiracyand outbreak. He was detained bythe police in Chingelput underGovernment Order No. 994, Judicialdated 20 July 1908. He died as a stateprisoner on 5 July 1921. [Pub/Deptt,F. No. 708, 1921, TNSAC]

Anant Sabade: Born on 13 May 1899 inJamakhandi, Karnataka; s/o VasudevSabade. A graduate in the Arts andLaw and a practising lawyer, helaunched a campaign demanding themerger of Jamakhandi State with theemerging Indian Union. Subjected tosome political conspiracy, he wasmurdered by an unknown assassinon 24 May 1947. A pillar was erectedin honour of his memory atJamakhandi. [WWIM, II, p.278]

Ananthanaveli Vasu: Belonging to distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He wasconnected with the Vayalar firingwhich took place on 27 October 1946.C. P. Ramaswamyís military reachedVayalar Labour Camp, at Alappuzha,Kerala, and attacked the labourersgathered therein. Following theattack, when the military captain wasexamining those who lay around the


scene of the firing, he found Vasu tobe moving about. When asked whyhe was there, his reply did not satisfythe captain, and he ordered ëTakehimí. ëDonít take, you rather shootme and kill me hereí, was Vasuísspirited reply. The militaryimmediately shot him dead.[Travancore Information andListener, VII No. 5, January 1947,KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15November 1946, NMML; IPV, p.114]

Ande Sriramulu: Resident of Chirala,distt. Prakasham, Andhra Pradesh;s/o Raghavulu; aged about 25. Hetook part in a strike organized by theIndian Leaf Tobacco DevelopmentCompany Workersí Union at Chirala.The strike was on account of a varietyof workersí grievances. Since nosettlement was on sight, the workersídiscontentment intensified and led todisturbances and a riot on 14February 1938. In the afternoon at1:30 P. M., a large crowd gatheredoutside the factory, and attacked thepolice with stones. Mr. H.H.Carleston, Sub-Collector, Ongole,arrived on the spot and orderedfiring on the crowd of workers at 3:30p.m. Ande Sriramulu receivedgrievous bullet injuries in the policefiring and died the same day. [PubDeptt (G), (Madras), (1938) (Confd.,)G.O. No. 1577, 20-9-1938, APSAH]

Andikat Moideen Kutty: Resident ofdistt. Malappuram, Kerala. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitative

Jenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He died in theRajahmundry Central Jail Hospital onaccount of brutal police tortures on 8December 1924. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (Ord. Ser.) No.440-40A,20.05.1922; Pub Deptt,G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No.28, 07.01.1925, TNSAC]

Andikkad Perunthan Kunjali: Residentof t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and atenant-cultivator there in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri; he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement [for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty].Kunjali was one among those militantpeasants who died on 26 August 1921in the firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, 1921, F. No. 241, NAI; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Anjukandan Avaran Kutty Haji:Resident of Tirurangadi amsom, t.Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala.Arrested in connection with aforcible conversion case duringMalabar rebellion of 1921 (against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis) in parts of Ernad andWalluvanad taluks, he was detainedin Vellore Central Jail from 18 August1923 and died in jail due to DuodenalUlcer on 3 October 1927at the age of48. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No.488,20.06.1923& G.O.No.207, 01.03.1928,TNSAC]


Ankapattath Moyan: Resident of Iruramsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram,Kerala. He was taken into custodyin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 8June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Moyan died on 20 June 1922in detention at the age of 80. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Annayyappa: Born in Bangalore,Karnataka. He took part in thepopular movement for responsiblegovernment in Bangalore in 1937. On24 October 1937, the local Congressin Bangalore City wanted to hoistthe Congress flag in Banappa Park ina ceremony under the Chairmanshipof K. F. Nariman coming fromBombay (Mumbai). The DistrictMagistrate of Bangalore prohibitedthe gathering on the same eveningand served Mr. Nariman with theprohibitory orders under section 39,Mysore Police Act. Mr. Nariman,however, decided to defy the orderand delivered a short speech, beforehis being arrested. On his arrest themob became unruly and attacked thepolice with stones, shoes, andbrickbats, but was somehow

dispersed. In the next morning on 25October 1937 a general hartal wasobserved and a big crowd gatherednear the Mysore Bank. The gatheringattacked the police stationed in theDistrict Office Compound withstones and brickbats, and a man evenattempted to strike a constable witha chopper. In retaliation the policeopened indiscriminate firing on themob, killing Annayyappa on the spot.[S-36, Secret Files, Special BranchAbstract No. 44/37, KSAB; KSGI,BRD, p. 108; FAPG, pp. 23-24]

Annu Malai: Hailing from southern partof India (place not known) andresiding in Malaya; he joined theIndian National Army there in 1942as soldier in the Third GuerrillaRegiment. He was sent to Burma(now Myanmar) to fight under theINA flag; and was seriouslywounded in the course of anengagement with the British forces.Admitted to a hospital, he died therein 1944. [INA Papers, F. No. 379/INA(1945), NAI; WWIM, II, p.11]

Antony Nadar (Swamy Nadar):Belonged to Nellimoodu, t.Neyyattinkara, distt. Trivandrum,Kerala. An able and dedicatedworker of the Travancore StateCongress, he took active part in thestruggle for responsible governmentin 1938. Arrested several times andsubjected to inhuman tortures, heexpired soon after his release.[Freedom Movement Files (II), No.495/39, B. No. 58, 1938, KSAK;WWFFK, p. 33; WWIM II, p. 10]


Appa: Resident of Eruvassi, t. Chirakkal,British Malabar, Kerala. Being acadre of the Communist Party, hewas involved in the activities of theKarshaka Sangham. He gave weapontraining to tenant-farmers to fightagainst the atrocities of MalabarSpecial Police. The tenant-farmers ofthe locality demanded waste land forpunam cultivation. But the landlordsrefused to comply with their demandand evicted the tenants with theconnivance of police. The tenantsconducted a camp at Kuyilur andweapon-training was given to them.Their demonstration in front of theIrikkur Police Station in November1946 led to lathicharge, arrest ofleaders and the imposition of Section144 of the Cr. P.C. Violating the banorder, the Communists assem bledat Kavumbayi hills on 30 December1946 to resist the police party. Thepolice chased the crowd by resortingto firing in which Appa was shotdead on the spot. [Letter No. 10349,dt. 6 January 1947, Pub Deptt (G-A),M.S. Series, Regional Archives,Calicut; Pub Deptt (G-A), 1947, G.O.No. 1885, 17 June 1947, MadrasLegislative Assembly Q. No. 432-Starred, Proceeding of the JointMagistrate Tellicherry dt. 2 January1947, Malabar District Magistrateísoffice, Calicut to Scott Brown ChiefSecretary to Govt. Fort St. George,Madras, 26 December 1948. DistrictSuperintendent of Police to InspectorGeneral of Police, Madras, 3September 1947]

Appan Kandan Ayamatty: Resident ofKuruvambalam amson, t. Ernad,

Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon. (For details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Ayamatty was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G. O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC;Report of Deputy Superintendent ofPolice, Madras, dated 27.09.1922;Under-Secretary Safe Secret, F. No.390A, 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Appankollan Moideen: Resident ofPandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala. He was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. In the ensuing clashbetween the fully armed 2/8th

Gurkha Rifles and the scarcely armed2000 Mappila rebels on 14 November1921 in Pandikad, about 234unyielding Mappilas were believed,by the Colonel Commandant, to haveperished. Moideen was one amongthose who died in the 14 November1921 firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, 1921, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, NAI;PPMAK, MAKIHS; PPRM, pp. 372-74]


Appathan Kuhayamad: Resident of v.Paratapuram, t. Ponnani, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody for his role in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was considered bythe British officials as a verydangerous character and charged asa robber, dacoit and murderer.Arrested and punished underSections 149 and 302 of Indian PenalCode in Sessions Case No.179 dated11.11.1922, he was awarded thepunishment of transportation for life.His punishment was reduced to 3yearsí rigorous imprisonment onappeal. He was kept in Alipuram Jail,Bellary, and his probable date ofrelease was 25 June 1925. However,he was not permitted to return toMalabar and detained again underthe Madras State PrisonersRegulation, 1819, and kept indetention at Trichinopoly underMalabar Outrages Act, 1859. He diedon 22 February 1933 at Trichinopoly.[Pub Deptt, G.O. No.813, 22.08.1925;Pub Deptt (G), G.O. (Mis.Series)No.418, 16.05.1933, TNSAC]

Appayya: Resident of Bangalore,Karnataka. A teenager, he took partin the ìQuit Indiaî movement thatstarted in August 1942. He joined thepicketers in stopping trainmovements at the railway station on17 August 1942. Since the curfew wasdeclared in the City, picketers werefired upon by the police in which

Appayya died on the same day.[KQIC, p. 52]

Aramkundil Moedeen Kutty: Residentof Areakode amsom, t. Ernad,Kerala. He was taken into custodyin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 18June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Moedeen died on 10 July 1922in detention at the age of 21. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Arangam: Hailing from southern part ofIndia (place not known), he wasresiding in Malaya at the time of hisjoining the Indian National Army.Placed as a soldier in the INAís UnitNo. 451, he was deployed in Burma(now Myanmar) to fight against theBritish forces there. He took part inseveral engagements with the enemyforces, and was killed during aBritish-Allied offensive on the INAin Burma on 16 March 1945. [INAPapers, F. No. 1/INA, NAI; WWIM,II, p. 12]

Aranthodi Abdurahimankutty:Resident of Perambalam, Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar,


Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty).Abdurahimankutty was one amongthose militant peasants who died inthe 26 August 1921 firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Aranthodi Moieenkutty: Resident ofPerambalam, Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Moieenkuttywas one among those militantpeasants who died in the 26 August1921 firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK,MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Areepuravan Kunji Mammad: Residentof t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala. Atenant- cultivator in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding

with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Kunji Mammad was one among thosemilitant peasants who died in theBritish firing by the troops on 26August 1921. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Areepuravan Kunji Moideen: Residentof t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala. Atenant- cultivator in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Kunji Moideen was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Areepuravan Muhammad: Resident oft. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala. A tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). AreepuravanMuhammad was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the British troopsfiring. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI;HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp.332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]


Arikuzhiyan Saidali: Resident of Poruramsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; acoolie. He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Saidali was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret File, No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Arjun: Resident of Nargund, distt.Gadag, Karnataka. A Shiledar (asoldierís position), he took part in the1857 Uprising and joined the rebelsof Nargund under Baba Saheb.Arrested in the course of anengagement with the British andsentenced to death, he was hangedon 24 June 1858 in front of the Petahof Nargund. [Poll Deptt, No. 226,Part-XIII, DD, Vol. No. 31, L. No.322/1858, 24 June 1858]

Arumugam Asari : Born in 1918 andbelonging to Devakottai, distt.Sivaganga, Tamilnadu, he took partin the ìQuit Indiaî movement of1942. He was shot dead by the policeon 17 August 1942 while taking part

in an agitation in Devakottai. [FFPONo. 901/1967, 23.10.1967;Ramanathapuram District Jail SlipNo.353, TNSAC]

A. Arumugam: Hailing from southernpart of India (place not known), hewas residing in Malaya at the timeof his joining the Indian NationalArmy in 1942. He was placed as asoldier in the INAís Unit No.121 anddeputed in Burma (now Myanmar)to fight against the British-Alliedforces there. He was killed by theBritish forces in Burma on 5 June 1944during their attack on the INA camp.[WWIM, II, p.13]

Arunachalam Mudaliar: Born on 26November 1895, resident of SalemTown, distt. Salem, Tamilnadu; s/oMunia Mudaliar. A literate weaverand an active nationalist, he was thefounder of Ammapet Handloom Co-operative Society. He took part in theìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942 andwas sentenced to 6 monthsí rigorousimprisonment. Kept in Sub-Jail,Salem, and Alipuram Prison, Bellary,he died on 21 November 1942. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 2146,10.10.1946; FFPO No. 7907/1974,22.10.1974; Salem District Jail SlipOffice Copy No. 174, TNSAC]

Asari Kumaran: Resident of distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. A activist in thePunnapra incident, he operatedduring the Martial Law that C.P.Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed onAmbalappuzha and Shertallai (nowCherthala). He took part in thedemolition of the Mararikulam


Bridge at night. When the militarystarted re-constructing it, he andothers tried to prevent them. In theensuing confrontation on 26 October1946, he was shot dead by themilitary. [Freedom Movement Files(II), F. Nos. 265/48, B. No. 63, 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, KSAT; EMK]

Asarithoppitta Ayamad: Resident ofNilambore amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Ayamad was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Assan Easupp: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He wasarrested and detained for hisparticipation in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. He

was detained as an under-trialprisoner and kept in the MalappuramSub-Jail and died of Colitis in July1922 in the Malappuram Sub-Jailhospital. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Aswathanarayana Setty: Born in v.Viduraswatha, distt. Chikkaballapur,Karnataka; s/o Nana VenkatappaSetty. A cloth merchant, he took partin popular movement for responsiblegovernment in the Mysore State. Theagitation resulted in an incident ofpolice firing on the agitators atViduraswatha on 25 April 1938 (fordetails, see the entry on Bheemiah),and Aswatharayana was one amongthose who died in the firing.[VDECB; SSS, II, p. 490; WWIM, II,pp. 293-94]

Athanikal Moideen Haji: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Athanikal Moideen was one amongthose who had been suffocated todeath in this wagon tragedy,notoriously known as the Black Holeof Podanur (20 November 1921). [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734,12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290,01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary


Safe Secret File, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Awanna: Resident of v. Handiganur, t.Kundagol, distt. Dharwad,Karnataka; he took part in theUprising of 1857-58 and foughtagainst the British; Awanna wascaught in the course of anengagement with the British, tried byCourt Martial and sentenced to beblown away with a cannon; hissentence was carried out in 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 280; HFMK, 1, pp. 272-441]

Ayathil Balakrishna Pillai: Belonging toKerala (place not known). He tookpart in the Travancore StateCongress movement in Kerala forresponsible government against theregime of the Diwan of Travancore,C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyer. Participatingas a volunteer in the State Congressmeeting held in defiance of theprohibitory orders at Quilon on 2September 1938, he received bulletwounds when the police opened fireto disperse the gathering and diedthe same day (Freedom MovementFiles (II), F. No. 5/45, B. No. 38, 1945,Confd. Section Files, F. No. 323/38

(Report of District Magistrate Quilonto Chief Secretary, 4 September 1938),Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore JathaCommittee, C.S. F/ No. 339/45,KSAT; FST, pp.360-61]

Ayothiram Rowther: Born in 1885,resident of Mannargudi, distt.Thanjavur, Tamilnadu. A graduate,he joined the national struggle forindependence in 1920. Taking part inthe Civil Disobedience movement of1930, he suffered imprisonment for6 months in Tiruchirappalli andKannanore jails. He died in the latterin 1930. [Thanjavur District Jail SlipOffice Copy No. 269, TNSAC]

Ayyaru Nadeshan: Resident ofKootunkkal Karivayalar, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, againstC. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement (for more details, seethe entry on Agneess Lonappan).Nadeshan was shot dead by themilitary on 27 October 1946.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]


B. Chinnaswami: Resident of 2nd Lane,Cochrane Basin Road, Moolakotha-lam, Madras (Chennai), Tamilnadu;s/o Balan, he was a worker (aged 20)in the Winding Department of theCarnatic Mill. He died in the policefiring during the Buckingham andCarntic Mills labour unrest on 11March 1942. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (MS) No. 1130, 08.04.1942,TNSAC]

B. Ramaswamy: Born in 1929 at v.Banavara, distt. Hasan, Karnataka, aresident of Mysore City; s/oThammaiah alias Antharamaiah. Ahigh school student, he took part inthe ìMysore Chaloî movement in 1947for responsible government in theMysore State. He was killed in thepolice firing on the procession nearwhat is now Ramaswamy Circle inMysore. [PMRA; PMLC]

B. S. Nambiar: Born at v. Thavat,Cherukkunnu, Malabar, Kerala; hewas a civilian employee in the British-Indian Army. He left his Britishservice in 1942 and joined the Indian

National Army in Malaya. As aHavildar in the Head Quarters No.2, he was sent to Burma (nowMyanmar) to confront the Britishforces. He fought the enemy forceson several occasions, and finally diedat the battle ground in the course ofa deadly engagement with the Britisharmy. [ROH, pp. 740-41; WWIM, II,p. 213]

B. Yellapa: Belonged to Mangalore,Karnataka; he was a civilianemployee in the British-Indian Army.He left the British service in 1942 andjoined the Indian National Army inMalaya. He was employed to servein the Ministry of the ProvisionedGovernment of Azad Hind Fauj. Hewas killed by the British forcesduring their attack on the INApersonnel in 1944. [INA Papers, F.No. 1/INA, NAI; ROH, pp. 796-97;WWIM, II, p. 13]

Babaji Sovaji Nimbalkar: Resident ofHalagali, Mudhol Princely State (nowin distt. Bagalakot), Karnataka. Thepeople of Halagali Bedas revolted

BBBBB


against the Disarming Act of 11September 1857 imposed by theBritish. Nimbalkar was the chieforganizer of the revolt who led thefight against the British and waskilled in a clash on 30 November1857. [SI1857WI, p. 199]

Babu Rao: Resident of Madras(Chennai), Tamilnadu. He was anadolescent employee of theBuckingham Mills. This European-owned Cotton Mill announced lock-out in 1920 by refusing to concedethe labour demands for higherwages. It expelled the regularemployees and engaged daily-wagesin their place. Subsequently, theregulars went on strike and heldseveral protest meetings inNovember 1920. At the height oftheir agitation in the followingmonths, the police opened fire on thestriking workers on 9 December 1920,apparently for maintaining publicpeace. The firing resulted in the gunshot injuries to some who had beenshifted to the Government GeneralHospital. Of them, Babu Rao diedshortly after his admission into ahospital. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS)No.779-80, 14.12.1920, TNSAC]

Baburao Jadhao (Ptravali Babu Kasheru):Born in v. Shahpur, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka. A houseñpainter, he tookactive part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement that started in August1942. Arrested by the Sangli Policeon the charge of sabotage, he wasimprisoned along with 13 others. Hewas party to a jail- breaking planunder the leadership of Vasant Rao

Patil. After successfully scaling overthe jail walls, the fleeing group wasspotted and chased by the police upto the river. While trying to swimacross the river, Baburao was hit bythe police bullets and died. [SSS, II,p. 963; WWIM, II, p. 125]

Baiyappa: Born in v. Karudapalli,Karnataka, he took part in the popularmovement for responsiblegovernment in the Mysore State atViduraswatha village on 25 April1938. The movement resulted in anincident of police firing on theagitators (for details, see the entryon Bheemiah). Baiyappa was onewho died in the firing. [AISPC, F. No.115, NMML; VDECB]

Bala Saheb: Belonged to Kurahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;he organized and led the resistanceagainst the British during theUprising of 1857-58 under thedirection of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Captured by the Britishduring the battle at Koppaldurga, hewas blown away with a cannon in1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279]

Bala: Resident of Nargund, distt. Gadag,Karnataka; s/o Yelgunda. He wasarrested and charged with joining theërevolt of Nargund under Baba Sahebagainst the Britishí. He wassentenced to death and shot dead bymusketry at Nargund on 10 June 1858at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No.197, Part-XII, D.D, Vol. No. 30, 10 June 1858]

Balakristayya: Resident of Bhalki, distt.Bidar, Karnataka; s/o Venkat Raoñ a


village patwari and a descendant ofthe royal family of Satara. He playeda prominent role in organizing theUprising of 1857-58 against theBritish under the leadership of RamaRao and Kanchan Gowda. Betrayedby a local landlord, he was capturedby the British and sentenced totransportation for life. He died inpenal servitude. [SSS, II, III; WWIM,III, p.17]

Balappa: Born at v. Haligali, t. Mudhol,distt. Bagalkot, Karnataka; s/oBhimappa Kollannayarar. A farmertenant, he took active part in theUprising of 1857 and fought againstthe British. For his rebellion andrefusal to surrender arms after therevolt and to pay land revenue, hewas arrested by the British and shotdead in the Belgaum prison.[SI1857WI, p. 199; WWIM, III, pp.17-18]

Balwant Hari Jabade: Born in 1923 in v.Jatrata, t. Chikodi, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka; s/o Hari Jabade.Educated up to Matriculation, heparticipated in raid on theBudaraghad Treasury on 14December 1943. While a policeconstable, on duty at adjacentMamletdar Office reached the spot, heopened fire on the group through awindow. Receiving the gunshot,Balwant died on the spot. [KQIC, p.207]

Bandaru Narayanaswamy: Resident ofv. Vadapalli, t. Razolu, distt. EastGodavari, Andhra Pradesh; took partin the Civil Disobedience Movement

(1930). On the occasion of theVenkateswaraswami Chariot/CarFestival in Vadapalli, on 30 March1931, along with the deity, aTricolour flag and photos of MahatmaGandhi, and some other nationalleaders adorned the car. This wasobjected by the Government officials,and the controversy over this becameso intense that it resulted in a riot.When the police opened fire to quellit, Bandaru Narayanaswamy lost histwo legs in the police firing, and hebreathed his last soon after he wastaken home. [SMEAV, 2-10-1987,Vadapalli]

Bani Saheb: Resident of v. Hammigi, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took an active part in theUprising of 1857-58 and foughtagainst the British under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Bani was captured by theBritish during an encounter andtried by Court Martial; he wassentenced to be blown away with acannon and the sentence carried outin June1858. [HFMK,1, pp. 272, 440;SI1857WI, p. 279]

Bapu: Belonging to Nargund PrincelyState (now in distt. Gadag),Karnataka. He was Naik (leader) ofthe Shetsanadis of Nargund. On thecharge of ëassisting the Chief ofNargund in his rebellion against theBritishí, he was caught on 10 June1858 and hanged in front of the Petahof Nargund. [Poll Deptt, No. 197,Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 309/1858, 19 June 1858]


Baramappa: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He participated in the Uprisingunder the leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda against the Britishin 1857-58. Arrested during the battleat Koppaldurg, he was sentenced todeath and shot dead by musketry inJune 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279]

Barma: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He actively participated in the 1857-58 Uprising under the leadership ofBhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda.Arrested in the battle of Koppaldurg,he was sentenced to death and shotdead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 279;WWIM, III, p. 26]

Barmappa: Resident of v. Nowlee[Nowli], t. Hadagali, distt. Ballary,Karnataka; He actively participatedin the 1857-58 Uprising under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Arrested in the battle ofKoppaldurg, he was sentenced todeath and shot dead by musketry inJune 1858. [HFMK, 1, pp. 272, 440;SI1857WI, p. 279; WWIM, III, p. 26]

Basalingappa: Born at v. Jambagi, distt.Bijapur, Karnataka; s/oVeerasansappa, Deshmukh ofJambagi. A peasant proprietor, hetook part in the resistance against theBritish during the Uprising of 1857.Captured by the British in Jambagi,he was hanged in 1858. [WWIM, III,p. 19]

Basappa Sindagi: Inhabitant ofNargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;

dhanagar by profession, he wasarrested and charged with ëwagingwar against the British in 1858í.Following his capture, he was shotdead by musketry at Nargund on 12June 1858. [Poll Deptt, No.197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 12 June 1858,pp. 262-275]

Basappa Tambe: Resident of Nargund,distt. Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Balappa.He was a Sawar (Bargir) in theNargund Princely State, age 32 years;belonged to a Maratha family. Hejoined the Uprising in Nargund ledby Baba Saheb against the British. Hewas caught and hanged to death atpublic place at Dharwad in June 1858.[Poll Deptt, No.197, Part-XII, DD,Vol. No. 30, L. No. 47/1858, 16 June1858; WWIM, III, p.143]

Basappa Yligar: Resident of Avaradi,Ramdurg Princely State (now indistt. Belgaum), Karnataka; s/oFakkirappa. A farmer, he participatedin the Peasantsí movement inRamdurg State on 7 April 1939.Arrested in this connection andcharged for being violent during theagitation, he was hanged in HindalgaJail, Belgaum on 6 May 1940.[Convicted Trial Prisoners No. 18563,CPR No. 3, B. No. 09, 23-05-1939 to01-04-1940, Hindalga Jail, Belgaum;RSVH, p. 73; WWIM, II, p.350]

Basappa: Resident of Amargol inNargund Princely State, distt. Gadag,Karnataka; s/o Lingappa. On thecharge of ëassisting the Chief ofNargund in his rebellion against theBritishí, he was caught on 18 June


1858 and hanged in front of the Petahof Nargund.[Poll Deptt, No. 197,Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 309/1858, 19 June 1858]

Basappa: Resident of Davanagere,Karnataka. He took part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement that started inAugust 1942. He joined the picketersin stopping train movements at therailway station on 17 August 1942.Since the curfew was declared in thecity, picketers were fired upon by thepolice in which Basappa died on thesame day. [KQIC, p. 50]

Basappa: Resident of Halagali, MudholPrincely State (now in distt.Bagalakot), Karnataka; s/o Balappa.He was a Sawar (Bargir) in theNargund Court; fought against theDisarming Act of 1857 imposed bythe British. He was captured andhanged till death at a public place atDharwad in the last week of June1858. [SI1857WI, p. 199]

Basappa: Resident of Nargund, distt.Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Dumappa. Hewas arrested and charged withëjoining the Uprising of Nargundunder Baba Saheb against the Britishí.He was sentenced to death and shotdead by musketry at Nargund on 10June 1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No.197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June1858]

Basava: Belonged to Mundwad, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;took part in the Uprising of 1857-58;captured by the British during anencounter, he was tried by Court

Martial and sentenced to be blownaway with a cannon; his sentence wascarried out in 1858. [HFMK, Vol. 1,pp. 272, 440; SI1857WI, p. 280]

Basavanna: Resident of Navalagund,distt. Dharwad, Karnataka; took partin the Uprising of 1857-58; capturedduring the battle at Koppaldurg andtried by Court Martial, he wassentenced to death and shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [HFMK, 1, pp.272 & 441; SI1857WI, p. 280; WWIM,III, p. 27]

Basayya Talari: Resident of v. Tahrargi,t, Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;took part in the Uprising of 1857-58and fought against the British; caughtin the course of an engagement, hewas tried by Court Martial andsentenced to be blown away with acannon; his sentence was carried outin 1857. [HFMK,1, pp. 272, 440;SI1857WI, p. 280; WWIM, III, p. 27]

Basayya: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took part in the Uprising led byBhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda in1857-1858. Arrested during the battleat Koppaldurg, he was sentenced todeath and shot dead by musketry inJune 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279]

Basayya: Resident of Wadarhatti, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He actively participated in the 1857-58 Uprising and fought against theBritish under the leadership of BhimRao and Kanchan Gowda. Arrestedduring the battle at Koppaldurg andsentenced to death by Court Martial,


he was shot dead by musketry inJune 1858. [HFMK, 1, pp. 272, 440;SI1857WI, p. 279]

Bassya: Hailed from Kundgul, distt.Dharwad, Karnataka; took part in theUprising of 1857-1858; captured bythe British and tried by CourtMartial, he was sentenced to deathand shot dead by musketry in June1858. [SI1857WI, p. 278]

Bathini Rajulu: Resident of v.Tammadpalli, distt. Warangal,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana).He took part in the popularmovement during 1947ñ48 forbringing about the merger ofHyderabad State with the IndianUnion. In the course of a raid on thevillage by the Razakars and the NizamísPolice on 14 February 1947, BathiniRajulu joined with the other villagersin resisting the attack. In the fight,Rajulu and five other villagers losttheir lives and attained martyrdomthe same day. [WWFSAP, III, p. 335;WWIM, II, p. 28].

Bavireddi Viyyamma: Resident of v.Gazullanka, ml. Kollur, distt. Guntur,Andhra Pradesh; took part in theanti-zamindari struggle in theGazullanka village of Challapallizamindari; on 10 April 1947, peasantsentered zamindari lands for the rellugrass by defying prohibitory ordersof the Government; twelve ReservePolice men entered the scene andarrested some peasants; when thepeasants questioned the moralauthority of the police, they openedfire, as a result of which Bavireddi

Viyyamma received bullet injuries,fell on the field, and diedimmediately. [Andhra Patrika, 13April, 16 April, 9 June 1947, APSAH;CERP, pp. 76 & 136]

Bawa/Baba Saheb: Resident ofKurlahalli, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;he took active part in the struggleagainst the British in 1857-1858 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. He was capturedin the battle at Koppaldurg by theBritish and blown to death with acannon. [WWIM, III, p. 19]

Bayyanna: Born in v. Karudapali,Hindupur Taluk, distt. Anantpur,Karnataka, s/o Papanna. He tookpart in the agitation for responsiblegovernment in the Mysore State atViduraswatha village. The agitationresulted in the indiscriminate ofpolice firing on the agitators on 25April 1938 (for details, see the entryon Bheemiah). Bayyanna was oneamong those killed in the firing.[AISPC, F. No. 115, NMML; VDECB]

Beemah: Resident of v. Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, div.Belgaum, Karnataka; took part in theUprising of 1857-1858; capturedduring an encounter with the Britishand tried by Court Martial; he wassentenced to death and shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [HFMK, 1, pp.272, 440; SI1857WI, p. 278]

Beemnah: Hailed from Hammigi, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;took part in the Uprising of 1857-1858and fought against the British.


Arrested in the course of battle atKoppaldurg, he was tried by CourtMartial and sentenced to death.Beemnah was shot dead by musketryin June 1858. [HFMK,1, pp. 272, 441;SI1857WI, p. 279]

Bhanu Kumaran: Resident of distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. An activist in thePunnapra firing incident, he operatedduring the Martial-Law that C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed onAmbalappuzha and Shertallai (nowCherthala). He took part in thedemolition of the MararikulamBridge at night. When the militarystarted re-constructing it, he andothers tried to prevent them. In theensuing confrontation on 26 October1946, he was shot dead by themilitary. [Freedom Movement Files(II), F. No. 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948,& F. No. 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948,KSAT; IPV, pp. 94-5]

Bhaskar Rao Bhave: Resident ofNargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka,he was the ruler of Nargund PrincelyState. Revolted against the British forthe question of adoption. Hemurdered S. J. Manson. He wascaught and hanged at Haystack Hillat Belgaum on 12 June 1858. [PollDeptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol.No. 30, L. No. 47/1858, 16 June 1858;WWIM, III, p. 22]

Bhaskaruni Lakshminarayana: Residentof Tenali, distt. Guntur, AndhraPradesh; a petty merchant. Inresponse to the ìQuit Indiaîmovement, he took part in an attackon the Tenali Railway Station on 12

August 1942 along with hisassociates. They set fire to therailway station, and cut the signal,telephone and telegraph wires.ThePolice Superintendent issued ordersfor opening fire on these saboteurs.Bhaskaruni Lakshminarayana was hitby bullets in the firing and died onthe spot. [SMEAT, 1942, Tenali;HFSAP, p.8; WWFSAP, I, p. 246;WWIM, I, p. 43; HFMAP, p. 151]

Bhawani Singh: Resident of Koppal,Karnataka; Kiledar of Koppal; hejoined hands with the local rebels in1857 and organized anti-Britishoperation in association with BabaSaheb of Nargund and Bhim Rao; hewas captured in an encounter andshot dead by the British. [WWIM, III,p. 22]

Bheemiah/Bheemanna: Born in v. 1898in Idagur, t. Goribidanur, distt.Chikkaballapur, Karnataka; s/oNarasappa. A barber, he took partin the popular movement forresponsible government in MysoreState. When the Congress, under theleadership of T. Rainachar, decidedññas a part of the movementññupondefying the IPC Section 144 on 25April 1938 and assembling atViduraswatha (a place of pilgrimagein Goribidanur Taluk), Bheemiahjoined in the act. As soon as the 4violators of the prohibitory orderwere arrested by the police, theinfuriated gathering hurled abusesand pelted stones on the police.Failing to control it by lathi-charge,the policemen resorted toindiscriminate firing at 4 p. m., killing


10 persons, including Bheemiah.[AISPC, F. No. 115, NMML; VDECB;WWIM, II, pp. 35-36]

Bhikajipant Ganesh Gokhale: Residentof Nargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took part in the 1857-1858Uprising and joined the rebels ofNargund led by Baba Saheb. He wasarrested and charged with ëaidingand abetting the rebellion and alsotaking part in the murder of Mansoní.He was sentenced to transportationbeyond the Sea for life. He wasdeported to the Andaman Islandswhere he died in custody. [Poll Deptt,No. 226, Part-XIII, DD,Vol. No. 31,24 June 1858]

Bhikshamayya: Resident of v.Patarlapahad, t. Suryapet, distt.Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh (now inTelangana). A Communist, heresisted the raid by the NizamísMilitary on Pata Suryapet area inNovember 1946, during the anti-feudal struggle of the Communistsin Telangana. He was shot dead inthe confrontation. [WWFSAP, II, p.463].

Bhiksmayya: Resident of v. Patasurya-pet, distt. Nalgonda, erstwhileHyderabad (now in Telangana);member of Andhra Mahasabha. Hewas injured in the shootout on 15November 1946 with the raiding teamof the Nizamís army, who came to thevillage in the search of theunderground Communist workers,and died soon after. [PA,1 December1946; TPSL, pp. 44-5 & 450]

Bhim Rao Nadgowda: Resident ofMundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;s/o Ranga Rao; Tehsildar of Bellary.Dismissed from services for his anti-British ideas, he organized an anti-British alliance of patriotic chiefs likeKanchan Gowda Sirnagowda ofGovenkop, Srinivas Desai of Dumbal,Bhaskar Rao Bhave of Nargund, andraised an army of over 3,000 soldiersand launched a revolt against theBritish in 1857. He captured theKoppaldurg fort and put up a valiantfight against superior British forces,however he fell at the battlegroundafter gallant resistance and died.[WWIM, III, p. 23]

Bhim: Belonged to Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in the Uprisingled by Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda in 1857-58. Arrested in anencounter with the British atKoppaldurg, he was sentenced todeath and shot dead by musketry inJune 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279]

Bhima Rao M.: Resident of distt.Anantpur, Andhra Pradesh, heserved as a Revenue official, and feltinspired when the 1857 Revolt brokeout. He took part in this Revoltagainst the colonial authorities andhelped in spreading the anti-Britishfeelings in his area. Somewhatsuccessful in his efforts in the earlystages, Bhima Rao was killed on 27May 1858. [BDG, p. 50; HFMRSRAD,p. 21]

Bhima: Resident of Kukanur, t. Yelburga,distt. Koppal, Karnataka. He actively


participated in the 1857-58 Uprisingunder the leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. Arrested duringthe battle at Koppaldurg, he wassentenced to death and shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [HFMK,1, pp.272, 440; SI1857WI, p. 280]

Bhima: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He actively participated in the 1857-58 Uprising under the leadership ofBhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda.Arrested in an encounter with theBritish at Koppaldurg, he wassentenced to death and shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.279; WWIM, III, p. 22]

Bhimanna Mandagai: Resident ofHalagali, Mudhol Princely State (nowin distt. Bagalakot), Karnataka. AKavalagar (guard), he participated inthe Halagali Bedas revolt under theleadership of Babaji Sovaji Nimbalkaragainst the British imposition of theDisarming Act of 1857. He wascaught during a clash with the Britishand later blown away with a cannonat Halagali on 14 December 1857.[SI1857WI, p. 199]

Bhimanna: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He participated in the Uprising ledby Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda in1857-58. Arrested in the course of anengagement with the British atKoppaldurg, he was sentenced todeath and shot dead by musketry inJune 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279]

Bhimappa: Resident of v. Hirendwal

[Hirenandihal], distt. Koppal,Karnataka. He actively participatedin the 1857-58 Uprising under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Arrested in an encounterwith the British at Koppaldurg, hewas sentenced to death and shotdead by musketry in June 1858.[HFMK,1, pp. 272, 440; SI1857WI, p.279]

Bonalu Gunnaiah alias BonulaGunnadu alias Bonnalu Gunnulu:Resident of v. Serabhannapalem, t.Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh; s/o Pottanna, hetook part in the Rampa Rebellion(1922-24), led by Alluri Sitarama Raju.He participated in some successfulrebel attacks on the British Police.Declared an accused under thesections of 121, 121A, 122, 143, 145,149, 395 & 302 of I.P.C. and hisproperty was confiscated by theGovernment. On the evening of 29September 1923, the police partychased the rebels and opened fire onthem near Battapanukula. Beingamong the rebels, Bonalu receivedserious bullet injuries and died thenext day. [F. Nos. 2, 4 and 23A,FASRRF, 1923, pp. 11, 18, 30, 50, 135,155, 195, 243 & 244, APSAH]

Borayya Kakuru alias Nadapi Baladualias Nadapi Padal: Born at v.Gummalagondi, teh.. Gudem KothaVeedhi, distt. Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh; s/o Mangayya. Afarmer, he took part in the RampaRebellion (1922-24). He was arrestedfor his involvement in the Rebellionand sentenced to three yearsí


rigorous imprisonment. Put in theRajahmundry Central Jail, Borayyadied there on 9 November 1923 whileserving his term. [WWIM, I, p.160]

Boya: Born in Bada Mallur,Chikkaballapur, distt. Karnataka. Hetook part in the popular agitation forresponsible government in theMysore State. The agitation resultedin an incident of police firing atViduraswatha on 25 April 1938. (fordetails, see the entry on Bheemiah).Boya was one who died in the firing.[AISPC, F. No. 115, NMML; VDECB]

Brahmajosyula Subrahmanyam:Resident of Rajahmundry, distt. EastGodavari, Andhra Pradesh; s/oRamayya Sastry. He graduated inMedicine from the Calcutta MedicalCollege and took part in the HomeRule campaign, 1916-17. Participatingin the Non-Cooperation movement,he was imprisoned and suffered 1-year rigorous imprisonment, from 7January 1922 in the Rajahmundry andCuddalore Jails. He held the officeof Joint Secretary, Andhra ProvincialCongress Committee in 1921 andbecame the founder of Goutami

Satyagraha Ashram, Sitanagaram in1924. He again suffered 1-yearimprisonment from 19 April 1930 atVellore and Cuddalore Jails forconducting Salt Satyagraha. His ashramthereafter was taken over by theGovernment in 1932. Arrestedfollowing severe injuries in a lathi-charge in January 1932 atRajahmundry (in which one of hisribs was broken), he was sentenced(Third Time) on 14-5-1932 to sixmonthsí rigorous imprisonment andincarcerated in the Rajahmundry andCuddalore Jails. A victim oftuberculosis, brought about by harshtreatment and harassment in the jail,he passed away on 23 December1936. [Andhra Patrika, 25 December1936 & 15 August 1942, APSAH;WWFSAP, 1, p. 165]

Burmah: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, div.Belgaum, Karnataka; took part in theUprising of 1857-1858 and foughtagainst the British; caught and triedby Court Martial, he was sentencedto death and shot dead by musketryin June 1858. [HFMK, 1, pp. 272, 440;SI1857WI, p. 278]


C. Chinnaiyan: Hailed from 14, MotilalMain Road, distt. Madurai,Tamilnadu. A Member of IndianIndependence League, he also servedthe Indian National Army and tookpart in its march towards India atJunglighat, the Andamans, inDecember 1944. He is believed tohave died in action. [FFPO No. 7787/1973, 29.12.1973, TNSAC]

C. K Madhavan: Resident ofVadakketathu Palli, Punnapra, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Madhavan also joined others indemanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in the police firing on 24 October1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II),

F. Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & No. 133/48, B.No. 64, 1948, KSAT]

C. Krishnaswami Pillai: Hailed fromdistt. South Arcot, Tamilnadu. Anactive participant in the ìQuit Indiaîagitations of 1942 and he wasarrested for his anti-British role in itand imprisoned. He died underdetention, perhaps towards the endof 1942 owing to police tortures. [PubDeptt, G.O. No. 1518, 22. 05. 1947,TNSAC]

C. Kuttan Pillai: Born on 27 September1910 at Karakulam, distt.Trivandrum, Kerala. He studied upto the fourth standard. Joining theTravancore State Congress in 1938,he participated in the demonstrationstaged at Neyyattinkara on 31August 1938 to protest against thearrest of N.K. Padnamanbha Pillai,the second State Congress President.A contingent of Travancore StateForce, which had been dispatched torestore order, opened fire on thedemonstrators at the Bus Stand,

CCCCC


Neyyattinkara, killing Pillai in theprocess. [Freedom Movement Files(II), F. No. 1149\44, 1944, Confd.Report of S.P. on 4 September 1938(First Class Magistrate to DistrictMagistrate, 15-1-114), Bulletin No. I,II, All Travancore Jatha Committee,C.S. No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp.124-26; TTT, p. 164; WWFFK, p. 312;WWIM, II, p. 245]

C. Narayanaswami: Resident ofAnakkavur, t. Cheyyar, distt.Tiruvannamalai (formerly in NorthArcot), Tamilnadu. A dyer byprofession, he led a crowd of 4000 atTiruvattipuram, Cheyyar, on 3 March1946, to protest against theGovernmentís providing inferiorimported rice to the ration shops, andto demand the supply of boiled riceinstead. The crowd demonstratedbefore the taluk Supply Officerísoffice, and also raided the wholesaleGovernment rice depot at Cheyyar.The police opened 11 rounds of fireto disperse the agitators.Narayanaswamy, a forerunner in theagitation, died on the spot at the ageof 26. [Pub Deptt (G-A),G.O.No.1114, 10.05.1946, TNSAC]

C. Rathnam: Inhabitant of 1st Street,Ekanjipuram near Perambur RailwayStation, Madras (Chennai),Tamilnadu; s/o Chinnasami. Anunemployed supporter of theworkers during the labour unrest inthe Buckingham and Carnatic Mills,he joined them and fell victim to thepolice firing on the agitators on 11March 1942. He died of his bulletwounds the next day (12 March 1942)

at the age of 30. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (MS) No. 1130, 08.04.1942,TNSAC]

Chakala: Born in v. Odugur, t.Gauribidanur, distt. ChikkaballapurKarnataka. He took part in thepopular agitation for responsiblegovernment in the Mysore State atViduraswatha village on 25 April1938. The movement resulted in anincident of police firing on theagitators (for details, see the entryon Bheemiah). Chakala was one whodied in the firing. [VDECB; PAR,P.M.R.A., P.M.L.C., C.B.F]

Chakkalakkunnan Kunjumoyi Haji:Resident of Perambalam, Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjumoyi wasone among those militant peasantswho died in the 26 August 1921 firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Chakkalakkunnan Pokkar Haji:Resident of Perambalam, Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with the


Khilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Pokkar was oneamong those militant peasants whodied in the 26 August 1921 firing bythe British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Chakkalakkunnan Saidali: Resident ofPerambalam, Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, Ernad taluk, Malabar, Kerala,he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Saidali was oneamong those militant peasants whodied in the 26 August 1921 firing bythe British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Chakkalkunnan Mammad Koya:Resident of Pandikad amsom, t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22 andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement (fordetails, see the entry on ApankollanMoideen) Mammad was one amongthose who died in the 14 November1921firing by the British troops. [H/

Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI;PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922,TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74]

Chalil Avaran: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrestedand detained in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theMalappuram Sub-Jail, where he diedof Ankylostoma Diarrhoea in May1922 in the Malappuram Sub-Jailhospital. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Chambayil Koya: Resident ofKizhuparamba amsom, Kerala, hewas taken into custody for his rolein the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He wasdetained on 3 January 1922 as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theManjeri Sub-Jail. Together withbrutal police tortures and a seriousattack of pneumonia in the jail (dueto bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Koya died on23 April 1922 in detention at the ageof 35. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Champakraman Pillai: Born on 15


September 1891, in distt.Trivandrum, Kerala; s/oChinnaswamy Pillai, he took part inpolitical activities against the Britishrule while still a student. Kept undersurveillance by the police for hisactivism, he left India in September1908 and reached Italy via Colombo.Sometime later, he went to Berlin,studied and obtained doctoratedegrees in Engineering, Politics andEconomics. He organized anassociation called the InternationalPro-India Committee in Zurich,Switzerland, to enlist support forIndiaís independence in theEuropean countries. He persuadedthe German Government during theFirst World War to give militaryassistance for the freedom strugglein India. He was belived to haveserved in the famous Germansubmarine Emden which inflictedheavy losses on the British shippingin the Indian Ocean and oncebombarded British militaryestablishments on the Madras coast.Pillai founded the Indian NationalParty in Berlin, Germany, in 1914,along with Lala Har Dayal, ShriTaraknath Das, Maulana Barkatullahand Heramba Lal Gupta. Organizingthe ëLeague of Oppressed Peoplesí towork for the liquidation ofcolonialism, he became an activemember of the Pan GermanNationalist Partyññ a position thatwas considered to be great honourfor a foreigner in Germany. Got intoconflict with the German Fuehrer,Adolf Hitler, when he protestedagainst the latterís disparagingremarks about India, he died in May

1934 in Berlin due to suspectedpoisoning by the Nazis. [The Hindu,25 February 1938; S. P Sen (ed.)Dictionary of National Biography,volume II; WWIM, II, p. 245]

Channamparambil Aydruman: Residentof Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. Kept in Malappuram Sub-Jail, he died due to urrhosis in theMalappuram Sub-Jail Hospital in May1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS)No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Channappa: Resident of Betageri, distt.Gadag, Karnataka; he took activepart in the antiñBritish struggle forindependence Koppaldurg in 1857-58under the leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. Captured by theBritish in the course of anengagement at Koppaldurg, he wasshot dead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 278]

Chantavilla Gangadharan: Resident ofdistt. Trivandrum, Kerala. On 5October 1938, the people of Kadakkalin Kottarakara taluk started an armedrevolt against the toll collection at theKadakkal market. The occurrencealso reflected the popular discontentagainst the Government, itscurtailment of civil liberties and theCriminal Law Amendment Act 18 Xof 1935. Arrested and manhandledby the police in this connection,


Gangadharan died due to tortures inthe Trivandrum Jail. [FreedomMovement Files, (II), F. Nos. 1/45,1945, B.No.38, 674/45, 1945 B.No.39,357/46, 1946 B. No. 49, KSAT;Judicial Files, No. 78 of 114 SessionsCourt Quilon, Kadakkal Riot Case 1PE 1/ 1938, Commitment Order 29May 1939, KSAT; EMK, p. 36]

Charchil Mammadutty: Resident ofThirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and their exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. The rebellion began on21 August 1921 and spread to Ernad,Valluvanad and Ponnai taluks whereMartial Law was declared.Mammadutty stayed with AliMusaliar, the most influential leaderof the Khilafat movement, insideThirurangadi mosque. When theGurkha regiment was rushed toMalabar, Thirurangadi mosque wasseized and rebels flushed out.Mammadutty surrended with otherrebels and, following a trial, he wassent to the gallows on 17 February1922. [Pub Deptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922, Report of the Administrationof the Madras Presidency for the year1921-22; Fortnightly Reports, March1922, TNSAC; The Hindu, 10December 1921, NMML]

Chathanputhvayil Ali Kutty: Residentof Areakode amsom, t. Ernad,Kerala. He was taken into custody

in connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 18June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia(due to very bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food) in the jail, Alidied on 3 July 1922 in detention atthe age of 20. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Chathanputhvayil Ali Kutty: Residentof Areakode amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 24December 1922 as an under-trialprisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Together with brutal policetortures and a serious attack ofpneumonia (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water and food)in the jail, Ali died in detention on 2May 1922 at the age of 20. [Pub Deptt,G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Chattukutty: A resident ofDharmapatam in, Kerala, Beedi


factory mazdur. Since the formationof the Communist Party in Kerala, hewas an active cadre and involved inthe agitation of the party for pricecontrol, wage hike and relief topeasants. He participated in the Anti-Opression Day and Anti-ImperialistDay observances. The districtadministration banned publicmeetings, demonstrations andprocessions, under Defence of IndiaRules. Violating the ban order heattended the public meeting atJawaharghatt in Tellichery on 15September 1940. In the police firingto disperse the crowd, he was killed.He was only 22 old at the time of hismartyrdom. He was one among thefirst two martyrs of the CommunistParty in Kerala. [Pub Deptt, G. O.(MS) No. 4654, 24 October 1941,TNSAC; H/Deptt (Poll), F. No. 5/22/40, 1940, NAI; AICC Papers, F.No. G(32) K.I. Part-2, 1940, NMML]

Chedala Chinnayya: Resident of v.Gudem, t. Chintapalli, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Hetook a prominent part in the RampaRebellion (1922-24) against theBritish, led by Alluri Sitarama Raju.His property was confiscated by theGovernment for his participation inRampa disturbances. He receivedbullet injuries while fighting againstthe British Malabar Reserve Police,led by Sweney, on the night on 6December 1922 at Lingapuram. Hedied of his injuries and his dead bodywas sent to Krishnadevipeta. [F.Nos.4 & 22, FASRRF, 1924, pp. 28 & 159,APSAH]

Chedala Kothayya alias Kothadu aliasKothanna alias Pedda Balayya:Resident of v. Gudem, in the Agencyarea of distt. Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh; s/o Venkayya, hetook part in the Rampa Rebellion(1922-24), led by Alluri Sitarama Raju.For his participation in the rebellion,his property was confiscated by theGovernment, and an arrest warrantwas issued on him under sections 121,121A, 122, 143, 145, 149, 395 and 302of IPC. He received bullet injurieswhile fighting against the BritishMalabar Reserve Police, led bySweney on the night of 6 December1922 at Lingapuram and died. [F.Nos. 2 & 23 A, FASRRF, 1923, pp. 19,23 & 256ñ57, APSAH]

Chedalandakondla Bheema Reddy:Resident of v. Polasamamidi, in theAgency area of Rekapalli; now indistt. Khammam, Andhra Pradesh.As Munsab of Polasamamidi, he led arebellion in the Agency area ofRekapalli in June 1879 against theoppressive rule of the Forest Rangerand British authorities. He gatheredfifty Rampa Reddies with the help ofAmbel Reddy and also collectedmany Rekapalli people to attack theForest Ranger. He made the firstattack in July 1879 on Wudagudem,where the Forest Ranger used to keepits office and records. He also activelytook part in the Rampa Rebellion,and participated, along with KaramTamman Dora and other leaders, inmany attacks on the police. He wasconfronted by a party of HyderabadContingent under Surgeon Brown.He received bullet injuries in the


encounter and died thereafter.[IPMGFSGJD, 1880, pp.75, 79,TNSAC; Judl Deptt (G), (Madras),G.O. No. 2551, 12-12-1881, APSAH;MHDFC, pp. 5, 10 & 11]

Cheera Koya: Resident of Pandikadamsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram,Kerala. He was taken into custodyfor his role in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movements. Hewas detained on 13 January 1922 asan under-trial prisoner and kept inthe Manjeri Sub-Jail. Together withbrutal police tortures and a seriousattack of pneumonia (due to verybad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food) in the jail, Koyadied in detention on 8 May 1922 atthe age of 75. [Pub. Deptt, G.O. (MS)No.960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Cheeramputhur Kunhayambu: Residentof Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Kunhayambu was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt

(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922& G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC;Report of Deputy Superintendent ofPolice, Madras, dated 27.09.1922;Under-Secretary Safe Secret File,No. 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI;Malayala Manorama, 22 November1921; WTS]

Cheerathodika Moideen: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, Ernad Taluk, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement (fordetails, see the entry on AhmmadKutty). Moideen was one amongthose militant peasants who died on26 August 1921 in the British troopsfiring. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI;HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp.332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Chelakkara Ahmadkutty: Resident ofPandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Apankollan Moideen). AhmadKutty was one among those who diedin the 14 November 1921 firing bythe British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK,MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM,pp. 372-74]


Chelakkara Kuttymon aliasSaidalikutty: Resident of Pandikadamsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, hewas involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Apankollan Moideen).Saidalikutty was one among thosewho died in the 14 November 1921firing by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI;PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922,TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74]

Chelakkatan Mootha: Resident ofKalikavu amsom, t. Nilambur, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 24December 1922 as an under-trialprisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Together with brutal policetortures and a serious attack ofpneumonia (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water and food)in the jail, Mootha died on 2 May1922 in detention at the age of 35.[Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Chelekkara Pokkar: Resident ofPandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armed

confrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements (for details, see the entryon Apankollan Moideen). Pokkar wasone among those who died in the 14November 1921 firing by the Britishtroops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74]

Chembrantodiyil Raman: Resident ofAngadipuram amsom, t. Walluvanad,distt. Malappuram, Kerala. Arrestedfor taking part in the conspiracy ofMappilla outbreak at Angadipuramagainst the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis in February andMarch 1896, he was deatined fromJune 1896 as per G.O.No. 1335,Judicial Department, dated01.06.1894 and kept in Madurai jail.He died in imprisonment on 4Septenber1924. [Pub Deptt, G. O. No.211, 27.02.1925, TNSAC]

Chembrasseri Imbichi Koyal Thangal:Resident of distt. Malappuram,Kerala. One of the important leadersof the Khilafat movement, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, andcoinciding with Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. Therebellion began on 21 August 1921and spread to Ernad, Valluvanad andPonnai taluks where Martial-Law wasdeclared. He was shot dead in the


ensuing clash between the fullyarmed troops and the semi-armedpeasants at Melattoor on 20 January1922. [Pub Deptt (G) G.O. No.185,23.01.1947; History of FreedomMovement Bundle 88, Anti-War andQuit India Movement-E; M. SankaranNampudiripad quoting from C.Gopalan Nairís account on theMalabar Rebellion, TNSAC]

Chenna: Resident of Singtalur, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;he participated in the struggle forindependence from the British holdof Koppaldurg in 1857-58 under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Captured in the course of anengagement with the British atKoppaldurg, he was shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.278; WWIM, III, p. 28]

Cherapuratthu Ahmadkutty: Resident oft. Ernad, a tenant-cultivator inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Cherapuratthuwas one among those militantpeasants who died in the 26 August1921 firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK,MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Chethayil Koyakutty: Resident of

Kadanammana, t. Walluvanad,Malabar, Kerala, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Aboobakkar).Koyakutty was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 9December 1921 in the British troopsífiring. [PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922,TNSAC; HMR]

Chettali Kunhalan: Resident of Malabar,Kerala (place not known), he wasarrested under Section 6 of MoplahOutrages Act of 1859 for hisinvolvement in Mappilla rebellion of1921 against the combination of theBritish colonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis. He was kept as aprisoner in the Central Jail and dieddue to tuberculosis on 18 April 1928in the Government TuberculosisHospital in Rayapettah, Madras. [PubDeptt, G.O. (Mis.Series) No.386,30.04.1928, TNSAC]

Chhattu Singh Rajput: Born atJamakhandi, distt. Bijapur,Karnataka. A farm labourer, he tookactive part in the Uprising against theBritish in 1857. He refused tosurrender arms and to give landrevenue; was arrested by the Britishand executed by hanging in 1857.[WWIM, III, p. 29]

Chhotu Singh: Residence not known; s/o Hira Singh; he was theCommandant of the troops in the


Jamakhandi Princely State (now indistt. Bagalkot), Karnataka. A closeassociate of the Jamakhandi Chief, hejoined the struggle for freedom fromthe British yoke. Arrested by theBritish, he was blown a way with acannon in October 1858 atJamakhandi before a horrified crowdof the town people. [SI1857WI, p. 72]

Chinna Kannan: Resident of PycroftsRoad (now Bharathi Salai), Madras(Chennai), Tamilnadu; s/oChinappan. Belonging to a fishermencommunity, he was a tennis ball-boyin the Presidency College Sportsarena. While taking part in a CivilDisobedience movementdemonstration at the Canal Bank, hewas shot dead in the police firing onthe demonstrators on the spot at theage of 13 in May 1930. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 275, A,12.05.1930, TNSAC]

Chinna Thevan: Resident ofPerungamanallur, t. Peraiyuv distt.Madurai, Tamil Nadu. He took partin the Kallar riot at Perungamanalluragainst the Colonial MadrasGovernmentís policy of registeringKallars as criminal tribes under theCriminal Tribes Act, 1911. GeorgeJoseph popular and well-knownpolitical agitator, inspired them notto obey the British dictat. Headopted the civil disobediencemethod and encouraged the Kallarsof Perungamanallur and theneighbouring villages to refuse toregister themselves as criminal tribes.Police force was then used topressurize them to obey, leading to

a riot. In the police firing that tookplace there on 3April 1920, Chinnadied on the spot. [(H/(Judl) Deptt,G.O. No. 1315, 26.05.1920; Judl Deptt,G.O. (Ord.Series) No.109, 27.04.1921;Pub Deptt, G.O.No.935, 10.09.1931,TNSAC.]

Chinnakannu: Born in Bangalore,Karnataka. A labourer, heparticipated in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement in Bangalore City in 1942.He joined the labour strike inBangalore to protest against thearrest of Congress leaders, and alsotook part in public meetings almostevery day. Police issued arrestwarrant against him but his deadbody was recovered in V.O.P. FactoryCompound, Bangalore in 1942. [SSS,II, p. ?]

Chinnamaya Thevan: Resident of v.Perungamanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt.Madurai, Tamilnadu; he took part inthe Kallar riot at Perungamanalluragainst the Colonial MadrasGovernmentís policy of registeringthe tribesmen as criminal tribes underthe Criminal Tribes Act, 1911. GeorgeJoseph a popular and well-knownpolitical agitator, inspired them notto obey the British. He adopted thecivil disobedience method andencouraged the Kallars ofPerungamanallur and theneighbouring villages to refuse toregister themselves as criminal tribes.Police force was then used to forcethem to obey leading to a riot. In thepolice firing that took place there on3 April 1920, he died on the spot. (H/(Judl) Deptt, G.O.No.1315,


26.05.1920; Judl Deptt, G.O.(Ord.Series) No.109, 27.04.1921; PubDeptt, G.O.No.935, 10.09.1931,TNSAC)

Chinnanna: Born in Badimaralur, t.Goribidanur, distt. Chikkaballapur,Karnataka, s/o Gangana. He tookpart in the popular agitation forresponsible government in theMysore State at Viduraswatha villageon 25 April 1938. The agitation ledto an incident of police firing on theagitators (for details, see the entryon Bheemiah). Chinnanna was onewho died in the firing. [AISPC, F. No.115, NMML; VDECB]

Chinnaraju: Belonged to distt. Madura(Madurai), Tamilnadu. A scavengerboy, he joined the scavengersí violentagitation in Dindigul against theBritish during the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942. When the policeopened fire on the agitators, hereceived severe bullet wounds anddied on the same day. [Pub Deptt,G.O. No. 2131, 12.07.1947, TNSAC]

Chinnaraju: Inhabitant of v. Kovilur, t.Dindigul, distt. Madura, (Madurai)Tamilnadu; s/o Karidi Madari. A boyof 14, he took part in the strike ofscavengers that broke out towardsthe end of 1946. He died in the policefiring on the striking Dindigulscavengers on 5 December 1946. [PubDeptt(G-A), G.O. (MS) No. 2131,Dept. 12.7.1947, TNSAC]

Chinniah: Hailed from Tamilnadu(residence not known), a worker anda trade-union leader of Textile

Workers, Union of Coimbatore. Hegained prominence during the 1942strike at Kaleswara Mills againstretrenchment. The growing militancyof workers so alarmed the millauthorities that they, in alliance withthe police, implicated the leadingtrade union leaders in a false murdercase of, a watchman of Ranga VilasTextile Mill. For having Ponananbeaten to death, the police arrested4 leading leaders, including Chinniah.He was sentenced to death by theSessions Court which had later beenconfirmed by High Court and thePrivy Council. Subsequently he washanged on 8 January 1946. [PA, 27January 1946]

Chirukandan, Koyithattil(Chiruvandan): Born in 1922 atKayyur, distt. And t. KasargodKerala; tenant-farmer; started publiclife as member of Bala Sangh. Laterhe joined the Karshaka Sangham andthe Communist Party. As Kisanactivist he was involved in a numberof agitations against the exploitationof the peasants by the landlords inhis locality. He also took part in theanti-imperialist programmes of theparty. Being an ìinner volunteerî, hewas arrested and charge-sheeted inthe Kayyur Riot Case of 1941 as the31st accused. He was found guilty ofmurder and had been awared capitalpunishment. He was hanged to deathat Kannur Central Jail on 29 March1943. The brave son of Kayyurwalked to the gallows shoutingìInquilab Zindabadî andìCommunist Party Zindabadî.[Court Records in Sc. No. 44/1941


(Mangalore); Sc. No. 3/1941(Tellicherry); Sc. No. 11/1941(Tellicherry), Fortnightly Report(Political) for the Second half ofMarch 1941, First half of April 1941,and First half of May 1941. G.O.Home (Routine) 1328-29. (Confd.), 26October 1942, Peopleís War, 21 and 28March and 11 April 1943, NMML]

Chittambalam Chekutty: Resident ofNannambra amsom of TirurangadiStation, Kerala. He was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith Khilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. The rebellion began on21 August 1921 and spread to Ernad,Valluvanad and Ponnai taluks whereMartial-Law was declared. He wasshot dead in the ensuing clashbetween the fully armed troops andthe semi-armed peasants. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC]

Cholakarambayil Chetti Chipu:Resident of Trikkalangod amsom, t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. Hewas taken into custody in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921and transported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Chipuwas one among those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.

290, 01.04.1922, G.O. No. 734,12.09.1922, TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret File, No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Cholakkal Usman: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Usman was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Cholakkal Valiya Mammad: Resident oft. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and atenant-cultivator there in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Mammad was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Chunia Virappa: Resident of Hammigi,


t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag,Karnataka. He took part in the antiñBritish struggle in 1857-58 led byBhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda forrecovery of Koppaldurg from the

British hands. Caught in the courseof an engagement with the British atKoppaldurg, he was shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.280]


D. Narayana Raju: Hailing from distt.West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, heparticipated in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement that broke out on 8 August1942. He was arrested for his anti-British role in the movement andsent to prison. In the police custodyhe was subjected to severe torturesby them, and died as an under trialprisoner, perhaps in 1943. [Pub Deptt,G.O. No.1036, April 1947, TNSAC]

Dadanna: Resident of Halagali, MudholPrincely State (now in distt.Bagalakot), Karnataka. He took partin the resistance of Halagali Bedasagainst the imposition of theDisarming Act of 1857 by the British.He was killed while fighting againstthe British under the leadership ofBabaji Sovaji Nimbalkar on 30November 1857. [SI1857WI, p.199]

Damu Pottachal: Resident of Veliyil,Kanjikuzhi, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala,he was involved as an activist in thePunnapra firing incident. Opposingthe Martial- lLaw that C.P.Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed on

Ambalappuzha and Shertallai (nowCherthala), he took part in thedemolition of the MararikulamBridge at night. When the militarystarted re-constructing it, he andothers tried to prevent them. In theconsequent confrontation on 26October 1946, Damu was shot deadby the military. [Punnapra-VayalarRecords, CPIDOA]

Danamu Somayya: Resident of v.Aknoor, t. Jangaon distt. Warangal,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);s/o Peda Venkayya. A Sindhi Seth,he exposed in a Court of Law theatrocities that were committed by theRazakars in respect of his village.When the Razakars and the Nizamíspolice jointly raided Aknoor inAugust 1946, Danamu Somayya wasarrested and shot dead in the RamaTemple compound of the village.Eight other persons were also shotdead along with him. The Razakarsand the Nizamís police had raided thisvillage to take revenge against thosewho gave evidence in a Court of Lawagainst them. [WWFSAP, III, pp. 364

DDDDD


ñ 65 ; WWIM, II, p. 68].

Dandu Narayana Raju: Resident of v.Nelapogulu, t. Bhimavaram, distt.West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Bhagavan Raju, he served as anAdvocate. Conferred the titleìSardarî by the people of Andhra, hegave up his legal practice in responseto the Non-Cooperation movement(1920). He collected money for theTilak Swaraj Fund, and held theoffice of Secretary, District CongressCommittee, 1921-24 and itsPresident, in the years 1925, 1926,1931 and 1934. He remained aMember of AICC from 1921 till hisdeath. Organising national schools atTanuku and Bhimavaram, he held theposts of Vice-President, GandhianNational School, Eluru; Secretary,District Khadi Board, 1923, and itsPresident in 1924 and 1925; Member,Debt Conciliation Board,Bhimavaram. He was also Secretary,District Ryotsí Association, 1923-27and President, 1928 and 1929, as wellas Member, Composite MadrasLegislative Assembly, 1926-29 and1937 and President, District Board foryears. He organised Salt Satyagrahaand was sentenced on 23 April 1930to one year, 9 June 1947; confined inRajahmundry, Vellore,Tiruchunapally and Bellary Jails, hewas released on 14 March 1931 dueto the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Takingpart in the Civil Disobediencemovement, he underwent sevenmonthsí Rigourous Imprisomment,from 8 January 1932 in theRajahmundry and Vellore Jails; againsentenced on 24 January 1933 to six

month Rigourous Imprisomment, hewas incarcerated till 1 August 1933in the Vellore Central Jail. Arrestedonce again for the IndividualSatyagraha, on 14 December 1940 hewas sent to the Vellore andTiruchunapalli Jails. OfferingSatyagraha again on 6 August 1941 atNarasapur, he was sentenced to oneyear Rigourous Imprisomment anda fine of Rs.500/- and kept in theAlipuram Camp Jail. Released on 13December 1941 by the Government,and detained under Defence of IndiaRules, during the ìQuit Indiaîmovement in the Vellore and TanjoreJails, from 12 August 1942 to 10September 1944, this illustriouspatriot died around 6 p.m. on 10September 1944 in Tanjore Jail dueto heart failure. [Andhra Patrika, 12September 1944; 13 September 1944;17 September 1944; 19 September1944 & 20 September 1944; The Hindu,13 September 1944; Pub Deptt (G-A),(Madras), G.O. Ms. No. 2146, 10-10-1946, APSAH; Dinamani, 13-9-1944;RTSJ, C. No-111, 1944,TNSAC;WWFSAP, III, p. 458; WWIM, I, p. 76;HFMAP, p. 148]

Dastagir Sab: Born in Bangalore,Karnataka. He was a participant inthe Khilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement in the British-controlledCantonment Area in Bangalore.When a hartal was observed on 17November 1921 on the occasion ofPrince of Wales visiting India, and aprotest demonstration was held on18 November 1921, its participantswere fired upon by the police.Receiving a gunshot in the firing,


Dastagir died soon thereafter [SSS,II, p. 31]

Dattu Lakshman Matad: Born in 1917in Bailhongal, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka; s/o Laxman Matad.Educated up to sixth standard, hetook part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement that started in August1942. He joined the saboteursí in theattack on the Bailhongal Police Stationon 16 August 1942. Receiving bulletwounds in the police firing on thatday, he died on the spot. [WWIM, I,p. 219]

Dattu Matad: Hailed from Bailhongal,distt. Belgaum, Karnataka; s/oLaxman Matad. A farm labourer,educated up to the sixth standard,he took part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942. He joined theagitators in the raiding of theBailhongal Police Station on 16August 1942. He received severebullet wounds when the policeopened firing on them and died onthe spot. [WWIM, I, p.219]

Daud Saheb: Resident of Hanktapur(Venkatapur), t. Mundargi, distt.Gadag, Karnataka. He took activepart in the antiñBritish struggle in1857-58 under the leadership of BhimRao and Kanchan Gowda for therecovery of Koppaldurg from theBritish hands. Captured by theBritish during the battle atKoppaldurg, he was shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [ SI1857WI,p. 280; WWIM, III, pp. 31-32]

Daveed Thomas: Resident of

Areepurathu House, Paravoor,Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala.He participated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. PRamaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Thomas joined others in demandingfor its withdrawal, and eventually forits destruction. During the activistsíraid on the camp, he died in thepolice firing on 24 October 1946.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F.Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No.64, 1948, KSAT]

Deenadayalu: Resident of KanchipuramTown, distt. Kanchipuram,Tamilnadu. He took part in anagitation in the town over theinferior quality of rice that wasoffered by the Government to thegeneral public. People protestedagainst it, demanded supply ofbetter kind of rice and raised anti-imperialist slogans, leading to somesort of a rice-riot. When the policeresorted to firing to control therioters on 2 March 1946,Deenadayalu was shot dead. [PubDeptt (G-A) (Confd.), G.O. No.1867,02.09.1946, TNSAC]

Devasi alias Porunna: Resident ofKakkariyil, Punnapra, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsible


government in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal of setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Porunna joined others in demandingfor its withdrawal, and eventually forits destruction. During the activistsíraid on the camp, he died in thepolice firing on 24 October 1946.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F.Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63 & 133/48, B. No. 64,1948, KSAT]

Devasi Pramani: Resident ofArasharkadavu, Zacharia Ward,distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. Heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Devasi joined others in demandingfor its withdrawal, and eventually forits destruction. During the activistsíraid on the camp, he died in thepolice firing on 24 October 1946.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No.774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B.No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64,1948, KSAT]

Devathanjam: Resident of v.Kandithankulam, p.o. Tharuvai,

distt. Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu: s/oSelvananayagam Nadar. He joinedthe Indian National Army in Malayaas a soldier in the Third GuerrillaRegiment with Regiment No. 32407.He participated in the INAcampaigns from January 1943 toDecember 1944 and died in action in1944. [FFPO No. 2922/1968,28.11.1968, TNSAC]

Dhan Pal: Residence not known. He wasserving the British-Indian Army as asoldier in its Madras Sappers andMiners Regiment; he joined theIndian National Army in Germanyas a soldier and was placed in theSecond Battalion. Deputed in Franceto counter the Allied forces, he diedthere while fighting against theenemy. [WWIM, II, p. 76]

Dharma Prakash: Resident ofHyderabad City, Andhra Pradesh(now in Telangana); at Dhoolpet anotorious communal riot took placeon 16 April 1938. On 22 June 1938, aneminent missionary of Arya Samaj,Dharma Prakash, was murdered bya few fanatics who could not toleratethe propaganda work he was doing.[TFSIH, IV 1921ñ47), pp.90-91].

Doddi Komarayya: Resident of v.Kadavendi, t. Jangaon, distt.Warangal, Andhra Pradesh (now inTelangana). This village was underthe social control of VisunooriDeshmukh, and Janakamma, themother of Deshmukh RamachandraReddy who was notorious forresorting to tortures and meting outinhuman to the people. Komarayya,


an Andhra Mahasabha worker tookpart in the Balemla -Pata SuryapetPeasantsí stirrings. A ëSanghamí orvillage Dal was formed thereofcomprising 20 members to fightagainst the high-handed actions andill-treatments of Janakamma. On 4June 1946, they represented to theRDO and Tahsildar who came toKadavendi where they andsucceeded in taking away some ofthe grain stocks of Deshmukh.Offended at this, Janakammamobilized goondas and encouragedthem to attack the Dal or Sanghammembers. As a result, some streetfighting took place between them inNovember 1946. Komarayya, whowas in the forefront, received bulletinjuries from the firing of the goonsof the landlords, and met his death.Regarded as the first martyr in theTelangana Rising, Komarayyasacrificed his life for the peasantsícause. [GP, 11 July and 25 July 1946,APSAH; RR, pp. 5-7; TPSL, pp. 36-7]

Doori Nagayya: Resident of v.Serabhannapalem, t. Chintapalli, inthe Agency area of distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Gangayya, he took part in theRampa Rebellion (1922-24), led byAlluri Sitarama Raju, against theoppressive British rule. Heparticipated in many successfulattacks on the British Police, and wascharged with 121, 121A, 122, 143, 145,149, 395, 397 and 302 of the IndianPenal Code. His property wasconfiscated by the Government.Nagayya was shot dead by the policein an encounter and his death was

reported on 9 December 1924; hethus, became a martyr at the altar ofthe countryís freedom. [F.Nos. 23 A& 23 B, FASRRF, 1924, pp. 149, 339 &340, APSAH]

Doraiswamy: Resident of KanchipuramTown, distt. Kanchipuram,Tamilnadu. He took part in anagitation in the town over theinferior quality of rice that wasoffered by the Government to thegeneral public. People protestedagainst it, demanded supply ofbetter kind of rice and raised anti-imperialist slogans, leading to somesort of a rice-riot. When the policeresorted to firing to control therioters on 2 March 1946, Doraiswamywas shot. He died of his injury on 4March 1946. [Pub Deptt (G-A),G.O.No.1867, 02.09.1946, TNSAC]

Dr. Narayan Reddy: Resident of distt.Warangal, Andhra Pradesh (now inTelangana); Mr. BhupalamChandrasekharayya, GeneralSecretary of the All-India HinduMahasabha, wrote that, it was learntfrom the Hindu leaders that after SirMirzaís resignation from PrimeMinistership, conditions inHyderbad State started becomingmore and more deplorable. Dr.Narayan Reddy, while helping theHindu orphans, had been murderedand the goondas looted anddestroyed the property belonging tothe Hindus. They also treated theHindu ladies indecently. [Janavani, 10July, 1947, in F.No. L7 / d 332, in I.No. 70, L. No. 5, S.No.288, of EF ofPAHSO TNG, HS, APSAH].


Dundasenah Radhakrishna: Resident ofGaiba Fort, in the ParlakimidyZamindary of the Ganjam, now indistt. Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh;a Savara hill tribesman; feudalchieftain of Gaiba; led rebellion andcollected a number of his tribesmenand plundered several villagesduring 1856ñ57. His rebellion was putdown soon by the British army underthe command of Capt. Wilson. Hewas arrested in Pootoosinghy villageon 14 December 1856, with the helpof Muddeya Doogarauze. He wassent to Chicacole Jail, and hangedthere as a rebel in 1857 [FSGJC, 20-1-1857, p. 84; 10-2-1857, p. 188; 12-5-1857, p. 243; 19-5-1857, p. 299,APSAH; WWFSAP, III, p. 147;HFMAP, p. 6]

Durga: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in the antiñBritish struggle in 1857-58 under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda for the recovery of theBritishñheld Koppaldurg; he wascaptured in the course of anengagement with the British and shotdead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 278; WWIM, III, p. 38]

Dwarabandham Chandrayya aliasChandra Reddy: Resident of v.Boduluru, t. Rampachodavaram,distt. East Godavari, AndhraPradesh. A leader of Rampa tribe, hetook active part in the RampaRebellion of 1879 against the

oppressive rule of the Mansabdar andBritish authorities in theChodavaram Division of theGodavari Agency. He was successfulseveral times in his exploits againstthe British in the beginning of May1879 in the Yellavaram Division, andmanaged to loot and burn theAddateegala Police Station twotimes. Subsequently, he was arrestedin May 1879 but managed to escape.Despite a reward of Rs.2000/- for hiscapture, he remained undergroundand carried on his anti-Britishactivities. Willock eventuallysuppressed his rebellion and killedhis followers. Chandrayya himselfwas killed on 12 February 1880 atGurteru, betrayed by one JampaPandayya. [Judl Deptt (G), (Madras),G.O. No. 2551, 12-12-1881, MHDFC,p. 18; IPMGFSGJD, 1880, pp. 73 & 75;Judl Deptt (Madras), G.O. No. 1307-A, 2-7-1881; Pub Deptt (G), (Madras)(1938), G.O. No. 1451, 24-8-1938, p.209, APSAH; WWFSAP, 1, p. 103;WWIM, II, p. 57; ASRR, p. 34]

Dyamavva: Resident of Halagali,Mudhol Princely State (now in distt.Bagalakot), Karnataka. Sheparticipated in the resistance ofHalagali Bedas against the Britishimposition of the Disarming Act of1857. She was killed while fightingagainst the British under theleadership of Babaji Sovaji Nimbalkaron 30 November 1857. [SI1857WI, p.198]


E. K. Govindasamy Mudaliar: Residentof Madras (Chennai), Tamilnadu; apractising lawyer, he was anenthusiastic social worker given tovarious public causes. He was theMadras District Secretary andAssistant District Commissioner ofthe Boys Scouts Association, Secretaryof the School of Athletic Association,District Superintendent of St. JohnísAmbulance Association, and anactive member of the Committee ofthe Society for the Prevention ofCruelty to Animals, apart from beingintimately associated with severalother public institutions in Madras.A pacifist to the core, he appeared tohave boarded a bus for going to hisfather-in-lawís place at Triplicane,and came across a huge anti-Britishgathering of the Salt Satyagrahis atthe Madras beach on the Sundayevening of 27 April 1930. He gotdown from the bus and tried topacify the agitators but the policesuddenly opened indiscriminatefiring on the crowd. He was caughtin the firing, received severe gunshotwounds and died of those injuries on

29 April 1930. [Pub Deptt (Police),G.O. No. 448, 13.08.1930; Pub Deptt(Police/Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.172,03.04.1933; NNPR, 1930, p. 695;Andhra Patrika, 28 April 1930;Swadesamitran, 29 April 1930, TNSAC]

Edasseri Ayamad: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He wasarrested in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theMalappuram Sub-Jail. Ayamad diedof an attack of pneumonia (due tovery bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food) in May 1922in the Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS)No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Elagandula Lakshminarasayya: Residentof v. Tungaturti, t. Surayapet distt.Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh (now in

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Telangana); happened to be aCommunist; killed by the Razakarsduring the flag hoisting ceremony bythe Communists at Aler in the courseof their anti-feudal struggle inTelangana [WWFSAP, II, p. 496].

Elapalacherry Moideen: Resident ofKakadu amsom, Ernad, Malabar,Kerala. He was taken into custodyin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Charchil Mammadutty). Moideensurrendered with other rebels andput on trial. Following the trial, hewas executed by hanging on 17February 1922. [Pub Deptt, G.ONo.112, 7/2/1922, Report of theAdministration of the MadrasPresidency for the year 1921-22;Fortnightly Reports, March 1922,TNSAC, The Hindu, 10 December1921, NMML]

Elarvakil Sydali: Resident ofMalappuram, Kerala, he was arrestedin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theMalappuram Sub-Jail. Sydali died ofTuberculosis and brutal policetortures in May 1922 in theMalappuram Sub-Jail hospital. [Pub

Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Elayotan Viranunny: Resident ofPunnapala amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody for his role in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 24December 1922 as an under-trialprisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Together with brutal policetortures and a serious attack ofpneumonia (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water and food)in the jail, Viranunny died indetention on 2 July 1922 at the age of38. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Eleyadath Moyan: Resident of Kalikavuamsom, t. Nilambur, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 24December 1922 as an under-trialprisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Together with brutal policetortures and a serious attack ofpneumonia in the jail (due to verybad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food) in the jail,


Moyan died on 20 April 1922 indetention at the age of 33 [Pub Deptt,G.O. (MS) No. 960, dated 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Ella: Resident of Hammigi, distt. Gadag,Karnataka; he took active part in thestruggle against the British in 1857-58 under the leadership of Bhim Raoand Kanchan Gowda. Captured bythe British during the battle atKoppaldurg, he was blown awaywith a cannon. [WWIM, III, p. 39]

Ellampalli Seshayya alias Seshigadu:Resident of v. Minchalapadu, t.Palnad, distt. Guntur, AndhraPradesh. He belonged to Madigacommunity and was a servant ofKanneganti Hanumayya. Heparticipated in the Forest Satyagraha,and while resisting the forest andpolice officials who tried to takeaway the cattle because of their illegalgrazing in the forest, he was shotdead, along with KannegantiHanumayya, on 26 February 1922.[CDLFLCASPGTDMG, Cir. No. 406,28-2-1922, APSAH]

Eman Saheb: Resident of Kurlahali, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He actively participated in the anti-British struggle in 1857-58 under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda for the recovery of theBritishñoccupied Koppaldurg; Emanwas captured in the course of anengagement with the British and shotdead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 278; WWIM, III, p. 39]

Eraman Ahmadutti: Resident of

Nellinuthu amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and their exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements (for details, see the entryon Charchil Mammadutty).Ahmadutti surrendered with otherrebels and, following a trial, he wassent to the gallows on 17 February1922. [Pub Deptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922, Report of the Administrationof the Madras Presidency for the year1921-22; Fortnightly Reports, March1922, TNSAC, The Hindu, 10December 1921, NMML]

Eranthoti Kunhu Mohamod: Residentof Payanad amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody for his role in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 3June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia(due to very bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food) in the jail,Mohamod died in detention on 24June 1922 at the age of 25. [Pub Deptt,G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Erassenilpalliyil Ali: Resident of


Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, he was a coolie. Hewas taken into custody in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921and transported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Ali wasone among those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret File, No. 390A,dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Ereykkalan Aymu: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala and a tenantcultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). EreykkalanAymu was one among those militantpeasants who died on 26 August 1921in the firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Errabolu Appi Reddy: Resident of v.Mallareddigudem, t. Huzurnagar,

distt. Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh(now in Telangana). A Communist,he was killed by the Razakars duringthe anti-feudal struggle that wascarried on by the militant peasantryin Telangana since November 1946.[WWFSAP, II, p. 456].

Errabolu Appireddi: Resident ofMallareddyguden, t. Huzurnagar,distt. Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh(now in Telangana); member ofAndhra Mahasabha. He was shotdead during the raid of the NizamísMilitary on his village on 29December 1946. [PA, 15 December1946; TPSL, p. 46]

Erukumperamban Seydali: Resident ofChemmalasseri amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, he was a coolie. Hewas taken into custody in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921and transported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Seydaliwas one among those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret File, No. 390A,dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]


Fakeer Saheb: Resident of Kurlahali, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in the anti-Britishstruggle in 1857-58 under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda for the recovery of theBritishñheld Koppaldurg; Fakeer wascaptured during an encounter withthe British and shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.278; WWIM, III, p. 40]

Fakir Mohammad: Resident of Nargund,distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Heparticipatd in the Uprising of 1857and fought under Baba Saheb againstthe British; arrested in the course ofan engagement and charged withëjoining the revolt of Nargundagainst the Britishí. He was shot deadby musketry at Nargund on 10 June1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No. 197,Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June1858]

Fakirappa Bheemappa Torgal: Born in1914 at Medenoor, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka; s/o Bheemappa Torgal.He participated in the movement for

responsible government in theRamdurg State, led by the PrajaSangh (1938-39). The Praja Sanghconducted a procession demandingthe release of the Praja Sangh leader,B.N. Munaavalli, and others on 7April 1939. He was killed, along with3 more persons, when the State Policeopened fire on the demonstratorsnear the Ramdurg Jail. [SamyuktaKarnataka, 09 April 1939; WWIM, II,pp. 332-33]

Faras Khan: Resident of Nargund, distt.Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Moviskhan.He took part in the Uprising of 1857and fought under Baba Saheb againstthe British; arrested in the course ofan engagement and charged withëjoining the revolt of Nargundagainst the Britishí. He was shot deadby musketry at Nargund on 10 June1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No. 197,Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June1858]

Francis: Resident of Mannaparambil,Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala.He participated in the movement for

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responsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Francis joined others in demanding

for its withdrawal, and eventually forits destruction. During the activistsíraid on the camp, he died in thepolice firing on 24 October 1946.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F.Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 265/48, B.No. 63, 1948, & Freedom MovementFiles (II), No. 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948,KSAT]


G. Gopal: Born in 1932, resident of 19Kumbeswaran Tirumanchana Street,Kumbakonam (Coombaconum),distt. Thanjavur, Tamilnadu; s/o T.N. Govindasamy Rao. He died in hisboyhood in the police firing on agathering near Gandhi Park,Kumbakonam, on 16 August 1942when the ìQuit Indiaî movementtook off there in a big way. [Pub Deptt(Poll-B), G.O. (MS) No. 3097,10.10.1947, TNSAC]

G. Kochu Narayanan Asari: Born on 31August 1914 at Venkittamoodu, t.Nedumangad, distt. Trivandrum,Kerala. A blacksmith, studied up tothe fourth standard, he participatedin the Kallara-Pangode revolt duringthe Travancore State Congresspolitical agitation in 1938. Involvedin the attack on police station atPangode on 30 September 1938, hewas killed in the police firing.[Freedom Movement Files, II, F. No.3/45 (Situation report, Commandant,Travancore State Force to ChiefSecretary to Government, 3 October1938), Bulletin Nos. I, II, All

Travancore Jatha Committee, C.S., F.No. 339/45, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 386;EMK, p. 43; WWIM, I, p. 13]

G. R. Pillai: Resident of KandiyurKollathumedu, distt. Thanjavur,Tamilnadu; he was a civilianemployee in the British-Indian Army,but shifted his loyalty to the IndianNational Army in 1942, and servedits Medical Branch as SecondLieutenant. He was killed in thecourse of British forcesí attack on theretreating INA soldiers. [WWIM, II,p. 245; ROH, pp. 750-51]

G. Shankarappa: Resident of v. Issur,distt. Shimoga, Karnataka; s/oHoliyappa. A farmer educated up tomiddle standard, he took part in theìQuit Indiaî movement that startedin August 1942. He was involved inan encounter with the police near hisvillage in which a Sub-Inspector anda Tehsildar were killed. Shankarappawas arrested, tried for their killingsand was awarded death sentence.Subsequently, he died on the gallowson 10 March 1943. [WWIM, I, p.332]

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G.M. Panaiah: Resident of 1/41Kutchery Road, Luz Mylapore(Madras), Tamilnadu. He served theBritish-Indian Army as a civilianemployee but left the British servicein 1942 to join the Indian NationalArmy in Malaya. He was recruitedin the Training Camp of the INA inMalaya where he died during anenemy attack on the camp in 1944.[INA Papers, F.No.1/INA, NAI;ROH, pp.750-51]

Gaddam Obulesappa: Resident of t.Uravakinda, distt. Anantapur,Andhra Pradesh; s/o Rangappa, aweaver. A Congress worker, heworked for Harijan upliftment andparticipated in Civil Disobediencemovement of 1932. For offeringSatyagraha, the police arrested himand caned him for three successivedays. On the fourth day, theMagistrate ordered for his rigorousimprisonment for six months.Following this hard-ship, Obulesappabecame sick and died a few dayslater. [Sri Sadhana Patrika, 3 February1940; WWIM, I, p. 104; WWFSAP, p.23]

Gade Chinnapa Reddy: Resident of v.Reddipalem, t. Narasaraopet, distt.Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. During theMahashivaratri festival on 18February 1909 at Kotappakonda, thepolice started beating the celebratingpeople unnecessarily in the name ofmaintaining discipline. When one ofthe bullocks was shot in the melee aquarrel broke out between ChinnapaReddy and a police constable, and thelatter was severely beaten and

thrown down when he attempted toarrest the former. Immediately,rumour spread that the constable waskilled, and this led to a regularskirmish. Chinnapa Reddy wasarrested and detained in the policestation. The mob attending the fetegot infuriated at the police behaviourand raised ìVandemataramî slogansand started attacking the policeparty, resulting in causalities on bothsides. Five people lost their lives,including a police constable.Chinnapa Reddy was arrested, triedand sentenced to death. Later, severalballads were composed in his honourand sung, eulogizing his valour infighting the tyrannical police.[RAPDMP, 1909, p. 15, APSAH;TFSAPA, II, p. 61; WWFSAP, I, p.219]

Gali Ramakotayya: Resident of v.Kancharlapalem, t. Tenali, distt.Guntur, Andhra Pradesh; in responseto the ìQuit Indiaî movement, heparticipated in the Congressvolunteersí attack on the TenaliRailway Station on 12 August 1942.They set fire to the Railway Stationand cut the signal, telephone andtelegraph wires. When theSuperintendent of Police issuedorders for opening fire on thegathering, Gali Ramakotayyareceived bullet injuries in firing, anddied in a local hospital. [SMEAT,1942, Tenali; WWFSAP, I, p. 280;WWIM, I, p.105; HFMAP, p. 151]

Gam Gantam Dora: Resident of v.Ganerlapalem, distt. Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh; s/o Gogi Dora. He


belonged to Bagata Community andwas a village munsab ofBattapanukulu. He was removedfrom the village munsabís post byBastian, Deputy Tehsildar of Gudem.Besides, Bastian was reported tohave kicked Gantam Dora forcollecting rents even after hisremoval from the village munsabíspost; it was said that because ofBastianís harassment, he had becomepart and parcel of the RampaRebellion, 1922-24; he was one of theleaders and a lieutenant of AlluriSitarama Raju in the Rampa Rebellionfor which he mobilized men for thearmed struggle against the British;personally led several successfularmed attacks against the Britishtroops; the Government hadannounced a reward of Rs.2,500/-forhis capture; a patrol of the East CoastSpecial Police, under JamadarPonnuswami, killed him on 7 June1924 at a place called Singadarawhich lies above Makaram MuttaCanal in the lower hills of the ghats,near Yeddummidi village inKrishnadevipeta area. [AndhraPatrika, 12 June 1924 & 16 June 1924;F.No.2, FASRRF, 1925, p. 24; PC,FSG, 16-6-1924 & 10-6-1924;RAPDMP, 1924, p. 14, APSAH;WWFSAP, III, p. 184; WWIM, I, p.105]

Gangadhar Chintamun alias AnnaSahasrabudhe: Resident of Nargund,distt. Gadag, Karnataka. He was aClerk in the Nargund Princely State;aged 24; belonged to a Brahminfamily. He participated in theUprising of 1857 and fought under

Baba Saheb against the British;arrested in the course of anengagement, he was hanged to deathat a public place at Dharwad in June1858. [Poll Deptt, No.197, Part-XII,DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 47/1858, 16June 1858; WWIM, III, p. 128]

Gangadharan Perthil: Belonging toKerala (place not known), heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. He was caught up inthe Olathal Camp Firing at Vayalaron 27 October 1946 when C. P.Ramaswamyís military reachedOlathala Labour Camp and attackedthe labourers gathered therein. In theprocess they shot Gangadharandead. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Gangadharan Velikkakath: Belongingto Kerala (place not known). Heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. He was involved in theMenasseri Camp Firing at Vayalar on27 October 1946 when C.P.Ramaswamyís military reachedMenasseri Labour Camp andattacked the labourers gatheredtherein. In the process they shotGangadharan dead. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, CPIDOA]


Gangineni Narasappa Naidu: A nativeof Nellore district of AndhraPradesh and a Congress volunteer,he participated in the CivilDisobedience movement. He wasarrested for his anti-British activitiesin the course of the agitation. He diedin detention probably by the secondhalf of 1931. [AICC Papers, AndhraProvincial Committee Report, 8-11-1931, F. No. G-1(i)/1931, NMML]

Gangubai (Smt.): Born on 23 December1905 at v. Konakari, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka, w/o Bhimaji Kinare.Before taking active part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement of 1942, she hadalso participated in the SaltSatyagraha of 1930. During the ìQuitIndiaî movement she was arrestedand imprisoned. She died underdetention in Hindalga Jail, Belgaum,on 20 December 1942. [SSS, I, p. 1147]

Garlapati Ananta Reddy: Resident of v.Balemla, t. Suryapet, distt. Nalgonda,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);s/o Venkatanarsayya. He was aCommunist worker who took activepart in the peasant uprising in thedistrict against the feudal landlordsand the autocratic rule of the Nizam.He was killed in the Balemla andPata-Suryapet peasantsí anti-feudaluprisings in November 1946. [S &VOís; GR ñ HD, APSAH; WWFSAP,II, p. 454; WWIM, II, pp. 93 ñ 94]

Garlapati Anthayya: Resident of v.Balemla, t. Suryapet, distt. Nalgonda,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana).A Communist Party worker, he tookpart in the Balemla and Patañ

Suryapet peasant uprisings during theanti-feudal struggle launched by theAndhra Mahasabha and theCommunists. He was shot dead bythe Nizamís police at Balemla on 25October 1946. [GRñHD, APSAH;WWFSAP,III, p. 455; WWIM, II, p. 94]

Girianna: Resident of Kurlahali, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;he took active part in the antiñBritishstruggle in 1857-58 under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. While fighting for the reñoccupation of the British-heldKoppaldurg, he was captured andshot dead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 278; WWIM, III, p. 46]

Giriyaappa Jogi: Resident of RamdurgPrincely State (now in distt.Belgaum), Karnataka. A farmer, heparticipated in the stet peasantsímovement in Ramdurg State on 7April 1939. Arrested in thisconnection and charged withindulging in the violence during theagitation, he was hanged in HindalgaJail, Belgaum on 6 May 1940.[Convicted Trial Prisoners No. 18558,CPR No. 3, B. No. 09, 23 May1939 to01 April 1940; RSVH, p. 73]

Gograppa: Resident of Hemmigi, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka,he took an active part in the antiñBritish struggle in 1857-58 under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. While fighting for therecovery of Koppaldurg from theBritish, he was captured by them andshot dead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 279]


Gograppa: Resident of Kurlahalli, distt.Gadag, Karnataka; he took activepart in the anti-British struggle in1857-58 under the leadership of BhimRao and Kanchan Gowda. Capturedby the British in course of the battleat Koppaldurg, he was blown awaywith a cannon. [WWIM, III, p. 47]

Gokiri Valasayya: Resident of v.Makaram, distt. Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh; s/o Bheemayya, hetook part in the Rampa Rebellion(1922-24), led by Alluri Sitarama Raju.He participated in a number ofsuccessful attacks against the BritishPolice during the rebellion. He wasbooked under Sections 121, 121A,122, 143, 145, 149, 395, 397 & 302 ofthe Indian Penal Code. His propertywas also confiscated by theGovernment for his participation inthe rebellion. Undeterred and alongwith his other associates, hecontinued the rebellion even after thedeath of their leader, Alluri SitaramaRaju. While the rebels visitedKanaparti for the supplies, the policereceived prior information andattacked the Pituridars on 31 May1924. In the police firing Valasayyawas killed by Inspector Radhakrishnaat the Golugonda side of theKanaparti Ghats. [F. No-23A,FASRRF, 1925, pp. 153, 154 & 247,APSAH; ASRR, p. 164]

Goolapaliem Hampanna: Resident of t.Guntakal, distt. Anantapur, AndhraPradesh. Belonging to Kurubacommunity, he served as a Railwaygatekeeper and gave away his life indefending the honour of two Hindu

native women against some accostingEuropean soldiers near GuntakalRest Camp. The soldiers had beatenhim, and one among them drew arevolver and fired a shot atHampanna on 4 October 1893. Hesuffered death, and a memorial tabletwas constructed in his name atGooty. [The Hindu, 7 October 1928,NMML; GKP, pp. 54ñ59]

Gopal: Hailed from distt. Tanjore,Tamilnadu; s/o T. N. Govindasami.He actively joined the ìQuit Indiaîagitation of 1942 in his area. Whileparticipating in a rally to demand theBritish ouster from India, he was hitin the sudden police firing on theagitators in August 1942. He couldnot survive these injuries and diedthe same day. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No.3097, 10.10. 1947, TNSAC]

Gopalan: Belonged to Kerala (place notknown). The Kerala PradeshCongress Committee gave a call tothe people of Malabar to observe 15September 1940 as the Anti-Imperialist Day. Despite thedisapproval of the call by theCongress High Command, therewere meetings and demonstrationsall over Malabar on this day, and alsoviolent clashes between the peopleand the police at several placesresulting in lathi-charges and firingsby the police. Two young men werekilled in one such clash between themob and a police party at Morazha.Gopalan was one who lost his life inthe police firing. [Mathrubhumi, 17th

September 1940, NMML; MKSSAR]


Gopalan: Resident of Thurmugham,Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala.He participated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Gopalan joined others in demandingfor its withdrawal, and eventually forits destruction. During the activistsíraid on the camp, he died in thepolice firing on 24 October 1946.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Gorrela Jaggayya alias Chandrayya:Resident of v. GuduriRajamanipuram, t. Sompeta, distt.Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh.Belonging to Kalinga community andaged about 45, he took part in theraiyatsí agitation in the MandasaEstate in 1940. He was charged underthe Sections 147 and 357 of the IndianPenal Code for violating the ForestLaws at Mandasa Estate. He alsoresisted the police against arrestingthe persons who defied the ForestLaws in his village. A large crowdgathered and disturbances tookplace.This led the Joint Magistrate toorder firing on the crowd. In thefiring Gorrela Jaggayya receivedgrievous bullet injuries and died on1 April 1940. [Andhra Patrika, 11 April1940; RAPDMP, 1940, p. 12, APSAH;SMEAVGP, 10-9-1988,VeeraGunnammapuram; WWFSAP, III, p.

133; WWIM, I, p. 250; SJMRPCK, pp.50, 57 & 229]

Gottemukkala Balarama Raju: Residentof v. Chinna Amaram, t.Bhimavaram, distt. West Godavari,Andhra Pradesh. Belonged toKshatriya community; s/oVenkatanarasimha Raju and astudent aged 17. He took part on 17August 1942 in the strike in schoolsand the raiding of the Collectorísoffice and police station atBhimavaram, along with hisassociates, in connection with theìQuit Indiaî movement. He fell avictim to the police bullets on thatday when firing took place at theRevenue Divisional Office.[ASMEAB, 29-12-1999, Bhimavaram;WWFSAP, III, p. 408; WWIM, I, p.118; HFMAP, p. 154]

Gouri Komanezhathu: Belonging todistt. Alappuzha, Kerala, sheparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. She was connectedwith the Vayalar firing which tookplace on 27 October 1946 when C.P.Ramaswamyís military reachedVayalar labour camp, attacked thelabourers gathered therein and shotGouri dead. [Travancore Informationand Listener, VII No. 5, January 1947,KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15November 1946, NMML, PVCS, pp.78-9]


Gousaab: Resident (not known). Whenthe Non-Cooperation movementspread in the Bombay Presidency in1921-22, a large number ofprocessions, meetings and burning offoreign goods had taken. During themovement, Gousaab participated inpicketing in front of an arrack shopin Dharwad along with hiscompanions on 1 July 1921. Thepicketers were fired upon by thepolice. Gousaab was killed in thefiring. [KQIC, p. 6]

Govind Dhanagar: Resident ofNargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;s/o Sultan Dhanagar. He participatedin the Uprising of 1857, arrested andcharged with ëwaging war againstthe British in 1858í. He was shot deadby musketry at Nargund on 12 June1858. [Poll Deptt, No.197, Part-XII,DD, Vol. No. 30, 12 June 1858]

Govind Narayan Parachure alias AnnaParachure: Resident of NargundPrincely State (now in distt. Gadag),Karnataka. He participatd in theUprising of 1857 and fought underBaba Saheb against the British;arrested in the course of anengagement and hanged at Dharwadin June 1858. [Poll Deptt, No. 197,Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 47/1858, 16 June 1858; WWIM, III, p. 112]

Govinda Raju: Born in Tamilnadu (placenot known), he was a civilianemployee in the British-Indian Army.He left the British service in 1942 andjoined the Indian National Army. Hewas deputed to accompany the INAsoldiers serving on the Burma (now

Myanmar) front. He died in thebattle-field while facing an enemy air-attack on the INA soldiers in 1944.[WWIM, II, p.104; ROH, pp. 690-91]

Govindan Chemmasheriyal: Resident ofVayalar, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala, atruck driver, he participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He also suffered in theVayalar firing incident that took placeon 27 October 1946. RamaswamyAiyarís military reached VayalarLabour Camp, and attacked thelabourers gathered therein, arrestedChemmasheriyil and sent himimmediately to jail. He died in jailwithin few days due to the inhumantortures he suffered there.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Govindan Mancheri: Born in Ellarangiin North Malabar, Kerala; s/oMaramangalam Ambu and MancheriUthala; active member of theKarshaka Sangham and theCommunist Party. Attended theKarshaka camp at Kuyilur and gaveweapon training to the tenant-farmers. The farmers weredemanding waste land forcultivation, but the landlords evictedthem from their holdings with the aidof police. The Communistsencroached waste land, organized ademonstration in front of the IrikkurPolice Station in November 1946,resulting in lathi-charge, and arrest


of leaders. Section 144 of the Cr. P.C.was imposed and public gatheringswere banned. Violating the banorder, the Communists assembled atKavambayi hills to resist the policeparty on 30 December 1946. Policeresorted to firing in which he wasshot dead. [Letter No. 10349, 6January 1947, Pub Deptt (G-A), M.S.Series, Regional Archives, Calicut,Pub Deptt (G-A), 1947. G.O. No.1885, 17 June 1947, Madras LegislativeAssembly, Q. No. 432-Starred,Proceedings of the Joint MagistrateTellicherry, 2 January 1947, MalabarDistrict Magistrateís office, Calicut toScott Brown, Chief Secretary to Govt.Fort St. George, Madras, 26December 1948, DistrictSuperintendent of Police to InspectorGeneral of Police, Madras, 3September 1947, TNSAC]

Govindan Mankootathil: Resident ofKanjikuzhi, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala.An activist in the Punnapradisturbances, he operated during theMartial-Law that C.P. RamaswamyAiyar imposed on Ambalappuzhaand Shertallai (now Cherthala). Healso took part in the demolition ofthe Mararikulam Bridge at night.When the military started re-constructing it, he and others triedto prevent them. In the ensuingconfrontation on 26 October 1946, hewas shot dead by the military.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Govindan Nambiar: Belonged to Kerala(place not known). The KeralaPradesh Congress Committee gave

a call to the people of Malabar toobserve 15 September 1940 as theAnti-Imperialist Day. Despite thedisapproval of the call by theCongress High Command, therewere meetings and demonstrationsall over Malabar on this day, and alsoviolent clashes between the peopleand the police at several placesresulting in lathi charges and firingsby the police. Two young men werekilled in one such clash between themob and a police party at Morazha.Govindan was one who lost his lifein the police firing. [Mathrubhumi, 17September 1940, NMML; MKSSAR]

Govindram: A revolutionary from northIndia, he stayed at Linghi Celti Streetin Madras (Chennai), Tamilnadu.Connected with the ìCity BombCaseî, he confronted the policeraiding his hide-out, and died in abomb explosion on 4 May 1933. [PubDeptt (Police), G.O. No.501,20.09.1933, TNSAC]

Gowramma (Smt.): Born in Bellary,Karnataka; w/o Venkatachalaiah. Shetook part in the popular movementfor responsible government in theMysore State. The agitation resultedin an incident of police firing on theagitators at Viduraswatha on 25 April1938 (for details, see the entry onBheemaiah). Gowramma was oneamong those who died in the firing.[AISPC, Papers, F. No. 115, NMML;VDECB]

Guddu: Resident of Nargund, distt.Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Hussain. Heparticipatd in the Uprising of 1857


and fought under Baba Saheb againstthe British; arrested in the course ofan engagement and charged withëjoining the revolt of Nargundagainst the Britishí. He was shot deadby musketry at Nargund on 10 June1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No. 197,Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June1858]

Gudipati Surayya: Resident of v.Balemla, t. Suryapet, distt. Nalgonda,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);s/o Kotayya, he took part in thepeasantsí uprising in the districtagainst the oppressive regime of thelandlords-Nizam combine inNovember 1946. He was killed in thefiring by the police on the peasants.[WWIM, II, p. 106].

Gullapalli Nagiah Chowdari: Hailedfrom v. Meduru, distt. Kistan,Andhra Pradesh. Taking part in theCivil Disobedience movement, hewas arrested during the course of theagitation. He died in jail by the endof 1931. [AICC Papers, AndhraProvincial Committee Report, 8-11-1931, F.No. G-1(i)/1931, NMML]

Gundappa: Born in Bangalore,Karnataka. He took part in thepopular movement for responsiblegovernment in Bangalore in 1937. On24 October 1937, the local Congressin Bangalore City wanted to hoistthe Congress Flag in Banappa Parkin a ceremony under theChairmanship of K. F. Narimancoming from Bombay (Mumbai). TheDistrict Magistrate of Bangaloreprohibited the gathering on the same

evening and served Mr. Narimanwith the prohibitory orders underSection 39, Mysore Police Act. Mr.Nariman, however, decided to defythe order and delivered a shortspeech, before his being arrested. Onhis arrest the mob became unruly andattacked the police with stones,shoes, and brickbats, but wassomehow dispersed. In the nextmorning on 25 October 1937, ageneral hartal was observed and a bigcrowd gathered near the MysoreBank. The gathering attacked thepolice stationed in the District Officecompound with stones and brickbats,and a man even attempted to strikea constable with a chopper. Inretaliation the police openedindiscriminate firing on the mob inwhich Gundappa was killed on thespot. [S-36, Secret Files, SpecialBranch Abstract No. 44/37, KSAB;KSGI, BRD, p. 108; FAPG, pp. 23-24]

Gunta Chakrapani alias Budhiyadu aliasGudiyadu: Resident of v. Dabaru, t.Sompeta, distt. Srikakulam, AndhraPradesh. He belonged to Kalingacommunity and was a rich farmer ofabout 40 years of age. He took partin the rayatsí agitation in the MandasaEstate in 1940. On 1 April 1940, heactively participated in thedemonstrations against the atrocitiescommitted on the villagers of GudariRajamanipuram by the districtauthorities. While resisting the armedpolice, a bullet had penetrated intohis thigh. He tied the injury with hisdhoti and continued with thedemonstration. The police fired athim again, and he fell down in the


field. He was taken to the hospital atMandasa where he died. [AndhraPatrika, 11 April 1940; RAPDMP, 1940,p. 12, APSAH; SMEAVGP, 10-9-1988,Veera Gunnammapuram; SJMRPCK,pp. 50 & 57]

Gunta Chinna Narayana: Resident of v.Dabaru, t. Sompeta, distt.Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh. Anagriculturist of about 45, he belongedto Kalinga community and took partin the raiyatsí agitation in theMandasa Estate in 1940. He resistedthe police from arresting the personswho defied the Forest Laws atGudari Rajamanipuram. When a largecrowd gathered and disturbancestook place, the Joint Magistrateordered for firing. In the firingNarayana received grievous bulletinjuries and died on 1 April 1940.[Andhra Patrika, 11 April 1940;RAPDMP, 1940, p. 12, APSAH;SMEAVGP, 10-9-1988, VeeraGunnammapuram; WWFSAP, III, p.128; WWIM, I, p. 121, SJMRPCK, pp.50 & 57]

Gurappa: Resident of v. Issur, distt.Shimoga, Karnataka; s/o Iswarappa.A farmer, educated up to the middlestandard, he took part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement that started inAugust 1942. He was involved in anencounter with the police near hisvillage in which a sub-inspector anda Tehsildar were killed. Gurappa wasarrested, tried for their killings andwas awarded death sentence.Subsequently, he died on the gallowson 8 March 1943. [WWIM, I, p. 123]

Gurda: Resident of Hassoor (Hesarur),t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took an active part in the antiñBritish struggle in 1857-58 led byBhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda forrecovery of Koppaldurg from theBritish hands; he was captured bythem and blown to death with acannon. [SI1857WI, p. 280; WWIM, III,p. 47]

Gurukkal Mammad: Resident ofPandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements (for details, see the entryon Apankollan Moideen). Mammadwas one among those who died inthe 14 November 1921 firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK,MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM,pp. 372-74]

Guruswamy: Resident of Pannapathu,distt. North Arcot, Tamilnadu; s/oGurumurthy; he was serving theBritish-Indian Army, but left it in1942 to join the Indian NationalArmy as a Naik in the SecondGuerrilla Regiment. He fought theAllied forces at different places inBurma (now Myanmar) and finallydied in action during an enemy air-attack on Myaung Hospital, Burma.[WWIM, II, p. 111]


HHHHHH. H. Rahalkar: Born on 18 July 1909 in

the southern part of India (place notknown); s/o Hari Babu. Residing inthe Andaman Islands, he joined theIndian Independence League,became its active worker and waselected as an Executive Member atits Port Blair branch. He was arrestedby the Japanese forces during theiroccupation of the Islands (1942-45),and kept imprisoned in the CellularJail. He was subjected to inhumantortures on the suspicion of his beinga British spy, and finally was shotdead on 30 January 1944. [UHFSA,p. 233]

H. S Thankappan: Resident of HanumanParambu, Punnapra, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,

Thankappan joined others indemanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in the police firing on 24 October1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II),F. No. 774\46, B. Nos. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948 & FreedomMovement Files (II), No. 133/48, B.No. 64, 1948, KSAT]

Hamid Sahib: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;he joined the struggle in 1857-58 ledby Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowdafor recovery of Koppaldurg from theBritish hands; he was captured in1858 and shot dead by musketry inJune 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279; WWIM,III, p. 50]

Hammanana: Resident of Yesvur(Hesarur), t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag,Karnataka. He took active part in theantiñBritish struggle in 1857-58 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda and fought for therecovery of the BritishñheldKoppaldurg; he was captured in the


revolt of 1857 and was shot dead bymusketry on 28 June 1858. [Poll Deptt,No. 226, Part-XIII, DD, Vol. No. 31,24 June 1858]

Hanumanta: Resident of Nargund, disttGadag, Karnataka; s/o Maritamma;aged about 40; Lingait; Sawar/Silledar;took part in the Uprising of 1857-58;joined the rebel force of Baba Sahebof Nargund which killed Mr. C.J.Manson ñ the Acting Political Agent,Naib Risaldar, Pooran Singh andothers in Ramdoorg Estate andwounded many sawars (horse-soldiers) of Lt. Col. Malcolm ofBritish Army; captured by the Britishand charged with ëaiding andabetting in rebellion and waging waragainst the British Governmentí;hanged at Dharwad in the last weekof June 1858. [Poll Deptt, No. 197,Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 47/1858, 16 June 1858; WWIM, III, pp.50-51]

Hanumantappa: Resident ofMaganahalli, Davanagere, distt.Chitradurga, Karnataka. An activistin the ìQuit Indiaî movement of1942, he participated in the picketingat the taluk office, stopping militaryvehicles and railway trains. He wasshot dead by the police atDevanagere on 17 August 1942 at theage of 45. [KQIC, p. 49; SSS, II, p.564; WWIM, II, p. 113]

Hanumanthappa: Born in v. Marlur,distt. Kolar, Karnataka; s/oThimmaiah. A farmer, educated upto Matric, he took part in the popularmovement for responsible

course of an engagement and shotdead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 280; WWIM, III, p. 50]

Hanagowda: Resident of Gangapur, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;he took an active part in the antiñBritish struggle in 1857-58 led byBhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda forrecovery of Koppaldurg from theBritish hands; he was captured in1858 and he shot dead by musketryin June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279]

Hanamappa Naik: Inhabitant ofShorapur, distt. Yadagir, Karnataka.An employee in the service of RajaVenkatappa Naik; he took an activepart in the Uprising of 1857 andplayed a prominent role in organizingthe rebellion of the Arab troopsstationed in the area. He wascaptured by the British and promptlyexecuted by hanging in 1857. [WWIM,III, p. 50]

Hanumanna: Inhabitant of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took an active part in the strugglefor freedom from the British in1857-58 led by Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Arrested in an encounterwith the British at Koppaldurg, hewas shot dead by musketry in June1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279]

Hanumant Ghatage: Resident notknown, he was Shetsanadi ofNargund Princely State (now indistt. Gadag), Karnataka; heparticipated in the Uprising of 1857against the British. He was arrestedfor his participation in the anti-British


government in the Mysore State. Theagitation resulted in incident of policefiring on the agitators atViduraswatha on 25 April1938 (fordetails, see the entry on Bheemiah).Hanumanthappa was one amongthose who died in the firing. [AISPC,F. No. 115, NMML; VDECB]

Hareah Saheb: Resident of Kurlahalli,Mundargi taluk, distt. Gadag,Karnataka. He took an active part inthe revolt led by Bhim Rao andKanchang Gowda in 1857. Capturedin the battle of Koppaldurg, he wasshot dead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 279]

Hassan Moyi: Resident of Pandikadamsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, hewas involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Apankollan Moideen). Hassanwas one among those who died inthe 14 November 1921 firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK,MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM,pp. 372-74]

Hayat Saheb: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He actively participated in the 1857-58 Uprising under the leadership ofBhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda.Captured in an encounter with theBritish at Koppaladurg, he was shotdead by musketry in June 1858.

[SI1857WI, p. 279]

Hayat Saib: Resident of Bannur, distt.Koppal, Karnataka; took part in theUprising of 1857-58; captured by theBritish, tried by Court-Martial andsentenced to be blown away from acannon; his sentence was carried outin June1858. [SI1857WI, p. 280;HFMK, 1, pp. 272,441; WWIM, III, p.54]

Hereah Saib: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;took part in the Uprising of 1857-58;captured by the British, tried byCourtñMartial and sentenced to beblown away from a cannon; hissentence was carried out in 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 279; HFMK, 1, pp. 272& 440]

Hiremath Mahalingayya: Resident ofAvaradi, Ramdurg Princely State(now in distt. Belgaum), Karnataka.A farmer, he participated in thePeasantsí movement in RamdurgState on 7 April 1939. Arrested in thisconnection and charged withindulging in violence during theagitation, he was hanged in HindalgaJail, Belgaum, on 6 May 1940.[Convicted Trial Prisoners No. 18560,CPR No. 3, B. No. 09, 23 May1939 to01 April 1940; RSVH, p. 73; WWIM,II, p. 121]

Hiriyappa: Resident of Hesur (Hesarur),t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took an active part in the antiñBritish struggle in 1857-58 under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Fighting for the recovery of


the Britishñheld Koppaldurg, he wascaptured and shot dead by musketryin June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279]

Hulgia: Inhabitant of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took an active part in the antiñBritish struggle in 1857-58 under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Fighting for the recovery ofthe Britishñheld Koppaldurg, he wascaptured and shot dead by musketryin June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 278]

Huliyappa: Resident of v. Gangur, t.Arkalgud, distt. Hasan, Karnataka.He along with other companionsparticipated in picketing at Nitturvillage on the occasion of weeklymarket to defy the Britishadministration on 25 October1942.The police enforced lathi-charge onthe picketers. Severely injured in thepolice action, Huliyappa died on 27October 1942. [KQIC p. 155]

Hunma: Resident of Wadarhatti(Waddatti), t. Mundargi, distt.Gadag, Karnataka. He took an activepart in the antiñBritish struggle in1857-58 under the leadership of BhimRao and Kanchan Gowda. Fightingfor the recovery of the BritishñheldKoppaldurg, he was captured andshot dead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 279]

Hunnamah: Belonged to Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took an active part in the antiñBritish struggle for independence in1857 under the leadership of BhimRao and Kanchan Gowda. Fightingfor the recovery of the BritishñheldKoppaldurg, he was captured andshot dead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 279]

Hussain Kutti: Resident of Malabar,Kerala (place not known), he wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was sentenced todeath by the Malabar Special Tribunalon 18 February 1922 at theCoimbatore Central Jail. [Judl Deptt,G.O. (Ord.Series) No.496, 11.04.1922,TNSAC]

Hussun Saib: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;he took part in the Uprising of 1857-58; captured by the British, tried byCourt Martial and sentenced to beblown away with a cannon; hissentence was carried out in 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 279; HFMK,1, pp. 272,440; WWIM, III, p. 58]


I. Subbrayu: Resident of Satyada, distt.West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. Acultivator, he was arrested andimprisoned for one year for his takingpart in the ìQuit Indiaî movementagainst the British. While serving histerm in jail, he fell severely ill onaccount of the police tortures andpoor living conditions. Convictnumber 228, he succumbed to hisillness in Vellore Central Jail in 1942.[Pub Deptt, G.O No. 2146, 10-10-1946, TNSAC]

Illikal Aydru: Resident of Mambadamsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; acoolie. He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Aydru was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt

(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Imam Ismail: Resident of Nargund, distt.Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Jamal. He wascharged with joining the revolt ofNargund under Baba Saheb againstthe British. He was shot dead bymusketry at Nargund on 10 June 1858at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June 1858]

Immini Sadanandan: Born inThottunbhagam, Kadakal, distt.Trivandrum, Kerala. He participatedin the Civil Disobedience movementfor responsible government inTravancore in September 1938 andwas detained in the Kottarakara Jailfor ten months without trial.Arrested again in Trikkanapuram inconnection with the Kadakal RiotCase, he died at the age of 23 in the

IIIII


Kollam lock-up on account of brutalpolice tortures. [Freedom MovementFiles, (II), F. Nos. 1/45, 1945,B.No.38, 674/45, 1945, B.No.39,KSAT; 357/46, 1946, B.No.49, KSAT;Judicial Files, F. No. 78 of 114 SessionsCourt Quilon, Kadakkal Riot Case 1PE 1/ 1938, Commitment Order 29May 1939, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 526;EMK, p. 35]

Inalai Anna: Hailing from southern partof India (place not known) andresiding in Malaya, he joined theIndian National Army there in 1942as soldier in the Third GuerrillaRegiment. Sent to Burma (nowMyanmar) to counter the Britishforces there, he fought the enemy onseveral occasions and died in thecourse of an engagement. [WWIM, II,p.11]

Indukuri Subba Raju: Resident of v.Satyavada, t. Tanuku, distt. WestGodavari, Andhra Pradesh; s/oVenkata Raju, he belonged toKshatriya community. Anagriculturist, he was an importantCongress worker, wielding muchinfluence over the surroundingvillages. He was a member of theWorking Committee of the TanukuCongress and served as President,Taluk Congress Committee. He alsoorganized a team of saboteurs andgot rails removed and the railwayand telegraph wires cut nearSatyavada and Godicherla. He wasarrested on 17 August 1942 underRule 129 of the Defence of IndiaRules, during the ìQuit Indiaîmovement and detained from 30

September 1943 in the VelloreCentral Jail; he was transferred on 1October 1943 for further detentionto the Thanjavur Special Jail wherehe died on 1 July 1944 due to heartfailure. His body was cremated at thejail burial ground in consultation withthe District Magistrate, Tanjore. [PubDeptt (G), (Madras), G.O. Nos. 2872,2004 ñ S6/42 & 2146, 15-9-1942; 15-07-1946 & 10-10-1946 respectively;RTSJ, C. No. 228, 1944 & IE, 5-7-1944,APSAH; WWFSAP, III, p. 517 ;WWIM, I, p. 140]

Indukuri Subha Raju: Hailing fromdistt. West Godavari, AndhraPradesh, he joind the ìQuit Indiaîagitation in August 1942 and wasarrested and imprisoned for hisparticipation in it. He died as onunder-trial prisoner owing to thepolice tortures, perhaps early in 1943.[Pub Deptt, G.O. No.1035, April 1947,TNSAC]

Intankuzhiyan Ali Momed: Resident ofUrangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 6June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water and


food), Momed died on 23 June 1922in detention at the age of 30. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TSNAC]

Inti Seethayya alias Sattenna: Residentof v. Chittivalasa, t. Bhimunipatnam,distt. Visakhapatnam, AndhraPradesh. He took part in a strikeorganized by the Labour Union ofJute Mills at Chittivalasa against theunreasonable suspension of MadimiAppanna on 14 February 1939. All theworkers sat on strike inside the millfrom 1 p.m. onwards. At 6:30 p.m.the Reserve Police came in a lorry andsurrounded the mill. At about 12:30a.m. the District Collector arrived onthe spot and ordered Reserve Policeto fire on the gathering of workers.Firing was opened with the help oftorch lights, and Seethayya receivedgrievous bullet injuries in it. He diedin the Visakhapatnam King GeorgeHospital on 15 February 1939 [AndhraPatrika, 24 February 1939, APSAH;APKC, p. 12]

Iriyakalathi Moideen: Resident ofMalemari amsom, t. Ernad,Malappuram distt. Kerala. A traderby profession, he was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained andkept in the Rajahmundry Central Jail.

He died in the jail on 20 August 1922at the age of 40 due to brutal policetortures. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Iriyakkulam Kunjara: Inhabitant of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjara was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Ittaman: Belonging to distt. Alappuzha,Kerala, he participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was connected withthe Vayalar firing which took placeon 27 October 1946. C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís militaryreached Vayalar Labour Camp onthat day, opened fire on the labourersgathered therein and shot Ittamandead. [Travancore Information andListener, VII No. 5, January 1947,KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15November 1946, NMML; PVCS, pp.78-9]


Jadagannavar Jadagappa: Born inHaligali, Mudhol Princely State (nowTaluka Headquarters), distt. Bijapur,Karnataka; actively participated inHalagali Bedaís revolt against theDisarming Act. Refused to registertheir arms. Halagali village wasplundered by the British and theyburnt it. Jadagappawas killed in thecourse of a battle on 30 November1857. [SI1857WI, p.199]

Jagannathan: Resident of AruppukottaiTown, distt. Virudhunagar,Tamilnadu. He took part in theAruppukottai agitation against theBritish in 1941. He was beaten todeath by the police in course of theagitation in a protest rally he joinedin his locality. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (MS) No. 919, 05.05.1941; TheHindu, 22 April 1941 (paper cuttingin the same G.O.), TNSAC]

Jahangir Khan: Resident of Hyderabad,and a Rohilla Pathan, he remained anemployee of Tegh Jung, grandson ofShams-ul-Umra, a Paigah, nobleman.He took an active part in the Great

Rebellion of 1857. When the BritishResident, Col. Davidson, was comingout of the Nizamís, (Afzal-ud-Daulahís) palace on 15 March 1859,Jahangir discharged the contents ofhis carbine, loaded with slugs.Missing the target, he drew hissword, and advanced towards theResident but was killed on the spotby the attendants of the Dewan, SalarJung I, who was present on theoccasion. [TFSIH, II (1857 ñ1885);WWWFSAP, I, p. 425, WWIM, II, p.62]

Jampa Chinnayya: Resident of v. Padi,t. Narsipatnam, distt. Visakhapat-nam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Bhagayya(Bogenna) and belonging to Bagatacommunity, he was an agriculturistof about 37. He took an active partin the Rampa Rebellion (1922-24) ledby Alluri Sitarama Raju. For hisexploits against the overwhelmingBritish power, he was convictedunder Section 121 of the Indian PenalCode, and sentenced on 13 May 1925to life imprisonment by the AgencyAdditional Sessions Judge, Waltair.

JJJJJ


While serving imprisonment, he diedon 12 February 1927 in theRajahmundry Central Jail. [RRCJ, C.No. 1237, 1927; F. No. 22, FASRRF,1925, p. 33, APSAH]

Jan Mohammad: A resident ofHyderabad and leader of the Rohillasin Hyderabad, he organized thearmed rebellion against the British,in association with Turrebaz Khan.It was he who planned the attack onthe British Residency in Hyderabadon 17 July 1857. He was killed by theBritish troops while protectingTurrebaz Khan from arrest, a coupleof days later. [WWIM, III, p. 65;WWFSAP, I, p. 426]

Jangam Lakshmayya: Resident of v.Aknoor, t. Jangaon, distt. Warangal,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);s/o Mallesam. A toddy tapper, hetook part in the populardemonstration against theoppressions of the police andRazakars. While giving evidence in aCourt of Law, he exposed theatrocities committed by them on thevillagers of Aknoor. The Razakarsand the Nizamís police wreaked theirvengeance on him by shooting himdown along with eight othervillagers in August 1946. [WWFSAP,III, p. 284; WWIM, II, p. 130]

Jangirala Subbarao: A resident of WestGodavari, distt. Andhra Pradesh.Taking part in Civil Disobediencemovement, he was arrested duringa tumultuous phase of the agitation.He died in jail towards the end of1931. [AICC Papers, Andhra Pradesh

Provincial Committee Report, 8-11-1931, F. No. G-1(i)/1931, NMML]

Jasti Appayya: Resident of v.Kuchinapudi, t. Tenali, distt. Guntur,Andhra Pradesh. On 12 August 1942,Tenali town observed a completehartal as a protest against the arrestof the Congress leaders in connectionwith the outbreak of the ìQuit Indiaîmovement. At 9 a.m. a large crowdof students and Congressites raidedthe Tenali Railway Station. Alongwith his associates, Jasti Appayyaparticipated in it and received bulletinjury in firing by the police. He diedthe same day in hospital. [SMEAT,1942, Tenali; WWFSAP, I, p. 203;WWIM, I, p. 150; HFMAP, p. 151]

Jivan Sahib: Resident of Hammigi, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;he took active part in the Uprising of1857-58 against the British under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. While fighting for the reñoccupation of Koppaldurg, he wascaptured by the British and shot deadby musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI,p. 279; WWIM, III, p. 67]

Joseph Kuntham (Spear Joseph):Belonging to distt. Alappuzha,Kerala, he was active in campaigningagainst the brutal human massacre bythe army during the Martial-Lawdays in Ambalappuzha and Shertallaitaluks. On 25 October 1946, the dayafter the Punnapra police camp attack,the military surrounded stet activistsícamp in Kattor and asked the inmatesto vacate it and disperse. Joseph,known as Kuntham Joseph since the


days of the 1938 struggle, took coverbehind a coconut tree and began toargue with the military. Meanwhilethe soldiers from either side fired athim and he fell down dead.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F.Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No.64, 1948, KSAT; IPV, p.92]

Joseph Kurishinkal: Resident ofPunnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala.He participated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnapra

to counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Joseph joined others in demandingfor its withdrawal, and eventually forits destruction. During the activistsíraid on the camp, he died in thepolice firing on 24 October 1946.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Junah: Resident of Hammigi, distt.Raichur, Karnataka. He took part inUprising of 1857-58 against theBritish under the leadership of BhimRao and Kanchan Gowda. Whilefighting for the reñoccupation ofKoppaldurg, he was captured by theBritish and shot dead by musketryin June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 280]


K. K. Krishnan: Resident of KakkiriyilHouse, Vattayal, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala. He participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Krishnan joined others in demandingfor its withdrawal, and eventually forits destruction. During the activistsíraid on the camp, he died in thepolice firing on 24 October 1946.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F.Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No.64, 1948, KSAT; IPV, p. 72]

K. Krishnan: Born on 27 January 1899 atPullayi, Chirayankil, distt.Trivandrum, Kerala, and studied upto the seventh standard. Heparticipated in the Civil Disobediencemovement at Kallara and Pangodewhere it developed into a violent

revolt against the State authorities.Arrested and detained inNedumangad police lock-up for oneyear and a half, he was sentenced todeath by the High Court ofTravancore for waging war againstthe sovereign. He died on thegallows in the Central Prison,Trivandrum. [Freedom MovementFiles, II, F. No. 3/45 (SituationReport, Commandant TravancoreState Force to Chief Secretary toGovernment, 3 October 1938),Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore JathaCommittee, C. S. F. No. 339/45,KSAT; WWFFK, p. 238; WWIM, II, p.164]

K.S. Krishnan, Resident of Thaiparambil,Beach Ward, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala. He participated in the move-ment for responsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harass

KKKKK


the agitators and their families,Krishnan joined others in demandingfor its withdrawal, and eventually forits destruction. During the activistsíraid on the camp, he died in thepolice firing on 24 October 1946.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F.Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No.64, 1948, KSAT]

K. A. Sukumaran: Resident ofThaiparambil House, Vattayal, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Sukumaran joined others indemanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in the police firing on 24 October1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II),F. Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No.64, 1948, KSAT]

K. A. Nalliyan: Born in 1912 at v.Pillaiyarppatti, Ramnad (now in distt.Puddukottai), Tamilnadu; s/oAndiambalam. Educated up to thefifth standard, he took part in theìQuit Indiaî movement that startedin August 1942. While taking part ina procession at Karaikudi (now inSivaganga District) on 12 August1942, he received severe bullet

wounds in the police firing and diedthe same day. [WWIM, I, p. 245]

K. Angu: Hailing from southern part ofIndia (place not known) and residingin Malaya, he joined the IndianNational Army there in 1942 as asoldier in the Third GuerrillaRegiment. He was sent in Burma(now Myanmar) to confront theBritish forces in that area and foughtthe enemy at several places in it.Injured during one of the Britishforcesí attacks, he was admitted in ahospital where he died soonthereafter.[ WWIM, II, p.10]

K. Aungam: Belonging to southern partof India (place not known) andresiding in Malaya, he joined theIndian National Army in 1942. As asoldier of the Unit No. 451 he was sentto Burma (now Myanmar) to fightunder the INA flag. He took part inthe actions on several occasions anddied on 16 March 1945 during theBritish-Allied forcesí attack on theINAís position. [INA Papers, F. No.1/INA, NAI; WWIM, II, p. 15]

K. Das: Resident of Panakki, Vayalar,distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. Heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrative arrange-ment (for more details, see the entryon Agneess Lonappan). Das was shotdead by the military on 27 October1946. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]


K. Govindasamy: Belonged toSankaranpandal, Mayuram, distt.Thanjavur, Tamilnadu. He wasrecruited as an Indian IndependenceLeague member in Singapore, andlater joined the Indian NationalArmy at Kuala Lumpur KualaLumpur (Malaya, now Malasiya).Serving as a driver in the INA, hedied in a hospital before its surrenderon 9 October 1945. [FFPO No. 5613/1970, 08.05.1970, TNSAC]

K. Kandachan: Belonged toBhavajhanaveli, Pazhaveedu,Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala.He participated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí for administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Kandachan joined others indemanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in the police firing on 24 October1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II),F. Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No.64, 1948, KSAT]

K. Krishnasamy Pillai: Born in 1888,resident of v. Keezhaiyur, p.o.Thirukoilur, distt. Viluppuram,Tamilnadu; s/o Kumarasamy Pillai,he worked as a Vakilís clerk. He wasactive in the national movement from1919, and served for sometime as

Secretary of the Thirukoilur TownCongress Committee. He took activepart in Individual Satyagraha in 1941and was kept in Madras Jail for onemonth. He was detained again inVellore Jail for his role in the ìQuitIndiaî movement of 1942. Sufferingfrom a critical illness in the jail, hedied in the Government PentlandHospital on 28 June 1943. [Pub Deptt,G.O. (MS) No. 3415, 24.10.1942; PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 2050,22.07.1943; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(MS) No.2744, 27.09.1943; Pub Deptt(G-E), G.O. (MS) No. 1518,22.05.1947; Pub Deptt (Poll-B), G.O.(MS) No.3221, 30.10.1947; FFPO No.2992/68, 12.12.1968; South ArcotDistrict Jail Slip Clean Copy No. 310,TNSAC]

K. Lekshmanan: Born in 1917 atAshramam, distt. Quilon, Kerala, andstudied up to the seventh standard.He took part in the Travancore StateCongressí movement for responsiblegovernment. Participating as avolunteer in the State Congressmeeting held in defiance of theprohibitory orders at Quilon on 2September 1938, he received bulletwounds when police opened fire todisperse the gathering and died thesame day. [Freedom Movement Files(II), F. Nos. 5/45, B. No. 38, 1945,Confd. Section Files, F. No. 323/38(Report of District Magistrate Quilonto Chief Secretary, 4 September),Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore JathaCommittee, C. S. F. No. 339/45,KSAT; WWFFK, p. 317; WWIM, II, p.169; FST, pp. 360-61]


K. N. Nagamalliah: Born in 1903 at v.Karnadahi, distt. Kolar, Karnataka;s/o Rama Reddy. A farmer, he tookpart in the popular movement forresponsible government in theMysore State. The agitation resultedin an incident of police firing on theagitators at Vidurashwath on 25April 1938 (for details, see the entryon Bheemiah). Naganalliah was oneamong those who died in the firing[AISPC Papers, F. No. 115, NMML;VDECB]

K. Nando: Born at Kunnirila House, v.Kallankoram, Varkala, Kerala. Hewas a civilian employee in the British-Indian Army in Malaya but left it in1942 to join the Indian NationalArmy. He was placed as Lance-Naikin the Third Guerrilla Regiment anddeputed in Burma (now Myanmar)to fight under the INA flag. Hefought the British forces on severaloccasions and finally died in thecourse of a serious engagement withthe enemy forces in 1944. [INAPapers, F. No.1/INA, NAI; WWIM,II, p. 215]

K. Nanu: Born in 1912 at Changan-kulangara, t. Karunagapally, distt.Quilon, Kerala; s/o SankaranKochukunju, he studied up to thefourth standard. Professionally a CoirFactory worker, he carried on tradeunion activities in Alleppey. Joiningthe Civil Disobedience movement ofthe Travancore State Congress forresponsible government on 24October 1938, he took part, indefiance of prohibitory order, in aprocession at Aleppey. When the

procession reached Savakotta Bridge,the police opened fire on it. A bullethit him and he fell dead on the spot.[First Annual Report, TravancoreCoir Factory Workers Union, Confd.Session Files, F. No. 413/1939, KSAT;TTT, p. 165; WWFFK, p. 379; WWIM,II, p. 216]

K. Padmanabha Pillai: Born in 1884 atNeyyattinkara, distt. Trivandrum,Kerala, and studied up to theprimary standard, he joined theTravancore State Congress and tookpart in the Civil Disobediencemovement for responsible govern-ment in August 1938. Participating inthe protest demonstration atNeyyattinkara on 31 August 1938,following the arrest of N. K.Padmanabha Pillai, the acting StateCongress President, he faced acontingent of Travancore State Forcesthat had been sent to maintain lawand order. When the force openedfire on the demonstrators at the busstand, at Neyyattinkara, Pillai waskilled in the firing. [FreedomMovement Files (II), F. No. 1149\44,1944, KSAT, Confd. Report of S.P. on4 September 1938 (First ClassMagistrate to District Magistrate, 15-1-114); Bulletin No. I, II, AllTravancore Jatha Committee, C.S. F.No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp. 124-26;TTT, p. 164; RR, p. 425; WWFFK, p.429; WWIM, II, p. 245]

K. Padmanabha Pillai: Born in 1884 atNeyyattinkara, distt. Trivandrum,Kerala. Studying up to the primarystandard, he joined the TravancoreState Congress and took part in the


Civil Disobedience movement forresponsible government in August1938. Participating in the protestdemonstration at Neyyattinkara on31 August 1938, following the arrestof N.K. Padmanabha Pillai, the actingState Congress President, he faced acontingent of Travancore State Forcesthat had been sent to maintain lawand order. When the force openedfire on the demonstrators at the busstand, at Neyyattinkara, Pillai waskilled in the firing. [FreedomMovement Files (II), No. 1149\44,1944, KSAT, Confd. Report of S.P. on4 September, 1938 (First classmagistrate to district Magistrate, 15-1-114); Bulletin No. I, II, AllTravancore Jatha Committee, C.S.File No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp.124-26; TTT, p. 164; RR, p. 425;WWFFK, p. 429; WWIM, II, p. 245]

K. Padmanabhan: Resident of AayiramThai Valappu, Punnapra, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Padmanavan joined others indemanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in the police firing on 24 October1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II),F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & No. 133/48, B.

No. 64, 1948, KSAT]

K. Perumal: Born in 1923, resident of 1/92, Perumal Street, Udayarpalayam,(via). Peelamedu, distt. Coimbatore,Tamilnadu. An activist in the nationalmovement, he played at the locallevel a leading role in the ìQuitIndiaî upsurge of 1942. He was shotdead in the police firing on agathering he participated on 12September 1942. [CoimbatoreDistrict Jail Slip Office Copy No. 846& Clean Copy No. 846, TNSAC]

K. Ramachandran: Born in 1920 andhailed from Mavelikkara in distt.Alappuzha, Kerala; s/o KesavaPanicker, he was educated up to thefourth standard. A social and politicalworker, he took active part in thepopular movements in theTravancore State (1938). Picketingliquor shops and shops sellingforeign cloth at Alleppey, heparticipated in a procession,demonstrating against the Maharajaísautocratic rule at Alleppey on 24October 1938. Seriously wounded inthe firing by the police on theprocession at Savakotta Bridge, hedied in a hospital the next day.[Freedom Movement Files F. No. II,413/1939, First Annual Report,Travancore Coir Factory WorkersUnion, KSAT; TTT, p. 165]

K. S. Gopalan: Resident of Thaiparambil,Beach Ward, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala. An activist, he shared hisfellow workersí annoyance when atemporary police camp was set up inPunnapra to harass them and their


families. They agitated for thewithdrawal of the camp andeventually raided it. During the raidon 24 October 1946, Gopalan waskilled in the police firing [FreedomMovement Files (II), F. No. 774\46,B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63,1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948,KSAT; IPV, p.79]

K. P. Narayanan: Belonged to Calicut,Kerala. Arrested for his activeparticipation in the CivilDisobedience movement in 1931, hedied in detention on the very dateof his release [AICC Papers, F. No.G-1(i)/1931, NMML]

K.V. Pathrose: A working class organizerof Alleppey and one of the leadersof the 1938 strike, he was one of thoseworkmen who agitated for thewithdrawal of the Punnapra PoliceCamp in Kerala. The police camp wasset up in Punnapra to raid theworkersí homes, beat them and theirfamilies and commit all sorts ofatrocities on them. When indesperation the workers decided tohit back and attacked the camp on 24October 1946. Pathrose joined themand was killed in the police firing.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No.774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B.No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64,1948, No. 561/46, 1946, B. No. 48,KSAT; IPV, p.71]

K.Velukutty: Resident of Villayil Veedu,p.o. Odayam Varkala, Tamilnadu; hewas a Sepoy in the British-IndianArmy. He left the British service in1942 and joined the Indian National

Army in Malaya. He was recruitedas a soldier in the Second GuerrillaRegiment, and sent to Burma (nowMyanmar) to counter the Alliedforcesí advancement there. Hefought the enemy at different placesand finally died in the course of anengagement in 1944. [WWIM, II, p.340; ROH, pp. 796-97]

Kadakkadan Moideen: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Moideen wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Kadakkadan Moothamu: Resident oft.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and atenant- cultivator there in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Moothamu was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]


Kadali Veerla Venkiah: Hailing fromdistt. West Godavari, AndhraPradesh, he joined the ìQuit Indiaîagitation in August 1942. He wasarrested for his anti- British activitiesand sent to jail. He died as an under-trial prisoner owing to policetortures, perhaps early in 1943. [PubDeptt, G.O. No. 1323, May 1947,TNSAC]

Kaderi Ahmed Kutty: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he joined in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Ahmed Kuttywas one among those militantpeasants who died on 26 August 1921in the firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Kailuvappadathu Kunhi Choque:Resident of Thirurangadi amsom, t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Charchil Mammadutty). Choquesurrendered with other rebels, andfollowing a trial, he was sent to thegallows on 17 February 1922. [PubDeptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922 Report

of the Administration of the MadrasPresidency for the year 1921-22;Fortnightly reports, March 1922,TNSAC, The Hindu, December 10,1921; NMML]

Kaithakkal Kunhalavi: Resident ofMattathur amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala; s/o Kunhammu. He wasconnected with the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas arrested and punished by theCourt of Special Magistrate of Calicutin 11 January 1922 to suffer rigorousimprisonment for 7 years underSection 395 of the Indian Penal Codeat the Camp Jail at Bellary.Simultaneously, he was alsopunished at a Court martial held inJanuary 1922 at Tirur for the offenceof murder punishable under Section302 of the Indian Penal Code readwith Martial Law (Military Courts)Ordinance 1921 and sentenced todeath. The death sentence was,however, commuted to the oftransportation for life and he waskept in the camp jail at Bellary andsubsequently transferred to thePenal Settlement of Port Blair in theAndamans Islands on 18 April 1922by S. S. ìMaharajaî ship fromMadras. He died on 27 December1927 at the age of 33 due toSepticaenia in the Andamans. [Lawdeptt (G), G.O. (Mis. Series) No. 3277,29.09.1928, TNSAC]

Kaithakkotan Mammod: Resident of


Tiruvali amsom, t. Nilambur, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 24December 1921 as an under-trialprisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Together with brutal policetortures and a serious attack ofpneumonia in the jail (due to verybad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Mammoddied in detention on 16 June 1922 atthe age of 22. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS)No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kajah: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took part in the the Uprising of1857-58 against the British under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. While fighting for therecovery of Koppaldurg, he wascaptured by the British. He wassentenced to death and shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.278]

Kakara Ramayya: Resident of v.Veeramuthipeta, in the Agency areaof distt. Visakhapatnam, AndhraPradesh. A coolie, he was harassedby Bastian, the Deputy Tehsildar ofGudem. He was tied to a pillar ofGuppyís bungalow at villageLammasingi, beaten with hands andchilli paste rubbed in his anus forgoing away without completing the

road work. He died due to thesetortures. Bastianís ill-treatment of thecoolies like Ramayya and his illegalgratifications constituted one of thecauses for the rise of the famousRampa Rebellion (1922-24), led byAlluri Sitarama Raju. [F. No. 17,FASRRF, 1923, p. 107, APSAH]

Kakkadumban Mamad Kutty: Residentof Orangattiri amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrestedin connection with a forcibleconversion case during Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis in parts of Ernad andWalluvanad Taluks. He was keptunder police custody for trial underthe Madras State Prisoners Act, 1819and died in jail before the trial. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (Mis.Series)No.749, 25.09.1923, TNSAC]

Kakkat Paramban Athan: Resident ofKaruvarakundu amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 8June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Athan died in detention on 22


June 1922 at the age of 19. [Pub Deptt,G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Kakumanu Durgaprasada Rao: Hailedfom v. Tenali, distt. Guntur, AndhraPradesh; took part in the CivilDisobedience movement; arrestedduring the course of the movement;died in jail by the end of 1931. [AICCPapers, Andhra Pradesh ProvincialCommittee Report, 8-11-1931, F. No.G-1(I)/ 1931, NMML]

Kalam Valappil Komu: Resident ofVennur, t. Ernad, Kerala, he was acultivator by profession. He wastaken into custody for his role inMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was imprisonedunder Madras State PrisonersRegulation, 1819, and kept in VelloreCentral Jail. He died at the age of 72in the jail hospital due to acutedysentery on 1 September 1923. [PubDeptt, G.O. (Mis) No. 765, 02.10.1923,TNSAC]

Kalamvalappil Komu: An inhabitant ofMalabar, Kerala (place not known),he was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. Komu had surrenderedto the authorities along with other

rebels, and, following a trial, he wasdeported. He died as a state prisoneron 15 March 1923. [Pub Deppt, F. No.202, 1923, TNSAC]

Kalathigalthoti Mammod: Resident ofPookottur amsom, Kerala, he wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements. He was detained on 4June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Mammod died in detention on29 June 1922 at the age of 35. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Kalathingal Abdulla: Resident ofPayanad amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 3June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia(due to very bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food) in the jail.


Abdulla died in detention on 16 June1922 at the age of 40. [Pub Deptt,G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Kalathingal Mammad: Resident ofMalappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. Kept in Malappuram Sub-Jail, he died due to Colitis in theMalappuram Sub-Jail Hospital in May1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS)No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kalathingal Thodi Aimad Kutti Mulla:Resident of Malappuram, distt.Kerala, he was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was kept as a stateprisoner at Rajahmundry Central Jailin Coimbatore and shifted to Karurin 1928 under police surveillance. Hedied on 15 March 1928 as a stateprisoner. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(Ord. Ser.) No.440-40A, 20.05.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 260, 15.03.1928;Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 411,06.04.1929, TNSAC]

Kali: Resident of t. Neyyattinkara, distt.Trivandrum, Kerala. She took activepart in the popular movement forresponsible government in the

Travancore State. Participating in theState Congressís Civil Disobediencemovement of 1938, she joined ademonstration to protest against thearrest of N. K. Padnamanbha Pillaion 31 August 1938. When a militaryunit under a British Colonelconfronted it, and fired upon thedemonstrators, Kali was shot andkilled in the firing. [FreedomMovement Files (II), F. Nos. 1149\44,1944, KSAT, Confd. Report of S. P.on 4 September 1938 (First ClassMagistrate to District Magistrate, 15-1-114); Bulletin No. I, II, AllTravancore Jatha Committee, C. S. F.No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp. 124-26;TTT, pp. 164; RR, pp. 425; WWIM, I,p. 282]

Kallada Pachupilla: Belonged to Kerala(place not known). Taking part in theTravancore State Congress move-ment for responsible government inKerala, he participated, as avolunteer, in the State Congressmeeting held in defiance of theprohibitory order at Quilon on 2September 1938. He received bulletwounds when the police opened fireto disperse the meeting and died thesame day. [Freedom Movement Files(II), F. Nos. 5/45, B. No. 38, 1945,KSAT; Confd. Section F., No. 323/38(Report of District Magistrate Quilonto Chief Secretary, 4 September),KSAT; Bulletin No. I, II, AllTravancore Jatha Committee, C. S. F.No. 339/45, KSAT; FST, pp. 360-61]

Kalladi Issup: Resident of Malappuram,Kerala; s/o Unniyan. He was takeninto custody for his role in the


Malabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was kept inMalappuram Sub-Jail and died dueto Enteritis in the Malappuram Sub-Jail Hospital on 19 June 1922. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (Ord. Ser.) No.822, 13.10.1922 & G.O. (MS) No. 998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kallappa Mutnale: Born probably in1920 at Nipani, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka; s/o Krushna Mutnale. Afarmer, educated up to the fifthstandard, he took part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement that started inAugust 1942. He operated as anunderground worker during themovement. Mutnale was traced andshot dead by the police near Khadaklatvillage in 1943. [WWIM, I, p. 243]

Kallappa: Resident of v. Shirole ofNargund Princely State (now indistt. Gadag), Karnataka; s/oHuliyeppa. He joined the resistanceagainst the British under Baba Sahebin 1857. Kallappa was captured andshot dead by musketry on 28 June1858. [Poll Deptt, No. 226, Part-XIII,DD, Vol. No. 31, 24 June 1858]

Kallata Virankutty: Resident ofKizhuparamba amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with the

Khilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 18June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia(due to very bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food) in the jail, hedied on 28 June 1922 at the age of 20.[Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kallayi Hydru: Resident ofKaruvarakundu amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, aged 40. Hewas taken into custody in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Coopera-tion movement. He was detained on8 June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Hydru died in detention on23 June 1922 at the age of 40. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Kallayi Kunjahammad: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperation


movement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjahammadwas one among those militantpeasants who died on 26 August 1921in the firing of the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Kallayi Kunji Mammad: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Kunji Mammadwas one among those militantpeasants who died on 26 August 1921the firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, 1921, F. No. 241, NAI; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Kallethodi Ahamad: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Ahamad was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;

Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Kallivalpil Kammu: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was kept inMalappuram Sub-Jail and died dueto Entritis in the jail hospital in May1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS)No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kallucholla Mammad: Resident of t.Ernad, a tenant-cultivator inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Mammad wasone among those militant peasantswho died in the 26 August 1921 firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Kambhampati Kumaraswamy: Residentof v. Marripudi, t. Bapatla, distt.


Guntur, Andhra Pradesh; s/oVenkatappayya (Venkayya); agedabout 35; belonged to Brahmincommunity, brother-in-law ofGollapudi Sitarama Sastry. Anagriculturist, he participated in theSalt Satyagraha of 1930. He took anactive part in breaking the Salt Lawsunder the leadership of KondaVenkatappayya, in Guntur distt. Hewas sentenced on 14 August 1930 toone yearís Rigourous Imprisomment,under Sections 143 and 117 of IndianPenal Code, read with 74 (d) of SaltAct by the Stationary Sub-Magistrate,Bapatla. While undergoing theimprisonment he suffered from avirulent type of dysentery for onemonth. He breathed his last on 11November 1930, in the RajahmundryCentral Jail and his body wascremated in the jail premises. [AICCPapers, F. No. G-1 (i)/ 1931; TheHindu, 13 November 1930, NMML;Andhra Patrika, 13 November 1930;RRCJ, C. No. 2519, 1930, APSAH;WWFSAP, I, p. 242; WWIM, I, p. 163]

Kammadu Molla: Resident ofPelathottathil House, Perambalam,Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22 and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Molla was one among those militantpeasants who died in 26 August 1921firing by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK,MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.

No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Kanchan Gowda Sirnagowda: Residentof v. Hammigi, t. Mundaragi distt.Gadag, Karnataka; he participated inthe Uprising of 1857 and foughtagainst the British in association withBhim Rao, the famous rebel leaderof the region; organized a rebel forceand captured Koppaldurg in 1857-58;put up a gallant fight against a strongand well-equipped British forcewhich stormed the fort in 1858. Hewas killed during the battle near thegateway of the fort. [SI1857WI, p.279, WWIM, III, p. 70]

Kanchan Gowda: Resident of Hammigi,t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag,Karnataka. He took a leading part inthe Uprising of 1857-58 against theBritish. He organized a rebel force,fought the British in association withBhim Rao and captured theKoppaldurg from the British hands.When the British stormed the fort on1 June 1858, he fought bravely, theirstrong and wellñequipped force, anddied fighting it gallantly near thegateway of the fort. [SI1857WI, p.279]

Kandachan Pramani: Resident ofThurmugham, Punnapra, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporary


police camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Pramani joined others in demandingfor its withdrawal, and eventually forits destruction. During the activistsíraid on the camp, he died in thepolice firing on 24 October 1946.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Kaneervallai Mammad: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Mammad wasone among those militant peasantswho died in the 26 August 1921 firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Kanhaiya: Residence not known,Kanhaiya was a soldier in the MadrasSappers and Miners Regiment of theBritish-Indian Army but left it in 1942to join the Indian National Army.Placed as Lance-Naik in the FirstEngineer Company of the INA, hewas deputed at several places inBurma (now Myanmar) to fight theBritish forces almost without a break.He died while facing an Allied forcesíassault on the Burma front. [WWIM,II, p.142]

Kanhiranthodika Unni Moidin:

Resident of Vaniyambalam amsom,t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala.He was arrested in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. Convicted in SessionsCase 39 of 1921 and sentenced toundergo 2 yearsí rigourousimprisonment, he was transportedand kept in Alipuram Jail in Bellary,and died there probably in 1922. [PubDeptt, G.O.No.875, 27.10.1922,TNSAC]

Kanjeerapalli Kunji Mammad Haji:Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Keralaand a tenant-cultivator there inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement (fordetails, see the entry on AhmmadKutty). Haji was one among thosemilitant peasants who died in thefiring of 26 August 1921 by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Kanjeerapalli Kunji Moideen Haji:Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Keralaand a tenant-cultivator there inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movements (for


details, see the entry on AhmmadKutty). Haji was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, 1921, F. No.241, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Kankipati Bojjupadal alias SarabhannaPadal: Resident of v. Peddavalasa, t.Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh; s/o Kotanna Padal;aged about 40; belonged to Bagatacommunity. He was the muttadar ofAntada, and assisted Alluri SitaramaRaju in the Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24. He took part in the attack on theChintapalli Police Station on 22August 1922, and resisted the armedpolice party, led by the Britishofficer, Goodsell. Padal was killed inan encounter on the night of 6December 1922, at Lingapuram. Hisdead body, found near the watercourse and was sent to Krishna-devipeta. [F. Nos. 3 & 22, FASRRF,1924, pp. 28&159 APSAH; ASRR, p.84]

Kankipati Kottanna Padal aliasMondalu Padal: Resident of v.Lakkavarapupet, t.Chintapalli, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Balayya Padal, belonged to Bagatacommunity. Bastian, the DeputyTehasildar of Gudem, wrongfullysnatched away his lands and gave toothers. This wrong led him to takepart in the Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24, launched by Sitarama Raju. Hisproperty was confiscated by theGovernment due to his participationin the Rebellion. After his arrest, he

was convicted and sent toVisakhapatnam Central Jail on 17June 1924, remanded with thePrisoner No. 9392. His healthcondition became very critical from14 October 1924, while serving theimprisonment. He died in the jailhospital on 6 November 1924 at 6:20a.m. [F. No. 4, FASRRF, 1924, pp. 65,83 & 87; F.No. 23B, FASRRF, 1925,pp. 409 & 410; LFTGRSCAO,TCSGMW, 22-8-1924, APSAH]

Kankipati Mallupadal: Resident of v.Peddavalasa, t. Chintapalli, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Yendupadal and belonging toBagata community, he participated inthe Rampa Rebellion, 1922-24, led byAlluri Sitarama Raju. He laid downhis life in an encounter with theBritish police party on 6 December1922 at Peddageddapalem. It was thebiggest of the victories to theGovernment side since the startingof the Rebellion and a major loss forthe rebels. Along with other deadbodies, Mallupadal was also sent toKrishnadevipeta. [F.No.3, FASRRF,1924, p. 28; F. No. 22, FASRRF, 1922,p. 159]

Kankipati Yendupadal alias BalaiahPadal: Resident of v. Peddavalasa, t.Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh; s/o GuravannaPadal, and belonging to Bagatacommunity, he was village munsabdarat Peddavalasa. He was, however,removed from the munsab post byBastian, Deputy Tehsildar of Gudem.This grievance, led him to participatein the Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24,


led by Alluri Sitarama Raju. Anintelligent tribal leader who exercisedgreat influence over Gudem andPeddavalasa people, he took aprominent part in several attacks andencounters with the British Police inChintapalli, Lingapuram, Gudem,and Karibu, etc. On 23 May 1924, thepro-British villagers ofPeddacheruvu captured his son. Inhis attempt at rescuing his son fromcaptivity, Padal died on 26 May 1924with Rs. 1000 reward on his head.[Andhra Patrika, 12 June 1924 & 6December 1924; PCO, 5-6-1924;RAPDMP, 1924, p. 14; LFTGRSCAO,TCSGMW, 22-8-1924, APSAH;WWFSAP, III, p. 230; WWIM, I, p.165; ASRR, p. 163]

Kannan Thidil: Resident of Karivellur,Kerala; agricultural labourer and anactivist of the Communist Party andthe Karshaka Sangham that had deeproots in his village. During the warthere was scarcity of paddy and thelocal people, under the leadership ofthe Communist Party, insisted on thedistribution of paddy, levied as rentat a fair price to the villagers.Opposed to it, Chirakkal Raja, theabsentee landlord, sought policeprotection to remove paddy fromKarivellur to Chirakkal. TheKarshaka Sangham blocked theshifting of paddy on 20 December1946. The arrest of the Kisan leadersinfuriated the mob and they attackedthe police party. Malabar SpecialForce, known for its brutality, firedindiscriminately on the mob. Thidilsustained bullet injuries and died onthe spot. At the time of death he was

45. [Pub Deptt, Confd. (G-A), G.O.No. 3003, 2 December 1948, ExpressLetter No. 10399/46, dated 26December 1946, Letter from theMagistrate, Malabar District to ChiefSecretary to the Govt., Madras,dated 1 December 1946 of G.O. No.1885, dt. June 1947, MadrasLegislative Assembly StarredQuestion No. 432. Pub (G-A) 1949,M.S Series G.O. No. 729, 17 March1947, Special Branch CID, dated 5February 1949, KSAC]

Kanneganti Hanumayya: Popularlyknown as Kanneganti Hanumanthu,he was a resident of v. Minchalapadu,t. Palnad, distt. Guntur, AndhraPradesh. An agriculturist belongingto Balija community, he became theleader of his village and took part inthe NonñCooperation movement(1921-22) and the Forest Satyagrahain 1922. Over sending cattle into theforest without paying the grazingfees, in response to the No-Taxcampaign, he was shot dead by apolice Sub-Inspector on 26 February1922. [CDLFLCASPGTDMG, Cir.No.406, 28-2-1922, APSAH; APDGG,pp. 67ñ68, WWWFSAP, I, p. 228;WWIM, I, p. 165; TFSAPA, III, p.38]

Kanniah Padayachi: Born on 27September 1902, resident of t.Panruti, distt. †Cuddalore, Tamilnadu.Joining the freedom struggle in 1926,he took part in the Satyagraha for theremoval of the statue of notoriousNeill in 1927. He was arrested on 28September 1927 for trying to disfigurethe statue with crow-bars andhammers. Detained in Bellary Jail, he


died on 13 March 1928 in detention.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.248, 13.03.1928; South Arcot DistrictJail Slip Office Copy No. 14, TNSAC]

Kappachali Kunhalankutty: Resident ofAreakode amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody for his role in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 18June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious bout of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Kunhalankutty died on 11 July1922 in detention at the age of 35.[Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kappakunnan Kunhali: Resident ofPunnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala; a coolie. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Kunhali was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt

(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Kappakunnan Mootha: Resident ofPunnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala; a coolie. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Mootha was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Kappakunnan Abdulla: Resident ofPunnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala; a coolie. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see the


entry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Abdulla was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Kappakunnan Ayamad: Resident ofPunnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar;a coolie. He was taken into custodyin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Ayamad was one amongthose who had been suffocated todeath in this wagon tragedy,notoriously known as the Black Holeof Podanur (20 November 1921). [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734,12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290,01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret, Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Kappakunnan Cheriyaunnimoyi:Resident of Punnapala amsom, t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He

was taken into custody in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921and transported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Cheiryaunnimoyi was one amongthose who had been suffocated todeath in this wagon tragedy,notoriously known as the Black Holeof Podanur (20 November 1921). [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734,12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290,01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Kappakunnan Valiya Unni Haji:Resident of Punnapala amsom, t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. Hewas taken into custody in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921and transported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). UnniHaji was one among those who hadbeen suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734,12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290,01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated


20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Karadan Kunjarunni: Resident ofPandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Apankollan Moideen). Kunjarunniwas one among those who died inthe firing of 14 November 1921 bythe British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, Part 1-A, NAI; PPMAK,MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM,pp. 372-74]

Karat Muniathan: Resident of Pookatur,t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala;a trader. He was taken into custodyin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He died in detention inthe Rajahmundry Central Jail Hospitalon 21 August 1922 at the age of 84.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Karathi Athankutty: Resident of distt.Malappuaram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperation

movement. Together with brutalpolice tortures and a serious bout ofpneumonia in the jail (due to verybad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Athankuttydied in detention on 24 July 1922 atthe age of 30. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS)No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kareneni Ramadoss: Belonging to distt.Vizagapatam (Visakhapatnam),Andhra Pradesh, he took an activepart in the started ìQuit Indiaîmovement that in 8 August 1942. Hetook part in the various agitationsconnected with the movement,resulting in his arrest by the police.In detention, he was mercilesslytortured by the jail authorities, anddied consequently as an under-trialprisoner perhaps in 1943. [Pub Deptt,G.O. No.1058, April 1947, TNSAC]

Kari Kaliyadu: Resident of v. Gudari,Rajamanipuram, t. Somapet, distt.Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh.Belonging to Kalinga community, hewas an agriculturist aged 43. He tookpart in the raiyatsí agitation in theMandasa Estate in 1940. The cuttingand removing timber in defiance ofthe orders of the authorities led toserious disturbances in GudariRajamanipuram. On 1 April 1940about five hundred hostile villagersgathered to demand the release frompolice custody those accused ofviolation orders. This led to seriousdisturbances and the police openedfire on the mob under the orders ofthe Joint Magistrate. In the firing KariKaliyadu received bullet injuries, fell


down on the field, and breathed hislast. Thus, he attained martyrdom.[Andhra Patrika, 11 April 1940;RAPDMP, 1940, p. 12, APSAH;SMEAVGP, 10-9-1988, VeeraGunnammapuram; WWFSAP, III, p.134]

Karimpana Kammu: Resident ofUrangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, Kerala,he was taken into custody on 6 June1922 in connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. Together with brutalpolice tortures and a seriouspneumonia outbreak in the jail dueto very bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food, due to Kammudied on 21 June 1922 detention at theage of 20. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Karka: Belonged to Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took an active part struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 led byBhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda.Arrested in the battle of Koppaldurg,Karka was shot dead by musketry inJune 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279]

Karka: Inhabitant of Hammigi, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in the greatrevolt of 1857-58 against the Britishled by Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. While fighting for thedefence of the reoccupied

Koppaldurg, Karka was captured bythe British and awarded capitalpunishment; he was shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.279]

Karram Tamman Dora: Resident of v.Bhupatipalem, ml. Gokavaram, distt.East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. Animportant Koya leader, he took anactive part in the Rampa Rebellion of1879-80 against the oppressive ruleof the Mansabdar and the Britishauthorities in the ChodavaramDivision of the Godavari Agency. Heboldly attacked and took the PodehBritish Station House on 24 April1880, the Chodavaram Police Stationon 3 May 1879, and then the Chinturon 10 August 1879. The Governmentproclaimed a reward of Rs.2000/- onhis head, dead or alive. Dora wastracked out eventually by Mr. Sweet,the Assistant Superintendent ofPolice, and was shot dead by him on22 July 1880, at Kottapakalu, a Koyavillage on the border betweenRekapalle and Rampa Jungles. [JudlDeptt (G), (Madras), G.O. Nos. 2551& 1307-A, 12-12-1881 & 02-07-1881;IPMGFSGJD, 1880, pp. 72 & 80,APSAH; MHDFC, p. 20]

Karunakaran Kakkariyil: Resident ofVattayal, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala.He participated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnapra


to counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Kakkariyil joined others indemanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in the police firing on 24 October1946. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Karunakaran Madhavan: Born on 10September 1920 and resident ofKakkanath House, Thalayola-parambu, distt. Kottayam, Kerala, hestudied up to the fourth standard. Atailor, he joined the Travancore StateCongress in 1938 and became anactive member of the Vaikom andElankavu Village CongressCommittees. Severely tortured anddetained in jail for his agitationalactivites, he came out of it with ashattered health. Because of hisinsufficient financial background,and inadequate medical attention,Madhavan committed suicide in utterdespair in 1946. [Oral Transcript byG. Chandrasekharan Pillai, FreedomMovement Files, KSAT; WWFFK, p.201]

Karunakaran Thaliayam Parambil:Resident of Vayalar, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement (for more details, seethe entry on Agneess Lonappan).Parambil was shot dead by themilitary on 27 October 1946.

[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Karunakaran: Belonging to distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated inthe movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was connected withthe Vayalar firing which took placeon 27 October 1946. C. P.Ramaswamyís military reachedVayalar Labour Camp, attacked thelabourers gathered therein and shotKarunakaran dead. [TravancoreInformation and Listener, VII No. 5,January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30October and 15 November 1946,NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9]

Karuthachan Pramani: Resident ofDevasomk Purayidam, ZachariaWard, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. Heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Pramani also joined others indemanding for its withdrawl, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in police firing on 24 October1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II),F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No.


64, 1948, KSAT; PVCS, pp. 78-9]

Karuturi Satyanarayana: Resident of v.Kattunga, t. Razolu, distt. EastGodavari, Andhra Pradesh, hebelonged to Kamma community. Hetook part in the Civil Disobediencemovement (1930). On the occasion ofthe Venkateswaraswami Car Festivalin Vadapalli on 30 March 1931, alongwith the deity, Congress Flag andphotos of Mahatma Gandhi and someother national leaders were placedon the car. The Government officialsobjected to this, and while theprocession was about to start, theSub-Inspector of the Razolu removedthe portraits of the national leaders.This act enraged the people whorefused to draw the car without theportraits. Consequent to this meleein Chinnavadapalli, the policearrested some people and alsoresorted to lathi-charge. The crowdretaliated by throwing stone andmud on the police, resulting in theirindiscriminate firing on the crowd.Satyanarayana became a victim of thepolice firing and died immediatelyafter receiving the gun shot.[SMEAV, 2-10-1987, Vadapalli]

Karyanna: Resident of Hammigi, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka,he took active part in struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 led byBhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda.While fighting for the reñoccupationof Koppaldurg, he was captured bythe British and shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.279]

Kashi Rao Nalgowda: Resident ofNargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka,he joined the resistance against theBritish under Baba Saheb in 1857.Captured by the British andsentenced to death, he was executedby hanging. [WWIM, III, p. 105]

Kashirao Nemaji Nalwade: Resident ofNargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;aged 60; Maratha; independent Sawar(Shiledar); he participated in theUprising of 1857 and joined the forcesof Bhaskar Rao Bhave (Baba Saheb)of Nargund. Charged with ëaidingand abetting in rebellion and wagingwar against the British Governmentí,he was arrested at Torgal andhanged at Dharwad in June 1858.[Poll Deptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD,Vol. No.30, L. No. 47/1858, 16 June1858]

Kasia Pillai: Resident of v. Alampatti,p. o. Kuruntampattu, (via) Kallal, t.Karaikudi, distt. Ramanathapuram,Tamilnadu. He served the IndianNational Army as a Sepoy at Kampoin Burma (Myanmar) from 1942 to1945. He died in action against theBritish in 1945. [FFPO No. 6172/1970,11.09.1970, TNSAC]

Katcheri Kunhalom Mussaliar: Aninhabitant of Malabar, Kerala (placenot known), he was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar outbreaks of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis. He was sentenced andtransported for life for attempting tomurder a deputy jailer, and for his


role in a Mappila Conspiracy for anoutbreak. Mussaliar died as a stateprisoner on 2 February 1945. [PubDeptt, F. No. 87, 1940, TNSAC]

Katnaveedla Venkanna: Resident of v.Kalipatnam, ml. Mogalthur, distt.West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh;took part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942. He was arrestedfor his anti-British activities,convicted and sent to Eluru Sub-Jail.While undergoing imprisonmentVenkanna fell ill and died in the jailin 1947. [Andhra Patrika, 20 June 1947,APSAH]

Kattattu Kunjan: Belonging to Kerala(place not known), he participated inthe movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was caught up inthe Menasseri Camp firing at Vayalarwhich took place on 27 October 1946.C. P. Ramaswamyís military reachedMenasseri Labour Camp andattacked the labourers gatheredtherein. In the process they shotKunjan dead. [Punnapra-VayalarRecords, CPIDOA]

Kattikkattan Sulaiman: Resident ofMalabar, Kerala (place not known).He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British Colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperation

movement. Together with brutalpolice tortures and a serious attackof pneumonia in the jail (due to verybad sanitary conditions, overcrow-ding and insufficiency of clean waterand food), Sulaiman died indetention on 19 August 1922 at theage of 35. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kavungal Kunhalan Molla: Resident ofKoduvayur amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. Arrested in connectionwith a case of forcible conversionduring the rebellion in parts of Ernadand Walluvanad taluks, he was keptin detention for trial under theMadras State Prisoners Act, 1819,and deported to Vellore Central Jail.Molla died there due to heart failureon 2 June 1923. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. No. 488, 20.06.1923; Pub Deptt,G.O. No. 837, 27.08.1925; Pub Deptt,G.O. (Ord.Series) (Mis) No.1120,18.11.1925, TNSAC]

Kayikara Krishnan: Belonged to Kerala(place not known), and Involved inthe Kadakkal Riot Case in September1938, he was arrested and torturedby the police at Kottarakara; died inconsequence of the police tortures.[Freedom Movement Files, (II), F.Nos. 1/45, 1945 B.No. 38, 674/45,1945 B.No.39, & 357/46, 1946,B.No.49, KSAT; Judicial Files, No. 78


of 114 Sessions Court Quilon,Kadakkal, Riot Case 1 PE 1/1938,Commitment Order 29 May 1939,KSAT; WWFFK, p. 240]

Kazhagum Paladi Aymu: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur amsom, hewas involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Aymu was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Kazhagum Paladi Yousuf Haji: Residentof t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and atenant-cultivator in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Yousuf Haji was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Keenathodi Mamad: Resident ofPunnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala; a coolie. He was taken intocustody in connection with the

Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Mamad was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret File, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Keeneri Kunhambu: Belonged to Kerala(place not known). He was an activistof Karshaka Sangham movement inMalabar and participated inKarivellur struggle against forciblepaddy procurement. The resistancewas organized by the poor peasantsof Karivellur against the feudalistChirakkal Thamburan at a time whendue to a severe strorage of grainspaddy was being unlawfully hoardedand ìblackî marketing practised.When their demand for thedistribution of the paddy at areasonable price through Co-operative Societies was turned down,a 6000 strong mob of peasants underthe Communist leadership assemblednear the granary shouting slogansagainst the transportation of paddyand forcibly stopped a party carryingthe paddy as rent (pattom) to the


Chirakkal Raja on 20 December 1946.When the Raja requested for policeprotection, it was granted and theSpecial Police Force fired at thegathering, resulting in the death ofthe Sangham volunteer, Kunhambu.†[PA, 22 and 29 December 1946; 2February 1947, NMML; PSLRSC, pp.127-29; ASK, p. 28]

Kelappan Murikkumthara: Belonging todistt. Alappuzha, Kerala. Heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrative arrange-ment. He was connected with theVayalar firing which took place on27 October 1946. C. P. Ramaswamyísmilitary reached Vayalar LabourCamp, attacked the labourersgathered therein and in the processshot dead. [Travancore Informationand Listener, VII No. 5, January 1947,KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15November 1946, NMML, PVCS, pp.78-9]

Kesava Mudaliar: Resident of v.Pallikonda, t. & distt. Vellore,Tamilnadu; s/o Natesa Mudaliar. Hetook part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942 and was arrestedon 19 August 1942. Convicted by theSpecial II Class Magistrate, Vellore,for anti-Government activities, hewas sent to Alipuram Jail in Bellaryto undergo 6 monthsí rigorousimprisonment and one monthíssimple one. Despite his release onremission on 28 April 1943, Mudaliar

died almost immediately aftercoming out of the jail. [Pub Deptt (G-E), G.O. (MS) No. 767, 08.03.1947,TNSAC]

Keshavan Ilanjithara: Belonging to distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated inthe movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was connected withthe Vayalar firing which took placeon 27 October 1946. C. P.Ramaswamyís military reachedVayalar Labour Camp, attacked thelabourers gathered therein and shotIlanjithara dead. [TravancoreInformation and Listener, VII No. 5,January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30October and 15 November 1946,NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9]

Khandu: Inhabitant of Nargund, distt.Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Vyankat. Hewas arrested for ëhis taking part inthe revolt of Nargund under BabaSaheb against the Britishí. He waskilled by musketry at Nargund on10 June 1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt,No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30,10 June 1858, MSM]

Kila Kudiyar Govindasamy: Inhabitantof Thirumagalur, p.o. Maruvathur, t.Papanasam, distt. Thanjavur,Tamilnadu. He took part in the SaltSatyagraha and Civil Disobediencemovement in 1932. He was arrested,awarded 33 months of imprisonmentand kept in the Central Jail,Tiruchirappalli, where he died on 5


January 1933. [Thanjavur District JailSlip Office Copy No. 824, TNSAC]

Kizhakkilaapalathil TatanUnnipurayan : Resident of Trikka-langod amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala; a coolie. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Unnipurayan was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret File, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Kochupillai: Belonged to Kerala (placeis not known); s/o ArankuzhiPuthenveetil Sankarapillai, he wasinvolved in the Kallara-Pangodeagitation in Travancore over theìentry taxî. The State revenueauthorities under Diwan C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyar introduced in1937 a tax on the agriculturalproduce, entered or brought into themarkets of Kallara and Pangode bytheir local producers ñ the farmers.Farmers of all categories resentedthis imposition, and their refusal to

pay it resulted in a confrontation inthe Kallara market between them andthe authorities on 30 September 1938and led to the arrest of their leaderññKochappi Pillai. His detention soinfuriated the assembled farmersthat they attacked the police outpost,resulting in serious disturbances.When this violent incident or theKallara Case was investigated andtried, Kochupillai was sentenced todeath and hanged on 18 December1940 in Thiruvananthapuram Jail.[Freedom Movement Files, II, F. No.3/45 (Situation Report, Commandant,Travancore State Force to ChiefSecretary to Government, 3 October1938), KSAT; Bulletin No. I, II, AllTravancore Jatha Committee, C. S. F.No. 339/45, KSAT]

Kodasery Ahmed: Resident ofThirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and their exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Charchil Mammadutty).Surrendered with other rebels and,following a trial, Ahmed was sent tothe gallows on 17 February 1922.[Pub Deptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922,Report of the Administration of theMadras Presidency for the year 1921-22; Fortnightly Reports, March 1922,TNSAC; The Hindu, December 10,1921, NMML]

Kokanparambil Rajin: Resident of


Thirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and their exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Charchil Mammadutty). Rajinsurrendered with other rebels and,following a trial, he was sent to thegallows on 17 February 1922. [PubDeptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922, Reportof the Administration of the MadrasPresidency for the year 1921-22;Fortnightly Reports, March 1922,TNSAC; The Hindu, December 10,1921, NMML]

Kolakandathil Moidin Kutty: Residentof Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Kuttywas one among those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret File, F. No.390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Kolakanni Kunhahamad Musaliar:Resident of distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he actively participated in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was arrested andimprisoned in Malappuram Sub-Jailand died in the jail hospital due toEnteritis in June 1922. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kolakkadan Kutti Assan: Resident ofKuniyil desam, Urugattiri amsom, t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala. A timbertrader and floater, he was involvedin the Trikkalore temple firing (seeTrikkalore temple firing at the entryon Ambalapatta Mutta Kutti). Hit inthe armed forcesí firing, Assan diedon 28 December 1884 [Judl Deptt,No. 1169, 2 May 1885, File No. M/30, KSAK; PPRM, pp. 332-44]

Kolakkadan Moyan: S/o of MullaMammad, resident of Kuniyil desam,Urugattiri amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala. An agricultural labourer of19, he was involved in the Trikkaloretemple firing (see Trikkalore templefiring on the entry on AmbalapattaMutta Kutti). Injured in the armedforcesí firing, Moyan died 28December 1884. [Judl Deptt, No.1169, 2 May 1885, File No. M/30,KSAK; PPRM, pp. 332-44]

Kolakkadan Viran: Resident of Kuniyildesam, Urugattiri amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala. Aged 25, he took


to timber-floating (transportingtimber by floating in the rivers) ashis profession. He was involved inthe Trikkalore temple firing (seeTrikkalore temple firing in the entryon Ambalapatta Mutta Kutti). Hit bythe armed forcesí bullets, Viran diedon 28 December 1884. [Judl Deptt,No. 1169, 2 May 1885, File No. M/30, KSAK; PPRM, pp. 332-44]

Kolakkattil Kuhialaiankutti: Residentof Kolapuram amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, he was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and their exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements (for details, see the entryon Charchil Mammadutty).Kuhialaiankutti surrendered withother rebels and, following a trial,he was sent to the gallows on 17February 1922. [Pub Deptt, G.ONo.112, 7/2/1922, Report of theAdministration of the MadrasPresidency for the year 1921-22;Fortnightly Reports, March 1922,TNSAC; The Hindu,10 December1921, NMML]

Kolandai: Resident of Perumal KoilStreet, Pichanur, Gudiyatham, distt.Vellore, Tamilnadu; s/o KangaiMudaliar. Born in a poor Senguntharweaving family, he took part in theCivil Disobedience movement in 1931and was arrested and sentenced to 1yearís rigorous imprisonment underSections 436, 147 and 426 of the IPCfor participating in the Satyagraha

movement at Gudiyatham. Kept inthe Central Jail, Vellore, he died therein the jail hospital on 28 October 1931.[Law Deptt (G), G.O. (MS) No. 4270,23.11.1931; FFPO No. 1898/1968,08.05.1968; North Arcot District JailSlip Clean Copy No. 502, TNSAC]

Kolayani Sangathulu alias PasupuletiKannadu alias Gubalagadu:Resident of v. Peddavalasa, t.Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatam,Andhra Pradesh; s/o Baladu, hebelonged to Valmiki community andserved as vetti (village servant). Hetook part in the Rampa Rebellion(1922-24), led by Alluri Sitarama Raju.He participated in the armedencounters with the British ReservePolice at Chintapalli, Rajavommangi,and in the firing at Onjeri ghats. Whilecollecting food from Rampolu village,he was arrested in the first week ofSeptember 1922. He was the first tobe arrested within the first two weekof the rebellion. Convicted underSections 121A & 122 of the IndianPenal Code, by the AgencyAdditional Sessions Judge, Waltair,he was sentenced on 25 June 1923 tothree yearsí Rigourous Imprisom-ment. While serving the imprison-ment in the Rajahmundry Central Jail,he died on 18 July 1924. [RRCJ, C.No-6989, 1924, APSAH; WWFSAP, III, p.208; WWIM, I, p. 183; ASRR, pp. 58 &60]

Kollathodi Saidutty: Resident ofAreakode amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuaram, Kerala. He activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination of


the British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movements. Hewas arrested on 20 March 1922 anddetained in Manjeri Sub-Jail as anunder-trial prisoner.Together withbrutal police tortures and a seriousattack of pneumonia in the jail (dueto very bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), [died indetention on 22 May 1922.[ dated20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kollithodokorakakottil Avarankutty:Resident of Karuvambalam amsom,t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a coolie.He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Avarankutty was one amongthose who had been suffocated todeath in this wagon tragedy,notoriously known as the Black Holeof Podanur (20 November 1921). [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734,12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290,01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Kolloorvilla Moideenkunju: Belongedto Kerala (place not known), Ateenager of 16, he took part in the

Travancore State Congressímovement for responsiblegovernment, when he was barely 16.He participated as a volunteer in theState Congress meeting held indefiance of prohibitory order atQuilon on 2 September 1938.Receiving bullet wounds when thepolice opened fire to disperse themeeting, Moideenkunju died thesame day. [Freedom Movement Files(II), F. No. 5/45, B. No. 38, 1945,Confd. Section Files, F. No. 323/38(Report of District Magistrate Quilonto Chief Secretary, September),Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore JathaCommittee, C.S. F. No. 339/45,KSAT; FST, pp.360-61]

Koman V.: Belonged to Guruvayar,Malabar, Kerala; s/o A. AchuthanNaik. He was a civilian employee inthe British-Indian Army but shiftedhis loyalty to the Indian NationalArmy in 1942 and served it atPenang, Malaya. He was also sent toBurma (now Myanmar) to take partin the INA fighting against theBritish forces. Koman died there inthe course of an attack on his campby the enemy forces. [ROH, pp.710-11; WWIM, II, p.160]

Komiji Chintalu: Resident of v.Rajannapet, t. Narsipatnam, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Hetook part in the 1922-24 RampaRebellion, led by Alluri SitaramaRaju, against the oppressive Britishrule over the Agency area. On thenight of 4 May 1924 he participatedin the armed encounters with theBritish Police near Kondapalli. While


retreating from Damanapalli towardsKirabu, he was shot dead at Kirabuon the morning of 5 May 1924, by theIntelligence Inspector, UpendraPatnaik. [PCO, 7-5-1924, & 16-5-1924,APSAH; ASRR, p.155; WWFSAP, III.p. 182; WWIM, I, p. 183]

Kondaneeti Padmanabhan: Hailing fromdistt. West Godavari, AndhraPradesh, he participated in the ìQuitIndiaî movement that broke out on8 August 1942. He was arrested forhis anti- British role in the movementand sent to prison. While in policecustody he was subjected to severetortures and died as an under-trialprisoner, perhaps in 1943. [Pub Deptt,G.O. No.1322, May 1947, TNSAC]

Kondaveeti Padmanabham: Resident ofv. Kalipatnam, ml. Mogalthuru, distt.West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. Hetook part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement, 1942, and was arrestedfor his anti- British activities. He wasconvicted and sent to jail. Whileundergoing imprisonment, he fell illand died in detention in 1947. [AndhraPatrika, 20 June 1947]

Konkatt Cheriar Moidin: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Moidinwas one among those who had been

suffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret File, F. No.390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Konnara Imbichi Koya Thangal:Resident of distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he actively participated in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was a Mappilla StatePrisoner under Madras StatePrisoners, Regulation, 1819, anddetained under surveillance in theWillingdon Leper Settlement inChinglepet. He became seriously illand died on 8 August 1928 in ahospital attached to the settlement.[Pub Deptt, G.O. (Mis.Series) No. 700,21.08.1928, TNSAC]

Konnayya Kona: Born at v. Chittem-padu, t. Koyyuru, distt. Visakha-patnam, Andhra Pradesh. He joinedAlluri Sitarama Raju in the RampaRebellion (1922-24) against theoppressive functioning of the BritishGovernment in the Agency area. Hewas killed in action while fighting theBritish Police on 6 December 1922 atPeddageddapalem. [F. Nos. 3 & 22,FASRRF, 1924, pp. 28 & 159, APSAH;WWIM, I, p.183]


Koolivilakal Assan Kutty: Resident ofThirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and their exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Charchil Mammadutty). Kuttysurrendered with other rebels and,following a trial, he was executed byhanging on 17 February 1922. [PubDeptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922, Reportof the Administration of the MadrasPresidency for the year 1921-22;Fortnightly Reports, March 1922,TNSAC; The Hindu, 10 December1921, NMML]

Koorapilakal Koyama: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Koyama was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated

20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Kooripara Hassankutty: Resident ofKadanammana, t. Walluvanad,Malabar, Kerala, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Aboobakkar).Hassankutty was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 9December 1921 in the British troopsífiring. [PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 202, TNSAC;HMR]

Koothradan Unniavaran: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Unniavaran wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Koothranadan Atheez: Inhabitant of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with the


Khilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Atheez was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Koovangal Alikutty Haji: Resident ofMelmuri amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala; a trader. Heactively participated in the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. Arrested in connectionwith the forcible conversion inMelmuri amsom of Ernad Taluka, hewas detained on 20 June 1922 andthen transferred from MalappuramSub-Jail from Rajahmundry CentralJail. Haji died in jail hospital on 10October 1924 at the age of 71. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No.440-40A, 20.05.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O.(Ord.Ser.) No. 773, 29.10.1924; PubDeptt, G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 211,27.02.1925, TNSAC]

Korankottil Ahamad: Resident ofKuruvamabalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a Quran reader. Hewas taken into custody in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921and transported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil alias

Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Ahamad was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Koravanthodi Kunhi Moideen:Resident of distt. Malappuram,Kerala; s/o Ali, he activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas detained in Malappuram Sub-Jailand died in the jail hospital on 20April 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(Ord.Ser.) No. 822, dated 13.10.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. (Mis) No. 765,02.10.1923, TNSAC]

Koriparambath Aiderman: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Aiderman was one among those who


had been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Korre Sanyasi: Resident of v.Malamakaram, t. Chintapalli, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Chinnayya, he took part in theRampa Rebellion (1922-24), led byAlluri Sitarama Raju, against theoppressive deeds of the Britishgovernment in the Agency area. Foranti-British activities, his propertywas confiscated by the Governmentand he was captured on 10 May 1924in Malamakaram by an army captain.He was put in jail on 17 June 1924,remanded with the prisoner No.9402. His health conditiondeteriorated from 28 October 1924while serving the term ofimprisonment in the VisakhapatnamCentral Jail. Sanyasi died in the jailhospital on 11 November 1924 at 7:40a.m. [F. No. 3 & 4, FASRRF, 1924, pp.2, 73, 83 & 85, APSAH]

Korukonda Subba Reddy: Resident ofv. Koruturu, t. Polavaram, distt. WestGodavari, Andhra Pradesh. A villageMunsab, he carried on a rebellionagainst the British in the GodavariAgency with the help of hill tribesmenfrom 1857. He attacked and captured

Nagavaram Fort and kept it underhis control for 15 days. It wasrecaptured by the British in a battlea fortnight later and he was caughtin the process. He was sentenced todeath and executed along with sevenof his followers in 1858. During histrial, he declared that he had beenencouraged to rebel when he heardthat Nana Saheb was advancingtowards the Deccan, and that NanaSaheb would reward all those whorebelled against the British. [Judl Deptt(Madras), G.O. No. 2927, 20-12-1880,APSAH; WWFSAP, III, pp. 524ñ25;WWIM, II, p. 71; HFMAP, p. 6]

Koshy Vaidian T. K.: Born at ThekkyThayil, The Valakara, p.o. Chava,Travancore, Kerala, he was a civilianemployee in the British-Indian Army.He left his service in 1942 and joinedthe Indian National Army in Malaya.He served as an Office Assistant ofthe INA at many place in Malaya andBurma (now Myanmar), and diedduring the Allied forcesí raids on theINA establishment in Burma in 1944.[INA Papers, F. No. 379/INA (1945),NAI; ROH, pp. 710-11]

Kothiri Potteyya: Resident of v.Bundrella, distt. Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh; he joined AlluriSitarama Raju in the Rampa Rebellionduring 1922-24, against theoppressive deeds of the BritishGovernment in the Agency area.Kothiri was killed in action whilefighting the British Police on 6December 1922 at Peddageddapalem.His dead body was sent toKrishnadevipeta. [F. Nos. 3 & 22,


FASRRF, 1924, pp. 28 & 159, APSAH]

Kottakkat Marakkar: Resident ofPookottur amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas arrested on 4 June 1922 for hisrole in the rebellion and detained inManjeri Sub-Jail as an under-trialprisoner. Together with brutal policetortures and a serious attack ofpneumonia in the jail (due to verybad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Marakkardied in detention on 1 July 1922 atthe age of 25. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS)No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kottipulliyan Mammu: Resident ofUrangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas arrested for his anti-Britishactivity on 6 June 1922 and detainedin Manjeri Sub-Jail as an under-trialprisoner. Together with brutal policetortures and a serious attack ofpneumonia in the jail (due to verybad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Mammu diedin detention on 24 June 1922 at the

age of 30. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kottola Kunhahmad: Resident ofVettikkattiri amsom, t. Wandoor,distt. Malappuram, Kerala. Heactively participated in the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was arrested on 5June 1922 and detained in ManjeriSub-Jail as an under-trial prisoner.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Kunhahmad died in detentionon 18 June 1922 in the jail at the ageof 45. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Koyisseri Mammad: Resident ofThirurangadi, distt. Malappuram,Kerala. He actively participated inthe Non-Cooperation and Khilafatmovements at Thirurangadi beforethe outbreak of the Malabar rebellionof 1921. He, along with Mammad Hajiand Koyisser Moideen Kutty,preached violence and enlistedthemselves as volunteers to fightagainst the British Government.They manufactured swords andopenly paraded themselves throughthe Thirurangadi Bazaar, wearingswords and cross belts. The DistrictMagistrate of Malabar, Mr.Thomas,ordered the arrest of all these threemen who precipitated in the


rebellion. Koyisseri Mammad wasarrested and charged under theMoplah Outrages Act, 1859 and keptin the Cannanore Cantonment indetention. He died in the Sub-Jail on27 September 1922. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 814,12.10.1922, TNSAC]

Kozhikodan Muhammad: Resident ofdistt. Malappuram, Kerala, heactively participated in the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained inMalappuram Sub-Jail and died dueto Enteritis in the Jail Hospital in July1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS)No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Krishnamurthi alias Krishnasami:Resident of Jallikuli Street inCoimbatore Town, distt.Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; s/oRangasami; a labourer in KaleswaraMills, Coimbatore, he participated inthe labour struggle organized by theCoimbatore Spinning and WeavingMills Company Limited workers. On11 November 1946, police openedfire on an estimated huge mob of6000 workers. In the 39 rounds offiring that took place, Krishnasamidied of gun-shot wounds. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 2701,14.12.1946, TNSAC]

Krishnamurthy: Belonging to TamilNadu (residence not known), heworked as a fitter at the Golden Rock

Workshop of the South IndianRailways at Trichy in TiruchirappalliDistrict. He participated in the SouthIndian Railways Labour Unionísstrike for the redressal of some basicgrievances of the workers, i.e. thevictimization of the activists andleaders of the Union, the promotionof workers overlooking theirseniority, and the practice offavouritism by the management.However, the immediate cause of thestrike was the change in the servicerules regarding the dismissal ofworkers, without setting up anyenquiry committee. The Union gavethe notice of strike on 1 August 1946,but the high-handed attitude of thetop officials forced it to begin a totalstrike from 24 August 1946. Despiteits many attempts, the managementfailed to break the workersí strike.On 5 September 1946, at its instance,the Malabar Special Police (led byHarrison) stormed the Golden RockWorkshop and arrested the Presidentof the Union. The workers, alongwith Krishnamurthy, resisted thepolice force from taking their leaderout of the premises. The policedrastically took to firing to frightenthe workers, and Krishnamurthy wasshot dead in the mayhem. [PA, 29September, 27 October, 1 December1946; LMI, Vol. 23, pp. 157-69]

Krishnan Alorambankandy: A residentof Blathur in North Malabar, Kerala,an ex-service man, he gave weapon-training to the Communist cadres inIrikkur. The tenant farmers of thelocality under the Communist bannerdemanded more wasteland for punam


cultivation. But the landlords did notyield to their demand; rather theytried to evict the encroachers withpolice aid. The Communists decidedto resist the police atrocities. InNovember 1946, they organized ademonstration in front of IrikkurPolice Station and many of theirworkers were wounded in the lathi-charge. Under Section 144 of Cr. P.C.,a ban was also imposed on publicgatherings. Violating the ban order,the Communists had assembled atKavumbayi hills on 30 December1946. To disperse the crowd, thepolice fired at them. Krishnan wasone of the victims who was shotdead. [Letter No. 10349, 6 January1947, Pub Deptt (G-A), M.S. Series,Regional Archives, Calicut, Pub Deptt(G-A), 1947. G.O. No. 1885, 17 June1947, Madras Legislative AssemblyQ. No. 432-Starred, Proceedings ofthe Joint Magistrate Tellichery, 2January 1947, Malabar DistrictMagistrateís office, Calicut to ScottBrown, Chief Secretary to Govt. FortSt. George, Madras, 26 December1948, District Superintendent ofPolice to Inspector General of Police,Madras, 3 September 1947]

Krishnan: He participated in themovement for responsible govern-ment in Travancore, and against C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrative arrange-ment. When a temporary police campwas set up in Punnapra to counterthe agitation and harass the agitatorsand their families, Krishnan joinedothers in demanding for its

withdrawal, and eventually for itsdestruction. During the activistsí raidon the camp, he died in the policefiring on 24 October 1946. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, CPIDOA]

Krishnan: Resident of Kikkara,Kalavamkodam, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala. He participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement (for more details, seethe entry on Agneess Lonappan).Krishnan was shot dead by themilitary on 27 October 1946.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Krishnappanashan: Belonging to distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated inthe movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was connected withthe Vayalar firing which took placeon 27 October 1946. C.P.Ramaswamyís military reachedVayalar Labour Camp and attackedthe labourers gathered therein, andin the process they shotKrishnappnashan dead. [TravancoreInformation and Listener, VII No. 5,January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30October and 15 November 1946,NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9]

Kuda Kannayya: Resident of v.Chittempadu, t. Chintapalli, distt.


Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Balayya, he took part in the armedstruggle conducted by Alluri SitaramaRaju during 1922-24, against theoppressive deeds of the BritishGovernment in the Agency area. Hewas killed in an encounter with thepolice party on 6 December 1922 atPeddageddapalem and his dead bodywas sent to Krishnadevipeta. [F.No.4,FASRRF, 1924, p. 28; F.No. 22,FASRRF, 1922, p. 159, APSAH]

Kudakkadan Marakkar: Resident ofMalemari amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala; a cultivator. He activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas arrested and transferred fromMalappuram Sub-Jail toRajahmundry Central Jail. Marakkardied in the jail hospital on 6 May1922at the age of 40. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922,TNSAC]

Kuddukkan Virankutty: Resident ofKizhuparamba amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas arrested on 18 June 1922 for hisrole and detained in Manjeri Sub-Jailas an under-trial prisoner. Togetherwith brutal police tortures and a

serious attack of pneumoniaoutbreak in the jail (due to very badsanitary conditions, overcrowdingand insufficiency of clean water andfood), Virankutty died on 3 July 1922in detention at the age of 46. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Kullan Periakaruppa Thevan: Residentof v. Perungmanallur, t. Peraiyur,distt. Madurai, Tamilnadu; he tookpart in the Kallar riot atPerungamanallur against the ColonialMadras Governmentís policy ofregistering the Kallars as criminaltribesmen under the Criminal TribesAct, 1911. A popular and well-knownpolitical agitator, George Joseph,inspired tribesmen not to obey theBritish and started a civildisobedience agitation. The Kallarsof Perungamanallur and theneighbouring villages refused toregister themselves as criminaltribels. Police force was used tocoerce them to obey that led to a riot.In the police firing on 3 April 1920,Thevan died on the spot. [(H/ Deptt(Judl), G.O. No.1315, 26.05.1920; JudlDeptt, G.O. (Ord.Series) No.109,27.04.1921; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 935,10.09.1931, TNSAC]

Kulli Goundan: Resident ofChettipalayam in Coimbatore Town,distt. Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; s/oMaranna Goundan; a labourer ofCoimbatore Spinning and WeavingMills Company Limited, heparticipated in the labour struggleorganized by the workers of theCoimbatore Spinning and Weaving


Mills on 11 November 1946. Whenthe police opened fire on anestimated huge mob of 6000 workersand fired 39 rounds, Kulli was shotand he died. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (MS) No. 2701, 14.12.1946,TNSAC]

Kumarambathoor Seethi Koya Thangal:Resident of distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he actively participated in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. When the Khilafatmovement started, he assumed thecharge of the capital of a ìKhilafatprincipalityî. He issued orders,warning that the country was theirísand that no dacoities and mischiefsshould be committed by the peoplethereafter. Thangalwas later caughtand shot dead by the British forces.[Pub Deptt, (G-B), G.O. No.185,23.01.1947; History of FreedomMovement, B. 88, Anti-War and QuitIndia Movement, E. M. SankaranNambudiripad quoting from C.Gopalan Nairís account on theMalabar Rebellion, TNSAC]

Kumaran Nair T. P: Born in 1903, s/oA.K. Krishna Panikar and T. P.Kalyani Amma, resident of v.Nellicode, Calicut, Kerala, he joinedMalabar Special Police and tomarried Kochumalu Amma.Resigning his job and reachingSingapure in 1939, he associatedhimself with the IndianIndependence League, and later

enrolled in the Indian National Armyas a member of its Suicide Squad.Reached India through Burma inDecember 1942, he sustained injuriesin an encounter and was capturedand jailed. Charge-sheeted as anëagent of Japan, sabotaging of BritishIndian government, and waging waragainst King Emperorí, he was foundguilty. Awarded capital punishment,he was hanged to death on 7 July1944; he walked to the gallowsshouting ëVande Mataram,Bharatmata ki Jai.í Netaji conferredthe title of ìShaheed-E-Hindî onhim, posthumously. [FreedomMovement Files, I and II, F. No. 3451& F. No. 1309, 3-6-44; Extract fromConvict Register, Central JailMadras, No. 5963, 1-7-49; MartyrísFile Bundle No. 97, Nos. 2038, 2045,KSAT]

Kumaran Pulluvan: A resident ofUrathur in North Malabar, Kerala, hewas an active cadre of the Communistparty and Karshaka Sangham. Heattended the Kisan camp at Kuyilurand received training in weapons.When the tenant farmers of thelocality demanded wasteland forcultivation on and encroached onthese, the landlords with theassistance of the police evicted them.Under the leadership of theCommunist Party at Irikkur, theyorganized a demonstration in frontof the police station. The police lathi-charged and arrested the Kisanleaders in November 1946. TheDistrict Administration also bannedpublic gatherings there under Section144 of the Cr. P.C. Violating the ban


the Communists assembled atKavumbayi hills on 30 December1946. The police tried to disperse thecrowd and resorted to firing.Pulluvan was shot dead in the policefiring at Kavumbayi. [Letter No.10349, 6 January 1947, Pub Deptt (G-A), M.S. Series, Regional Archives,Calicut, Pub Deptt (G-A), 1947, G.O.No. 1885, 17 June 1947, MadrasLegislative Assembly Q. No. 432-Starred, Proceedings of the JointMagistrate Tellichery, 2 January1947, Malabar District MagistrateísOffice, Calicut to Scott Brown ChiefSecretary to Govt. Fort St. George,Madras, 26 December 1948, DistrictSuperintendent of Police to InspectorGeneral of Police, Madras, 3September 1947]

Kumaran T. P.: Belonged to v. Nelligode,p.o. Puthiyora, Malabar, Kerala; s/oK. Achuthan Naik. He was a civilianemployee in the British-Indian Armyin Malaya but shifted his loyalty tothe Indian National Army in 1942and served its Intelligence Branch.He was caught by the British forceswhile performing his duties, and washanged in 1945. [ROH, pp. 712-13]

Kummara: Born in v. Hampasandram, t.Goribidanur, and distt. Chikkaballa-pur, Karnataka. He took part in thepopular agitation for responsiblegovernment in the Mysore State atViduraswatha village on 25 April1938. The agitation resulted in anincident of police firing on theagitators (for details, see the entryon Bheemiah). Kummara was onewho died in the firing. [AISPC, F. No.

115, NMML; VDECB]

Kundalaseri Paidal: Resident ofUrangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas arrested on 6 June 1922 anddetained in Manjeri Sub-Jail as anunder-trial prisoner. Together withbrutal police tortures, a serious attackof pneumonia outbreak in the jail(due to very bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Paidal diedin detention on 29 June 1922 at theage of 45. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kunhambu Keeneri: Resident ofKarivellur, distt. Kannur, Kerala;belonged to peasant family. He,along with his family members,blocked the shifting of paddy fromKarivellur to Chirakkal by thelandlord, on 20 December 1946. Hisparents were members of theKarshaka Sangham and they wereinvolved in the peasants agitation inthe locality. The Malabar SpecialPolice, in order to lift the blockadeimposed by the Communists-firedindiscriminately. Two persons diedin this firing, Keeneri was one amongthe two. At the time of death he wasonly sixteen. [Pub Deptt (G-A), HomeSeries G.O. No. 3003/ Confd., 2December 1948, Regional ArchivesCalicut, Express Letter No. 10399/46,


26 December 1946, Letter from theMagistrate, Malabar District, to ChiefSecretary to the Govt., Madras 1December 1946 of G.O. No. 1885, June1947, Madras Legislative AssemblyStarred Question No. 432, Pub (G-A) 1949, M.S. Series, G.O. No. 729,17 March 1947, Special Branch CID, 5February 1949]

Kunhi Aidross: Resident of Malemariamsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram,Kerala; a cultivator. He activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movements. Hewas arrested for his role andtransferred from Malappuram Sub-Jail to Rajahmundry Central Jail.Aidross died in the jail hospital on14 June 1922 at the age of 46. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kunhiraman Adiyodi: Hailed fromPayyanur, North Malabar, Kerala.He took active part in CivilDisobedience movement in 1931. Hewas arrested and sentenced torigorous imprisonment for sixmonths under Section 117 of IndianPenal Code. Adiyodi died in theBellary Camp Jail on 13 June 1930 onaccount of police tortures. [AICCPapers, F. No. G-1(i)/ 1931, NMML]

Kunhiraman Pulukkal: Resident ofPayyavur in North Malabar, Kerala;s/o Krishnan Nair and ThemanaAmma, he was active worker of the

Communist party and the KarshakaSangham. The tenant-farmers of thelocality demanded wasteland forcultivation but the landlords rejectedtheir demand and evicted tenantswith police aid. The ex-militarymentrained the Communists in the useof country weapons to resist andattack the police. In November 1946,the Malabar Special Police stationedat Irikkur lathi-charged ademonstration in front of the policestation and arrested leaders andimposed a ban on public meetingsunder Section 144 of Cr. P.C.Violating the ban order, thecommunists had assembled atKavumbayi hills to confront thepolice party on 30 December 1946. Todisperse the crowd, the policeopened fire. Pulukkal escaped fromfiring, but was captured and torturedto death. [Letter No. 10349, 6 January1947, Pub Deptt (G-A), M.S. Series,Regional Archives, Calicut, Pub (G-A), 1947. G. O. No. 1885, 17 June 1947Madras Legislative Assembly Q. No.432-Starred, Proceedings of the JointMagistrate, Tellichery, 2 January1947, Malabar District MagistrateísOffice, Calicut to Scott Brown ChiefSecretary to Govt. Fort St. George,Madras, 26 December 1948, DistrictSuperintendent of Police to InspectorGeneral of Police, Madras, 3September 1947]

Kunhoran: Resident of Othalur amsom,t. Ponani, distt. Malappuram, Kerala.He actively participated in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitative


Jenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was kept in theCannanore Central Jail as an under-trial prisoner. A sudden outbreak ofprisoners erupted in the jail on 4December 1921 at 4.00 p.m. whenthey were let out of their cells formeals. He received bullet woundswhen the police opened fire tocontrol the outbreak, and he died thesame day. [Low Deptt (G), G.O.(Ord.Series) Nos.1084 and 1085,25.04.1922, TNSAC]

Kunhu Haji: S/o Kunhoran; resident ofOthalur amsom, t. Ponnani, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas kept in the Cannanore CentralJail as an under-trial prisoner. Anoutbreak of prisoners occurred in thejail on 4 December 1921 at 4.00 p.m.when they were let out of their cellsfor meals. He received bullet woundswhen the police opened fire tocontrol the outbreak, and he died thesame day. [Low Deptt (G), G. O.(Ord.Series) Nos.1084 and 1085,25.04.1922, TNSAC]

Kunikadan Ali: Resident ofMalappuram, Kerala, he activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat and

Non-Cooperation movements. Hewas detained as an under-trialprisoner in Malappuram Sub-Jail anddied due to colitis in the jail hospitalin July 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (MS) No.998, dated 28.11.1922,TNSAC]

Kuniyampetta Aimukutti Haji:Resident of Vallayoor amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas arrested on 1 June 1922 anddetained in Manjeri Sub-Jail as anunder-trial prisoner. Together withbrutal police tortures and a seriousattack of pneumonia in the jail (dueto very bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Aimukuttidied in detention on 10 July 1922 indetention at the age of 35. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Kunji Poker: An inhabitant of Malabar,Kerala (place not known), he wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements. Poker had surrenderedto the authorities along with otherrebels, and, following a trial, he wasdeported. He died as a state prisoneron 19 October 1923. [Pub.Deppt, F.


No. 808, 1923, TNSAC]

Kunji Pokker: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, and a tenantcultivator in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Pokker was oneamong those militant peasants who diedon 26 August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921,NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp.332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Kunjikrishna Panikkar Madthikulan-gara: Belonging to distt. Alappuzha,Kerala, he was connected with theMenasseri Camp Firing of Vayalar,which took place on 27 October 1946when C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísmilitary reached Menasseri LabourCamp and attacked the labourersgathered therein, and in the processthey shot Madthikulangara dead.[Travancore Information andListener, VII No. 5, January 1947,KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15November 1946, NMML; PVCS, pp.78-9]

Kunjukrishna Panikkar Madathiku-langara: Belonging to Kerala (placenot known), he participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was involved in the

Menasseri Camp Firing at Vayalarwhich took place on 27 October 1946when C.P. Ramaswamyís militaryreached Menasseri Labour Camp andattacked the labourers gatheredtherein. In the process they shotMadathikulangara dead. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, CPIDOA]

Kunnathoti Sulaiman: Resident ofElankur amsom, Malabar, Kerala, heactively participated in the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was arrested on 3June 1922 and detained in ManjeriSub-Jail as an under-trial prisoner.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Sulaiman diedin detention on 23 June 1922 at theage of 35. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kunnimal Alavi: Resident ofChathangotpuram amsom, distt.Malabar, Kerala; aged 25. He activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas arrested on 7 May 1922 anddetained in Manjeri Sub-Jail as anunder-trial prisoner. Together withbrutal police tortures, a serious attackof pneumonia in the jail (due to bad


sanitary conditions, overcrowdingand insufficiency of clean water andfood), Alavi died in detention on 4July 1922 [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kunnummal Moideenkutty: Resident ofKadanammana, t. Walluvanad,Malabar, Kerala, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Aboobakkar).Moideenkutty was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 9December 1921 in the British troopsífiring. [PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922,TNSAC; HMR]

Kuppammal: Resident of ChinnakadaiLane in Coimbatore Town, distt.Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; widow anda labourer of Kaleswara Mills,Coimbatore. Participating in thelabour struggle organized by theworkers of Coimbatore Spinning andWeaving Mills Company Limited on11 November 1946, she died in the39 rounds of police firing on anestimated huge mob of 6000 workers.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.2701, 14.12.1946, TNSAC ]

Kureepuzha Kochukunju: Belonged toKerala (place not known), he tookpart in the Travancore StateCongressí movement for responsiblegovernment. He joined as a volunteerin the State Congress meeting heldin defiance of prohibitory order at

Quilon on 2 September 1938.Receiving bullet wounds when thepolice opened fire to disperse themeeting, he died the same day.[Freedom Movement files (II), F. No.5/45, B. No. 38, 1945, Confd. Sec.Files, F. No. 323/38 (Report of DistrictMagistrate Quilon to Chief Secretary,September 1945), Bulletin No. I, II,All Travancore Jatha Committee, C.S. Files F. No. 339/45, KSAT; FST,pp.360-61]

Kurien Thomas: Born on 25 January 1897at Adimpamkad Pampady, distt.Kottayam, Kerala. Studied up to thefourth standard, he joined theTravancore State Congress in 1938and participated during the CivilDisobedience movement in a meetingheld at Puthupally, near Kottayam,to protest against arrest of the StateCongress leaders on 4 September1938. When the Travancore Armysoldiers fired upon the crowd,Thomas was killed in the firing.[Freedom Movement Files, II, F. No.323/38, 1938 (District MagistrateKottayam to Chief Secretary, 5September 1938), Bulletin No. I, II,All Travancore Jatha Committee, C.S. Files F. No. 339/45, KSAT;WWFFK, p. 310; WWIM, I, p. 363]

Kurimannil Valiya Mannil Ahmad:Belonged to t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala and a tenant-cultivator inAnakayam, Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperation


movement (for details, see the entry onAhmmad Kutty). Ahmad was oneamong those militant peasants who diedon 26 August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921,NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp.332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Kurttithidi Koyakutty: Resident ofTrikkalangod amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a tea shop-keeper.He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Koyakutty was one amongthose who had been suffocated todeath in this wagon tragedy,notoriously known as the Black Holeof Podanur (20 November 1921). [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734,12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290,01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret File, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Kuttan alias Ettan: A resident ofPollechira, Paravoor, Punnapra, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, and an activist,he shared his fellow workersíannoyance when a temporary policecamp was set up in Punnapra toharass them and their families. Theyagitated for the withdrawal of thecamp and eventually raided it.During the raid on 24 October 1946,

Kuttan was killed in the police firing.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No.265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B.No. 64, 1948, KSAT; IPV, p. 74]

Kutteeri Soopi: Resident of Pandikadamsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, hewas involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. (For details, see the entryon Apankollan Moideen). Soopi wasone among those who died in the 14November 1921 firing by the Britishtroops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A,1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74]

Kutti Krishna Panicker: Belonged toCalicut, Kerala, he passed his highschool examination from GanpatHigh School. He was arrested inconnection with his participation inthe Civil Disobedience movement.He died in 1931 due to an internalinjury sustained as a result of thepolice tortures inflicted on him.[AICC papers, F.NO. G-1(i)/ 1931,NMML; Kerala Congress Bulletin, 25June 1930, NMML]

Kuttiassan Naduthodi: Resident ofMelmuri amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. Arrested inconnection with a forcible conversioncase during Malabar rebellion of 1921in parts of Ernad and Walluvanadtaluks, he was detained in SalemCentral Jail from 20 May 1922 anddied there due to Deuodenal Ulcer


on 4 March 1928 at the age of 40. [PubDeptt, G.O. No. 440, 20.05.1922; PubDeptt, G.O. No. 336, 09.04.1926; PubDeptt, G.O. No. 970, 10.10.1927; PubDeptt, G.O. No. 855, 04.10.1928,TNSAC]

Kuttikal Kunjappan: Belonged toKerala (place not known). Born in1893, he participated in the Travan-core State Congressí movement forresponsible government. Kunjappanwas killed in the police firing atPuthupally Maidan, Kottayam, on 4September 1938. [Freedom Move-ment Files, F. II, No. 323/38, 1938(District Magistrate Kottayam toChief Secretary, 5 September 1938),Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore JathaCommittee, C. S. Files F. No. 339/45, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 303]

Kuttikal Kunjappan: Belonged to Kerala(place not known). Born in 1893, heparticipated in the Travancore StateCongressí movement for responsiblegovernment. Kunjappan was killed inthe police firing at PuduppallyMaidan, Kottayam, in September1938. [Confd. Session Files, No.1149\44, 1944, Confd. Report of S.Pon September, 1938 (First ClassMagistrate to District Magistrate, 15-1-114), KSAT; WWFFK, p. 303]

Kuttithody Puthiya Moideen: Residentof t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he took part in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperation

movement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Moideen wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Kuvengal Ahmed: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Ahmed was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Kuvengal Koya: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entry onAhmmad Kutty). Koya was one amongthose militant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by the Britishtroops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI;HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]


LLLLLL. P. L. Mutthiah: Hailing from

Meelasivpura in the formerPudukkottai State, Tamilnadu,Mutthiah resided in Malaya wherehe joined the Indian National Army.He was killed in the course of anencounter with the British forces inBurma (now Myanmar). [WWIM, II,p. 207]

Lakshman Rao: Resident of HyderabadCity, distt. Hyderabad, AndhraPradesh (now in Telangana), he tookpart in the popular movementdemanding Civil liberties from theNizamís administration in 1938. Hewas arrested and imprisoned in theHyderabad Jail and subjected tobrutal tortures in detention. He diedon 3 August 1939. [WWIM, II, pp. 168-69]

Lakshmana: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He actively participated in the 1857-58 Uprising under the leadership ofBhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda.Arrested in an encounter with theBritish at Koppaldurg, he was

sentenced to death and shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.280]

Latchma: Resident of v. Bagewardi, distt.Gadag, Karnataka; he participated inthe Uprising at Koppaldurg in 1857-58 under the leadership of Bhim Raoand Kanchan Gowda. Captured bythe British in an encounter atKoppaldurg, he was blown awaywith a cannon. [WWIM, III, p. 82]

Laxman Janardan: Resident of Nargund,distt. Gadag, Karnataka. He wasarrested and charged with ëhisjoining the revolt of Nargund underBaba Saheb against the Britishí. Hewas shot dead by musketry atNargund on 10 June 1858 at 5 p.m.[Poll Deptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD,Vol. No. 30, 10 June 1858]

Laxmana: Resident of Bagewadi, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in struggleagainst the British in 1857-58; whilefighting for the re-occupation ofKoppaldurg from the British hands-


under Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda, he was captured by theBritish. Laxmana was sentenced todeath and shot dead by musketry inJune 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 280]

Laxminarayana Shetty alias Laxmaiah:Born in 1918 in Uppalahalli, distt.Kolar, Karnataka; s/o ShivapuramNarayanaiah. A sweetmeat seller, hetook part in the popular movementfor responsible government in theMysore State. The agitators werefired upon by the police atViduraswatha on 25 April 1938 (fordetails, see the entry on Bheemiah).Laxminarayana was among thosewho had been hit by the police bulletsand died a few days later. [SSS, II,p. 490; WWIM, II, p. 302]

Linga: Inhabitant of Hammigi, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took an active part in struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 underthe leadership Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Fighting for the defence ofKoppaldurg against a Britishonslaught, Linga was captured andshot dead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 280]

Linga: Resident of Harpanahalli, distt.Bellary, Karnataka. He took an activepart in struggle of 1857-58 and foughtthe British forces under the leadershipof Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda.Captured by the British whiledefending the Koppaldurg, he wassentenced to death and shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.280]

Linga: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He actively participated in the 1857-58 Uprising under the leadership ofBhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda.Arrested in an encounter with theBritish at Koppaldurg, Linga wassentenced to death and shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.279]

Linga: Resident of Nargund PrincelyState (now in distt. Gadag),Karnataka; s/o Lakshmappa. On thecharge of ëassisting the chief ofNargund in the rebellion against theBritish Governmentí, Linga wasarrested on 18 June 1858 and hangedin front of the Petah of Nargund. [PollDeptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol.No. 30, L. No. 309/1858, 19 June1858]

Lingappa: Born in distt. Davanagere,Karnataka. He took part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement that started inAugust 1942. He joined the picketersin stopping train movements at therailway station on 17 August 1942.Since the curfew was declared in theCity, picketers were fired upon bythe police in which Lingappa died.[SSS, II, p. 125]

Lingati Moogayya : Resident of v.Veeramuthipeta in the Agency areaof distt. Visakhapatnam, AndhraPradesh. A labourer, he was harassedby Bastian, the Deputy Tehsildar ofGudem. He was tied to a pillar ofGuppyís bungalow at villageLammasingi for not attending to theroad works, his clothes were


removed and he was beaten withsticks. Rats were put to file his bodyand chilli paste applied to his anus;Moogayya died due to these inhumantortures. Bastianís forced labour, ill-treatment of coolies, underpaymentfor the road construction and illegalgratifications were the causes for theoutbreak of the famous RampaRebellion (1922-24), led by AlluriSitarama Raju. [F. No. 17, FASRRF,1923, p. 105, APSAH]

Lingiah: Born in v. Seegehalli, distt.Mandya, Karnataka. An employee ofMysore Iron and Steel Company atBhadravati, he took an active part inthe ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942.Lingiah was killed in the police firingon the demonstrations near the gateof the factory in 1942. [WWIM, II, p.173]

Lourdesamy: Resident of Lalgudi, distt.Tiruchirapalli, Tamilnadu; s/o PapuTandal. He was serving the British-Indian Army as a civilian employee,

but left it in 1942 to join the IndianNational Army. Lourdesamy wasrecruited as a Havildar-Clerk in theSecond Guerrilla Regiment. He waskilled by the British forces during anattack on his Regiment in 1944 atZiawaddy, Burma (now Myanmar).[INA Papers, F. No. 403/INA (1945),NAI; WWIM, II, p.174]

Lukka: Born in 1915 at Valiathurai, distt.Trivandrum, Kerala; s/o Anthony, hestudied up to the eighth standardand became a social worker. He waskilled in the firing resorted to by aplatoon of Travancore State Forcesto disperse a State Congress meeting,convened in defiance of theprohibitory orders at Sankumukhombeach, Trivandrum, on 21 September1938. [Freedom Movement Files (II),F. Nos. 1826/44, (District MagistrateTrivandrum to Chief Secretary toGovernment, 21 September 1938), &3/45, B. No. 38, 1945, KSAT; WWFFK,p. 319; WWIM, II, p. 175]


M. T. M. Somasundaram Chettiar:Resident of distt. Ramnad(Ramanathapuram), Tamilnadu. Hewas arrested and imprisoned for hisparticipation in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement against the British. Whileserving his term in jail, he fellseverely ill on account of the policetortures and poor living conditions.Convict No. 111, Chettiar died inCoimbatore Central Jail in 1943 at theage of 24. [Pub Deptt, G.O No. 2146,10-10-1946, TNSAC]

M. Arunachal Madali: Resident ofAmmapet, distt. Salem, Tamilnadu;s/o Munia Madali; a weaver. He tookpart the ìQuit Indiaî movement of1942 to demand the British departurefrom India. He was arrested by thepolice and imprisoned for six monthsfor his anti- British activities duringthe movement. He succumbed to thepolice tortures in Alipuram CentralJail on 5 November 1942 at the ageof 43. [Pub Deptt, G.O No. 2146, 10-10-1946, TNSAC]

M. Karppiah: Resident not known. He

joined the Indian National Army inMalaya in 1942 and served it as asoldier in its Unit No. 453. He wasdeputed to the Burma (nowMyanmar) front to counter theadvancing Allied forces. He foughton several occasions and died in thecourse of an enemy attack on theretreating INA soldiers on 16 March1945. [WWIM, II, p.148]

M. Krishna Pillai: Born on 24 February1906 at Meenkonam, t. Kottarakara,distt. Kollam, Kerala, he studied upto the sixth standard. Afarmer, heparticipated in the revolt of KallaraPangode in September 1938 when theTravancore State Congress launchedthe civil disobedience to reinforce itsdemand for responsible government.As one among those who raided thepolice station at Pangode, Pillai waskilled in the police firing on theraiders. He was the first martyr ofKallara-Pangode revolt. [FreedomMovement Files, II, F. No. 3/45(Situation Report, CommandantTravancore State Force to ChiefSecretary to Government, 3 October

MMMMM


1938), KSAT; Bulletin No. I, II, AllTravancore Jatha Committee, C. S. F.No. 339/45, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 259;EMK, p. 43; WWIM, I, p. 275]

M. Nataraja Ayyar: Hailed from distt.Chigleput (Chingleput), Tamilnadu.He actively joined the ìQuit Indiaîmovement and was arrested for hisparticipation in it in August 1942.Ayyar died soon after his releasefrom the jail, perhaps towards theend of 1942. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No.712, 6 .01.1947, TNSAC]

M. Ramankutty Panikkar: Born inNovember 1904 in the MuthirackalHouse, Patinhara Vemballur,Cragnore, distt. Tirchur, Kerala. Hepassed the Secondary School LeavingCertificate examination, heparticipated in the Salt Satyagrahamovement in 1930. Sentenced atCalicut to rigorous imprisonment forsix months, he was arrested again in1931 for violating an order undersection 144 and detained in theCentral Jail, Cannanore. Severelyassaulted and tortured, he died in thein Central Jail, Cannanore, in July1932. Panikkar dead body washanded over to the local CongressCommittee for cremation. [Oraltranscript by G. ChandrasekharanPillai, Freedom Movement Files, F.No. 130/45, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 501;WWIM, II, p. 234]

M. Thaiyal: Resident of Nellore, distt.Thanjavur, Tamilnadu; he was acivilian employee in the British-Indian Army but left it in 1942 to jointhe Indian National Army. He was

placed as soldier in the Eight-Guerrilla Regiment of the INA anddeputed on the Burma (nowMyanmar) front to fight against theAllied forces. He was killed by theenemy during an engagement in 1944in Burma. [WWIM, II, p. 328; ROH,pp. 790-91]

M. Ulaganathan: Resident ofNungambakkam, Madras (Chennai),Tamilnadu; s/o Madurai Mudaliar.An employee of the Buckingham Mill,he actively participated in theBuckimgham and Carnatic MillsLabour agitation. He received bulletwounds when the police opened fireon the agitating workers on 11 March1942. Ulaganathan died in thehospital the next day at the age of23. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS)No. 1130, 08.04.1942, TNSAC]

M. Virappan: Resident of Edarkadu,distt. Thanjavur, Tamilnadu; s/oMuruga Kavandar. He was a civilianemployee in the British-Indian Army,but left it in 1942 to join the IndianNational Army. He was placed assoldier in the Third GuerrillaRegiment of the INA and deputedon the Burma (now Myanmar) frontto counter the Allied forces. Hefought the enemy on severaloccasions and eventually lost his lifeduring an encounter with the Britishforces. [WWIM, II, p. 343]

M.A. Damodaran: Belonging to Kerala(place not known), he participated inthe movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís


notorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was caught up inthe Menasseri Camp firing of Vayalarwhich took place on 27 October 1946.C.P. Ramaswamyís military reachedMenasseri Labour Camp andattacked the labourers gatheredtherein. In the process they shotDamodaran dead. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, CPIDOA]

M. K. Nagaraja Rao: Hailing fromMadras City, Tamilnadu, he tookpart in the ìQuit Indiaî agitations of1942. He was killed in the policefiring on the demonstration he joinedin the city on 23 August 1942. [PubDeptt, G.O. No. 174, 22.01.1947,TNSAC]

M. Krishnan: Born in 1924, resident ofDevakottai, distt. Ramanathapuram,Tamilnadu; he took part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement of 1942. He wasshot dead by the police on 17 August1942 at Devakottai. [Pub Deptt(Military/ Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.3010, 03.12.1948; RamanathapuramDistrict Jail Slip No. 9, TNSAC]

M. M. Purushan: Resident of MattathilHouse, Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala. He participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,

Purushan joined others in demandingfor its withdrawal, and eventually forits destruction. During the activistsíraid on the camp, he died in thepolice firing on 24 October 1946.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No.774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B.No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64,1948, KSAT]

M. Raman: Resident of No. 318,Kannabiran Street, Erukkancheri,Madras (Chennai), Tamilnadu; s/oMunusami. An unemployedsupporter of the workers during thelabour unrest in the Buckingham andCarnatic Mills, he joined theiragitation, and fell victim to the policefiring on 11 March 1942. Raman diedthe following day, on 12 March 1942,at the age of 25. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (MS) No.1130, 08.04.1942,TNSAC]

Machingal Ani: Resident of Pookotturamsom, distt. Malappuram, Kerala,he was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 1June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious bout of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Ani died on 8 July 1922 indetention at the age of 45. [Pub


Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Machingal Kunjahammad: Resident oft. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and atenant- cultivator there in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Machingal Kunjahammad was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Machingal Muhammad: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; s/oKunjahammad, and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). MachingalMuhammad was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on thatday in the firing. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Madakam Chinnayya alias Chinnigadu:Resident of v. Vedlagedda in theAgency area of Golugonda, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.Under the leadership of Rajah

Venkata Santa Bhupati, he partici-pated in Golugonda Pituri of 1880-81 against the British Government;he was one of the leading men amongthe 200 tribal men who took activepart in the looting of the house of apensioned Constable PanpozeAppalaswami of Padi. He alsoparticipated in several successfulattacks on the British Police and thegovernment was forced to announcea reward of Rs.250/- for his capture.After the death of Rajah VenkataSanta Bhupati in June 1881, thePituridars got dispersed. Chinnayyawas arrested on 9 July 1881 and wassentenced to death. The High Courtconfirmed the sentence of deathpassed on him in the second half ofthe year 1881. [F.No. 8, FASRRF,1882, p. 21; IPMGFSGJD, 1880, p. 73,APSAH]

Madar Dyamanna: Resident of Halagali,Mudhol Princely State (now in distt.Bagalakot), Karnataka. He wasinvolved in the revolt of HalagaliBedas against the British impositionof the Disarming Act of 1857.Dyamanna was killed in an encounterwith the British on 30 November1857. [SI1857WI, p. 199]

Madarangah: Resident of Yesvoor(Hesarur), t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag,Karnataka. He took an active part instruggle against the British in 1857-58 led by Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. While defending theKoppaldurg against the British, hewas captured and shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.280]


Madathil Marakar: Resident ofVaniyambalam amsom, t. Ernad,distt. Malappuram, Kerala. Heactively participated in the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was arrested andconvicted in Sessions Case 6 of 1921and sentenced to undergo 18 months,rigourous imprisonment. Sent toAlipuram Jail, Bellary, Marakar diedin detention. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No.875, 27.10.1922, TNSAC]

Madduluri Kotaiah: Resident of v.Chirala, distt. Prakasham, AndhraPradesh; s/o Madduluri Rama-swamy and aged about 28; he tookpart in strike from 8 February 1938organised by the Indian Leaf TobaccoDevelopment Company WorkersíUnion at Chirala. A variety ofgrievances were put forward by theworkers, but no settlement waseffected, leading to utter discontentamong the workers. Eventually, riotsand disturbances broke out and on14 February 1938, a large number ofworkers gathered outside the factoryand attacked the police on duty withstones. Mr. H.H. Carleston, Sub-Collector, Ongole, arrived on the spotand ordered firing on the crowd ofworkers. Kotaiah received grievousbullet injuries in the police firing.Removed to the Guntur Head-quarters Hospital, he expired thereon 16 February 1938. [Pub Deptt (G),(Madras), Confd., G.O. No. 1577, 20-09-1938; G.O. No. 339, 24-02-1938; IE,

17-02-1938, APSAH]

Madhavan Narayanan: Resident ofPuthenveedu, Thrikanapuram,Kadakkal Muri, distt. Trivandrum,Kerala. On 5 October 1938, thepeople of Kadakkal in Kottarakarataluk started an armed revolt againstthe toll collection at the Kadakkalmarket. The occurrence alsoreflected the popular discontentagainst the government, itscurtailment of civil liberties and theCriminal Law Amendment Act 18 Xof 1935. Arrested and manhandledby the police, in this connection,Narayanan died due to tortures inthe Quilon (now Kollam) Jail. At thetime of his death he was 58.[Freedom Movement Files, (II), F.Nos. 1/45, 1945 B. No.38, 674/45,1945 B. No.39, & 357/46, 1946 B.No.49, KSAT; Judicial files, No. 78of 114, Sessions Court Quilon,Kadakkal Riot Case 1 PE 1/ 1938,Commitment Order 29 May 1939,KSAT; EMK, p. 36]

Madhurakariyan Viran: Resident ofPunnapala amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 24December 1921 as an under-trialprisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Together with brutal policetortures and a serious attack ofpneumonia in the jail (due to very


bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Viran died on28 June 1922 in detention at the ageof 50. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Mahadev Manjare: Hailed from Nipani,distt. Belgaum, Karnataka. He tookpart in the agitations of the ìQuitIndiaî movement of 1942. He wasarrested for his anti-British role inthe movement and imprisoned.Manjare died in detention on 17August 1942. [WWIM, I, p. 217]

Mahipal Singh: Hailed from Bujora inBanda in Bengal Presidency; s/oJawahar Singh. He was an emissaryof the Chief of Surapur to organizethe revolt against the British atBelgaum; he was caught andexecuted on 14 August 1857 at theage of 35. [SI1857WI, p. 81]

Maideen Kunju: Born in 1912 atPanmana, distt. Kollam, Kerala;educated up to the fourth standard.A labourer, he took part in thepopular movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore State(1938). He participated in a publicmeeting at the Cantonment Maidan,Quilon, on 2 September 1938. Kunjuwas killed on the same day in thefiring by the police on the gathering.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No.5/45, B. No. 38, 1945, KSAT; Confd.Section Files, No.s 323/38 (Report ofDistrict Magistrate Quilon to ChiefSecretary, September 1945), KSAT;Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore JathaCommittee, C. S. Files F. No. 339/

45, KSAT; WWIM, II, pp.166-67]

Maideen Kutty: Born in Kerala (placenot known), he resided in Malayaand was employed there in theBritish-Indian Army. He left hisservice in 1942 to join the IndianNational Army, and served as soldierin its Third Guerrilla Regiment. Onhis deployment in Burma (nowMyanmar), Kutty fought the Britishforce at different places, and finallydied in action in 1944. [INA Papers,1/INA, NAI; WWIM, II, p. 167]

Mailar Mahadevappa: Born on 8 June1908/1911, resident of v.Motebennur, t. Byadagi, distt.Haveri, Karnataka. A farmereducated up to fourth standard, heactively participated in the ìQuitIndiaî movement. While taking partin a protest rally on 1 April 1943,Mahadevappa was killed in the policefiring. [SSS, I, p. 804; MMMM, p.133;WWIM, I, p. 203]

Majeti Subba Rao: Resident of Tenali,distt. Guntur, Andhra Pradesh; s/oBulleyya. Belonging to Vysyacommunity, he served as a clerk in acloth shop. In response to theëAndhra Circularí during the ìQuitIndiaî movement, he took part in theattack on the Tenali Railway Station,and setting fire to Railwayinfrastructures on 12 August 1942.The Police opened fire on thegathering most indiscriminately andthree persons died on the spot. Raowas one of three. Six others receivedinjures and another four died in thehospital later. [SMEAT, 1942, Tenali;


WWFSAP, I, p. 322; WWIM, I, p. 205;HFMAP, p. 151]

Majeti Subha Rao: A resident of distt.Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, he activelyparticipated in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement when it broke out inAugust 1942. He was hit by thebullets in the police firing on thedemonstration (organized todemand the British ouster fromIndia) he joined in his locality. Raosuccumbed to these injuries on thesame day in August 1942. [Pub Deptt,G.O. No.1038, April 1947, TNSAC]

Malayathodika Moideen Kutty:Resident of Orangattiri amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was a suspect ofeffecting forcible conversion duringthe rebellion and taken into policecustody for trial under the MadrasState Prisoners Act, 1819. Kutty diedin jail even before the trial. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (Mis.Series)No.749, 25.09.1923, TNSAC]

Malikasaab: Hailed from Dharwad,Karnataka. When the Non-Cooperation movement spread in theBombay Presidency in 1921-22, alarge number of processions,meetings and burning of foreigngoods took place. During themovement, Malikasaab participatedin picketing in front of an arrack shop

in Dharwad along with hiscompanions on 1 July 1921. Thepicketers were fired upon by thepolice. Malikasaab was killed in thefiring. [KQIC, p. 6)

Mallanna Reddagar: Born in v.Karudapali, t. Gauribidanur, distt.Chikkaballapur, Karnataka. He tookpart in the popular movement forresponsible government in theMysore State at Viduraswatha villageon 25 April 1938. The movement ledto an incident of police firing on theagitators (for details, see the entryon Bheemiah). Reddagar was onewho died in the firing. [AISPC Papers,F. No. 115, NMML; VDECB]

Mallappa Chougule: Born probably in1917 at v. Chichali, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka. He took part in theSatyagraha movement launched bythe States Peopleís Conference ofKolhapur in 1940. Arrested andimprisoned, he died in KolhapurDistrict Jail in 1940. [WWIM, I, pp.73-74; SSS, I.]

Mallappa Ittannavar: Born in v.Hirekumbi, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka; s/o Ningappa. A farmer,he took part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942. He was arrestedin April 1943 and sentenced to 6monthsí rigorous imprisonment.Ittannavar died under detention on22 July 1943. [WWIM, II, p. 124]

Mallappa: Born in v. Issur, disttShimoga, Karnataka. A farmereducated up to the middle standard,he took part in the ìQuit Indiaî


movement in 1942 and was involvedin an encounter with the police atIssur. Arrested and tried for killingthe Sub-Inspector of Police andTehsildar of Shikarpur. Mallappa wassentenced to death and died on thegallows on 8 March 1943. [WWIM, I,p. 208]

Mallashetty Akki: Born in 1913 at v.Kittur, distt. Belgaum, Karnataka; s/o Gurushiddappa Akki. A farmereducated up to the fourth standard,he took part in the peasantmovement, as well as in the agitationfor responsible government in theRamdurg State. He participated in aprotest demonstration on 7 April1939 against a case of police firing.The protestors attacked the guardsin front of the Stateís prison. Akkiwas arrested in this connection andhanged in Hindalga Jail, Belgaum on6 May 1940. [Convicted TrialPrisoners No. 18563, CPR No. 3, B.No. 09, 23 May 1939 to 1 April 1950,Hindalga Jail Belgaum; RSVH, p. 73;WWIM, II, p. 5]

Malli Nannien: Resident of PappankinarLane, Veera Raghavaperumal KoilStreet, Madurai, Tamilnadu; s/oMalli Nagasamy Iyer. An activist inthe ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942,he received severe gunshot injuriesin the police firing during the hartalat South Masi Street nearKamatchiamman Koil Tank inMadurai on 10 August 1942. Nanniendied in a hospital on 15 August 1942.[Pub Deptt (Poll-B), G.O. (MS) No.3096, 10.10.1947, TNSAC]

Malliah: Resident of Waddarhatti(Waddatti), t. Mundargi, distt.Gadag, Karnataka. He took activepart in the struggle against the Britishin 1857-58 under the leadership ofBhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda.While defending the Koppaldurgagainst the British, Malliah wascaptured, sentenced to death andshot dead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 279]

Mamer: Resident of Pallikal House,Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala.A worker, he shared his fellowworkersí annoyance at the settingup of a police camp in Punnapra toharass them and their families.They agitated for the withdrawalof the camp and eventually raidedit on 24 October 1946. During theraid Mamer was killed in the policefiring. [Freedom Movement Files(II), F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946,No. 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & No.133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, KSAT; IPV,p.79]

Mammad: S/o Koothranadan Atheez;resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,and a tenant-cultivator there inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri, heparticipated in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Mammad wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,


pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Manakkatu Thattil Krishnan: Belongedto Kerala (place not known). He wasan activist of Karshaka Sangham inMalabar, Kerala, and participated inKarivellur struggle against forciblepaddy procurement. The resistancewas organized by the poor peasantsof Karivellur against the feudalistChirakkal Thamburan. Their demandwas that the paddy should be soldthrough the cooperative society ofcultivators in order to preventìblackî marketing. They also wantedto stop the unlawful hoarding of thepaddy, harvested by the farmers andpeasants at a time when there was asevere shortage of paddy. When theirdemand for the distribution at areasonable price was turned down,a 6000 strong mob of peasants underthe Communist leadership forciblystopped the taking out of paddy asrent (pattom) to the Chirakkal Raja,and later surrounded the farm houseon 20 December 1946. The agitationended in a firing by the police inwhich Krishnan was killed.†[PA, 22 &29 December 1946 and 2 February1947, NMML; PSLRSCM, pp. 127-29;ASK, p. 28]

Manangotan Ismal: Resident ofVettikkattiri amsom, t. Wandoor,distt. Malappuram, Kerala. He wastaken into custody for his role in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperation

movements. He was detained on 5June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Ismal died on 23 June 1922 indetention at the age of 32. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Manappad Ahmad: Resident of t. Ernad,a tenant-cultivator in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, Malabar, Kerala, hewas involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Ahmad was oneamong those militant peasants whodied in the 26 August 1921 firing bythe British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Manathuru Ananda Rao: Resident ofdistt. Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh,he was a Congress Worker whofollowed the Congress ideology, andparticipated in all the nationalistactivities. Joining in the picketing in1932 during the Civil Disobediencemovement, and taking part in theIndividual Satyagraha at Krothavuruvillage in Anantapur district, Rao wasarrested and died at a young age in


a hospital due to ill-health in 1941.[SVVP, 16 April 1941, APSAH]

Manchala Bodesu alias Bedeyya aliasBodenna: Resident of v.Gennerlapalem, t. Chintapalli, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Anassociate of Alluri Sitarama Raju inthe Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24,against the oppressive deeds of theBritish Government in the Agencyarea, he was killed in an encounterwith the armed police, led by theBritish Officer, Sweney, on the nightbetween 11.45 p.m. and 12.45 a.m. of6 December 1922, at Lingapuram. Hisdead body was sent toKrishnadevipeta. [F.No. 4, FASRRF,1924, p. 28; F.No.22, FASRRF, 1922,p. 159, APSAH]

Mancheri Mammu Gurukal: Resident ofVettikkattiri amsom, t. Wandoor,distt. Malappuram, Kerala. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 5June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Gurukal died on 22 June 1922in detention at the age of 35. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Mandadi Somi Reddy: Resident of v.Kadavendi, t. Janagaon, disttWarangal, Andhra Pradesh (now inTelangana), he took part in theCommunist-led Telangana peasantsístruggle against the feudaloppressions in Warangal districtcommencing in November 1946. Hewas shot dead while resisting a raidby the Nizamís military onDevaruppal village on 17 November1946. [PA, 8 December 1946; TPSL,p. 46; WWFSAP, Vol. III, p. 366].

Mandapak Rangayya: Resident of t.Coconada, East Godavari, AndhraPradesh; a weaver. He took part theìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942 todemand the British departure fromIndia. He was arrested by the Britishpolice and imprisoned for ninemonthsí rigorous imprisonment.After undergoing 6 months and 3days of his prison term, Rangayyasuccumbed to the inhuman policetortures in Alipuram Central Jail on6 March 1943 at the age of 43. [PubDeptt. G.O No. 2146, 10-10-1946,TNSAC]

Mandapaka Rangayya: A resident ofdistt. East Godavari, AndhraPradesh, he joined the IndividualSatyagraha in 1940-41. He wasarrested by the police for his role inthe anti- British activities during themovement. Put into jail, he had to facesevere police tortures which resultedin his death under detention in 1941.[Pub Deptt, G.O. No.1687, May 1947,TNSAC]

Mandapaka Rangayya Naidu: Resident


of Kakinada, distt. East Godavari,Andhra Pradesh; s/oSitaramaswamy; a businessman anda renowned freedom fighter. Hetook active part in the Non-Cooperation movement and wassentenced on 17 December 1922 toone-year rigourous imprisomment, inthe Rajahmundry Central Jail.Sentenced again on 25 April 1930 toone-year Rigourous Imprisomment,for taking part in the Salt Satyagraha,he was put in the Rajahmundry,Madras, Cannanore and Vellore Jails.He further suffered eighteen monthsírigourous imprisomment, from 17March 1932 in the Rajahmundry andCuddalore Jails for havingparticipated in the Civil Disobediencemovement. In between he was thePresident, East Godavari DCC,Member, PCC, and Vice-Chairman,Kakinada Municipality. For takingpart in the Individual Satyagraha, hewas sentenced on 6 March 1941 tonine months, rigourousimprisomment, with a fine of Rs. 300/-; While undergoing this term ofimprisonment in the Alipuram CampJail, he died on 2 June 1941, on accountof Intra-Cranial Haemorrhage. [PubDeptt (G), (Madras), G.O. Ms. Nos.2004-S6/42, & 2146, 15-7-1946 & 10-10-1946; RACJ, C. No. 528, 194,APSAH; WWFSAP, I, p. 143; WWIM,I, p. 214]

Mandapati Purnachandra Rao: Residentof distt. Guntur, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Surya Rao, as an Intermediate classstudent he took a leading part in theprotest meeting held by the studentsat Guntur on 13 August 1942 to

protest against the nationalleadersíarrest for the adoption of theìQuit Indiaî resolution (1942). Whilethe meeting was going on at GandhiPark, the police suddenly opened fireon the students. A bullet penetratedPurnachandra Raoís throat and hedied on 14 August 1942.[LFDMGTCSG, Pub Deptt (G),(Madras), R.C. No.1150-Confd.-43 c-1, 29-5-1943; The Hindu, 15 August1942, APSAH; WWFSAP, I, p. 271;WWIM, I, p. 214]

Manikatavan Unni Moidin: Resident ofPunnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala; a coolie. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Moidinwas one among those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret File, F. No.390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Manjalamparamban Pokar: Resident ofVettikkatiri amsom, t. Wandoor,distt. Malappuram, Kerala. Heactively participated in the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against the


combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was arrested andconvicted for the offence of wagingwar against the King Emperor andpunished under Section 121 of theIndian Penal Code and with MartialLaw (Military Courts) Ordinance,1921 and sentenced to transportationfor life at a Court-Martial held on 19January 1922 at Manjeri. He was keptin the Bellary Camp Jail andsubsequently transferred to thePenal Settlement of Port Blair in theAndamans Islands on 18 April 1922by S.S. ìMaharajaî from Madras. Hedied on 16 March 1928 of infectivejaundice in the Andamans. [LowDeptt (G), G.O. (Mis.Series) No.3277,29.09.1928, TNSAC]

Manjeri Govindan: Belonged to Kerala(place not known), he was an activistof the Karshaka Sangham of Irikkoorwhich took the initiative in providingrelief to the people suffering fromìblackî marketing and hoarding.The Sangham activists requested forpermission of the landlord tocultivate the land of Kavumbai. Whenthe Jenmi refused, they sent a numberof petitions to the ministers andofficials of Madras Government.After these, the peasants under theleadership of Karshaka Sangham,decided to occupy the area andcultivate it even if they had to facepolice action. The police did turn up,cordoned off the area and fired uponthe activists of the Sangham on 30December 1946. Govindan lost his life

in this police firing. [PA, 2 February1947, NMML; ASK, p. 33; KKK. p. 64]

Mankadathodika Kodakkadan Rayin:Resident of Pandikad amsom, t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22 andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement (fordetails, see the entry on ApankollanMoideen). Rayin was one amongthose who died in the 14 November1921 firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI;PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922,TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74]

Mankara Thodika Ahmad Kutty:Resident of t. Ernad, Kerala, and atenant- cultivator there in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). Heclimbed upon a tree and threw agrenade into the lorry in which thePolice Superintendent and thesoldiers were traveling, resulting inthe killing of some soldiers. AhmadKutty was one among those militantpeasants who died on 26 August 1921in the firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Mankavilkumathu Ahamad: Resident


of Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Ahamad was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Mannayil Abdulla Kutty Haji: Residentof t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and atenant-cultivator in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Abdulla Kutty was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Mannayil Alavi Kutty Haji: Resident oft. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a

tenant-cultivator in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Kutty Haji was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, 1921, F. No.241, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Mannayil Kunjeen Haji: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjeen Hajiwas one among those militantpeasants who died on 26 August1921in the firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, 1921, F. No. 241, NAI; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Mannayil Maamu Haji: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Maamu Haji wasone among those militant peasants


who died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,1921, F. No. 241, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Mannikkatavan Pokker Kutti: Residentof Punnapala, amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a religious teacher.He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Pokker was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Mantri Goundan: Resident of Ganapthiin Coimbatore Town, distt.Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; s/oSubanna Goundan, an ex- labourerof Coimbatore Spinning andWeaving Mills Company Limited.Participating in the labour struggleorganized by the workers ofCoimbatore Spinning and WeavingMills Company Limited on 11November 1946, Goundan died inthe 39 rounds of police firing on an

estimated huge mob of 6000 workers.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS)No.2701, 14.12.1946, TNSAC]

Marathodika Alavi: Resident ofPandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Apankollan Moideen). Alavi wasone among those who died in the 14November 1921firing by the Britishtroops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74]

Marathodika Kunjimoidu: Resident ofKadanammana, t. Walluvanad,Malabar, Kerala, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements (for details,see the entry on Aboobakkar).Kunjimoidu was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 9December 1921 in the British troopsífiring. [PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922,TNSAC; HMR]

Margakkaran Ismal: Resident ofKaruvara Kundu amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonial


authorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 8June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Ismal died on 18 June 1922 indetention at the age of 40. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Marianna Damavarapu: Hailing fromdistt. Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, hetook part in the IndividualSatyagraha in 1941. Arrested for hisnationalistic role in the movementand sentenced to imprisonment, hewas put in Nellore District Jail.Damavarapu died there in detention.[WWIM, I, p. 76]

Markanda Thevar: Resident of NorthShier, Thiruvadanai, distt. Ramnad,Tamilnadu; s/o Kanthaswami. Hewas arrested and imprisoned for hisparticipation in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement against the British. Whileserving his term in jail, he fellseverely ill on account of the policetortures and poor living conditions.Convict No. 6550, Thevar died inMadurai Central Jail in 1943 at theage of 54. [Pub Deptt, G.O No. 2146,10-10-1946, TNSAC]

Markanda Thevar: Resident of v. KeelaMaruthan Kulam, p.o.Govindamangalam, t. Tiruvadanai,

distt. Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu.A political activist since 1940, he tookactive part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942 and was involvedin the Ordinance Case of March 1943.He was arrested in this connectionand kept as an under-trial prisonerin Central Jail, Madurai. During histrial by the Special Judge,Ramanathapuram, he was so severelybeaten up in the jail that he could notbear it and died on 3 March 1944.[Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No 2146,10.10.1946; FFPO No. 9168/1980,30.07.1980, TNSAC]

Maruthakohan Avarankutty: Residentof Viloyil amsom, distt. Malappuram,Kerala. He was taken into custodyfor his role in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas detained on 8 June 1922 as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theManjeri Sub-Jail. Together withbrutal police tortures and a seriousattack of pneumonia in the jail (dueto very bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Avarankuttydied on 21 June 1922 in detention atthe age of 24. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS)No.960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Maruti Agalawe: Born in 1922 at v.Kurali, distt. Belgaum, Karnataka; s/o Krushna Agalawe. A farmereducated up to the seventh standard,he took part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942 and worked


underground under leadership ofVasant Rao Patil. Agalawe was killedin the police firing in 1943 nearKhadaklat. [WWIM, I, p. 4]

Matathil Ayamadkutty: Resident ofKuruvamabalam, amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a tenant-cultivator.He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Ayamadkutty was oneamong those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No.390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Mathai: Born on 3 December 1904 atChengannur, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala. He studied up toMatriculation and became a plumber.He participated in the CivilDisobedience movement launched bythe Travancore State Congress inAugust 1938, demanding responsiblegovernment. He was killed in thefiring by the armed forces on 21September 1938 to disperse a StateCongress meeting, being held indefiance of the prohibitory order at

Sankumukhom beach. [FreedomMovement Files (II), F. No. 1826/44,(District Magistrate Trivandrum toChief Secretary to Government 21September 1938), KSAT; FreedomMovement Files (II), No. 3/45, B. No.38, 1945, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 343;WWIM, II, p.191]

Mathi Subba Rao: Resident of v.Gazullanka, ml. Kollu, distt. Guntur,Andhra Pradesh; he took part in theanti-zamindari struggle in theGazullanka village of ChallapalliEstate. On 10 April 1947, the peasantsentered the zamindari lands forcollecting rellu (grass) by defying theprohibitory orders of theGovernment. Twelve ReservePolicemen appeared on the scene,and arrested some peasants. Whenthe peasants protested andquestioned the moral authority of thepolice, they opened fire. As a result,Rao received gun shots in the policefiring and died. [Andhra Patrika, 13April 1947; 16 April 1947; 9 June 1947,APSAH; CERP, pp. 76 & 136]

Mathurakariyan Kathli: Resident ofPorur amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala; a tenant-cultivator. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Kathliwas one among those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as the


Black Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No.390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Matturi Satyanaryan Gupta: Resident ofv. Inturu, distt. Guntur, AndhraPradesh. A Congress volunteer, heparticipated in the Civil Disobediencemovement and was arrested duringthe course of the agitation. Matturidied in jail probably in the secondhalf of 1931. [AICC Papers, AndhraPradesh Provincial CommitteeReport, 8-11-1931, F. No. G-1(i)/1931,NMML]

Maturi Kakumanu Durgaprasada Rao:Hailed fom v. Tenali, distt. Guntur,Andhra Pradesh; took part in theCivil Disobedience movement;arrested during the course of themovement; died in jail by the end of1931. [AICC Papers, Andhra PradeshProvincial Committee Report, 8-11-1931, F. No.G-1(I)/ 1931, NMML]

Maturi Kakumanu Durgaprasada Rao:Hailed fom v. Tenali, distt. Guntur,Andhra Pradesh. He took part in theCivil Disobedience movement, andwas arrested in the course of theagitation. He died in jail by the endof 1931. [AICC Papers, AndhraProvincial Committee Report, 8-11-1931, F. No. G-1(i)/1931, NMML]

Maulvi Syed Alauddin: Resident of

Hyderabad (now in Telangana); hetook leading part in the Uprising of1857 at Hyderabad. Organized anarmed force of Rohillas and Arabs inassociation with Turrebaz Khan andled them in the attack on theHyderabad Residency on 17 July1857. Captured by the British duringan encounter, he was sentenced totransportation for life; deported tothe Andaman Islands on 28 June 1859where he died in custody in 1884.[WWIM, III, p. 142]

Mayakkal: Residence not known. By theCriminal Tribes Act of India, 1911,certain castes in Madras Presidency,especially in its southern districts,were registered as ìCriminal tribesî.The Kallars of Madurai refused to bemarked as ìcriminalî under theleadership of George Joseph. Theiragitation took a violent turn atPerungamanallur, and the armedforces opened fire on a rally thatMayakkal attended on 3 April 1920.She was shot and bayoneted on thatday, and died of her injuries on 6April 1920. [H/(Judl) Deptt, G.O. No.1315, 26.05.1920, TNSAC]

Mayandi Thevan: Resident of v.Perungamanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt.Madurai, Tamilnadu; he took part inthe Kallar riot at Perungamanalluragainst the Colonial MadrasGovernmentís policy of registeringKallars as criminal tribes under theCriminal Tribes Act, 1911. A popularand well-known political agitator,George Joseph, inspired the tribalsnot to obey the British and start acivil disobedience agitation. When


the Kallars of Perungamanallur andthe neighbouring villages refused toregister themselves as criminal tribes,police force was used to coerce themto obey. In the resultant clash andpolice firing that took place on 3April1920, Thevan died the same day.[H/Deptt (Judl), G.O. No.1315,26.05.1920; Judl Deptt G.O.(Ord.Series) No.109, 27.04.1921; PubDeptt, G.O.No.935, 10.09.1931,TNSAC]

Md. Ghouse Mohideen: Resident ofdistt. Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, hetook part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement. A crowd of twothousand gathered in the meeting atGuntur Gandhi Park and the HinduCollege area on 13 August 1942 at 6p.m. to protest against the arrest ofthe Indian National Congress leadersduring the ìQuit Indiaî movement.While the people were listening tothe Radio news, some of themcasually threw stones on to the roadside. Suddenly, police started firingon the crowd and Md. GhouseMohideen was badly hit by a bullet.He died of this bullet injuries thenand there. [LFDMGTCSG, Pub Deptt(G), (Madras), R.C. No.1150-Confd.-43 C-1, 29-5-1943, APSAH; AndhraPatrika, 16 August 1942; The Hindu,14 August 1942, NMML]

Meera Mohideen Rowther: Resident ofdistt. Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu,s/o Noor Mohammed Dedha Bin. Hetook part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942, was arrested andkept in Alipuram Jail for 1Ω years.Rowther died in jail in 1945.

[Ramanathapuram District Jail SlipNos. 354 & 445, TNSAC]

Meletath Sankaran Nayar: Resident ofTrikkalangod amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, a tenant-cultivator.He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Nayar was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Filed, F. No. 390A dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Melethiel Kunhalavi: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Kunhalavi was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20


November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Melethil Cheria Moideen Kutty:Resident of Kuruvambalam amsom,t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a religiousteacher. He was taken into custodyin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Moideen Kutty was oneamong those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret File, No. 390A,dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Melethil Valiya Moideen Kutty:Resident of Kuruvambalam amsom,t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, a religiousteacher. He was taken into custodyin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almost

air-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Moideen Kutty was oneamong those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No.390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Mian Saheb Khurd: Resident ofNarayanakhed, distt Medak, AndhraPradesh (now in Telangana); as thechieftain of the Rohillas, he took anactive part in the struggle against theBritish rule in the region followingthe Great Indian Revolt of 1857. Hehelped Ramji Gond of Adilabaddistrict to lead a rebellion against theBritish in 1860. He was killed on 9April 1860 while fighting on the sideof the Gond rebels against the British,near Nirmal, in Adilabad district.[WWIM, II, p. 195]

Mohamed Abdul Khadar: Born on 25May 1917 at t. Vakkom Chirayinkil,distt. Trivandrum, Kerala; s/oVavakunju. Educated uptomatriculation, he took part in thepopular movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore State in1938 and organized and led ademonstration of the studentsagainst the autocratic rule. He wentto Malaya during 1938-39, and joined


the Indian National Army in 1942there. As an Intelligence Official hewas sent to India to gatherinformation about the British planand the movements of their forces.He was detected and arrested by theBritish authorities as soon as helanded on the Calicut coast in 1942.He was charged with ëspying for aforeign powerí and sentenced todeath. Khadar was hanged in theMadras Penitentiary on 10 September1943. [Freedom Movement Files, F.No. 347/1938, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 355;ROH, pp.726-27; WWIM, II, p. 2]

Mohamed Abdul Khadar: Born on 25May 1917 at Vakkom t. Chirayinkil,distt. Trivandrum, Kerala; s/oVavakunju, he studied up to the tenthstandard in the S.N.V High School,Vakkom. As a student, he organizedstudentsí demonstrations in supportof the Travancore State Congressísagitation for responsible governmentin 1938. Migrated to Malaya beforethe Second World War, he joined theIndian National Army (INA) whenthe Japanese occupied that country.Distinguished as one of trusted fewwho were trained as intelligenceagents and sent to India for espionageand sabotage activities, he wascaptured after landing at the Calicutbeach in a submarine late in 1942.Captured and tried for spying andtreason, he was sentenced to deathin Madras. Khadar died on thegallows in the Madras Penitentiaryin the small hours of 10 September1943. [Fortnightly Report of April1938, Freedom Movement Files, 347/1938, KSA; WWIM, II, p. 3; WWFFK,

p. 355; ROH, 726-27]

Mohammed Hussain (Munshi):Resident of Poona, Maharashtra; hewas a disciple of Nurul Huda ofPoona, under whose leadership theWahabis were then organizing astrong anti-British movement duringthe Uprising of 1857; Nurul Hudasent his disciples from Poona asemissaries to different Companyarmy stations in the Marahta countryfor organizing therein the Sepoysírevolts against the British. Hussainwas one who had been sent fromPoona to Belgaum for giving theSepoysí anti-British hostilities, arebellious shape. He wasapprehended there by the Britishand executed on 14 August 1857 onthe charge of ëtreasonable activitiesí.[Mutiny Records, Poll Deptt, Vol.Nos. 30-31 (1857), MSAM; SI1857WI,pp. 64-7]

Mohiuddin: Resident of Nargund, distt.Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Kala. He wasarrested and charged with ëwagingwar against the British between 24May and 2 June 1858í. Following hisarrest, Mohiuddin was shot dead bymusketry at Nargund on 12 June1858. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, Part-XII,DD, Vol. No. 30, 12 June 1858]

Mohoment T. M.: Born at Kadikad, p.o.Andathode, Malabar, Kerala; s/oPulparayil Moidu Musaliar. He wasin the service of the British-IndianArmy, but left it in 1942 to join theIndian National Army. He wasplaced as Secretary in the SecondGuerrilla Regiment of the INA, and


sent with the Regiment in Burma(now Myanmar) to look after theaffairs of the INA personnel duringtheir movements and actions againstthe Allied forces. He died during onenemy attack on the INA forces.[ROH, pp.725-26]

Moideen Kutti Gurikkal Haji: Residentof distt. Malappuram, Kerala, heactively participated in the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was kept in theCannanore Central Jail as an under-trial prisoner. An outbreak ofprisoners occurred in the Jail on 4December 1921 at 4.00 p.m. when theprisoners were let out of their cellsfor meals. Gurikkal Haji receivedbullet wounds in his skull when thepolice opened fire to control theoutbreak and he died the same day.[Low Deptt (G), G.O. (Ord.Series)Nos. 1084 and 1085, 25.04.1922,TNSAC]

Moideen Kutti Haji: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrestedand detained for his militant role inthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was a close associateof M. P. Narayana, who was aprominent Khilafat leader in Malabar.Kutti Haji was hanged to death forwaging war against the King

Emperor. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(Ord.Series) (MS) No.1151,01.12.1925, TNSAC]

Moideen Kutti: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrestedand detained in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theMalappuram Sub-Jail. Kutti died dueto Pub. Tuberculosis on June 1922 inthe Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS)No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Moideen Kutty: Resident of Vellayoor,t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala,he actively participated in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was brother ofVariyankunnath Ayamad, who wasthe most prominent leader of Malabarrebellion. Taking part in thePandikkad Camp attack during therebellion, Kutty was killed in theencounter with the armed Britishtroops. [Pub Deptt, G.O.No.813,22.08.1925, TNSAC]

Mondi alias Virasami Naicken: Residentof v. Sholinganallur (20 kms. awayfrom Madras), t. Chingleput, distt.Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu. He joineda Salt Satyagraha gathering of 200


under the leadership of MuthukannuNaicken, near TulukkanammaTemple in Sholinganallur village.When the anti-British rallyistsrefused to disperse despite theauthoritiesí orders, the policeresorted to firing in which Naicken,along with a few others, was hit bybullets and he died on the spot on 2June 1930. [Pub Deptt (Police-A), G.O.No. (S-8) 329, 11.06.1930, TNSAC]

Moosa: Resident of Pandikad amsom, t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22 andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement (fordetails, see the entry on ApankollanMoideen). Moosa was one amongthose who died in the 14 November1921 firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI;PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922,TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74]

Mothey Bodenna: Resident of v.Etarobba, t. Gudem, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Mallayya; belonged to Bagatacommunity. An agriculturist, he tookpart in the Rampa Rebellion (1922-24), led by Alluri Sitarama Raju,against the oppressive British ruleover the Agency area. His propertywas confiscated by the Governmentfor his participation in the rebellion.Captured, he was convicted underSection 121 of the Indian Penal Codeand sentenced on 13 May 1925 forlife imprisonment. While serving his

term he died on 29 May 1926, inRajahmundry Central Jail. [RRCJ,C.No. 1241, 1926; F.No. 21A,FASRRF, 1925, p. 41, APSAH]

Moulvi Syed Allauddin: Resident ofHyderabad (now in Telangana);acted as the Standard-bearer in theNizamís army. A little before 5 oíclock on the evening of 17 July 1857,he led a band of 500 Rohilla troopsin the service of the Nizam,as well asa mob of 4,000 in Hyderabad, andmarched on to the Residency,demanding the release of thirteenmutineers and deserters.Subsequently, the prisoners werereleased and handed over to SalarJung, the Prime Minister, by MajorDavidson. In this attack on theBriitsh Residency, several of therebels were killed by the British. Intheir flight from the Nizamís troops,some more were taken prisoners bythem. Allauddin was also takenprisoner, tried, convicted andtransported to the Andaman Islandson 28 June 1859. He sufferedimprisonment there till his death in1884. [EM, 19 March 1962; TFSIH, II(1857ñ85), pp. 81ñ2; WWFSAP, I,1978, p. 457]

Mozhikkal Athan: Resident ofPunnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala; a religious teacher. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil alias


Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Athanwas one among those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No.390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Mudallaner: Belonged to v. Kuran, distt.Koppal, Karnataka. He played anactive role in the struggle against theBritish in 1857-58 under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Captured by the Britishwhile fighting to defendKoppaldurg, Mudallaner wassentenced to death and shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.280]

Mudigouda Mudigondar: Born in 1914in v. Mudepoor, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka; s/o Gondappa Gowda. Afarmer, he took part in the popularmovement for responsiblegovernment in the Ramdurg State,led by the Praja Sangh (1938-39). Heparticipated in a processiondemanding the release of its leader,B. N. Munavalli, and others on 7April 1939. He was killed, along witha few others, when the police openedfire on the processionists near theRamdurg Jail. [WWIM, II, p. 204]

Muhammad: Resident of Kadanammana,t. Walluvanad, Malabar, Kerala; s/o

Cheroor Kunjahammad, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement (fordetails, see the entry onAboobakkar). Muhammad was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 9 December 1921 in firing bythe British troops. [PPMAK,MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR]

Mulakandi Meethal Kunhiraman:Resident of Keezhariyur,Kurumbaranad, Kerala; s/o ofChappu; a labourer. He activelyparticipated in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942. He was arrestedby the British Police and awardedpunishment under Section 120 B ofIndian Penal Code and varioussections of Defence of India Rules andExplosives Substances Act. He wassentenced to 7 years, of RigorousImprisonment on 18 April 1944 by theSessions Judge of Calicut, in SessionsCase No. 21/44, and detained inAlipuram Jail with Nominal Roll No.9534. Kunhiraman died in the jailhospital due to pneumonia on 1September 1944 at the age of 32. [PubDeptt (G-A), G.O. (MS) No.2146,10.10.1946, TNSAC]

Muliyil Chatthukutty: Born in 1918 atv. Dharmadom, Palayad desam, t.Thalassery, distt. Kasargod, Kerala;s/o Puthiaparamban Kunhiraman andMuliyil Thala. He was one of thesenior leaders of the beedi workersíunion and paved the way for the


Communist movement to grow inKottayam Taluk. He participated inAnti-Repressive movement staged atTellicherry (now Thalassery) on 15September 1940 to protest againstrepressive measures of the Britishcolonial government for subjugatingthe peasants and workers. Theìblackî marketing of essentialcommodities made life miserable formillions of people who lived on theverge of starvation due toextraordinary scarcity of food,created by the Second World War.In these circumstances the KeralaPradesh Congress Committee haddecided to observe 15 September1940 as the Anti-Repression Day andthe authorities imposed a ban on itsobservance. The ban was defied andmeetings took place at many placesincluding Tellicherry, resulting in thepolice firing, killing the 22- yearí oldChatthukutty on the spot.[Mathrubhumi, 17 September 1940,NMML; MKSSAR]

Mulla (II): Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Heactively participated in the 1857-58Uprising under the leadership of BhimRao and Kanchan Gowda. Arrested inan encounter with the British atKoppaldurg, he was sentenced to deathand shot dead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 278]

Mulla: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in the struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. Arrested in an

encounter with the British atKoppaldurg, Mulla was sentenced todeath and shot dead by musketry inJune 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279]

Mundakal VallaparambilUnnimammad: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrestedand detained in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theMalappuram Sub-Jail. Unnimammaddied due to chronic dysentery in May1922 in the Malappuram Sub-Jailhospital. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Mundampra Aimukutti Haji: Residentof Areakode amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 18June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Haji died on 7 July 1922 indetention at the age of 30. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]


Mundath Saiyid Ali: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrestedfor anti-British activities under theMadras State Prisoners Regulation IIof 1819. Detained as a State Prisonerin Bellary Central Jail, Ali died dueto fever on 29 March 1920. [PubDeptt, G.O. (Ord.Series) No.318,07.05.1920, TNSAC]

Mundian Mammad Kutti: Resident ofdistt. Malappuram, Kerala, he wasarrested and detained in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He wasdetained as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Malappuram Sub-Jail.Kutti died due to colitis in May 1922in Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Mundian Mamumutti: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He wasarrested and detained in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He wasdetained as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Malappuram Sub-Jail.Mamumutti died due to TubercularMeningitis in May 1922 in theMalappuram Sub-Jail hospital. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Mungi Veerayya: Resident of v.Mallareddigudem, t. Huzurnagar,distt. Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh(now in Telangana). On 2 December1946 at 5am, 500 soldiers of the Nizamraided this village in search of thepeasant rebels. Hearing about thearrival of the Military, some 400 menand 200 women residents of thevillage gathered to offer resistance.Seeing, this gathering of people, theMilitary, without any provocationopened fire on them. Veerayya, andanother peasant, died immediately.Seeing this, the residents rose in self-defence by using vadiselas (forthrowing stones) and chilli water (forthrowing in the eyes). Firingcontinued, killing an old lady andeight more. [Andhra Patrika, 7December 1946]

Muniappa Thevan: Born in 1909,resident of v. Venniyur, p.o.Moopaiyur Tiruvegampet, t.Tiruvadanai, distt.Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu; s/oChella Thevan. Educated up to theprimary standard, he joined the CivilDisobedience movement of 1930 andlater took active part in the ìQuitIndiaî outbreak of 1942. As asaboteur, he along with 17 otherassociates, participated in damagingthe Post and Telegraph Office atTiruvadanai. Evading arrest,Muniappa set fire thereafter to atoddy shop at Kakkalattur,Tiruvadanai Taluk on 18 August 1942.He also burnt down the records inthe Estate Divisional InspectorísOffice at Kakkalattur. Finally, he wasarrested in Pudukkottai State and


brought to a dense forest nearTiruvegampet in 1942 by the policeand was shot dead. [Pub Deptt, (G-Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.4, 03.01.1944;Pub Deptt (Military/Confd.), G.O.No. 3010, 03.12.1948; Ramanatha-puram District Jail Slip No. 441; OfficeCopy No. 441, Clean Copy No.441&569, TNSAC]

Munta Veerabrahmam: Resident of v.Bhimavaram, distt. West Godavari,Andhra Pradesh, a school boy ofseven. On 17 August 1942, a meetingwas organized in Bhimavaram, inconnection with the ìQuit Indiaîmovement. The student of the localULCM School boycotted their classesand moved in a procession towardsthe meeting place and joined the localleaders and the people. The rallyiststhen raided and burnt the RevenueDivisional Office and the CollectorísOffice. From there, they proceededtowards the police station where thepolice opened fire on them. As aresult, Veerabrahmam fell a victim tothe police bullet and died. [SMEAB,29-12-1999, Warangal]

Musa Chinnappa alias Chinnayya:Resident of v. Ramannapalem, t.Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh. A participant in thearmed struggle waged by AlluriSitarama Raju during 1922-24 in theAgency area, against the oppressiverule of the British. He took part inan armed encounter with the ReservePolice on 6 December 1922 atPeddagaddapalem. Chinnappareceived grievous bullet injuries inthe encounter and succumbed to

these the same day, his dead bodywas sent to Krishnadevipeta. [F. No.22, FASRRF, 1922, p. 159; F.No.3,FASRRF, 1924, p. 28, APSAH]

Mussaliyar Kammukutty: Resident ofMelmuri amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala; a trader. Hewas taken into custody in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. Kammu-kutty was detained as a state prisonerin Rajahmundry Central Jail on 20May 1922 and died there due tocardiac failure on 19 December 1922.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.)No.440-40A, 20.05.1922; Pub Deptt,G.O. (Ord) (Mis.) No. 20, 08.01.1924,TNSAC]

Muthan Pillai: Born in 1874 at v.Varuvilakam, Neyyattinkara, distt.Trivandrum, Kerala. Educated up tofourth standard, he participated inthe protest demonstrations staged atNeyyattinkara on 31 August 1938,following the arrest of N. K.Padmanabha Pillai, the second StateCongress President during theTravancore State Congressí agitationfor responsible government. When acontingent of the Travancore StateForces sent for restoring order,opened fire on the demonstrators atthe bus stand, Neyyattinkara, Pillaiwas hit by the bullets and died in thefiring. [Freedom Movement Fles (II),No. 1149\44, 1944, KSAT, Confd.Report of S.P. on 4 September 1938


(First Class Magistrate to DistrictMagistrate, 15-1-114); Bulletin No. I,II, All Travancore Jatha Committee,C. S. F/ No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp.124-26; TTT, p. 164; RR, p. 425;WWFFK, p. 365; WWIM, II, p. 246]

Muthirakkal Ramankutty Panicker:Resident of Mathilakam, SouthMalabar, Kerala. He was imprisonedin Cannanore Central Jail for hisactive part in the Civil Disobediencemovement in 1931. Manhandled oftenby the police during his detention,Panicker died of tortures he sufferedin the Cannanore Central Jail in 1931.[AICC Papers, F.No. G-1(i)/ 1931,NMML]

Muthurangam Pillai: Resident ofGudlur, distt. South Arcot,Tamilnadu; s/o Manickam Pillai; acultivator. He participated in theìQuit Indiaî movement that brokeout in 1942. He was arrested by theBritish Police on the charge of histaking part in the anti-Britishactivities. Pillai died in detention onaccount of severe police tortures inthe jail on 15 September 1942 at theage of 35. [Pub Deptt, G.O No. 2146,10-10-1946, TNSAC]

Muthusamy: Resident ofSidambaraveeram Kandu, distt.Thanjavur, Tamilnadu; s/o M.Singara Nander; he was a civilianemployee in the British Indian Army,but left service in 1942 and joined theIndian National Army in Malaya.Trained as a soldier and placed in theThird Guerrilla Regiment, he wasposted in Burma (now Myanmar) to

counter the British forces.Muthusamy was killed in actionagainst the enemy at Tamu, Burma.[WWIM, II, p. 207; ROH, pp. 726-27]

Muthuya Thevan: Resident of v.Perungamanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt.Madurai, Tamilnadu; he took part inthe Kallar riot at Perungamanalluragainst the Colonial MadrasGovernmentís policy of registeringKallars as criminal tribes under theCriminal Tribes Act, 1911. A popularand well-known political agitator,George Joseph, inspired them not toobey the British and start a civildisobedience agitation. When theKallars of Perungamanallur and theneighbouring villages refused toregister themselves as criminal tribes,police force was used to coerce themto obey. In the resultant clash andpolice firing that took place in thatplace on 3 April 1920, Thevan diedon the spot. [Judl Deptt, (Ord.Series)No.109, 27.04.1921; Pub Deptt,G.O.No. 935, 10.09.1931, TNSAC]

Mutrai Pokkai: Resident ofThirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and their exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Charchil Mammadutty). Pokkaisurrendered with other rebels and,following a trial, he was sent to thegallows on 17 February 1922. [PubDeptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922, Report


of the Administration of the MadrasPresidency for the year 1921-22;Fortnightly Reports, March 1922,TNSAC, The Hindu, 10 December1921, NMML]

Muttadam Buddayya Dora: Resident ofv. Koyyuru, t. Chintapalli, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Bodi Dora. A school teacher, hetook a prominent part in the RampaRebellion (1922-24), led by AlluriSitarama Raju, against the atrocitiesof the British in the Agency area. Heparticipated in encounters atKondapalli, Kirabu, and several otherplaces with the British Police.Receiving bullet injury in one suchencounter with the British MalabarReserve Police, Dora died a martyrísdeath. [LFTGRSCAO, TCSGMW, 22-08-1924, APSAH]

Muttadam Veerayya Dora: Resident ofv. Gudem in the Agency area of distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Sobilan Dora, he became muttadarof Gudem in 1912. In the LagaraiUprising of 1916-17 he became a Stateprisoner at Vijayanagaram. Releasedfrom the Rajavommangi Jail on 24August 1922, he joined the Rampa

Rebellion (1922-24), led by AlluriSitarama Raju. He was a man ofconsiderable influence in the GudemTaluq and succeeded in enlisting alarge number of men for therebellion. A proclamation wasissued, offering a reward of Rs.50/-for his capture. When captured at theend of the rebellion, Veerayya Dorawas convicted and died in jail. [PubDeptt, (Madras), G.O. No. 572, 23-07-1923, pp. 6, 7 & 8, APSAH; ASRR,Appendix - I, p. III, 148 & 175]

Muttam Linganna Dora: Resident of v.Annavaram, t. Gudem of Agencyarea in distt. Visakhapatnam, AndhraPradesh; s/o Serbhanna Dora, hetook a prominent part in organisingthe Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24, asan associate of Alluri Sitarama Raju.On the midnight of 25 October 1923,the rebels launched an attack andopened fire on police musketeers onthe East Coast Special Police of theGudem Camp. In the course of theencounter Linganna Dora receivedbullet injuries and died on 26 October1923. [F.No. 4, FASRRF, 1924, p. 28;F.No. 23A, FASRRF, 1923, pp. 135 &221; F.No. 2, FASRRF, 1925, pp. 12,15 & 19, APSAH; ASRR, p. 124]


N. A Gopalan Nair: Born on 25 October1911, and a member of KakkutumbilHouse, Chikkilode, near Quilandy,distt. Kozhikode, Kerala. He passedhis Secondary School LeavingCertificate examination from MalabarChristian College/School in 1930;participated in the Salt Satyagrahamovement at Payyanur, andfollowing the trial at Cannanore, hewas sentenced to RigorousImprisonment for nine months. Hespent the prison term at the CentralJail, Cannanore; became a volunteercaptain under the 19 Dictator in theCivil Disobedience movement of1932, N. A. Krishnan Nair, wassentenced by the Sub-DivisionalMagistrate, Calicut, to 13 monthsíimprisonment. He served thesentence in Cannanore, Vellore andCuddalore Jails. On release, hepicketed toddy shops in the villageof Chikkilode, Nanmanda andNaduvallur. With his health severelyimpaired in various prisons, GopalanNair expired on 25 July 1936.[Freedom Movement Files (II), No.384/36, B. No. 55, 1936, KSAT;

WWFFK, pp.133-34]

N. Kali Muthu: Resident ofPuthypatnam, distt. Thanjavur,Tamilnadu; s/o Neelamegam. Hewas serving the British-Indian Army,but shifted his loyalty to the IndianNatioanl Army in 1942, and joinedits First Guerrilla Regiment as asoldier. Muthu was deployed on theBurma (now Myanmar) front tocounter the Allied forcesí advances.He fought the enemy at differentplaces, and died in the course of asudden British attack on his camp.[WWIM, II, p. 139; ROH, pp. 710-11]

N. Kuttapan: Born at KizhakkunkaraPulhen Elumkulam, distt.Travancore, Kerala; he joined theIndian National Army in 1942 inMalaya; he was placed as a soldier inthe Third Guerrilla Regiment andsent to Burma (now Myanmar) tofight the British-Allied forces underthe INA flag. He took part in severalengagements with the enemysoldiers and finally died whileretreating at a safer place in 1944.

NNNNN


[ROH, pp. 708-09; WWIM, II, p.167]

N. Munusami: Resident of No.12,Parasurama Mudali Street, Choolai,Madras (Chennai), Tamilnadu; s/oNatesa Mudaliar. A worker in theBuckingham Mill, he participated inthe labour unrest in the Buckinghamand Carnatic Mills on 11 March 1942and received gunshot wounds in thepolice firing on the striking workers.He died of his wounds in hospital atthe age of 23. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (MS) No. 1130, 08.04.1942,TNSAC]

N. Padmanabhan: Born on 19 April 1894at Nagaroor, distt. Trivandrum,Kerala; s/o Narayanan, educated upto the Seventh Standard and afarmer, he took part in the popularmovement for responsiblegovernment in the Travancore State(1938). As an active participant in theCivil Disobedience movement therein 1938, he organized publicdemonstrations and marches.Pursued by the police, he wentunderground and committed suicideby taking poison when surroundedby the police in his house. [FreedomMovement Files, 3342/44, KSAT; TheHindu, 12 December 1938, NMML]

N. Rajendran: Born on 9 October 1934at Vanchiyoor, distt. Trivandrum,Kerala; s/o Neelakanta Pillai, hestudied in the S.M.V. High School,Trivandrum. Impelled by patrioticfeelings from early boyhood, he worekhadi and adhered to the Gandhianideology. While attending the StateCongress meetings, he was attracted

to the movement for responsiblegovernment by listening to thespeeches of the Congress leaders. Hetook part in the agitation forresponsible government and wentfor attending the State Congressmeeting at Pettah, Trivandrum on 13July 1947 to register protest againstthe ìIndependent Travancoreîmovement. In the firing that the StateArmy resorted to for dispersing themeeting, Rajendran was severelywounded, treated in a hospital forlong and died on 26 September1947.[Freedom Movement Files (III), No.265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, KSAT;WWFFK, p. 485; WWIM, II, p. 257]

N. G. Ramasami: Born in 1912, residentof Peelamedu, distt. Coimbatore,Tamilnadu; s/o Govindasamy.Joining the nationalist politics in 1936,he turned into a labour leader andbecame a Member of the MadrasLegislative Assembly. He took aprominent part in the IndividualSatyagraha of 1941 and joined theìQuit Indiaî movement when itbroke out. Arrested and imprisonedfor anti-British activities, Ramasamiwas kept in Coimbatore andAlipuram Jails, and died in the latteron 11 February 1943. [Pub Deptt (G-E), G.O. No. 2973, 25.09.1947;Coimbatore District Jail Slip OfficeCopy No. 656, TNSAC]

N.G. Ramaswami: Hailed from distt.Coimbatore, Tamilnadu. He activelyjoined the ìQuit Indiaî agitation of1942 and was arrested for his activeparticipation in it. Ramaswami diedsoon after his release from jail,


perhaps at the end of 1942. [PubDeptt, G.O. No. 2250, 14. 07. 1947,TNSAC]

N. M. Nayar: Born at v. Nemmona, p.o.Kollengode, Kerala. He was a civilianemployee in the British-Indian Armybut shifted his loyalty towards theIndian National Army in 1942 andjoined it in Malaya. He was deployedon the Burma (now Myanmar) frontto counter the Allied forces there. Hefought the enemy on severaloccasions and received severe injuriesin one of the engagements. Admittedto a hospital in Burma, he died soonthereafter. [ROH, pp. 740-41; WWIM,II, p. 222]

N. M. Sundararaman: Hailed from distt.Madura (Madurai), Tamilnadu, heactively participated in the agitationsof the ìQuit Indiaî movement of1942. He was arrested by the policefor his involvement in anti-Britishactivities during the movement.While undergoing imprisonment,Sundararaman was severely torturedby the jail authorities which he couldnot bear and died in detention in1942. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 2254,21.07.1947, TNSAC]

N. M. Sundararaman: Resident of 18,Jadamuni Street, Madurai Town,Tamilnadu; s/o N. ManikuppaAyyar. He participated in the ìQuitIndiaî movement while staying atSowcarpet, George Town, Madras(Chennai). Arrested for his anti-British activities, he was sentencedto 4 monthsí rigorous imprisonmentby the Chief Presidency Magistrate,

Madras, under Defence of IndiaRules Section 38 (1) (J). Sent toAlipuram Jail, Bellary, as Convict No.5848, Sundararaman died ofMyocarditis in detention on 8December 1942 at the age 28. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 2146,10.10.1946; Pub Deptt (G-E), G.O.(MS) No.2254, 21.07.1947, TNSAC]

Nabi Badasab Pinjar: Born in v. Kesur,distt. Dharwar, Karnataka. Abusinessman, he took active part inthe ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942.He was arrested and sentenced to 12months, imprisonment. He diedunder detention on 21 December1942. [WWIM, II, pp. 246-47]

Naduthodi Kunhi Moideen: Residentof Padidu in distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was implicated in aforcible conversion case during therebellion; was detained as a stateprisoner in Rajahmundry Central Jailand released. Detained again atTrichinopoly, Moideen died inTrichinopoly Jail due to brutal policetortures on 20 June 1933. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No.440,20.05.1922; Pub Deptt (G), G.O. No.508, 15.06.1933; Pub Deptt (G), G.O.(Mis.Ser.) No. 697, 22.08.1933,TNSAC]

Naduthodika Cheriya Koya: Resident of


t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and atenant-cultivator there in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Koya was one among those militantpeasants who died on 26 August 1921in the firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Naduthodika Kunjalavi: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjalavi wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Naduthodika Kunjammu: Belonged tot. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and atenant- cultivator there in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).

Kunjammu was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, p. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Naduthodika Kunjarra: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjarra wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Naduthodika Kutty Hasan: Resident oft. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and atenant- cultivator there in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Kutty Hasan was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Naduthodika Marakkar: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-


cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Marakkar wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Naduthodika Moideen: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Moideen wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Naduthodika Valiya Koya: Resident oft. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and atenant- cultivator there in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Valiya Koya was one among those

militant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Naganathan: Resident of Sivaganga,distt. Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu;he was a civilian employee in theBritish-Indian Army in Malaya, butleft it and joined the Indian NationalArmy. He fought against the Britishforces on several occasions andeventually died in an encounter withthem in Burma (now Myanmar).[WWIM, II, p. 209]

Nagappa Hallur: Inhabitant ofDevanagere, distt. Chitradurga,Karnataka. He took an active part inthe ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942.While offering Satyagraha andrefusing to move away from the roadto let a military unit pass, Hallur wasshot and killed by the soldiers on 17August 1942. [SSS, II, p. 564; WWIM,II, p. 112]

Nagappa Sullad: Resident of Manihal,Ramdurg Princely State (now indistt. Belgaum), Karnataka; a farmer.He took part in peasantsí movementin Ramdurg State and participated ina protest demonstration on 7 April1939 against a case of police firing.The protestors attacked the guardsin front of the Stateís prison. Sulladwas arrested in this connection andhanged in Hindalga Jail, Belgaum on6 May 1940. [Convicted Trial PrisonerNo. 18565, CPR No. 3, B. No. 09, 23May1939 to 01 April 1940, HindalgaJail, Belgaum; RSVH, p. 73]


Nagappa: Born in Davanagere,Karnataka. He took an active part inthe ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942.While offering Satyagraha andrefusing to move away from the roadto let a military unit pass, Nagappawas shot and killed by the soldierson 17 August1942. [SSS, II, p. 125]

Nallam Kinattingal Mamad: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a barber. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Mamad was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Nallavenkataraya: Resident of MysoreState (now in Karnataka); aged 34.He took part in a movement forresponsible government; attended alarge public meeting in a garden atVidhuraswatha village in Kolar,Mysore, held by the localCongressmen in defiance of the orderwhich prohibited the hoisting of the

National flag and holding of publicgatherings. The gathering was firstlathi-charged and then fired upon todisperse; Nallevenkataraya died inthis police firing on 25 April 1938.[AISPC, F. No. 115, NMML; BC, 27April 1938]

Nambia Kunnan Mokari Kutty:Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,and a tenant-cultivator there inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement (fordetails, see the entry on AhmmadKutty). Mokari Kutty was one amongthose militant peasants who died on26 August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Nanath Athan: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was transferred fromMalappuram Sub-Jail toRajahmundry Central Jail. Athandied on account of brutal policetortures in Rajahmundry Central Jailhospital on 30 August 1924 at the ageof 34. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(Ord.Ser.) No. 440-40A, 20.05.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 211, 27.02.1925,TNSAC]


Narasappa Shannbhog: Born inRamachandrapurram, distt. Kolar,Karnataka; s/o Chayappa. Aconstable in the Mysore State Police,he resigned from his post and joinedthe national movement. In 1938, hetook part in the popular agitation forresponsible government in theMysore State. The agitation resultedin an incident of police firing on theagitators at Viduraswatha on 25 Apirl1938 (for details, see the entry onBheemiah). Shannbhog was oneamong those who died in the firing.[AISPC Papers, F. No. 115, NMML;VDECB; WWIM, II, p. 297]

Narasimha Naicken alias SinnamuthuNaicken: Born in 1890, resident ofPudur Hamlet of v. Palavadi, t.Udumalpet, distt. Coimbatore,Tamilnadu. An ardent Congressman,he joined the Civil Disobediencemovement in 1930 and took part intoddy shop picketing. Later, he alsovigorously organized the ìQuitIndiaî movement of 1942 atUdumalpet Taluk along with severalother Congress activists. The policearrested him and his 42 co-workersfor the Udumalpet Treasury LootingConspiracy Case. On their beingawarded various terms ofimprisonment, he was sent on 30January 1943 to jail for 5 yearsírigorous imprisonment. Detained inAlipuram Jail, he fell critically ill andwas released on 8 November 1943.Leaving Alipuram Jail, Bellary, andwanting to return to his village,Naicken died on his way to home.[Pub Deptt G.O. (MS) No. 2550,14.08.1947, TNSAC, contains correct

details and in some records he isreferred to, wrongly, as NaiduNarasimha with incorrect address]

Naraya Doni: Born in 1926 at Hubli, distt.Dharwar, Karnataka; s/oGovindappa alias Mahadev Doni. Acarpenter educated up to the thirdstandard, he actively took part in theìQuit Indiaî movement in August1942. He joined a publicdemonstration on 15 August 1942outside the Hubli Town PoliceStation. Seriously injured in the policefiring on the demonstrators, Donidied on the same day. [WWIM, I, p.250; WWIM, II, p. 84]

Narayan Rao: Born on 14 January 1914in southern part of India (place notknown); s/o Appanna, he resided atPort Blair, the Andaman Islands. Hejoined the Indian IndependenceLeague and worked for its becominga mass organization. He alsoprovided uniforms to the personnelof the INA in June 1942. He wasarrested by the Japanese forcesduring their occupation of the Islands(1942-45) and kept confined in theCellular Jail on the false charge ofspying for the British. Subjected toinhuman tortures, Rao was shot deadat last by the Japanese Firing Squadon 30 March 1943. [UHFSA, p. 233]

Narayana Raju: A resident of distt. WestGodavari, Andhra Pradesh, he joinedthe demonstrations organized todemand the British exit from Indiaduring the ìQuit Indiaî movementthat broke out on 8 August 1942. Hesuffered bullet injuries while taking


part in a public rally that was firedupon by the police on 15 November1942, and died on the spot. [PubDeptt, F. No. 2482, 1946, TNSAC]

Narayana Reddagar: Born in v. Maralur,t. Goribidanur, distt. Chikkaballapur,Karnataka. He took part in themovement for responsibleGovernment in the Mysore State atViduraswatha village on 25 April1938. The agitation resulted in anindiscriminate police firing on theagitators (for details, see the entryon Bheemiah). Reddagar was oneamong those killed. [AISPC Papers,F. No. 115, NMML; VDECB]

Narayanacharya alias Narayanadas:Resident of Bangalore, Karnataka. Hetook an active part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement of 1942. Whileoffering Satyagraha and refusing tomove away from the road to let amilitary unit pass, Narayanacharyawas shot and killed by the soldierson 17 August 1942 at the age of 35.[KQIC, p. 52.]

Narayanan Charakkaran: Belonging toKerala (place not known), heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. He was caught up inthe Olathal Camp firing at Vayalarwhich took place on 27 October 1946.C. P. Ramaswamyís military reachedOlathala Labour Camp and attackedthe labourers gathered therein. In the

process they shot Charakkaran dead.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Narayanan: Belonging to Kerala (placenot known), A beedi worker and aresident of Muhamma Puthengadi, hewas arrested by the police and wassubjected to brutal police repressionin the lock-up. He was 25, verystrong and alert, but the mal-treatment and unhygienic jailconditions resulted in his gettingtyphoid, and he could not even situp. In that condition the reservepolice took him to the canal nearbyand held him immersed in water byforce. Mustering all his strength, heraised himself up and gave a hardslap to one of the armed policemen.All the policemen then startedbeating and kicking him till he felldown unconscious. He was thendragged to the police station. Whenhe was dying he was removed to thehospital on 20 October 1946, andNarayanan died there to join theranks of Martyrs. [FreedomMovement Files (II), F. No. 764\46,B. No. 46, 1946, KSAT; Punnapra-Vayalar 60th Year CelebrationSouvenir, Punnapra-VayalarRemeberance Committee, 2006, pp.78-9; IPV, p. 48]

Narayanan: Resident of v. Athivetti, t.Pattukottai, distt. Thanjavur,Tamilnadu; s/o ChidambaraVanathiriyar. He served in the IndianNational Armyís 7th GuerillaRegiment, bearing No. 63543 inSingapore from 1943 to 1945. In 1945Narayanan died on his return in a


police firing. [FFPO No. 7561/1973,19.02.1973, TNSAC]

Naripatta Kappur Alivi: Resident ofMalemari amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala; s/o Ayamad, hewas taken into custody in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theirexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements. He wastransferred from Malappuram Sub-Jail to Rajahmundry Central Jailwhere he died in jail hospital due tobrutal police tortures on 3 June 1922at the age of 23. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822, 13.10.1922;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Naripatta Kappur Ismail: Resident ofMalabar Distt. Kerala, he was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was implicated in aforcible conversion case duringrebellion, and kept as a state prisonerin Rajahmundry Central Jail wherehe died in jail hospital due to brutalpolice tortures. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 440, 20.05.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 211, 27.02.1925;Pub Deptt, G. O. (Mis.Series) No. 260,15.03.1928, TNSAC]

Narsu Parit: Born in 1942 at v. Akola,distt. Belgaum, Karnataka. A farmer,

he took part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942. Parit died in 1943in the firing by the police nearKhadaklat village. [SSS, II, p. 334]

Nataraja Iyer/Aiyar: Born on 4 June 1893,resident of Big Maniagar Street,Chingleput Town, distt.Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu; s/oMuthusami Iyer. Educated up toB.A., B.L., he participated in theIndividual Satyagraha, courtedarrest and sentenced to 3 monthsíimprisonment and a fine Rs. 200. Healso took part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942; was arrestedagain for anti-British activities anddetained in Vellore Central Jailwhere he died under detention on 2June 1943. [Pub Deptt (G-E), G.O.(MS) No. 712, 04.03.1947; FFPO No.1073/1967, 27.11.1967, TNSAC]

Nataraja Vairavar/Nataraja Moovariyar:Inhabitant of v. Padagacheri, t.Papanasam, distt. Thanjavur,Tamilnadu; s/o ChinnasamyVairavar, he took an active part inthe Civil Disobedience movement of1930. Arrested for his anti-Britishactivities under Section 17 (1) of 143IPC, he was sent to Central Jail,Timchirapalli, as Convict No. 9802.Afflicted with pneumonia he had tobe removed on 5 September 1932 tothe hospital. Moovariyar died in thehospital on 6 September 1932 at theage of 36. [Law Deptt (G), G.O. (MS)No.3400, 14.09.1932; FFPO No. 3935/1969, 12.06.1969, TNSAC]

Navin Chandra Shroff: Residence (notknown), a student of the junior


intermediate class in the ZamorinísCollege, Calicut, Kerala, he wasinvolved in picketing schools anddistributing pamphlets in thestudentís agitation during the ìQuitIndiaî movement (1942).Consequently, he was arrested andput in Bellary Central Jail whereShroff died suffering from typhoidand utter neglect on 6 November1942. [Pub Deptt (G), G. O.Government of Madras, 30September 1947; PASIHC, V, 1987, p.98]

Neelakandan: Belonging to distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated inthe movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was connected withthe Vayalar firing which took placeon 27 October 1946. C.P.Ramaswamyís military reachedVayalar Labour Camp, attacked thelabourers gathered therein, and shotNeelakandan dead. [TravancoreInformation and Listener, VII No. 5,January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30October and 15 November 1946,NMML; PVCS, pp. 78-9]

Neelikkattil Kutty Athan: Resident ofdistt. Malappuram, Kerala, he wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 18

June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Athan died on 22 July 1922 indetention at the age of 45. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Nelliappan: Born in 1912, resident of v.Palayapatti, distt. Ramanathapuram,Tamilnadu; s/o AndiappanAmbalam. He took part in theIndividual Satyagraha of 1940 andjoined the ìQuit Indiaî movement of1942. He was shot dead whileparticipating in a procession that wasfired upon by the police at Karaikudion 12 August 1942.[Ramanathapuram District Jail SlipClean Copy No. 910, TNSAC]

Nellikathodi Ahamad Kutti: Residentof distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he wasarrested and detained in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements. He wasdetained as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Malappuram Sub-Jail.Ahamad Kutti died due toAnkylostomia in June 1922 in theMalappuram Sub-Jail hospital. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Nellikayi Mamad: Resident of


Areakode, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was arrested and detainedin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was arrested andconvicted from 17 May 1923 to 29November 1926 and again from 30November 1926 in Muthupet Jail inThanjavur District, Tamilnadu.Mamad died on 5 September 1927 indetention. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 269,05.04.1923; Pub Deptt, G. O.(Mis.Series) No. 984, 23.11.1926; PubDeptt, G.O. No. 207, 01.03.1928,TNSAC]

Nelloru Kunjalan Kutty Haji: Residentof t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and atenant-cultivator there in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Kutty Haji was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Nellurum Yellappa: Resident of t.Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh, he took part in theRampa Rebellion (1922-24), led byAlluri Sitarama Raju against theexploitative British authorities in the

Agency area. His property wasconfiscated by the Government onaccount of his participation in therebellion. On 5 November 1923, hereceived bullet injury in an encounternear Kondalayagondi. Later, hediedin a hospital at Peddavalasa on 10November 1923. [F.No.4, FASRRF,1924, p. 28, APSAH]

Nettili Mayandi Thevan: Resident of v.Perungamanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt.Madurai, Tamilnadu; he took part inthe Kallar riot at Perungamanalluragainst the Colonial MadrasGovernmentís policy of registeringKallars as criminal tribes under theCriminal Tribes Act, 1911. A popularand well-known political agitator,George Joseph, inspired them not toobey the British and he started a civildisobedience agitation. When theKallars of Perungamanallur and theneighbouring villages refused toregister themselves as CriminalTribes, police force was used tocoerce them to obey. In the resultantclash and police firing in that placeon 3 April 1920, Thevan died thenand there. [H/Deptt (Judl), G.O.No.1315, 26.05.1920; Judl Deptt G.O.(Ord.Series) No. 109, 27.04.1921; PubDeptt, G.O. No. 935, 10.09.1931,TNSAC]

Ningaiah: Born in Bhadravati, distt.Shimoga, Karnataka. He was aworker in Bhadravati Iron and SteelFactory. On 2 May 1941, he joinedthe agitating workers in surroundingthe police station at Bhadravati toprevent the police from taking fourof their arrested leaders to the Court


for remand. In the ensuing scuffle,the police resorted to firing on theassembled workers, killing Ningaiahon the spot. [SSS, II, p. 354]

Ningappa: Born in 1925 at Devanagere,distt. Chitradurga, Karnataka. Anactivist in the ìQuit Indiaî movementof 1942, he participated in thepicketing at the Taluk office,stopping military vehicles andrailway trains. Ningappa was shotdead by the police at Devanagere on17 August 1942. [SSS, II, p. 564;WWIM, II, p. 225]

Nochikatan Kunhalavi: Resident ofKaruvara Kundu amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 8June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Kunhalavi died on 22 June1922 in detention at the age of 30.[Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Nookala Papi Reddy: Resident of v.Sirikonda, t. Suryapet, distt.Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh (now inTelangana); a Communist, Reddywas killed by the Razakars in 1946

during the anti-feudal struggle of thepeasants in Telangana under theleadership of the Communists.[WWFSAP, II, p. 539]

Noorengal Kavangalthodi AhmedKutty: Resident of Malemari amsom,t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala;a cultivator. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was transferred fromMalappuram Sub-Jail toRajahmundry Central Jail. He diedin jail hospital due to brutal policetortures on 28 September 1922 at theage of 65. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Nukala Raja Reddy : Resident of v.Sirikonda, t. Suryapet, distt.Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh (now inTelangana); a Communist, Reddywas killed by the Razakars during theanti-feudal struggle of the peasantsunder the leadership of theCommunists in Telangana.[WWFSAP, II, p. 548]

Nurungel Kavungathodi Mammad:Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,and a tenant-cultivator there inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement (fordetails, see the entry on Ahmmad


Kutty]. Mammad was one amongthose militant peasants who died on26 August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Nurungel Kavungathodi Muhammad:Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his village

with the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Muhammad was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]


Olanthara Krishnan Kunju: Resident ofdistt. Alappuzha, Kerala. A worker,he shared his fellow workersíannoyance when a temporary policecamp was set up in Punnapra toharass them and their families. Theyagitated for the withdrawal of thecamp and eventually raided it.During the raid on 24 October 1946,Kunju was killed in the police firing.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F. Nos.265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B.No. 64, 1948, KSAT; IPV, p. 79]

Orakottil Enadi: Resident of Punnapalaamsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; acoolie. He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Enadi was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt

(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Orrnian Ahmed: Resident ofThirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and their exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Charchil Mammadutty). Ahmedwas captured with other rebels, andfollowing a trial, he was sent to thegallows on 17 February 1922. [PubDeptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922; Reportof the Administration of the MadrasPresidency for the year 1921-22;Fortnightly Reports, March 1922,TNSAC, The Hindu, 10 December1921]

OOOOO


Ossan Moideen: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrestedand detained in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theMalappuram Sub-Jail. Moideen dieddue to colitis on May 1922 in theMalappuram Sub-Jail hospital. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Ovayan alias Muthukaruppan:Resident of v. Perungmanallur, t.Peraiyur, distt. Madurai, Tamilnadu;he took part in the Kallar agitationat Perungmanallur against the

Colonial Madras Governmentíspolicy of registering Kallars ascriminal tribes under the CriminalTribes Act, 1911. A popular and well-known political agitator, GeorgeJoseph, inspired them not to obey theBritish and start the civildisobedience resistance againstGovernment. When the Kallars ofPerungmanallur and theneighbouring villages refused toregister themselves as criminal tribes,police force was used to eievce themto obey, leading to a riot. In thepolice firing that took place there on3 April 1920, Ovayan died on thespot. [(H/ (Judl) Deptt, G.O. No.1315, 26.05.1920; Judl Deptt, G.O.(Ord. Series) No. 109, 27.04.1921; PubDeptt, G.O. No. 935, 10.09.1931,TNSAC]


P. C. Sivaraman: Resident of Chirathara,Thiruvambadi, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala. He participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Sivaraman joined others indemanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in the police firing on 24 October1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II),F. Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & No. 133/48, B.No. 64, 1948, KSAT]

P. Gopalan: Resident of Mamanattu-chira, Paravoor, Punnapra, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up an

ëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Gopalan joined others in demandingfor its withdrawal, and eventually forits destruction. During the activistsíraid on the camp, Gopalan died inthe police firing on 24 October 1946.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No.774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, No. 265/48,B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64,1948, KSAT]

P. Krishna Pillai: Belonged toVadakkumkara Veedu, Mungodu,Varkala, Trivandrum distt. Hestudied up to the Fourth Standard.While in Burma during the Japaneseoccupation, he joined the IndianNational Army in January 1943. Aftersix monthsí training in Kuala Lumpur,he was drafted into the NehruBrigade. Sent to fight the British onthe Burma front, Pillai was woundedin the enemy bombing at Jayawadiand expired. [Freedom MovementFiles 3345/44, B. No. 28, 1946, KSAT;

PPPPP


WWFFK, p. 260]

P. Kumaran: Belonged to Kerala (placenot known), he was an activist of theKarshaka Sangham of Irikkoor whichtook the initiative in providing reliefto the people suffering from ìblackîmarketing and hoarding. TheSangham activists requested thepermission of the landlord forcultivating the land of Kavumbai.When the Jenmi refused, theyappealed for some action to theministers and officials of MadrasGovernment. Not getting anyresponse, the peasants under theleadership of the Karshaka Sanghamdecided to occupy the area andcultivate it even if they had to facepolice action. The police did turn up,cordoned off the area, and firedupon the activists of the Sangham on30 December 1946. Kumaran lost hislife in this police firing. [PA, 2February 1947, NMML; ASK, p. 33;KKK, p. 64]

P. Kunhambu Nair: Born on 5September 1918 at PatinhatamKozhuval, in Nileswaram, distt.Cannanore, Kerala, and studied upto the Eighth Standard. He took partin the Civil Disobedience movementand offered Individual Satyagraha in1941. Imprisoned in Kasargod Jail fora participating in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement (1942), Nair died in 1942at the age of 24. [Freedom MovementFiles (II), No. 4485/43, B. No. 55,1943, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 276]

P. Kuppan: Resident of No. 8Kannapiran Koil Street, Perambur,

Madras (Chennai), Tamilnadu; s/oPerumal. An employee of theBuckingham Mill in Madras, hereceived gunshot wounds in thepolice firing on the striking labourersin the Buckingham Mill precinct.Kuppan died of his wounds on 12March 1942 at the age of 35. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 1130,08.04.1942, TNSAC]

P. R. Thankappan: Resident ofPadinajare Thayyil House, Punnapra,distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. Heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families, P.R.Thankappan joined others indemanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp,Thankappan died in the police firingon 24 October 1946. [FreedomMovement Files (II), F. No. 774\46,B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63,1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948,KSAT]

P. Raghavan: Born on 23 November 1914at Athazhamangalam, t.Neyyattinkara, distt. Trivandrum,Kerala. Son of Pethiru Kumaran,educated up to the Fifth Standard anda farmer, he took active part in thepopular movement for responsiblegovernment in the Travancore State.


Participating in the State CongressíCivil Disobedience movement of1938, he joined a demonstration toprotest against the arrest of N.K.Padnamanbha Pillai on 21 August1938. When a military unit under aBritish Colonel confronted it, andfired upon the demonstrators,Raghavan was shot and killed in thefiring 4 September 1938. [FreedomMovement files (II), No. 1149\44,1944, KSAT, WWIM, I, p. 282]

P.K. Padmanabha Pillai: Born in 1897in Parakkulam, distt. Kollam, Kerala,he took B.A and B. L. degrees andbecame a legal practitioner. Heactively participated in variousagitations of the Travancore StateCongress for responsiblegovernment. A member of AllTravancore Congress Committee, hewas arrested because of his activerole in the ìQuit Indiaî movementand his anti-British speeches atKollam. The First Class Magistrate ofKollam district awarded him twoyearsí Rigorous Imprisonment andPillai died as prisoner in PoojapuraCentral Jail, Trivandrum, in 1943.[Freedom Movement Files, 3342/44,KSA; TTTA, p. 189; WWFFK, 431]

P. K. Karunakaran: Resident (notknown). He was the secretary of theTappers (Toddy) Union and also adedicated ex-serviceman. He wasinvolved in attack on the PunnapraPolice Camp on 24 October 1946 inconnection with the struggle forresponsible government in Kerala.The Punnapra Police Camp was setup to terrorize the striking workers

and their sympathizers. He was oneof those leading a procession thatstopped a military vehicle withtroops near Thiruvambadi, anddemanded the van to go back. Theyblocked the road and detained themilitary vehicle for an hour and a half.Thereafter, the exasperated troopsopened fire to clear the road, killingKarunakaran on the spot. [FreedomMovement Files (II), F. No. 774\46,B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63,1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948,KSAT; Punnapra-Vayalar 60th YearCelebration Souvenir, Punnapra-Vayalar Remeberance Committee,2006, pp. 78-9; IPV, p. 71]

P.K. Padmanabha Pillai: Born in 1897at Prakulam, distt. Quilon, Kerala.He took his B.A. and B.L. degreesand set up a legal practice at Quilon.Doing political work on behalf of theTravancore State Congress in theQuilon and Karunagapally taluks, hebecame a member of the All-Travancore Congress Committee.Arrested along with Thayyil KrishnaPillai, he was sentenced to two yearsíimprisonment by the First ClassMagistrate, Quilon. For addressinga meeting at the Cantonment maidan,Quilon, during ìQuit Indiaî strugglein 1942, he was sentenced to a longterm of imprisonment. Pillai expiredin the Central Jail, Trivandrum, in1943. [Freedom Movement Files (II),No. 274\43, B. No. 46, 1943, KSAT;WWFFK, p. 431]

P. M. Doraisamy: Resident of 21,Rukmanipalayam Lane, No.1,Munichalai, distt. Madurai,


Tamilnadu; s/o P.V. ManavalasamyNaidu. He took an active part in theìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942, andreceived gunshot injuries in the policefiring on 10 August 1942 at MainGuard Square, Madurai. Doraisamydied a few hours later in a hospital.[Pub Deptt (G-E),G.O. (MS) No. 1037,01.04.1947, TNSAC]

P. P. Mohammed: Born at Kadikad, p.o.Andathode, Malabar, Kerala; s/oPulparayil Moidu Musaliar. He wasa civilian employee in the British-Indian Army in Malaya, but shiftedhis loyalty towards the IndianNational Army in 1942 and servedas soldier in its Second GuerrillaRegiment. He was sent to counter theBritish force in Burma (nowMyanmar) where he took part inseveral engagements with them.Mohammed died on the lmphal frontin the course of action in 1944.[WWIM, II, p. 200; ROH, pp.726-27]

P. S. Nambiar: Born at Villayil Veedu,p.o. Odayam, Varkala, Kerala. Heserved the British-Indian Army as acivilian employee but left it in 1942to join the Indian National Army. Hewas trained as a soldier and recruitedin the Second Guerrilla Regiment ofthe INA. Sent to Burma (nowMyanmar) to fight against the Alliedforces, Nambiar died there in 1944while encountering an enemyoffensive against the INA. [ROH,pp.740-41]

Padamati Mala Kanakayya: Resident ofWarangal City, t. & distt Warangal,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);

s/o Krishnamma. An Arya Samajistand a Congress man, he establisheda gymnasium to train the youth. Hehoisted the Indian flag on 29 July 1946in Warangal City, and resisted theRazakar attempts to remove the flag.While fighting against the combinedattack of the Razakars and the NizamísPolice, Kanakayya lost his life andbecame a martyr for the cause ofresponsible government in theHyderabad State. [WWFSAP, III, p.291; WWIM, II, p. 227]

Padamati Mallayya: Resident ofWarangal City, t. & distt Warangal,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);s/o Krishnamma. A labourer and aCongress worker, he took part in thepopular movement against theautocratic rule in Hyderabad State.He assisted his brother, PadamatiMala Kanakayya, in organising andtraining the youth of his town fordefence against the Razakars. Hoistingthe National flag in Warangal Townon 29 July 1946, he along with hisbrother, successfully resisted for sixhours the attempts of the Razakars toremove the flag. Ultimately,Mallayya was shot dead by themraid of the village with the assistanceof the Nizamís Police. [WWFSAP, III,p. 298; WWIM, II, p. 227]

Padathum Padeekal Assan: Resident oft. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and atenant- cultivator in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-


Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Assan was one among those militantpeasants who died on 26 August 1921in the firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Padathum Padeekal Kunji Poker:Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Kunji Poker was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Padi Chinnappa alias PadichinaAppadu: Resident of v. Thotalur, t.Chintalpalli, distt. Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh. He took part in theRampa Rebellion of 1922-24, led byAlluri Sitarama Raju, against theoppressive British power in theAgency area. He fought with thearmed police, led by the BritishOfficer Sweney, and was killed inaction on 6 December 1922 atLingapuram. Appaduís dead bodywas sent to Krishnadevipeta. [F. No.22, FASRRF, 1922, p. 159 & F.No. 4,FASRRF, 1924, p. 28, APSAH]

Padmakshan: Belonging to distt.

Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated inthe movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was connected withthe Vayalar firing which took placeon 27 October 1946. C. P.Ramaswamyís military reachedVayalar Labour Camp, attacked thelabourers gathered therein and shotPadmakshan dead. [TravancoreInformation and Listener, VII No. 5,January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30October and 15 November 1946,NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9]

Pakala Venkata Subba Rao alias P.V.Subba Rao: Resident of Gunturtown, distt. Guntur, AndhraPradesh; s/o Satyanarayana, he wasa clerk in District Munsiffís Court inGuntur. He took part in the meetingheld at the Gandhi Park, Guntur, at6 p.m. on 13 August 1942 to protestagainst the arrests of the IndianNational leaders at the launching ofthe ìQuit Indiaî movement. Whilethe people assembled and listened tothe radio news in the park, the policesuddenly opened fire on them. As aresult, Subba Rao received bulletinjuries and died on the spot.[LFDMGTCSG, Pub Deptt (G),(Madras), R.C. No. 1150-Confd.-43 C-1 29-5-1943, APSAH; Andhra Patrika,16 August 1942; The Hindu, 14 August1942; WWFSAP, I, p. 323; WWIM, I,pp. 345ñ46]

Pakkirisamy: Resident of ThethakudyVedakku, distt. Thanjavur,


Tamilnadu; s/o Vaithialingam, hewas a civilian employee in the British-Indian Army, but left it in 1942 andjoined the Indian National army as asoldier. He fought the British forcesat different places in Burma (nowMyanmar) following his deploymentthere. He was killed by the British inone of their attacks. [WWIM, II, p.229; ROH, pp. 750-51]

Palakkal Kunhunnian Mussaliar:Resident of distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained inVizagapatnam jail and admitted toKing Georgeís hospital inVizagapatnam for some medicaltreatment on 18 April 1924. He diedthere on 3 September 1924. [JudlDeptt, G.O. No. 2080, 03.09.1915; JudlDeptt, G.O. No. 2082, 03.09.1915; PubDeptt, G.O. No. 218, 27.03.1924; PubDeptt, G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 391,02.06.1924, TNSAC]

Palaniappan: Resident ofMachampalayam in Coimbatore City,distt. Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; s/oKanni Konan. He was a labourer ofBrook Bond Company, H/O Kurichi,Coimbatore. Participating in thelabour struggle organized by theCoimbatore Spinning and WeavingMills workers, he died on 11November 1946 in the 39 rounds ofpolice firing on an estimated huge

mob of 6000 workers. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 2701,14.12.1946, TNSAC]

Palanisami Chettiar: Hailed fromSrivilliputhur, distt. Virudhunagar,Tamilnadu. Educated up to theprimary standard, he took part in theìQuit Indiaî movement that startedin August 1942. He received severebullet wounds in the police firing ona procession he joined near theSrivilliputhur Police Station on 8August 1942 and died the same day.[WWIM, I, p. 72]

Palankara Mammod: Resident ofKaruvarakundu amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 8June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Mammod died on 22 June 1922in detention at the age of 30. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Palasseri Aymad: Resident ofKizhuparamba amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against the


combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 3January 1922 as an under-trialprisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Together with brutal policetortures and a serious outbreak ofpneumonia in jail (due to very badsanitary conditions, overcrowdingand insufficiency of clean water andfood). Aymad died on 16 April 1922in the detention at the age of 25. [PubDeptt, G. O. (MS), No. 960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Palekkal Mayinkutty: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement ( for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Mayinkutty wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 April 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Palekkodan Kammad: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements (for details, see the entry

on Ahmmad Kutty). Kammad wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Palempulackal Kunjalavi: Resident ofPerambalam, Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjalavi wasone among those militant peasantswho died in the 26 August 1921 firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F.No.241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Palempulackal Kuttyali Molla: Residentof Perambalam, Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Molla was oneamong those militant peasants whodied in the 26 August 1921 firing bythe British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.


139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Palempulackal Moidu: Resident ofPerambalam, Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Moidu was oneamong those militant peasants whodied in the 26 August 1921 firing bythe British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921 NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Palempulackal Saidutty: Resident ofPerambalam, Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Saidutty wasone among those militant peasantswho died in the 26 August 1921 firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F.No.241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Pallipara Mamad: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested

and detained in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theMalappuram Sub-Jail. Mamad dieddue to Ch. Nephritis in June 1922 inthe Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Palliparambil Antony: Belonged to distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. On 25 October1946 in Punnapra, the military wentto Antonyís house to question himabout the demolition of a culvert.Thereafter, when they tried to arresthim, he threw his knife at them. Buthis throwing and the firing from themilitary were simultaneous, andAntony fell dead. [FreedomMovement Files (II), F. No. 774\46,B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63,1948, & No. 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948,KSAT; IPV, p.93]

Palliyal Aidru: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody for his role in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was shifted fromMalappuram Sub-Jail toRajahmundry Central Jail where hedied in jail hospital due to brutalpolice tortures on 19 August 1922 atthe age of 73. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),


G.O. (Ord. Ser.) No. 440-40A,20.05.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 211, 27.02.1925, TNSAC]

Palliyali Alivi: S/o Kunhidu; residentof distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he wasarrested and detained in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He wasdetained as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Malappuram Sub-Jail.Alivi died due to brutal tortures on12 June 1922 in the CalicutHeadquarters hospital. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822,13.10.1922, TNSAC]

Palliyali Kutty Hassan: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Hassan was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Palliyali Peedikakkal Moideen:Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his village

with the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Peedikakkal Moideen was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Palliyali Veedukakkal Ali Haji:Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,and a tenant-cultivator there inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22 andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement (fordetails, see the entry on AhmmadKutty). Ali Haji was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Palliyalithodika Moideen Kutty:Resident of Pandikad amsom, t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a barberby profession, he was involved in anarmed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22 and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on ApankollanMoideen). Kutty was one amongthose who died in the 14 November1921 firing by the British troops. [H/


Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI;PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922,TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74]

Palliyalli Peedikakkal Beeran: Residentof t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and atenant-cultivator there in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Beeran was one among those militantpeasants who died on 26 August 1921in the firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Panagodanthodi Mamad: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon. (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Mamad was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary

Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Panakal Oonainkutty: Resident ofThirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and their exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Charchil Mammadutty).Oonainkutty surrendered to theBritish with other rebels, andfollowing a trial, he was sent to thegallows on 17 February 1922. [PubDeptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922, Reportof the Administration of the MadrasPresidency for the year 1921-22;Fortnightly Reports, March 1922,TNSAC, The Hindu, 10 December1921, NMML]

Panambizha Cheriya KunjahammadHaji: Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala and a tenant cultivator therein Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement (fordetails, see the entry on AhmmadKutty). Kunjahammad Haji was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]


Panambuzha Abdullah: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Abdullah wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Panambuzha Aymu: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Aymu was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Panambuzha Kunjambu: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements (for details, see the entry

on Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjambu wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,1921, F. No. 241, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Panambuzha Kunjammu: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjammu wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Panambuzha Mohammad Haji:Resident of Malemari amsom, t.Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala; acultivator. He was taken into custodyin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements. He was transferredfrom Malappuram Sub-Jail toRajahmundry Central Jail where hedied in Rajahmundry Central Jailhospital due to brutal police tortureson 30 October 1922 at the age of 85.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]


Panambuzha Unnitha: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Unnitha wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Panamozha Amakkattil Modeen Molla:S/o Mamad Haji; resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He wasarrested and detained in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He wasdetained as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Malappuram Sub-Jail.Molla died due to TubercularMeningitis on 21 April 1922 at theHeadquarters hospital. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822,13.10.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. (Mis) No.765, 02.10.1923, TNSAC]

Panchatcharam Pillai: Resident of 21Main Road, Netaji Nagar,Tondiarpet, Madras (Chennai),Tamilnadu. He was ex-Chairman ofSyriam Indian Independence LeagueBranch and suffered imprisonmentfor his anti-British activities in the

Central Jail, Rangoon. Pillai was shotdead in his house in July 1946 by theinfuriated British troops for hisundaunted expression of patriotism.[FFPO No.9470/1980, 31.12.1980,TNSAC]

Pandari Narayanan: Belonging to distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, he was connectedwith the Olathala Camp firing ofVayalar, which took place on 27October 1946. C. P. RamaswamyAiyarís military reached OlathalaLabour Camp and attacked thelabourers gathered therein. Theyalso shot Narayanan dead.[Travancore Information andListener VII, No. 5, January 1947,KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15November 1946, NMML, PVCS, pp.78-9]

Pandial Mothi Gurikkal: Resident ofOrangattiri amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas detained under police custodyfor trial under the Madras StatePrisoners Act, 1819. Gurikkal died injail even before the trial could begin.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(Mis.Series) No. 749, 25.09.1923,TNSAC]

Pandit Vajpai: Belonging to north India,he lived in Tamilnadu for long. Hewas arrested for writing against theBritish misrule in India and was


sentenced to imprisonment underSections 123 Criminal ProcedureCode and 124A of the IPC. He waskept in Cuddalore Jail and diedimmediately after his release on 24August 1923, because of hisindisposition and ill-treatment in thejail. [Law Deptt (G), G.O. No.2513,04.09.1924, TNSAC]

Panjtan: Belonged to Hyderabad (nowin Telangana), he was serving theBritish-Indian Army as a sepoy. Heleft the British service in 1942 andjoined the Indian National Army inMalaya. He was trained as a soldierand placed in the First BahadurGroup of the INA. He was sent toBurma (now Myanmar) to confrontthe British forces where Panjtan diedin 1944 while confronting the enemy.[ROH, pp.754-55; WWIM, II, p. 234]

Panthalan Yousuf: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Yousuf was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Papammal alias Subbammal: Residentof Machampalayam in CoimbatoreCity, distt. Coimbatore, Tamilnadu;

w/o Senniappan; a labourer ofCoimbatore Spinning and WeavingMills Company Limited, Coimbatore.Participating in the labour struggleorganized by the CoimbatoreSpinning and Weaving Mills workers,She died on 11 Novembaer 1946 inthe 39 rounds of police firing on anestimated huge mob of 6000 workers.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.2701, 14.12.1946, TNSAC]

Pappan Kainikkara: Belonging to Kerala(place not known), he participated inthe movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was involved in theMenasseri Camp firing at Vayalarwhich took place on 27 October 1946.C.P. Ramaswamyís military reachedMenasseri Labour Camp andattacked the labourers gatheredtherein. In the process they shotKainikkara dead. [Punnapra-VayalarRecords, CPIDOA]

Pappana Kainikkara: Belonging to distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, he was connectedwith the Menasseri Camp firing ofVayalar, which took place on 27October 1946. C.P. Ramaswamyísmilitary reached Menasseri LabourCamp and attacked the labourersgathered there. In the process themilitary shot Kainikkara dead.[Travancore Information andListener VII, No. 5, January 1947,KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15November 1946, NMML; PVCS, pp.78-9]


Pappooty: Born on 16 January 1907 atPallipuram, t. Chirayinkil, distt.Trivandrum, Kerala, he studied upto the fourth standard. Joining theTravancore State Congress in 1939,he participated in a State Congressmeeting held in defiance of theprohibitory orders at Pettah,Trivandrum on 13 July 1947, toprotest against the ìIndependentTravancoreî movement. When thearmed forces were sent to dispersethe meeting, the rallyists respondedby pelting stones at the armed men,leading to their opening of fire onthe crowd. Hit by bullets in the firing,Pappooty died on the spot. [Confd.File (1936-56), No. 309\47, B. No. 47,1947, KSAT WWFFK, p. 439; WWIM,II, p. 238]

Pappu George: Resident of VelikkakathuPurayidam, Punnapra, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. Opting for dress-cleaning as an occupation, heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,George joined others in demandingfor its withdrawal, and eventually forits destruction. During the activistsíraid on the camp, he died in thepolice firing on 24 October 1946.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F.Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No.

64, 1948, KSAT]

Parachotil Ahmadkutti Musliyar:Resident of Kuruvambalam amsom,t. Ernad, Kerala, Malabar, a tenant-cultivator. He was taken into custodyin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon. (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Ahmadkutti was one amongthose who had been suffocated todeath in this wagon tragedy,notoriously known as the Black Holeof Podanur (20 November 1921). [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734,12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290,01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Parakkal Aripravavan Moideen:Resident of Melmuri amsom, t.Ernad, distt. Maplappuram, Kerala;a trader. He was arrested anddetained in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained in theMalappuram Sub-Jail as an under-trial prisoner and then transferred toRajahmundry Central Jail. Moideendied in the jail hospital on 31December 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),


G.O. (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922,TNSAC]

Parameshwaran Aasari: Resident ofKannattu Velli, Mannukadu House,Kuthirapanthi, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala. A carpenter by occupation,he participated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families, Aasarijoined others in demanding for itswithdrawal, and eventually for itsdestruction. During the activistsí raidon the camp, he died in the policefiring on 24 October 1946. [FreedomMovement Files (II), F. Nos. 774\46,B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63,1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948,KSAT]

Parameshwaran Moopan: Resident ofKalathil, Vayalar, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala. He participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement (for more details, seethe entry on Agneess Lonappan).Parameshwaran was shot dead bythe military on 27 October 1946.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Parameswaran: Belonging to distt.

Alappuzha, Kerala, he was connectedwith the Menasseri Camp firing ofVayalar, which took place on 27October 1946. C. P. Ramaswamyísmilitary reached Menasseri LabourCamp and attacked the labourersgathered therein, and in the processthey shot Parameswaran dead.[Travancore Information andListener, VII, No. 5 January 1947,KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15November 1946, NMML]

Parammal Alivi: Hailing from Melmuriamsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he actively participated in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theMalappuram Sub-Jail and had beenimplicated in a forcible conversioncase in Melmuri amsom. He was keptin jail from 20 May 1922 to 19October 1927 and again from 22October 1927. He died of smallpoxin Salem Jail on 3 May 1928 at theage of 35. [Pub Deptt, G. O. No. 440,20.05.1922; Pub Deptt, G. O. No. 970,10.10.1927; Pub Deptt, G. O. No. 855,04.10.1928, TNSAC]

Parappan Ahamad Kutty: Resident ofAreakode, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he actively participated in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperation


movement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theMalappuram Sub-Jail and had beenimplicated in a forcible conversioncase in Areakode region. He wasimprisoned from 18 January 1924 to22 March 1927 and again from 23March1927 in Salem Jail in Tamilnadu.He died of smallpox in the jail on 1January 1928 at the age of 38. [PubDeptt, G.O.(Mis.Series) No. 9,05.01.1924; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 226,15.02.1927; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 207,01.03.1928, TNSAC]

Parathodi Moideenkutty: Resident ofPerambalam, Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar; Kerala,he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Moideenkuttywas one among those militantpeasants who died in the 26 August1921 firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK,MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Parayampalliyalil Kunhayamu:Resident of Kuruvambalam amsom,t. Ernad, Kerala, Malabar; a Quran-reader. He was taken into custodyin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon. (for

details, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Kunhayamu was one amongthose who had been suffocated todeath in this wagon tragedy,notoriously known as the Black Holeof Podanur (20 November 1921). [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734,12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G. O. No. 290,01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Parayattu Vasu: He was a resident ofdistt. Trivandrum, Kerala. On 5October 1938, the people of Kadakkalin Kottarakara taluk started an armedrevolt against the toll collection at theKadakkal market. The occurrencealso reflected the popular discontentagainst the government, itscurtailment of civil liberties and theCriminal Law Amendment Act 18 Xof 1935. Arrested and manhandledby the police in this connection, Vasudied due to tortures in theTrivandrum Jail. [FreedomMovement Files, (II), F. No. 1/45,1945 B. No. 38, 674/45, 1945 B. No.39, & No. 357/46, 1946 B. No. 49,KSAT; Judicial files, F. No. 78 of 114,Sessions Court Quilon, Kadakkal RiotCase 1 PE 1/ 1938, CommitmentOrder 29 May 1939, KSAT; EMK, p.36]

Paree Ahmmad: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armed


confrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Ahmmad wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Paree Kunjambu: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjambu wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Paree Moidu: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Moidu was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.

241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Paree Poker: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Poker was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Pari Kunhammad: Resident of Melmuriamsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram,Kerala; s/o Pokker, a trader. He wasarrested and detained in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He wasdetained as an under-trial prisonerand transferred from MalappuramSub-Jail to Rajahmundry Central Jail.Kunhammad died on account ofTuberculosis on 3 June 1922 in the jailhospital at the age of 62. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822,13.10.1922; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Pari Pokker: Resident of Melmuriamsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram,


Kerala; s/o Kunhammad, acultivator. He was arrested anddetained in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and transferredfrom Malappuram Sub-Jail toRajahmundry Central Jail. Pokkerdied on 11 June 1922 in jail hospitalat the age of 25. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (Ord. Ser.) No. 822, 13.10.1922;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Parimoosa: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Parimoosa wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Parsuram Salunke: Born in 1924, residentof v. Khadaklat, t. Chikkodi, distt.Belgaum, Karnataka; s/o D. B.Salunke. He participated in the raidon Budaraghad Treasury on 14December 1942. At the same time, apolice constable, on duty at theadjacent Mamaledar Office, reached

the spot and opened fire on the groupthrough a window. Salunke was hitby bullets and died there. [KQIC, p.207; WWIM, I, p. 317]

Parthasarathy: Resident of Madras(Chennai), Tamilnadu. Heparticipated in the SimonCommission Boycott movementorganized in Madras on 3 February1928. When the police opened fire onthe gathering, Parthasarathy receivedsevere bullet injuries and died on thespot. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 166,23.02.1928; Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.317, 02.04.1928, TNSAC]

Parunthan Keyinali Alavi Haji:Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Alavi Haji was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Pasulan: Belonging to v. Nerkuppai,distt. Ramnad (Madras), Tamilnadu;he was a civilian employee in theBritish-Indian Army. Leaving theBritish service in 1942, he joined theIndian National Army in Malaya andwas placed as sepoy in its SecondGuerrilla Regiment. He was sent toBurma (now Myanmar) to counter


the advancing Allied forces there. Hefought at several places and finallydied in the course of an engagementin 1944. [INA Papers, F. No. 379/INA(1945), INA; ROH, pp. 750-51]

Patel Matta Reddy: Resident of v.Balemla, t. Suryapet, distt. Nalgonda,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);s/o Lakshinarasimha Reddy. Afarmer, he took active part in thepeasantsí uprising against theatrocities and excesses of the feudallords and the autocratic rule of theNizam in Hyderabad State. He wasshot and killed by the Nizamís Policein November 1946. [WWIM, II, p.238].

Pathaveedan Kunhahamad: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon. (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Kunhahamad was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Patil Timmanagouda aliasGiriyappagowda: Born on 8 October1911 at v. Menasinhal, distt.Dharwar, Karnataka; s/oHalappagouda Patil (by adoption). Afarmer and a political worker, hetook active part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement that started in August1942. He carried out his activitiesfrom a secret hiding place.Considered a dangerous saboteur,he was hunted by the policeannouncing a prize of Rs. 1,000 forhis arrest. His family members werealso harassed by the police for hisunderground political activities.Timmanagouda was seriouslywounded in an encounter with thepolice at Kuppelur village (now indistrict Haveri) and died of hisinjuries the same place. [BDG; KQIC,p. WWIM, I, p. 271]

Patrappa Haragol: Resident of RamdurgPrincely State (now in distt.Belgaum), Karnataka. A farmer, hetook part in peasantsí movement inRamdurg State. He participated in aprotest demonstration on 7 April1939 against a case of police firing.The protestors attacked the guardsin front of the Stateís prison. Haragolwas arrested in this connection andhanged in Hindalga Jail, Belgaum on6 May 1940. [Convicted TrialPrisoner, CPR No. 3, B. No. 09, 23May1939 to 01 April 1940, HindalgaJail, Belgaum; RSVH, p. 73; WWIM,II, p. 114]

Pattalam Krishnan aliasThempamkuzhi Krishnan:Belonged to Kerala (place not


known), he was involved in theKallara-Pangode agitation inTravancore over the ìentry taxî. TheState revenue authorities underDiwan C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyarintroduced in 1937 a tax on theagricultural produce entered orbrought into the markets of Kallaraand Pangode by their local producersñ the farmers. Farmers of allcategories resented this imposition,and their refusal to pay it resulted ina confrontation in the Kallara marketbetween them and the authorities on30 September 1938 that led to thearrest of their leaderññKochappiPillai. His detention so infuriated theassembled farmers that theyattacked the police outpost, resultingin serious disturbances. When thisviolent incident or the Kallara Casewas investigated and tried, Krishnanwas sentenced to death and hangedon 18 December 1940 inThiruvananthapuram Jail. [FreedomMovement Files, II, F. No. 3/45(Situation report, Commandant,Travancore State Force to ChiefSecretary to Government, 3 October1938), KSAT; Bulletin No. I, II, AllTravancore Jatha Committee, C. S. F.No. 339/45, KSAT]

Pattalathil Kuttasery Ahmed: Residentof Thirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and their exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entry

on Charchil Mammadutty). Ahmedsurrendered with other rebels and,following a trial, he was sent to thegallows on 17 February 1922. [PubDeptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922, Reportof the Administration of the MadrasPresidency for the year 1921-22;Fortnightly Reports, March 1922,TNSAC, The Hindu, 10 December1921, NMML]

Pattanath Koya: A resident ofMalappuram, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was arrested and detainedin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and and kept inMalappuram Sub-Jail. Koya diedafter suffering from diarrihoea inMalappuram Sub-Jail Hospital in July1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS)No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Payyala Nagayya Santhosham: Residentof Nandivada, t. Gudibada, distt.Krishna, Andhra Pradesh; s/oBhimayya; a cultivator. He wasarrested and imprisoned for one yearfor his taking part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement against the British. Whileserving his term in jail, he fellseverely ill on account of the policetortures and poor living conditions.Convict number 5015, Santhoshamdied in Alipuram Central Jail on 24December 1942 at the age of 50. [PubDeptt, G.O No. 2146, 10-10-1946,TNSAC]


Payyanathuthodi Moideenkutty: Aresident of Kizhuparamba amsom,distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 18June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police tortures,and a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Moideenkutty died on 3 July1922 in detention at the age of 24.[Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Peeru: Resident of Yesvoor (Hesarur), t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in the struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. While fighting forthe defence of Koppaldurg, Peeruwas captured by the British and shotdead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 280]

Perathodi Ali: Inhabitant of Melmuriamsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was arrested and detainedfor his role in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas detained as an under-trial

prisoner and transferred fromMalappuram Sub-Jail toRajahmundry Central Jail. Ali diedon 16 September 1922 in jail hospitalat the age of 45. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922,TNSAC]

Perathodika Moideen: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Moideen wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Periakaruppan: Resident of v.Kannimarpatti, p.o. Thamakki, t.Sivaganga, distt. Ramanathapuram,Tamilnadu. He served the IndianNational Army as a Sepoy from 1943to 1944. Pariakaruppan died in 1944during the Second World War whilefighting against the British forces inBurma (Myanmar). [FFPO No. 6342/1970, 13.10.1970, TNSAC]

Peringotan Kadir: Resident of Melmuriamsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; atrader. He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almost


air-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Kadir was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Periyandi: Resident of v.Perungmanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt.Madurai, Tamilnadu; s/o Chinnandi,he took part in the Kallar riot atPerungamanallur against the ColonialMadras Governmentís policy ofregistering Kallars as criminal tribesunder the Criminal Tribes Act, 1911.A popular and well-known politicalagitator, George Joseph, inspired theKallars not to obey the British andstart a civil disobedience agitation.The Kallars of Perungamanallur andthe neighbouring villages refusedthereafter to register themselves asCriminal Tribes. When the policeforce was used against them, it ledto a riot. In the police firing that tookplace there on 3 April 1920, Periyandidied on the spot. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 1315, 26.05.1920;Judl Deptt, G.O. (Ord. Series)No.109, 27.04.1921; Pub Deptt, G.O.No. 935, 10.09.1931, TNSAC]

Perngotan Abdu: Resident of Melmuri

amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, atenant-cultivator. He was taken intocustody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Abduwas one among those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No.390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Perumal Pillai: Resident of Munichalai,Karimsa Pallivasal V Lane, Madurai,Tamilnadu. A clerk in a flower shop,he was killed in a police firing on thestudentsí protest procession that hejoined on 6 November 1945 tocondemn the conduct of IndianNational Army prisonersí trial. [PubDeptt, (G) (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.256, 01.02.1946, TNSAC]

Perumpali Kunhi Moidin: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, a coolie. Pillai wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see the


entry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Moidinwas one among those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No.390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Peruthodi Valiyakunhi Moideen:Resident of Melmuri amsom, t.Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala. Hewas arrested and detained inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and transferredfrom Malappuram Sub-Jail toRajahmundry Central Jail. Moideendied on 15 August 1922 in the jailhospital at the age of 75. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Peruvakuzhi Kutti Hassan: Resident ofMalappuram amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, a petty merchant.He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (for

details, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Hassan was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Peruvankuzhi Veeran: Resident ofPunnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala; a petty merchant. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Veeranwas one among those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No.390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Peyyala Nagayya alias Santosham aliasBhimudu: Resident of v. Nandivada,t. Gudivada, distt. Krishna, Andhra


Pradesh; s/o Bhimayya and anagriculturist of about 50, he took partin the ìQuit Indiaî movement. Hewas convicted for his anti-Britishactivities by the Sub-DivisionalMagistrate, Gudivada on 24December 1942 to one-year rigourousimprisonment. It was modified bythe Sessions Judge, Krishna districtto eight monthsí rigourousimprisonment. Nagayya died on 13April 1943, while serving his term ofimprisonment in the Alipuram CampJail. [RACJ, C.No. 6537, 1943,APSAH; WWFSAP, II, p. 212; WWIM,I, p. 243]

Pezhungadan Valia Peedikkal MoyanKutti: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, a British-Indiansubject, aged 60. He was arrested forthe first time during the Mappillaoutbreak which occurred in the Ernadand Walluvanad taluks of the distt.Malappuram in March and April 1894.He was detained again on 1January1903 as per G.O. No. 529,Judicial Department, dated12.04.1897; G.O. No.1970 JudicialDepartment, dated 23.12.1902; andG.O. No.1481, Judicial Department,dated 15.09.1905. He was imprisonedfurther for his role in the MalabarRebellion of 1921-22 and kept atTrichinopoly as a state prisoner. Kuttidied on 6 January 1925 atTrichinoploy. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (Ord.Series) No. 427, 05.05.1925; PubDeptt, G.O. No. 832, 27.08.1925,TNSAC]

Pilakkelakandi Unni Moideenkutty: Aresident of Kizhuparamba amsom,

distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 18June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Moideenkutty died on 18 June1922 in detention at the age of 35.[Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS), No. 960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Pinnamaneni Kanakaiah: Resident ofPalukonda, t. Kaikalur, distt.Krishna, Andhra Pradesh; s/oVenkiah; a cultivator. He wasarrested and imprisoned for one yearfor his taking part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement against the British. Whileserving his term in jail, he fellseverely ill on account of the policetortures and poor living conditions.Convict number 8761, Kanakaiahdied in Alipuram Central Jail on 18October 1943. [Pub Deptt, G.O No.2146, 10-10-1946, TNSAC]

Pinnamaneni Kanakayya: Resident of v.Polukonda, t. Kaikalur, distt.Krishna, Andhra Pradesh; s/oVenkayya, he belonged to Kammacommunity. Aged about 35 and anagriculturist, he took part in theìQuit Indiaî movement. He wasconvicted under Section 147 of Indian


Penal Code by the Sub-DivisionalMagistrate, Gudivada, and sentencedon 18 October 1943 to nine monthsírigourous imprisonment. Later, itwas reduced to six monthsí rigourousimprisonment. While serving theterm of imprisonment in theAlipuram Camp Jail, Kanakayya diedin hospital on 27 December 1943 onaccount of acute PerforativePeritonitis. [RACJ, C.No. 8761, 1943,APSAH; WWFSAP, II, p. 185; WWIM,I, p. 276]

Piraji: Resident of Nargund, distt.Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Hari. Hejoined the resistance against theBritish under Baba Saheb in 1857.Following his capture, he was shotdead by musketry at Nargund on 10June 1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No.197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June1858]

Podiyan: Born in 1881 at Neyyattinkara,distt. Trivandrum, Kerala; s/o Willyand a leader of the Harijans, heworked hard for obtaining the rightof temple entry for the members ofhis community. He took part in theState Congress-led CivilDisobedience movement forresponsible government, and joinedon 31 August 1938 in the violentprotest against the arrest of N. K.Padmanabha Pillai, the actingPresident of the State Congress. Acontingent of armed forces,commanded by Lt. Col. Watkis, firedon the protesters flocking around theBus Stand, Neyyattinkara. Podiyanwas killed in this wanton firing.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No.

1149\44, 1944, KSAT, Confd. Reportof S. P. on 4 September 1938 (FirstClass Magistrate to DistrictMagistrate, 15-1-114); Bulletin No. I,II, All Travancore Jatha Committee,C. S. F. No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp.124-26; TTT, p. 164; RR, p. 425;WWFFK, p. 455; WWIM, II, p. 248]

Polakkal Aydaraman: Resident ofPunnapala, amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Aydaraman was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Pollakunnan Abdullah: Resident ofKaruvara Kundu amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala; aged 24. Hewas taken into custody in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-


Cooperation movement. He wasdetained on 8 June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner and kept in the ManjeriSub-Jail. Together with brutal policetortures and a serious attack ofpneumonia in the jail (due to verybad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Abdullahdied on 20 June 1922 in detention atthe age of 24. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS)No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Pongari: Inhabitant of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He participared in the struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. While fighting forthe defence of the Koppaldurg,Pongari was captured by the Britishand shot dead by musketry in June1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279]

Ponnaswami: Resident of Bangalore,Karnataka. At the age of 16, he tookpart in the ìQuit Indiaî movementof 1942. He participated in thepicketing, stopping railway trains etc.During the imposition of curfew inBangalore City, Ponnaswami wasshot dead in a police firing on 17August 1942. [KQIC, p. 52]

Potavara Kuhambu Nair: S/o KaruvadanChandan Nair and Chiruthamma,born in 1917 at Kilaikkot, Kerala, hebelonged to a peasant family andreceived primary school education.He was an energetic and dynamicworker of the Karshaka Sangham andthe Communist Party, whoparticipated in the peasant agitation

against the brutality of police andexploitation of the landlords. He wasthe 13th accused in the Kayyur RiotCase. As ëinner volunteerí of theCommunist cell at Kayyur, he wasinvolved in the riot that ultimatelyled to the death of a police constableon duty in March 1941. He wasfound guilty of murder andsentenced to death. Appeals andclemency petitions on his behalf wererejected. Nair was hanged to deathat Kannur Central Jail on 29 March1943. The brave communist walkedto the gallows shouting, ìInquilabZindabadî and ìCommunist PartyZindabadî. [Court Records in Sc. No.44/1941 (Mangalore); Sc. No. 3/1941(Tellicherry); Sc. No. 11/1941(Tellicherry), Fortnightly Report(Political) for the Second Half ofMarch 1941, First Half of April 1941,and First Half of May 1941; G.O.Home (Routine) 1328-29, (Confd.), 26October 1942; Peopleís War, 21 March,28 March, and 11 April 1943, NMML,New Delhi]

Pothanpurambath Hassan Haji:Resident of Malappuram, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrestedand detained for his role in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and transferredfrom Malappuram Sub-Jail toRajahmundry Central Jail. Haji dieddue to Pub. Tuberculosis in June 1922in jail hospital at the age of 62. [Pub


Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Pothuraju Padal alias Pothuri Mallayyaalias Somanna Dora: Resident of v.Chaparathipalem in the Agency areaof distt. Visakhapatnam, AndhraPradesh; s/o Lakshmayya, hebelonged to Bagata community andbecame munsab of Molagalamitta. Hewas a supporter of Rampa Rebellion(1922-24), led by Sitarama Raju, andled all village munsabs, to attend thedurbar held at Makavaram by AlluriSitarama Raju on 11 September 1923.For his support to the rebellion, arrestwarrant was issued against himunder Sections 121, 121A, 122, 143,145, 149, 395, 397 & 302 of IndianPenal Code, and his property wasconfiscated by the Government inSeptember 1922. He was alsoconvicted in October 1923 for sixmonthsí rigourous imprisonment.Padal died while serving the term ofimprisonment. [F.No. 2, FASRRF,1925, p. 25; F.No. 23A, FASRRF, 1923,p. 67; F. No.1, FASRRF, 1926, p. 9,APSAH; ASRR, p. 119]

Potta Kunhi Ahmed: Resident ofTirurangadi amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala; s/o MamadHaji. He was arrested and detainedfor his role in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas kept in jail from 20 May 1922 to15 November 1925 as an under-trialprisoner. He was again detained as

State Prisoner from 16 November1925 under the Madras State PrisonerRegulation, 1819 and kept in MadrasPrison. Later shifted to UnionMission Tuberculosis Sanatorium,Madanapalle in Chittoor District(now in Andhra Pradhesh), Ahmeddied there on 25 July 1928. [PubDeptt, G.O. No. 441, 20.05.1922; PubDeptt, G.O. No. 102, 14.02.1923; PubDeptt, G.O. No. 1081, 07.11.1925; PubDeptt, G.O. No. 13, 06.011926; PubDeptt, G.O. No. 420, 05.05.1928; PubDeptt, G.O. (Mis.Series) No. 727,28.08.1928; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 855,04.10.1928, TNSAC]

Pottavartini Omayya: Resident of v.Aknoor, t. Jangaon, distt. Warangal,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);s/o Dammayya and a weaver. Whilegiving evidence in a Court of Law,he exposed the atrocities committedby the Razakars and the Nizamís Policeon the villagers. In retaliationOmayya was shot dead along witheight (8) others of the same villagewhen the Nizamís forces raided it inAugust 1946 during the anti-feudalstruggle of the Communists inTelangana. [WWFSAP, III, p. 320;WWIM, II, p. 249]

Pottayil Mohamad Haji: A resident ofdistt. Malappuram, Kerala, he wasarrested and detained in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He wasdetained from 12 October 1922 as per


G.O. No 814 Public Departmentdated 12.10.1922, and transferred toRajahmundry Central Jail. Haji diedon 10 January 1922 in jail hospital atthe age of 71. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No.898, 23.09.1927, TNSAC]

Pottayil Unniyan Kutti Musaliar:Resident of distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was arrested and detainedin connection with the the Mappillaoutbreak in parts of the Ernad andWalluvanad taluks in distt.Malappuram in February and March1915 (as per G.O.Nos. 2080-83,Judicial Department, dated03.09.1915; G.O. No.441, JudicialDepartment, Dated 18.02.1916; andG.O. No. 555, Public Department,dated 01.09.1920). Later, he was keptin jail for his role in the MalabarRebellion of 1921. Sent toTrichinopoly (by G.O.No.333, Public,dated 11.04.1927), Musaliar died ofill-health on 14 April 1927 inAnantapur District Jail at the age of61. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 898,23.09.1927, TNSAC]

Prabandham Rangachar: Resident of t.Proddutur, distt. Cuddapah, AndhraPradesh. He graduated from theMadras Medical College and servedas a Health Officer in the BangaloreCantonment Health Service till 1941.He joined the Indian National ArmyMedical Service in 1941 as a Captainand was posted in Singapore in 1943.While serving in the INA, Rangacharwas killed in action in 1945 atZiawaddy in Burma. [FFHFSAP,1947ñ48; WWIM, II, p. 249; WWFSAP,I, p. 83]

Prabhakaran Kedathattusherri:Belonging to Kerala (place notknown), he participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was involved in theOlathal Camp Firing at Vayalarwhich took place on 27 October 1946.On that day C. P. ramaswamyísmilitary reached Menasseri LabourCamp and attacked the labourersgathered therein. In the process theyshot Kedathattusherri dead.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Prabhakaran Kunthirisherril: Belongingto distt. Alappuzha, Kerala, heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. He was connected withthe Vayalar firing which took placeon 27 October 1946. On that day C.P.Ramaswamyís military reachedVayalar Labour Camp, attacked thelabourers gathered therein, and shotKunthirisherril dead. [TravancoreInformation and Listener VII, No. 5,January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30October and 15 November 1946,NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9]

Prabhala Subbarao: Belonged to v.Nalluru, distt. Guntur, AndhraPradesh. A participant in the CivilDisobedience movement against the


British imperialist rule, he wasarrested at the height of the agitation.Subbarao died in jail probably beforethe second half of 1931. [AICC Papers,Andhra Pradesh ProvincialCommittee Report, F.No. G-1(i)/1931, 8-11-1931, NMML]

Prahalladha Setty: Born in Bangalore,Karnataka, he took part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement in August 1942.While taking part in an anti-Britishdemonstration near Banappa Park,Mysore Bank Circle, and KempeGowda Road, Setty died in the policefiring on the demonstrators on 16August 1942. [PHRA; PMLC]

Pratap Rao Patil: Born in v. Byakund,distt. Belgaum, Karnataka. Adevoted social worker and a studentof Intermediate class at Kolhapur, hejoined the ìQuit Indiaî movementand served its cause as a saboteur.Hunted by the police, he had to gounderground. Patil was killed alongwith Kokate in an encounter with theanti-social elements on 22 May 1947at Walwe, Sangli. [BDG; WWIM, II,p. 241]

Prayaga Veeraraghavayya: Resident ofTenali, distt. Guntur, AndhraPradesh. A lawyer, he took an activepart in the ìQuit Indiaî movement.On 12 August 1942, the town ofTenali observed a complete hartal asa protest against the arrest of theCongress leaders. At 9 am, a largecrowd of students and Congressitesin anger ransacked the TenaliRailway Station, set it on fire and cutthe signal, telephone and telegraph

wires. The Tenali Superintendent ofPolice rushed to the spot and warnedthe crowd that the police would openfire if they did not disperse. Thecrowd refused to do so, andconsequently, the Superintendent ofPolice ordered to open fire. In theindiscriminate firing, three innocentpeople died on the spot.Veeraraghavayya was one of them.Six others received injuries andanother four died in the hospital.[SMEAT, 1942, Tenali; WWFSAP, I,p. 275; WWIM, I, p. 279; HFMAP, p.151]

Pudukkutti Moideen: Resident ofUrangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 6June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Moideen died on 26 June 1922in detention at the age of 27. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Pujari Balayya: Resident of t. Chintapalli,distt. Visakhapatnam, AndhraPradesh. He took part in the RampaRebellion (1922-24) led by AlluriSitarama Raju, against the oppressive


British rule in the Agency area. Hisproperty was confiscated by theGovernment for his participation inthe rebellion. On 5 November 1923,he received bullet injuries in anencounter with the police atKondalayagondi. Balaya died in thehospital at Peddavalasa on 10November 1923. [F.No. 4, FASRRF,1924, p. 28; F.No. 4, FASRRF, 1923,p. 10, APSAH]

Pujari Bangarayya: Resident of v.Gudem, t. Chintapalli, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Balayya Dora. He took part in theRampa Tribal Rebellion (1922-24) ledby Alluri Sitarama Raju, against theoppressive British rule over theAgency area. He was accused underSections 121, 121A, 122, 143, 145, 149,395, & 397 of Indian Penal Code andhis property was confiscated by theGovernment for his participation inthe Rebellion. Bangarayya was killedby Sub-Inspector, Jaya Rao, in actionat Kondalayagondi on 5 November1923. [F. Nos. 2 & 23A, FASRRF, 1923,pp. 2, 16 & 45, 227, 233 & 247; F. Nos.4 & 21A, FASRRF, 1924 pp. 30 & 249,APSAH]

Pujari Hanamma: Resident of Halagali,Mudhol Princely State (now in distt.Bagalakot), Karnataka. He took partin the revolt of Halagali Bedasagainst the imposition of theDisarming Act of 1857 by the British.He was killed in fighting against theBritish under the leadership of BabajiSovaji Nimbalkar on 30 November1857. [SI1857WI, p. 199]

Pujari Lakshmayya: Resident of v.Gudem in the Agency area, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Hetook part in the Rampa Rebellion(1922-24) led by Alluri Sitarama Rajuagainst the oppressive British overthe Agency area. He participated inthe action at Peddagaddapalem on 6December 1922 and also took part inthe Ramavaram encounter orRamavaram ambush on 24 October1922. Four men were killed in thisfiring between rebels and policeforce, led by Sanders. Lakshmayyawas one among them.[CORAOPDGOM, 7-11-1922,APSAH; ASRR, p. 72 & 90]

Pujari Sanyasi: Resident of v. Gudem,in the Agency area, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh;took part in the Rampa Rebellion(1922-24) led by Alluri Sitarama Rajuagainst the oppressive British ruleover the Agency area. He took partin the Ramavaram encounter orRamavaram ambush on 24 October1922. Four men were killed in thefiring between the rebels and policeforce, led by Sanders. Sanyasi wasone among them. [CORAOPDGOM,7-11-1922, APSAH; ASRR, p. 72]

Pulakallnodika Kunhayamu: Residentof Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil alias


Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Kunhayamu was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Pulakkat Thodi Moideen: Resident ofPayyanad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala; a tenant-cultivator. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Moideen was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Pulikalakath Koyali: Resident ofMalappuram, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was arrested and detained

in connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He died due to Brightísdecease in Malappuram Sub-Jailhospital in July 1922. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (MS), No. 998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Pullela Syamasundara Rao: Resident ofv. Ichhapuram, distt. Srikakulam,Andhra Pradesh; s/oVenkataramayya Pantulu; educatedat Ichhapuram. While studyingIntermediate at Berhampore, he gaveup his studies in response to the Non-Cooperation movement. Heunderwent seven monthsí and oneweekís imprisonment from 8February 1922 to 14 September 1922in the Berhampore and CuddaloreJails for organizing the picketing oftoddy shops. He toured extensivelyto propagate the cause of the CivilDisobedience movement in thedistrict, and raided the Naupadu SaltFields during 1930 Salt Satyagraha. Hewas convicted for one yearísimprisonment, and suffered sixmonthsí rigourous imprisonmentfrom 16 January 1932 in theBerhampore and Cuddalore Jails andpaid a fine of Rs.100/-. He served asSecretary, Andhra Mahasabha, inBurma in 1934-35 and ran a weeklyJournal, Prajavani, from these. He alsoworked intensively for the relief ofthe cyclone- affected people in 1935ñ36. A member, PCC, he acted asSecretary and President, D.C.C., and


became an MLA in 1937, afterdefeating A.P. Patro. In 1940 heserved as President of tbe AndhraKisan Sabha. While undergoing houseinternment at Ichhapuram, Rao fellseriously ill and died on 16 June 1940.[Andhra Patrika, 18 June 1940 & 19June 1940, APSAH; WWFSAP, III, pp.162ñ163]

Pullikal Veerankutty: Hailing fromMalabar, Kerala (place not known),he was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He had surrendered tothe authorities along with otherrebels, and, following a trial, he wasdeported. Veerankutty died as aState Prisoner on 2 March 1945. [PubDeptt, F. No. 598, 1945, TNSAC]

Pulliseri Kunhahammad: Resident ofMalappuram, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was arrested and detainedfor his role in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement.Kunhahammad died due toTuberclosis in the Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital in July 1922. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (MS), No. 998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Pulliyil Alavi: An inhabitant of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he actively

participated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas detained as an under-trialprisoner and kept in the MalappuramSub-Jail and had been Melmuriamsom of Ernad taluk. Arrested anddetained on 20 May1922 (as per PubDeptt, G.O. No. 440, 20.05.1922) andcontinued to be kept in jail as per G.O.No 102 Public Department, dated14.02.1923; G.O. No 780, PublicDepartment, dated 17.08.1925; andG.O. (Mis.Series) No.857, PublicDepartment, dated 01.10.1926); Alavidied in Bellary Central Jail on 4January 1927 of PulmonaryTuberculosis at the age of 32. [PubDeptt, G.O. No.898, 23.09.1927,TNSAC]

Pulliyil Avaran Haji: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Haji was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Pulliyil Chekku: Resident of t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-


cultivator Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Chekku was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Pulliyil Cheriya Chekku: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Cheriya Chekkuwas one among those militantpeasants who died on 26 August 1921in the firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Pulliyil Kuttiassan: Resident of Melmuriamsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram,Kerala; s/o Kuttirayan. A cultivator,he was arrested and detained inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was transferred from

Malappuram Sub-Jail toRajahmundry Central Jail. He diedin the jail hospital there on 6 June1922 at the age of 65. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822,13.10.1922; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Pulliyil Mammad: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala; s/o KunheenHaji, he was arrested and detainedfor his role in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement.Mammad was kept in MalappuramSub-Jail and died in MalappuramHeadquarters hospital, Calicut, on 1August 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822, 13.10.1922,TNSAC]

Pulliyil Mammad: Resident ofMalappuram, distt. Malappuram,Kerala; s/o Ahmad, he was arrestedand detained in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements. Mammad was kept inMalappuram Sub-Jail and died therein headquarters hospital, Calicut, on7 May 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822, 13.10.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. (Mis) No. 765,02.10.1923, TNSAC]

Pulukkal Kunhiraman: Belonging toKerala (place not known), he was an


activist of the Karshaka Sangham ofIrikkoor which took the initiative inproviding relief to the peoplesuffering from ëblackí marketing, andhoarding. The Sangham activistsrequested the landlord forpermission to cultivate the land ofKavumbai. When the Jenmi refused,they appealed for some action fromthe ministers and officials of MadrasGovernment. Not getting anyresponse, the peasants under theleadership of the Karshaka Sangham,decided to occupy the area andcultivate it even if they had to facepolice action. The police did turn up,cordoned off the area and fired uponthe activists of the Sangham on 30December 1946. Kunhiraman lost hislife in this police firing. [PA, 2February 1947, NMML; ASK, p. 33;KKK, p. 64]

Punayanpalliyalil Seydali: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a religious teacher.He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Seydali was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,

dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Punee Saheb: Resident of Hammigi,distt. Gadag, Karnataka, he tookactive part in the struggle against theBritish in 1857-58 under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Captured by the Britishduring the battle at Koppaldurg,Saheb was blown away with acannon. [WWIM, III, 116]

Punna Kohkuyil Hydru: Resident ofKaruvara Kundu amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 8June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious outbreak of pneumoniain the jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Hydru died on 21 June 1922in jail in detention at the age of 30.[Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960,20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Puramalthodi Mammad: Inhabitant ofMalappuram, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was arrested and detainedin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonial


authorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. Mammad was kept inMalappuram Sub-Jail and died dueto acute enteritis in the MalappuramSub-Jail Hospital in May 1922. [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Purushottaman: Belonging to distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated inthe movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was connected withthe Vayalar firing which took placeon 27 October 1946. C.P.Ramaswamyís military on that dayreached Vayalar Labour Camp andattacked the labourers gatheredtherein and shot Purushottamandead in the process. [TravancoreInformation and Listener, VII No. 5,January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30October and 15 November 1946,NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9]

Puthan Peedikkal Veeran: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a tenant-cultivator.He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Veeran was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death in

this wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Puthan Veedan Kunjahammad:Resident of Kuruvambalam amsom,t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a coolie.He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Kunjahammad was oneamong those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No.390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Puthenparambil Damodaran: Residentof Parappila Vattathara, Punnapra,distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. Adedicated and brave ex-serviceman,he joined others in preventing amilitary vehicle near Thiruvambadi


from proceeding towards Punnapra.He was also one among those wholed the procession that attacked thePunnapra police camp and died in thepolice firing on 24 October 1946.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No.774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B.No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64,1948, KSAT; IPV, p. 71]

Puthenpeedikal Kunholan: Resident ofMalappuram, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was arrested and detainedin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. Kunholan was kept inMalappuram Sub-Jail and died dueto colitis in the Malappuram Sub-JailHospital in May 1922. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998,28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Puthiah: Born in v. Moodanakoppalu,distt. Mandya, Karnataka. Anemployee of the Mysore Iron andSteel Company, Bhadrabati, he tookactive part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942. Puthiah waskilled in the police firing on the anti-British demonstrators, near the gateof the Mysore Iron and SteelCompany in 1942. [SSS, II, p. 354]

Puthiyagath Kunhamad Musaliar:Resident of distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was arrested and detainedfor his role in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities and

the exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas detained under the Madras StatePrisoners Regulation, 1819, atNagore in Tanjore District inaccordance with G.O. (Mis. Series)No. 837, Public Department dated01.10.1928. He died on the night of17 April 1930 in Nagore Jail. [PubDeptt (G), G.O. (MS) No. 770,25.06.1930, TNSAC]

Puthiyarakkal Koyassan: Resident ofTrikkalangod amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a timber trader. Hewas taken into custody in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921and transported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Koyassan was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Puttaiah: Born in Bhadravati, distt.Shimoga, Karnataka. He was aworker in Bhadravati Iron and SteelFactory. On 2 May 1941, he joinedthe agitating workers in surrounding


the police station at Bhadravati toprevent the police from taking fourof their arrested leaders to the courtfor remand. In the ensuing scuffle,the police opened fire on theassembled workers, killing Puttaiahon the spot. [SSS, II, p. 354; WWIM,II, p. 254]

Puvalliyil Abobakkar: Resident of t.Ernad, a tenant-cultivator inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Aboobakkarwas one among those militantpeasants who died in the 26 August1921 firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK,MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR;ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44;MM, pp. 179-209]

Puvalliyil Alavikutty: Resident of t.Ernad, a tenant-cultivator inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armed

confrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Alavikutty wasone among those militant peasantswho died in the 26 August 1921 firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Puvalliyil Koyakutty Haji: Resident oft. Ernad, a tenant-cultivator inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Koyakutty wasone among those militant peasantswho died in the 26 August 1921 firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]


R. Vasudevan: Born on 7 February 1917at Maruthathur, t. Neyyattinkara,distt. Trivandrum, Kerala. A farmereducated upto fourth standard, hetook part in the violent demonstra-tion staged at Neyyattinkara on 31August 1938 to protest against thearrest of N.K. Padmanabha Pillai, theacting President of the TravancoreState Congress. When a unit of theTravancore State Forces commandedby Col. Watkis, fired upon thedemonstrators to disperse them,Vasudevan was shot and killed atNeyyattinkara [Freedom MovementFiles (II), No. 1149\44, 1944; KSAT,Confd. Report of S.P. on 4 September1938 (First Class Magistrate toDistrict Magistrate, 15-1-114);Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore JathaCommittee, C.S. F. No. 339/45,KSAT; CHN, pp. 124-26; TTT, p. 164;RR, p. 425; WWFFK, pp.619-20]

R. Govindaswamy: Resident not known.He joined the Indian National Armyin 1942 and served it as a soldier inits Unit No. 451. Soon after hisdeployment on the Burma (now

Myanmar) front, he fought the Alliedforces on several occasions.Govindaswamy was killed by theenemy on 16 March 1945 during theirattacks on the retreating INAsoldiers in Burma. [INA Papers, F.Nos. 1/INA, NAI; WWIM, II, p. 105]

R. Krishna Nadar: Born on 25 July 1914at Mudavanmukal, distt.Trivandrum, Kerala; s/o RamanNadar, studied up to the ninthstandard. He participated in the CivilDisobedience movement launched bythe Travancore State Congress inSeptember 1938. He also attended theState Congress meeting, held indefiance of the prohibitory orders atSankumukham beach, Trivandrum on21 September 1938. The gatheringwas fired upon by a platoon of theTravancore State Forces. Nadar diedin the firing on the same day. [Confd.Section Files F. No. 4111/44, KSAT;Freedom Movement Files, 3345/44,KSAT; WWFFK, p. 244; WWIM, I, p.243]

R. Ramanathan: Resident of Puthakaram,

RRRRR


distt. Thanjavur, Tamilnadu; s/oRajappan; he was a civilian employeein the British-Indian Army. Heshifted his loyalty to the IndianNational Army in 1942, and wasplaced as a soldier in its TrainingGroup. Along with his fellow-soldiers, he was sent to counter theAllied forces on the Burma (nowMyanmar) front. Ramanathan waskilled during a sudden enemy attack.[WWIM, II, p. 265; ROH, pp. 760-61]

Rachappa Veerappa Hebbal: Born in1917 at Bailhongal, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka; s/o Veerappa Hebbal. Aweaver, he took part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement of 1942 and joinedin the raid on the Bailhongal PoliceStation on 16 August 1942. Hebbalreceived bullet wounds in the firingby the police and died the same day.[WWIM, I, p. 136]

Radhakrishna: Resident of Nizamabad,t. & distt. Nizamabad, AndhraPradesh (now in Telangana); s/o.Jeetmal, he was an Arya Samajist since1934, and became the founder of theArya Samaj at Nizamabad. He raisedfunds for the Arya Samaj Satyagrahaduring the Grant of Civil Libertiesmovement, 1938, in this formerHyderabad State. He also took anactive part in the Arya movementagainst the autocratic rule inHyderabad State. He was stabbed todeath on 2 September 1939, by anArab with the connivance of theNizamís Police, in front of the PoliceStation at Nizamabad [WWFSAP, III,p. 77; WWIM, II, p. 254; TFSIH, IV,p. 9]

Raghoba Limaya: Resident of NargundPrincely State (now in distt. Gadag),Karnataka. On the charge of ëjoiningthe Chief of Nargund State in therebellion of 1857 against the British,and on being present with the rebeltroops during the murder of Mr.Manson, a British Officerí, Limayawas arrested and hanged in front ofthe Petah of Nargund on 16 June 1858at 6 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 299/1858,17 June 1858]

Rajah Venkata Santa Bhupathi:Resident of Golugonda, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Chinna Bhupati,educated up toElementary level and about 22. Hebecame Zamindar of Golugonda afterhis fatherís death. The Zamindari ofGolugonda was, however, convertedinto Ryotwari land, instead of itremaining Mokasa. The Governmentallowed the family a yearly sum ofRs. 2200/- leaving the Rajah utterlydiscontented. The discontentmentled him to rebel against theGovernment, which was famouslycalled as ëGolugonda Pituri of 1891í.It was supported by all the hillMuttadars and about 200 tribal mentook part in it. The Rajah ledsuccessful attack on theKrishnadevipet and Chintapalli PoliceStations and allowed his men to lootthe house of Panpoze Appalaswamiof Padi, a constable, and the houseof a rich bania at Kintali in theMadgole Estate in the months of Mayand June of 1881. In course of therebellion, his health started failing,and he suffered from fever and


dysentery. Thoroughly indisposed,Bhupathi died on 20 June 1881, atPobbunja hills, near the village ofBakulur. [F.No. 8, FASRRF, 1882, p.21, APSAH]

Rajappan Puthumanachirayil: Belon-ging to Kerala (place not known), heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. He was caught up inthe Olathal Camp Firing at Vayalarwhich took place on 27 October 1946.Ramaswamyís military reached onthat day at the Olathala Labour Campand attacked the labourers gatheredtherein. In the process they shotRajappan dead. [Punnapra-VayalarRecords, CPIDOA]

Rajarama Rao: Resident of Chirala indistt. Prakasham, Andhra Pradesh;attached to the Storage Departmentin the Indian Leaf TobaccoDevelopment Company; aged about25. From 8 February 1938, he tookpart in a strike organised by theWorkersí Union at Chirala. A varietyof grievances were put forward bythe workers and the management,but no settlement was effected. It ledeventually to a major discontentamong the workers and resulted ina riot on 14 February, 1938. In theafternoon at 1:30 p.m. a large crowdstationed there outside the factoryand attacked the police with stones.Mr. H.H. Carleston, Sub-Collector,Ongole, arrived on the spot and

ordered firing on the gathering ofworkers at 3:30 p.m. Rao receivedbullet injuries, and died on the spot.[The Hindu, 15-2-1938, NMML]

Raju Naidu: Resident of Ondipudur,distt. Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; s/oRangasamy Naidu. A mill-worker, hetook part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942, and was arrestedand imprisoned in Central Jail,Coimbatore. Suffering frompneumonia, Naidu died there on 17July 1943. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.2146, 10.10.1946; Pub Deptt (G-E),G.O. (MS) No.780, 10.03.1947; PubDeptt (Poll-B), G.O (MS) No. 3221,30.10.1947, TNSAC]

Raju: Belonging to Tamilnadu (residencenot known), he worked in the paintshop at the Golden Rock Workshopof South Indian Railways at Trichyin Tamilnadu. He participated in theSouth Indian Railways LabourUnionís strike from 24 August 1946(for details, see the entry onKrishnamurthy). Raju was shot deadby the Malabar Special Police on 5September 1946 when they stormedthe compound of the Golden RockWorkshop to arrest the agitatingworkers. [PA, 29 September, 27October, 1 December 1946; LMI, Vol.23, pp. 157-69]

Raju: Resident of Nargund, dist. Gadag,Karnataka; s/o Murarba; shiledar (asoldierís position). He joined theresistance against the British underBaba Saheb in 1857. Arrested, triedand sentenced to death, Raju washanged on 24 June 1858 in front of


the Petah of Nargund. [Poll Deptt,No. 226, Part-XIII, DD, Vol. No. 31,L. No. 322/1858, June 1858]

Ram Ratan Gir: Resident of Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana),he belonged to the Gosavi communityof bankers, settled in Begum Bazar.He took an active part in the GreatRevolt of 1857 as a close associate ofRam Rao, alias Rao Saheb Peshwa, oneof the most prominent rebel leadersof the Deccan. He was the key personbehind the mobilization of the peoplein Hyderabad for the revolt againstthe British. He was captured later bythe British and charged as one of thechief accused in the Begum BazarConspiracy Case (1862). He made adaring escape from the Britishcustody, but was arrested again atNarayankhed in Medak district ofAndhra Pradesh. He snatched adagger from one of the guards andkilled himself (in 1862) while beingtaken to Hyderabad as a prisoner.[TFSH, II (1857ñ85), p. 196; WWIM,III, p. 122].

Rama: Resident of Halagali, MudholPrincely State (now in distt.Bagalakot), Karnataka. He took partin the resistance of Halagali Bedasagainst the imposition of theDisarming Act of 1857 by the British.Rama was killed in fighting againstthe British under the leadership ofBabaji Sovaji Nimbalkar on 30November 1857. [SI1857WI, p. 199]

Ramalingayya Choudary Bodey: Bornat v. Yendagandi, distt. EastGodavari, Andhra Pradesh. An active

participant in the freedom struggle,he took part first in the Non-cooperation movement of 1921 andlater in the Civil Disobediencemovement of 1930. Whileparticipating in a demonstrationduring the Civil Disobediencemovement in 1932 at Bhimavaram(West Godavari), he received severelathi blows in a police lathi-charge onthe demonstrators. Bodey could notbear the blows and died on the spot.[WWIM, I, p. 54]

Ramachandra: Born at Sirsi, distt. NorthKanara, Karnataka; s/o ShrimatiRadhabai. He took part in the CivilDisobedience movement of 1930 andplayed an active role in the JungleSatyagraha. Arrested and sentencedto six monthsí rigorousimprisonment, Ramachandra died injail. [WWIM, I, p. 297]

Ramachandran: Belonging to Tamilnadu(residence not known), he workedat foundry shop of the Golden RockWorkshop, South Indian Railways atTrichy in Tamilnadu. He participatedin the South Indian Railways LabourUnionís strike from 24 August 1946(for details, see the entry onKrishnamurthy). Ramachandran wasshot dead by the Malabar SpecialPolice on 5 September 1946 whenthey stormed into the compound ofthe Golden Rock Workshop tofrighten the agitating workers intosubmission to the ìwhiteî tyrannicaladministration. [PA, 29 September,27 October, 1 December 1946; LMI,Vol. 23, pp. 157-69]


Ramachandra: Resident of Gorur, t. &distt. Hassan, Karnataka; s/oRamaswami Iyengar. A collegestudent, he led a procession withNational Flag in hand and violatedthe orders of the police. He was shotdead at the age of 17 when the policeopened fire on the processionists in1947. Gandhiji wrote to his father ina letter: ìYour son has become amartyrî! [SSS, II, p. 718.]

Ramakrishna Naicken: Resident ofMurugappa Chetti Street,Chindaripet, Madras (Chennai),Tamilnadu; s/o Murgesa Naicken. ACongress worker, he was employedin Indian Aluminium Company andalso worked as a fitter in MadrasTramways. He joined the CivilDisobedience protest meeting at theTriplicane beach on 27 April 1930.Being in the front, Naicken receivedgunshot in the police firing on thegathering on the Canal Bridge, anddied on the spot at the age of 20. [PubDeptt (Confd.), A, G.O. (MS) No.275,12.05.1930, TNSAC]

Raman Pillai alias Muthukan Pillai:Born in 1881 at Neyyattinkara, distt.Trivandrum, Kerala, and studied upto the fourth standard, he joined theviolent demonstration staged on 31August, at Neyyattinkara to protestagainst the arrest of N.K.Padmanabha Pillai, the acting StateCongress President. A contingent ofTravancore State Forces ñ sent forrestoring orderññfired on the crowdnear the bus stand, Neyyattinkara.Pillai was hit and died on the spot.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No.

1149\44, 1944, KSAT; Confd. Reportof S.P. on 4 September, 1938 (FirstClass Magistrate to DistrictMagistrate, 15-1-114); Bulletin No. I,II, All Travancore Jatha Committee,C.S. F. No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp.124-26; TTT, p. 164; RR, p.425;WWFFK, p. 508; WWIM, II, p. 246]

Ramanatharaya: Born in Bhadravati,distt. Shimoga, Karnataka. He was aworker in Bhadrabati Iron and SteelFactory. On 2 May 1941, he joinedthe agitating workers in surroundingthe police station at Bhadravati toprevent the police from taking fourof their arrested leaders to the courtfor remand. In the scuffle thatfollowed, the police opened fire onthe assembled workers, killingRamanatharaya then and there.[PMRA; PMLC]

Ramankunju Thiruvathikkal:Belonging to distt. Alappuzha,Kerala, he was connected with theMenasseri Camp Firing of Vayalar,which took place on 27 October 1946.C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís militaryreached Menasseri Labour Camp onthat day and attacked the labourersgathered therein, and, in the processshot Thiruvathikkal dead.[Travancore Information andListener, VII, No. 5 January 1947,KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15November, 1946, NMML; PVCS, pp.78-9]

Ramankutti: Resident of Thurmugham,Punnapara, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala.He participated in the movement forresponsible government in


Travancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Ramankutti joined others indemanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in the police firing on 24 October1946. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Ramankutty: Belonging to Kerala (placenot known), he participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was caught up inthe Menasseri Labour Camp firing ofVayalar which took place on 27October 1946. On that dayRamaswamyís military reachedMenasseri Labour Camp andattacked the labourers gatheredtherein. In the process they shotRamankutty dead. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, CPIDOA]

Ramanna: Born in Madhugire, distt.Tumkur, Karnataka. An activeCongress worker, he took part in theìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942.When the Congress workersorganized processions merging intoa large public gathering, he activelyparticipated in it. Unable to controlthe gathering, the police opened fire

on it in which Ramanna was killedon the spot. [PMLC; PGM]

Ramannah: Resident of Singatalur, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in the struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. While defendingthe Koppaldurg, Ramannah wascaptured by the British and blownto death with a cannon. [SI1857WI,p. 279]

Ramappa Shadlageri: Resident of Kitturin Ramdurg Princely State (now indistt. Belgaum), Karnataka; a farmer.He took part in peasantsí movementin Ramdurg State and he participatedin a protest demonstration on 7 April1939 against a case of police firing.The protestors attacked the guardsin front of the Stateís prison.Shadlageri was arrested in thisconnection and hanged in HindalgaJail, Belgaum, on 6 May 1940.[Convicted Trial Prisoner No. 18563,CPR No. 3, B. No. 09, 23 May1939 to01 April 1940, Hindalga Jail, Belgaum;RSVH, p. 74; WWIM, II, pp. 298-99]

Ramappa: Resident of Nargund, distt.Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Yell. Hejoined the resistance against theBritish under Baba Saheb in 1857.Following his capture, Ramappa wasshot dead by musketry at Nargundon 10 June 1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt,No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30,10 June 1858]

Ramasamy: Resident of 4/158, PankajaMills Colony, Ramanathapuram,


Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, heparticipated in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942. While taking partin a protest rally, Ramasamy wasshot dead by the police in August1942. [FFPO No. 9203/1980, 08.08.80,TNSAC]

Ramaswamy Ondiriyar: Resident ofTirumangal Kottai Vidile, distt.Thanjavur, Tamilnadu; he was acivilian employee in the British-Indian Army. He left the Britishservice and joined the IndianNational Army in Malaya. As asoldier, he served the Special Branchof the S.S. Group and landed in Indiaon an intelligence assignment.Ondiriyar was, however, detectedand captured by the Britishauthorities, sentenced to death andhanged. [WWIM, II, p. 226; ROH,pp.760-61]

Ramaswamy: Hailed from Tamilnadu(residence not known), a worker anda trade-union leader of TextileWorkers Union of Coimbatore, hewas falsely implicated in the murderof Ponanan, a watchman of RangaVilas Textile Mill [for details, see theentry on Chinniah]. Sentenced todeath by the Sessions Court andconfirmed later by the High Courtand the Privy Council, Ramaswamywas hanged on 8 January 1946. [PA,27 January 1946]

Ramji Gond: Resident of Nirmal, distt.Adilabad, Andhra Pradesh (now inTelangana), he was the leader of theGond tribesmen in the Adilabad. Heorganised the tribesmen for waging

a struggle for ending the British rule.He enlisted the help of the Rohillainhabitants and started a revoltagainst the British in 1860. With hisarmed force of 300 Gonds andDeccanis and 200 Rohillas, he foughta pitched battle against the Britishforces, headed by the Collector ofNirmal on 9 April 1860. In the bitterfighting, the British troops sufferedheavy casualties, but the rebels hadto withdraw. Gond escaped but wascaught later on and hanged from abanyan tree at Nirmal in April, 1868.The tree on which was hung, is stillcalled as the ëRamji Gond BanyanTreeí.[TFSH, II (1857ñ85), pp. 154ñ56;WWFSAP,. I, p. 7; WWIM, II, p. 266].

Ramu Thevar: Hailed from v.Thumpadkai Kottai, p.o.Irudayapuram, distt.Ramanthapuram, Tamilnadu. He waseducated up to the Junior Cambridgeat a local school in Penang. Recruitedin Malaya as a civilian employee inthe British-Indian army, he laterjoined the Indian National Army. Heserved as a soldier in the S.S. Group,of the INA, and did spying work forwhich he was tried for ëwaging waragainst the King Emperorí.Sentenced to death, Thevar wasexecuted on 7 July 1944. [FFPONo.13296/1998, 27.07.1998, TNSAC]

Ranga Rao Ratnakar Page Narkhedkar:Resident of Hyderabad, distt.Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (nowin Telangana). A village official, hewas entrusted with the work ofcarrying a letter, addressed toNanasaheb Peshwa at Berwathoda in


the North by Sonajipant, a Daftardarof Raja Rai Rayan, a nobleman ofHyderabad, in February 1857. Hesecured orders and a proclamationfrom Nanasaheb Peshwa, andhatched the conspiracy to commencean insurrection in the Deccan againstthe British, along with Raja DeepSingh, Zamindar of Kowlas and Safdar-ud-Dowla of Hyderabad and othersin 1858. He collected arms andplanned a mutiny in the Hyderabadarmy against the British. He washowever arrested before action couldstart, and tried by the BritishResident personally at Hyderabad ongrounds of treason and conspiracyfor disaffecting troops. He wassentenced to death in April 1859,which was commuted by theGovernor-General to transportationfor life in the Andamans. Narkhedkardied there in 1860. [WWFSAP, I, p.505].

Ranga (II): Inhabitant of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in the struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. While defendingthe Koppaldurg from British attack,Ranga was captured by the enemyand blown to death with a cannon in1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279]

Ranga: Inhabitant Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He participated in the struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. Arrested in anencounter with the British at

Koppaldurg, Ranga was shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.279]

Ranganna: Hailed from Tamilnadu(residence not known), a worker anda trade-union leader of TextileWorkers Union of Coimbatore, hewas falsely implicated in the murderof Ponanan, a watchman of RangaVilas Textile Mill (for details, see theentry on Chinniah). Sentenced todeath by the Sessions Court andconfirmed later by the High Courtand the Privy Council, Ranganna wasexecuted on 8 January 1946. [PA, 27January 1946]

Reddy Venkayya alias KuruvellaBhupatayya alias Bhupati: Residentof v. Gannerlapalem, t. Golugonda,distt. Visakhapatnam, AndhraPradesh; s/o Jinkayya, he took partin the 1922-24 Rampa Rebellion ledby Alluri Sitarama Raju against theoppressive British rule over theAgency area. He was captured inJanuary 1923 at Amirekulu,convicted under Sections 121A, 122,143, 145, 148 & 395 of Indian PenalCode, and sentenced on 25 June 1923by the Agency Additional SessionsJudge, Waltair, for a 3 yearsrigourous imprisonment. Whileserving the term of imprisonment,Venkayya died on 12 May 1924, inthe Rajahmundry Central Jail. [RRCJ,C.No-6996, 1924, APSAH; WWFSAP,III, p. 225; WWIM, I, p. 307]

Rehaman Khan: Resident of Nargund,distt. Gadag, Karnataka; s/o RahimSaheb. He took active part in the


Uprising of 1857-58; arrested in anencounter with the British, andcharged with ëwaging war againstthe British between 24 May and 2June 1858í. Soon after his arrest, Khanwas shot dead by musketry atNargund on 12 June 1858. [Poll Deptt,No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30,12 June 1858]

Roshan Lal: A revolutionary terroristfrom North India, he stayed atLinghi Cetti Street in Madras(Chennai), Tamilnadu, and wasconnected with the ìCity BombCaseî. Aged between 22 and 25, hewas found mortally injured in a poolof blood, following a bomb explosionon 1 May 1933. He had declared inhis dying moments that his name wasìGodî and that his countryìHindustanî. The police indentified

his name later to be Roshan Lal. Hedied on that day itself at 11:40 p.m.in the Government Hospital,Royapuram, Madras. [Pub Deptt(Police), G.O. No. 501, 20.09.1933,TNSAC]

Rudraju Venkataraju: A resident ofdistt. West Godavari, AndhraPradesh, he joined thedemonstrations organized todemand the British exit from Indiaduring the ìQuit Indiaîmovementthat broke out on 8 August 1942.Venkataraju suffered bullet injurieswhile taking part in a public rally thatwas fired upon by the police on 15November, and died on the spot.[Pub Deptt, F. No. 2190, 1946,TNSAC]


S. Arumugam: Originally from southernpart of India (place not known), hewas residing in Malaya. He joined theIndian National Army as a soldier inits Unit No. 81 and fought againstthe British forces at different placesin Burma (now Myanmar) followinghis deployment there. He was killedby the British-Allied forces duringtheir attack on the INA camp on 16March 1945. [INA Papers, F. No. 1/INA, NAI; WWIM, II, p. 13]

S. Jogayya: Resident of KampareguluMakavaram Muttah, in the Agencyarea of distt. Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh, he took part in theRampa Rebellion (1922-24), led byAlluri Sitarama Raju, against theatrocities of the British Governmentin the Agency area. He participatedin the Ramavaram encounter or theRamavaram ambush on 24 October1922. Four men were killed in thisencounter between the rebels and thepolice force (led by Sanders).Jogayya happened to be one amongthose killed. All the dead bodies werethrown into a deep ravine.

[CORAOPDGOM, 7-11-1922,APSAH; ASRR, p. 72]

S. Kochappy Pillai: Born on 4 December1912 at Eerankazhi, t. Chirayinkil,distt. Trivandrum, Kerala andeducated up to the second standard,he was a farmer, who took activepart in the popular movement forresponsible government in theTravancore State.While taking partin the Civil Disobedience movementof the State Congress in 1938, he wasarrested, following a clash with thepolice at Kallara- Pangode in whichone police constable was killed. Triedfor waging war against the ruler andsentenced to death, Pillai died on thegallows in the Central Prison.[Freedom Movement Files, II, F. No.3/45 (Situation Report, Commandant,Travancore State Force to ChiefSecretary to Government, 3 October1938) KSAT; Bulletin No. I, II, AllTravancore Jatha Committee, C. S. F.No. 339/45, KSAT; WWIM, I, p. 275;WWFFK, p. 220]

S. Mariappan: Resident of Singara

SSSSS


Thope, distt. Cuddalore, Tamilnadu;s/o P. Chinnathambi. Formerly acivilian employee in the Indian Army,he joined the Indian National Armyin Malaya and served as its soldierin the Infantry Brigade from 1943 to1945. While fighting on the war frontagainst the Allied forces, he wascaptured by the British and broughtto Bengal. While detained in captivitythere, Mariappan was shot dead bythe prison-guards in 1945. [FFPO No.6499/1970, 17.11.1970, TNSAC;WWIM, II, p. 190; ROH, pp. 726-27]

S. Naganathan: Resident of formerPudukkottai State, Tamilnadu; s/oSubramaniam. Serving asSuperintendent of Local Audit in theBritish-Indian Army, he shifted hisloyalty to the Indian National Armyin 1942 in Malaya. He served the INAas an Accounts Officer at theHeadquarters of the No. 3 Division.Naganathan was killed whilefighting the British forces in 1945 atIpoh, Malaya. [WWIM, II, p. 209]

S. Paramasivam: Resident of TennurHigh Road, Tiruchirappalli Town,Tamilnadu, he was a mechanic byprofession, who took part in theIndividual Satyagraha of 1940-1941,and was imprisoned (Convict No.210) in 1941. Paramasivam fell illwhile in detention in Vellore Jail anddied as a detenu due to typhoid on 6November 1941 at the GovernmentPentland Hospital, Vellore. [PubDeptt (G), G. O. No. 2273, 15.10.1941;Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 2146,10.10.1946; Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.1686, 30.05.1947, TNSAC]

S. Raju Naidu: Resident of Endiputhur,t. Coimbatore, distt. Coimbatore,Tamilnadu; s/o Rangaswamy Naidu;mill worker. He was arrested andimprisoned for his participation in theìQuit Indiaî movement against theBritish. While serving his term in jail,he fell severely ill on account of thepolice tortures and poor livingconditions. Convict No. 3534, he diedin Coimbatore Central Jail in 1943 atthe age of 25. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No.2146, 10-10-1946, TNSAC]

S. Sundara Mudaliar: Resident ofAruppukkotai, distt.Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu. Acommitted nationalist, he ran a TamildailyññSuthanthiram ñ in Burma. Hewas imprisoned more than once forhis anti-British activities between1930 and 1935 and kept in RangoonJail. Mudaliar was later murdered bysome British agents in a village nearRangoon. [FFPO No.12327/1983,24.11.1983, TNSAC]

S.R. Mogham: Resident of v. Mangalam,distt. Ramanathpuram, Tamilnadu;s/o A. Suppiah; he was a civilianemployee in the British-Indian Army.He, however, left his service to jointhe Indian National Army in Malaya.He was placed in the Third GuerrillaRegiment as a soldier and sent toBurma (now Myanmar) to counterthe British forces. Mogham was killedin action against the British forcesnear Imphal, Manipur. [WWIM, II,p.197]

Sabbu Linga Reddy: Resident of v.Pamulapahad, t. Miryalguda, distt.


Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh (now inTelangana). A peasant activist, Reddywas killed in raid by the Communistson the camp of the Nizamís ReservePolice at Ravulapenta during the anti-feudal struggle of the Communistsin Telangana, 1946ñ47 [WWFSAP, II,p. 500]

Sabe Mallayya: Resident of v.Malamakaram, t. Chintapalli, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Hetook part in the 1922-24 RampaRebellion, led by Alluri SitaramaRaju. On the night of 4 May 1924, heparticipated in the armed encounterwith the British Police nearKondapalli. While escaping fromDamanapalli towards Kirabu,Mallayya was shot dead at Kirabu inthe morning of 5 May 1924, by theIntelligence Inspector, UpendraPatnaik. [PCO, 7-5-1924 & 16-5-1924;RAPDMP, 1924, p. 13, APSAH; ASRR,p. 156; WWFSAP, III, p. 95; WWIM,I, p. 310]

Sadasivan: Resident of Kanchipuram,Tamilnadu, he took part in the publicagitation against the Governmentdistribution of imported rice ofinferior quality. The agitatorsdemanded that better quality of riceshould be supplied.Frustrated at theauthoritiesí lack of response, theagitation soon turned into a rice-riot,raising anti-imperialist slogans. Whenthe police resorted to indiscriminatefiring to quieten them, Sadasivanbecame one among the four victimswho died of gunshots on 3 March1946 at the age of 23. [Pub Deptt (G-A) (Confd.), G. O. No. 1867,

02.09.1946, TNSAC]

Sahib Husain: Resident of Kurlahali, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in the struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. While fighting forthe recovery of the BritishñheldKoppaldurg, Husain was capturedand blown to death with a cannon.[SI1857WI, p. 279]

Saidali: Resident of Kadanammana, t.Walluvanad, Malabar, Kerala; s/oKunnummal Moideenkutty, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movements. (Fordetails, see the entry onAboobakkar). Saidali was one amongthose militant peasants who died on9 December 1921 in the British troopsífiring. [PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922,TNSAC; HMR]

Saidali: Resident of Vellila Valya VeeduPandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. (for details, see the entryon Apankollan Moideen). Saidali wasone among those who died in the 14November 1921firing by the Britishtroops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,


15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74]

Samberi Rajamallu: Resident of v.Aknoor, t. Jangaon, distt. Warangal,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);s/o. Sayanna. A weaver, he exposedin a Court of Law the atrocities thatwere committed by the Razakars onthe villagers. He also took part in thepopular demonstrations against theoppressions of the police. Rajamalluwas arrested and shot dead in theRama Temple compound in hisvillage in August 1946, along witheight other persons by the Razakarsand the Nizamís Police. [WWFSAP, III,p. 330; WWIM, II, p. 283].

Sanaka Subba Rao: Resident of v.Gazullanka, ml. Kollur, distt. Guntur,Andhra Pradesh. Influenced by theCommunist line of thinking, he tookpart in the anti-zamindari struggle inGazullanka of Challapalli zamindari.On 10 April 1947, the peasantsentered zamindari lands for collectingrellu (grass) by defying prohibitoryorders of the Government. TwelveReserve policemen appeared on thescene, and arrested some peasants.When the peasants protested andquestioned the moral authority of thepolice, they opened fire. In the firingSanaka Subba Rao received bulletinjuries, and died in the field. [AndhraPatrika, 13 April 1947; 16 April 1947&9 June 1947; CERP, pp. 76 & 136].

Sanjeevi: Resident of Kanchipuram,Tamilnadu, and an adolescent, hetook part in the public agitationagainst the Government over the

authoritiesí distribution of importedrice of inferior quality; the agitatorsdemanded supply of better qualityrice. Frustrated at the authoritiesílack of response, the agitation turnedinto a rice-riot and raised noisy anti-imperialist slogans. When the policeresorted to firing to subdue therioters, Sanjeevi was among thosefour victims who died of gunshotson 3 March 1946. [Pub Deptt,(G-A)(Confd.), G. O. No.1867, 02.09.1946,TNSAC]

Sankara Iyer: Resident of Watrap, t.Srivilliputhur, distt.Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu. Hetook part in the Civil Disobediencemovement in 1932 and hadundergone imprisonment from 4April 1932 to 19 January 1933 at theCentral Jail, Tiruchirappalli. He diedlater in the police lathi-charge on arally he joined in 1938. [FFPO No.1073/1967, 27.11.1967, TNSAC]

Sankara Pillai: Residence (not known),s/o Kalyani Amma and aged 14, heparticipated in the studentsí strike of1924 in Shertalai, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala, while studying in VanchiyoorSchool, Trivandrum. At the time ofscaling a wall during the strike, Hesuffered injuries caused by the policecharge and died in consequence.[Confd, Files, F. No. 648/24, BundleNo. 12, KSAT]

Sankaran: Born in 1910, resident ofArruppalam, Vathalakundu, distt.Madurai, Tamilnadu; s/o B. S.Subramania Iyer. A participant in thenational movement since 1927, he


was active in the Civil Disobediencemovement of 1930 and joined theIndividual Satyagraha in 1941.Arrested and detained inTiruchirappalli, Cuddalore andAlipuram Jails for 2Ω years, Sankarandied in imprisonment in 1942.[Madurai District Jail Slip Clean CopyNo.1349, TNSAC]

Sankaran: Resident of distt. Alappuzha,Kerala and a participant in thePunnapra confrontation, he operatedduring the Martial-Law that C.P.Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed onAmbalappuzha and Shertallai (nowCherthala). He took part in thedemolition of the MararikulamBridge at night. When the militarystarted re-constructing it, he andothers tried to prevent them. In theensuing confrontation on 26 October1946, Sankaran was shot dead by themilitary. [Freedom Movement Files(II), F. Nos. 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948,& 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, KSAT;IPV, pp. 94-5].

Sankaran: Resident of Kaithachira,Kalavamkodam, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala, he participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement (for more details, seethe entry on Agneess Lonappan).Sankaran was shot dead by themilitary on 27 October 1946.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Sarangapani Ayyangar: Resident ofValakurichi, Sathara Street, t.Kumbakonam, distt. Thanjavur,Tamilnadu, he was a clerk in a silkshop at Tirumalainambi (ThirumalaiNambi) Street. When the Congressvolunteers gathered on 3 April 1921ñ in the wake of the Non-Cooperationmovement ñ near the police stationto demand the release of NatesaChetty, who spearheaded theirprotest against the enhancedMunicipal Tax, the police resorted toindiscriminate firing to dispersethem. Hit by a police bullet atPorrthamarai Tank opposite to thethana, Ayyangar was carried to theGovernment Hospital, Kumbakonamwhere he died on 22 April 1921 atthe age of 27. [Judl Deptt, G.O. No.527 (MS), 22.04.1922; Pub Deptt (G-E), G.O. (MS) No.1858, 14.06.1947,TNSAC]

Sarasam Narsayya: Resident of v.Patasuryapet, distt. Nalgonda,erstwhile Hyderabad (now inTelangana); he was the captain of thevillage guards formed to forewarnthe villagers of any army or policeraid on the village. Narsayya wasshot dead on 15 November 1946when having a verbal altercationwith the raiding team of the Nizamísarmy. [PA, 1 December 1946; TPSL,pp. 44-5 & 450.]

Sarasani Narasayya: Resident of PataSuryapet hamlet, v. Nemmikal, t.Suryapet, distt. Nalgonada, AndhraPradesh; s/o Chakra Reddy, heparticipated in the Balemla and PataSuryapet peasant uprisings in


November 1946, during the anti-feudal struggle of the Communistsin Telangana. On 15 November 1946,at 5 a.m., 500 Nizamís soldiersbesieged Pata Suryapet. Learningthis, people from the village cameout, stood in the streets, and blockedthe entry of soldiers into the village.Enraged by this, the soldiers firedon the mob. Narasayya died on thespot in the firing. [Andhra Patrika, 22November 1946, APSAH; WWFSAP,II, p. 530].

Saroja: A six-years old girl ofBhadrabati, distt. Shimoga,Karnataka. Saroja walked on to aprotest meeting of the Mysore Ironand Steel Company workers on 2May 1941. When the police openedindiscriminate firing to disperse thevolatile gathering, she was hit nearthe railway station and died on 3August 1942. [S.S.S, Vol-II, pp. 354 &604.]

Sasumanu Gunnamma: Resident of v.Gudari Rajamanipuram, t. Sompeta,distt. Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh;d/o Dumpala Krishnamma and w/oMadanna. Aged about 26 andbelonging to Kintali-Kalingacommunity, a one eyed woman; shewas in the forefront of the raiyatsíagitation in the Mandasa Estate in1940. She severely criticised the illegaland repressive deeds of theGovernment officials, and bravelyresisted the police while defying theForest Laws. When the DeputyCollector, S. Chakravarti, orderedfiring to break the resistance, she wasshot and killed on 1 April 1940 at

Gudari Rajamanipuram. She waspregnant at the time of her death.After Independence, GudariRajamanipuram was re-named ëViraGunnamma-puramí to honour hermemory. [Andhra Patrika, 4 April 1940& 11 April 1940; SMEAVGP, 10-9-1988, Veera Gunnamapuram;WWFSAP, III, p. 130; WWIM, I, p.324; SJMRPCK, pp. 50 & 57].

Satappa Topannawar: Born on 4December 1913 at v. Shivapur, t.Savadatti, distt. Belgaum, Karnataka;s/o Brahmappa Topannawar.Educated up to fifth standard, he andhis companions, on 13 August 1942,declared Shivapur as an independentvillage and hoisted the Congress Flagon the Chavadi of Shivapur. Soon thepolice came and opened firing on thegroup. Topannawar received severebullet wound and died on the spot.[SSS, I, p. 991; WWIM, II, p. 332]

Seema Guravayya alias Gopadu:Resident of v. Jagannadhapuram,distt. Krishna, Andhra Pradesh;belonged to the Madiga community;agricultural laborer. As a youngster,he was influenced by KeshaboinaMuthayya and imbibed theCommunist ideology. He took activepart in the anti-zamindari movementin the Kalukova village of MunagalaParagana. On 17 July 1947, about 600peasants entered the zamindari landsdefying the prohibitory orders of theGovernment and sowed the seeds forcultivation. The Police Inspector ofNandigam and eight Reservepolicemen rushed to the scene forchasing the peasants out of the fields.


When the peasants resisted, theywere fired upon. As a result,Guravayya received grievous bulletinjuries in the police firing, fell on thefield, and breathed his last whilebeing taken to the JaggayyapetHospital. He was the first personwho died in anti-zamindarimovements in the MunagalaParagana. [Andhra Patrika, 25 July 1947& 6 August 1947; MPAJC, pp. 5 & 19]

Sethu alias Krishnan Chetty: Born in1915, resident of v. Manjur, p.o.Pandikamai, t. Paramakudi, distt.Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu; s/oDanakodi. Sethu took part in theìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942, andwas convicted to death sentence inthe Spy Case on 9 November 1944under Ordinance III of 1944. [PubDeptt (Military/Confd.), G.O. (MS)No. 3010, 03.12.1948;Ramanathapuram District Jail Slip No.595, TNSAC]

Shaik Ali Arab: Resident of Hyderabad,distt. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh;he participated in the insurrectionagainst the British, led by theRohillasñthe adherents of NanasahebPeshwa-at Jalwa village in Basmattaluq, of Parbhani district ofMaharasthra, in October 1859. Arabwas arrested and sentenced to behanged and his corpse be gibbetedfor several days, so that it wouldserve as a warning to the people.[WWFSAP, I, p. 517].

Shankar Pangire: Born in 1922 in v.Nipani, distt. Belgaum, Karnataka; s/o Satalingappa Pangire. Educated up

to sixth standard and employed in ashop, he took part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942. Whileparticipating in an anti-Britishdemonstration that was fired uponby the police on 17 August 1942,Pangire received bullet wounds anddied. [SSS, I, p. 991; WWIM, I, p. 263]

Shankar Soman: Born in 1889 at v.Shahapur, distt. Belgaum, Karnataka;s/o Ramachandra Soman. A studentof matriculation, he became an activemember of an anti-Britishrevolutionary organization. Arrestedon the charge of conspiring tooverthrow the British rule in India,he was sentenced to 25 yearsí rigoursimprisonment. Soman died in theYeravada Jail, Poona, on 11December 1911. [WWIM, I, p. 344]

Shankaran Pathinalilchira: Resident ofMuhamma, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala,he was involved in the Punnaprafiring incident. Active against theMartial-Law that C.P. RamaswamyAiyar imposed on Ambalappuzhaand Shertallai (now Cherthala), hetook part in the demolition of theMararikulam Bridge at night. Whenthe military started re-constructingit, he and others tried to preventthem. In the consequentconfrontation on 26 October 1946,Pathinalilchira was shot dead by themilitary. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Shankarappa: Resident of v.Krishnarajanagar, t. Kolar, distt.Mysore, Karnataka. A student ofMarimallappa School at Mysore, he


participated in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942. While taking partin a protest, he received severe lathiblows in a lathi-charge on theprotestors and was also arrested.Imprisoned in Mysore Jail,Shankarappa died of his injuries on27 October 1942. [KQIC, p. 114;WWIM, II, p. 297]

Shankrappa Desai: Resident of Kalasand Madathi, Nargund Princely State(now in distt. Gadag), Karnataka, hetook part in the 1857 Uprising andjoined the revolt of Nargund BabaSaheb. Arrested, tried and sentencedto death, he was hanged on 24 June1858 in front of the Petah of Nargund.[Poll Deptt, No. 226, Part-XIII, DD,Vol. No. 31, L. No. 322/1858, 24 June1858]

Shanmuga Muthiriyar: Hailed fromdistt. Tanjore, Tamilnadu. An activeparticipant in the ìQuit Indiaîagitation of 1942, he was arrested forhis anti-British role in it andimprisoned. Muthiriyar died underdetention perhaps towards theending days of 1942, owing to policetortures. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 3021,30.09. 1947, TNSAC]

Shanmugam Muthiriar: Born in 1881,inhabitant of Tiruppanthuruthi, t.Thanjavur, distt. Thanjavur,Tamilnadu; s/o Mayanathan. Hetook part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942 and was sentencedto 15 monthsí imprisonment.Detained in Thanjavur and AlipuramJails, he died in the unhealthyconditions of the latter on 11 July

1943. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.2146, 10.10.1946; Pub Deptt (G-A),G.O. (MS) No.3021, 30.09.1947,TNSAC]

Shanmugham: Resident of Tirupandurti,t. Tanjore, Tamilnadu; s/o Mayathanalias Kandiyan Mudaliyar; coolie. Hetook part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942 to demand theBritish exit from India. He wasarrested by the police andimprisoned for six months for hisanti-British activities during themovement. Shanmugham succumbedto the police tortures in AlipuramCentral jail in 1942 at the age of 65.[Pub Deptt, G.O No. 2146, 10-10-1946, TNSAC]

Sheelam Veetil Alavi: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Alavi was oneamong those militant peasants whodied on 26 August 1921 in the firingby the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Shidda: Belonged to Bagwadi, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in the struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. Captured in an


encounter with the British atKoppaldurg, Shidda was blown todeath with a cannon in 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 280]

Shiddappa Sattigeri: Born on 10 August1926 at Bailhongal, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka; s/o Guruppa Sattigeri. Afarmer educated up to the sixthstandard, he took part in the popularraid on the Bailhongal Police Sationon 16 August 1942. Receiving bulletwounds in the police firing, Sattigeridied on the same day. [WWIM, I, p.325]

Shivalingappa Kotambari: Born in 1891at Bailhongal, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka; s/o Yallappa Kotambari.A farmer educated up to the fourthstandard, he took active part in theìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942.Participating in the volunteersí raidon the Bailhongal Police Station on16 August 1942, Kotambari receivedbullet wounds in the police firing anddied [BDG; WWIM, I, p. 184]

Shivappa Hireholi: Resident ofBailhongal, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka. He took an active part inthe ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942and joined in the raid on theBailhongal Police Station on 16August 1942. Receiving bulletwounds in the police firing, Hireholidied the same day. [BDG; WWIM, I,p. 138]

Shivarayappa Hirebasannavar: Born in1909 at Sampgaon, t. Bailhongal,distt. Belgaum, Karnataka. A farmer,he participated in the ìQuit Indiaî

movement of 1942. Arrested for hisinvolvement in the movement, he wasimprisoned for six months.Hirebasannavar passed away indetention. [FSKWW, 1, p. 36]

Shrinivas: Resident of Bangalore,Karnataka. A boy of 16, he took partin the ìQuit Indiaî movement of1942. He participated in stopping therailway trains during the movement.When curfew was declared inBangalore City, Shrinivas was shotdead by the police on 17 August 1942.[KQIC, p. 52]

Siddappa: Born in 1919 in v.Maranagerei, distt. Tumkur,Karnataka and educated up to eighthstandard, he took part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement in 1942. As aparticipant he joined in the picketingand stopping the military vehiclesand disrupting the railways in Tipturon 18 August 1942. He was seriouslywounded in the firing by the armyon the gathered people at Tiptur.Siddappa died on 18 August 1942.[SSS, II, p. 491; KQIC, p. 62; WWIM,I, p. 339]

Sidramappa Nilagar: Resident ofRamdurg Princely State (now indistt. Belgaum), Karnataka. All thepeasants who were revolting hadassembled in front of the jail todemand the release of B.N.Munavalli, the leader of Praja Sangh.The police opened fire on thegathering in which Nilagar wasinjured and later succumbed to hisinjuries on 8 April 1939. [SamyuktaKarnataka, 9 April 1939]


Simatan Unni Mohmad: Resident ofUrangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 6June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police tortures,and a serious attack of pneumonia injail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Mohmad died on 19 July 1922in detention at the age of 35. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Siva Satyanarayana Murthi Gupta:Belonged to t. Thanali (Tenali),Andhra Pradesh. He took part in theCivil Disobedience movement andwas arrested for his defiance of thelaws. Gupta was kept in the CentralJail of Tiruchirapalli where he diedof a short illness on 9 January 1931.[Law Deptt (G), G.O. No. 860,27.02.1931, TNSAC]

Sivagnanam alias Kurunthappan: Bornin 1907, resident of v. Pannavayal,p.o. Tiruvadanai, distt.Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu.Educated up to the primary standard,he joined the struggle for freedomin 1935. He took an active part in theìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942 andwas shot dead by the police forsabotage activities in a dense forest

near Tiruvegampet (formerly inPadukkottai State).[Ramanathapuram District Jail SlipOffice Copy No. 266, TNSAC]

Sivankalai Thevan: Resident of v.Perungamanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt.Madurai, Tamilnadu; he took part inthe Kallar riot at Perungamanalluragainst the Colonial MadrasGovernmentís policy of registeringKallars as criminal tribes under theCriminal Tribes Act, 1911. A popularand well- known political agitator,George Joseph, inspired them not toobey the British and he started a civildisobedience agitation. When theKallars of Perungamanallur and theneighbouring villages refused toregister themselves as CriminalTribes, police used force to coercethem to obey. In the resultant clashand police firing in that place on 3April1920, Thevan died then andthere. [H/Deptt (Judl), G.O. No.1315,26.05.1920; Judl Deptt, G.O.(Ord.Series) No. 109, 27.04.1921; PubDeptt, G.O.No.935, 10.09.1931,TNSAC]

Sivaraja Pandian: Born at Naduvilkotta,distt. Madurai, Tamilnadu; s/oPeriya Soorappa Gounden, hebecame a political worker and tookpart in the popular movement forresponsible government in theTravancore State (1938). ReachingTravancore as a member of a politicalJatha (rally) to offer Satyagraha, andarrested at Shenkkottai on 27September 1938, he was detained injail. He went on hunger strike inprotest against the brutal treatment


in the jail and was removed to thehospital at Quilon on 7 October 1938.Discharged from the hospital anddetained in a cell in the police station,Pandian was found to have diedfrom fresh head injuries in the cellnext morning, suspected fromphysical tortures. [FreedomMovement Files, F. No. 4481/44, B.No. 37, 1944, KSAT; Conf. F. No.NU81/44 (Division First ClassMagistrate, Quilon, to ChiefSecretary to Government, 9 October1938); WWIM, II, pp. 233-34; AkkamaCheriyaan, The Story of 1114 (1114nteKadha), p. 72]

Somasundaram Chetti: Resident of distt.Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. Anationalist and a Congress worker,he took part in Individual Satyagrahain 1941.He was kept in BellaryCentral Jail as a political prisoner, forhis anti-British activities. He becameso sick in jail that T. Subramanyam,Assistant Secretary, CongressLegislature Party at Madras, had toapproach the Colonial Governmentfor Chettiís release. But theGovernment refused to oblige. Chettidied in jail due to ill-health on 3December 1941. The Congressworkers took out his body and wentin a procession from the jail to theburial ground. [Andhra Patrika, 4December 1941]

Somasundaram Chettiar: Resident ofAruppukottai, distt. Virudhunagar,Tamilnadu; s/o M. T. MaithanChettiar; he took part in IndividualSatyagraha of 1941. Imprisoned for hisanti-British activities, Chettiar died

in Central Jail, Bellary, on 3December 1941. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No.2146, 10.10.1946, TNSAC]

Sreedharan Chirayil: Belonging to distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated inthe movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was connected withthe Vayalar firing which took placeon 27 October 1946. On that day C.P.Ramaswamyís military reachedVayalar Labour Camp and attackedthe labourers gathered therein; in theprocess they shot Chirayil dead.[Travancore Information andListener, VII, No. 5, January 1947,KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 16November 1946, NMML,, NMML;PVCS, pp. 78-9]

Sreedharan: Born at MudakkarvilaHouse, Mayyand, Travancore,Kerala. He was a Lance-Naik in theBritish-Indian Army but left hisservice in 1942 and joined the IndianNational Army. Placed in the sameposition in INA, he was deputed toBurma (now Myanmar) to counterthe British forces. Sreedharan foughton several occasions to block theBritish- Allied advancement inBurma but lost his life in the courseof one such bloody encounter. [ROH,pp. 770-71]

Srinivas Veenkatadri Desai: Resident ofDumbal, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Hejoined the Chief of Nargund in openrebellion against the British


Government on 24 May 1858 andentered into a conspiracy withBhimrao Mundargi, the Chief ofNargund and others. Desai wascaught and blown away with a gunon 12 June 1858. [Poll Deptt, No. 197,Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June1858]

Sripati Panditaradhyula Srigiri Rao aliasSrigirilingam: Resident of v. Emani,t. Tenali, distt. Guntur, AndhraPradesh. Readily responding to thecall of the nation, he participated ina protest rally against the arrest ofthe Congress leaders during theìQuit Indiaî movement in Tenalitown. Along with his angryassociates, he raided and set fire tothe Tenali Railway Station on 12August 1942. The District Magistrateissued orders for the police firing onthe raiders. When the police openedfiring, Rao received bullet injuriesand died on the same day in a localhospital. [SMEAT, 1942, Tenali;WWFSAP, I, p. 316; WWIM, I, p. 263;HFMAP, p. 151]

Subbiah: Resident of Devakottai, distt.Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu; s/oThantayappa Madabir. He wasserving the British-Indian Army, butleft it in 1942 to join the IndianNational Army in Malaya. He wasplaced as a soldier in the SecondGuerrilla Regiment and deployed onthe Burma (now Myanmar) front tocounter the Allied forces. Subbiahfought them for long, and died in thecourse of the enemyís rear-guardaction in 1944. [WWIM, II, p. 312]

Subhasing Ramsing: Resident ofBangalore, Karnataka. At age of 25,he took part in the Quit IndiaMovement in1942. He participated inthe picketing and stopping of railwaytrains. During the curfew that wasdeclared in Bangalore City, Ramsingwas shot dead by the police in firingon the picketers on 17 August 1942.[KQIC, p. 52]

Sulagathi Narasappa: Born in v.Chowlur, t. Hindupur, distt.Anantpur, Karnataka; s/o Lingappa.He took part in the movement forresponsible government in theMysore State at Viduraswatha villageon 25 April 1938. The agitationresulted in the indiscriminate policefiring on the agitators. [For details,see the entry on Bheemiah].Narasappa was one among thosekilled in the firing. [VDECB; PMRA;PMLC; AISPC, F. No. 115, NMML]

Surabham Joganna: Resident of v.Nadimpalem, t. Chintapalli, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Hetook part in the Rampa Rebellion of1922-24, led by Alluri Sitarama Raju,against the oppressive British rule inthe Agency area. He assisted hisleader in many encounters against theBritish Police from the inception ofthe rebellion. Receiving a bullet injuryduring an encounter with the BritishPolice at Peddagaddapalem on 6December 1922, Joganna died on thesame day, and his dead body wassent to Krishnadevipeta. [F.No. 4,FASRRF, 1924, p. 28; F.No. 22,FASRRF, 1922, p. 159, APSAH]


Surakanti Bhadra Reddy: Resident ofPata Suryapet hamlet, v. Nemmikallu,t. Suryapet, distt. Nalgonda, AndhraPradesh (now in Telangana); s/oChandra Reddy, he participated inthe ëBalemla and Pata SuryapetPeasants Uprisings in November1946, against the feudal set-up in theNizamís State. Reggy was shot deadby the Nizamís Police, for hismilitancy. [S & VOís; WWFSAP, II,p. 462; WWIM, II, p. 317]

Surikuchi Viswanadha Sarma: Residentof Guntur, distt. Guntur, AndhraPradesh; and belonged to Brahmincommunity. He attended the meetingheld at the Gandhi Park in Gunturon 13 August 1942, at 6 p.m. in protestagainst the arrests of Indian NationalCongress leaders for their ëQuitIndiaí resolution. While the peoplehad gathered at the Park, policeindiscriminately opened firing on thecrowd. As a result, Sarma sustainedinjuries and succumbed to these. [TheHindu, 14 August 1942, NMML;Andhra Patrika, 16 August 1942 ;LFDMGTCSG, Pub Deptt (G),(Madras), R.C. No.1150-Confd. 43 C-1, 29-5-1943 ; WWFSAP, I, p. 299 ;WWIM, I, pp. 289, 323 & 324]

Suryanarayanachari: Born in 1888 at v.Issur (Balgutti), t. Shikaripur, distt.Shimoga, Karnataka. A goldsmith, hetook part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942 in the MysoreState. Involved in a violent encounterwith the police at Issur, he wasarrested and tried for an angry mobískilling of the Sub-Inspector of Policeand the local Tehsildar. Sentenced to

death by the Mysore Court,Suryanarayanachari was hanged withfour others on 9 March 1943. [PMRA;PMLC; WWIM, I, p. 353]

Syed Ahmed: Resident of Hyderabad,distt. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh(now in Telangana). He took anactive part in the Great Revolt of 1857and joined the rebel force under thecommand of Maulvi Allauddin andTurrebaz Khan. The force consistedof 500 Rohillas and Arabsparticipated in the attack on theBritish Residency in Hyderabad on17 July 1857; Ahmed was killed in thefighting on the same day. [WWFSAP,I, p. 533; WWIM, III, p. 142]

Syed Budin: Resident of Bankapur, distt.Haveri, Karnataka. He took activepart in the struggle against the Britishin 1857-58 under the leadership ofBhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda.Captured in an encounter with theBritish at Koppaldurg in 1858, Budinwas blown away with a cannon.[SI1857WI, p. 280]

Syed Gaffur: Hailing from South KuvamRoad, Madras, Tamilnadu; he servedthe British-Indian Army as Lance-Naik in its Artillery, but left it in 1942to join the Indian National Army inMalaya. As Havildar, he wasdeputed in Burma (now Myanmar)to confront the advancing Alliedforces. Gaffurdied on 14 November1944 while fighting against theenemy forces in Burma. [ROH, pp.774-75]


T. P. Thankappan: Resident ofThaiparambil House, Vattayal, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Thankappan joined others indemanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in the police firing on 24 October1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II),F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No.64, 1948, KSAT]

T. T. Leon alias Kannappan: Residentof Thayyil Veedu, Vadakkal, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala; he took part inthe movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up an

ëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Kannappan joined others indemanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in the police firing on 24 October1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II),F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No.64, 1948, KSAT]

T. V. K. Kutty Menon: Resident ofTharur, distt. Palghat, Kerala; s/oDharmarachan; a cultivator. He wasan active participant in the ìQuitIndiaî movement of 1942 andarrested in connection with it. Hewas sentenced on 15 September 1942for 18 monthsí rigorousimprisonment under Sections 38(1)(a) of Defence of India Rules by theDistrict Magistrate, Palghat, inCalendar Case No. 142/42. Menondied in Alipuram Jail hospital due toChronic Enteritis on 17 February

TTTTT


1943 at the age of 35. [Pub Deptt (G-A), G.O. (MS) No. 2146, 10.10.1946,TNSAC]

T. Appana: Hailing from southern partof India (place not known), he joinedthe Indian National Army in Malayain 1942. He was placed as a soldierin its Unit No. 451 and sent to Burma(now Myanmar) to confront theBritish forces. Appana fought theenemy at several places and diedduring one of the British forcesíattacks on the INA camp. [WWIM,II, p.12]

T. Araiya: Belonging to south India(place not known) and residing inMalaya, he joined the IndianNational Army in 1942. As a soldierin its Unit No. 451, he was sent inBurma (now Myanmar) to counterthe British forces there. Araiya foughtthe enemy on several occasions anddied on 16 March 1945 whileconfronting the advancing British-Allied army. [INA Papers, F. No. 1/INA, NAI; WWIM, II, p. 12]

T. Arulanandam Pillai: Born in 1888,resident of KeelaThiruparanthuruthi, distt. Thanjavur,Tamilnadu. He took part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement of 1942 and wasdetained for anti-British activities inThanjavur and Tiruchirappalli Jailsfor one year and three months. Pillaidied under detention inTiruchirappalli Jail in 1943.[Thanjavur District Jail Slip No. 639,TNSAC]

T. C. Padmanabhan: Resident of distt.

Alappuzha, Kerala. An activist in thePunnapra incident, he operatedduring the Martial-Law that C.P.Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed onAmbalappuzha and Shertallai (nowCherthala). He took part in thedemolition of the MararikulamBridge at night. When the militarystarted re-constructing it, he andothers tried to prevent them. In theensuing confrontation on 26 October1946, Padmanabhan was shot deadby the military. [Freedom MovementFiles (II), F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46,1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, KSAT; PVCS, pp.78-9]

T. M. George: Born on 28 March 1915 atPerissery, Chengannur, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, he studied up tothe fifth standard. A farmer, hejoined the Travancore State Congressas a volunteer and took part in themovement for responsiblegovernment in 1938. He participatedin a State Congress meeting held atChengannur violating theprohibitory orders on 29 September1938. When a platoon of theTravancore State Forces tried todisperse it by resorting to firing, abullet hit George, and he expiredafter four hours. [FreedomMovement Files, II, F. No. 4494/44,B. No. 37, 1945, KSAT; Judicial Files,Chengannoor Waging War Case, P.E.3 of 1938, Commitment Orders, 7October 1938, p. 17, KSAT; WWFFK,p. 33, Regional Records SurveyCommittee, Trivandrum, 1975, p.118;WWIM, II, p. 95]


T. Narayan Nambiar: Resident of NorthMalabar, Kerala, he was an activeparticipant in the IndividualSatyagraha of 1941. Arrested inconnection with it, he was triedunder Sections of 333 and 397 of theIndian Penal Code by the JointMagistrate of Tellichery. Nambiarwas detained in Cannanore CentralJail as an under-trial prisoner withNominal Roll No.106, and died dueto pneumonia with pleurisy on 3January 1941 in a civil hospital inCannanore at the age of 52. [PubDeptt (G-A), G.O. (MS) No. 2146,10.10.1946, TNSAC]

T. Narayanan: Belonging to NorthMalabar, Kerala (place not known),he was arrested and imprisoned forhis participation in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement against the British. Whileserving his term in jail, he fellseverely ill on account of the policetortures and poor living conditions.Convict number 106, Narayanan diedin Cannanore Central Jail in 1943 atthe age of 54. [Pub Deptt, G.O No.2146, 10-10-1946, TNSAC]

T. Narayanaswami: Resident of No.17,Raghava Chetty Street, HospitalMaidan, Choolai, Madras (Chennai),Tamilnadu; s/o ThiruvengadamPillai. Employed in the WarehouseDepartment of the Buckingham Mill,Madras, he received severe gunshotwounds in the police firing on thelabour protestors of the Buckimghamand Carnatic Mills that he joined on11 March 1942. Narayanaswami diedin the hospital the following day.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.

1130, 08.04.1942, TNSAC]

T.P. Kombukutty Menon: Belonged toTarur, distt. Palaghat, Kerala. Passedhis Secondary School LeavingCertificate examination, he wasimprisoned in Alipuram Central jailin connection with the ìQuit Indiaîmovement in 1942. Falling ill in jailand refused release by theauthorities, Menon died in detentionon 16 February 1943. [FreedomMovement Files (II), No. 317/43, B.No. 58, 1943, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 228]

Tadisetti Venkateswarlu: Resident of v.Gazullanka, ml. Kollur, distt. Guntur,Andhra Pradesh. Attracted towardsthe Communist ideology, he took partin the anti-zamindari struggle in theGazullanka village of ChallapalliEstate. On 10 April 1947, peasantsentered into the zamindari lands forcollecting rellu grass by defying theprohibitory orders of thegovernment. Twelve ReservePolicemen appeared on scene, andarrested some peasants. When thepeasants questioned the moralauthority of the police, they openedfire. Venkateswarlu received bulletshots in the firing and died. [AndhraPatrika, 9 June 1947; 13 April 1947 &16 April 1947; CERP, pp. 76 & 136]

Takkadan Moideen: Resident ofMelmuri amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala. He wasarrested and detained in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coinciding


with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. Kept inMalappuram Sub-Jail, he was latertransferred to Rajahmundry CentralJail. Moideen died in jail hospital on21 November 1922 at the age of 35.[Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Tam Burrayya Dora alias Borradu :Resident of v. Burramamidi, distt.East Godavari, Andhra Pardesh. Hetook part in the Rampa Rebellion of1879-80, against the oppressive ruleof the Mansabdar and Britishauthorities in the ChodavaramDivision of the Godavari Agency. Hehad also been connected with thepituridars from the commencement ofthe Rebellion in March 1879. Aprincipal member of the group ofKarram Tamman Dora, he took activepart in the attack and burnings ofmany police stations. A reward ofRs.200/- was proclaimed for hiscapture. He killed Abbas Ali, apensioner of Kottapalli, for givinginformation to the Government abouthis activities. While looting his house,he had been confronted with a wingof 36th Regiment Native Infantry. Incame the clash in which Dora receiveda bullet shot from Martindale. Hedied after an hour and a half on 16November 1880. [Judl Deptt(Madras), G.O. No. 2893, 15-12-1880; G.O. No. 2912, 17-12-1880 & G.O.No. 1307-A, 2-7-1881, APSAH].

Tammanna: Resident of Kukanur, t.Yelburga, distt. Koppal, Karnataka.He took active part in the struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 under

the leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. While defendingthe Koppaldurg against a Britishassault, Tammanna was captured bythem and blown to death with acannon. [SI1857WI, p. 280]

Tammanna: Resident of NargundPrincely State (now in distt. Gadag),Karnataka; s/o Lakshman. For hisjoining the anti-British resistance in1857, Tammanna was captured andshot dead by musketry on 28 June1858. [Poll Deptt, No. 226, Part-XIII,DD, Vol. No. 31, 24 June 1858]

Tammayya: Belonged to Yesvoor(Hesarur), t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag,Karnataka. He participated in theanti- British struggle in 1857-58 at theinstance of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Tammayya was captured bythe British during the battle forKoppaldurg and blown to death witha cannon in 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 280]

Tammineni Subba Reddy: Resident ofv. Parimi, t. Tenali, distt. Guntur,Andhra Pardesh; s/o Gurava Reddy;educated up to the primary standard.A farmer, he readily responded tothe call of the nation during the ìQuitIndiaî movement. On 12 August1942, the town of Tenali observed acomplete hartal as a protest againstthe arrest of the Congress leaders forthe angry August Resolution. At 9a.m. a large crowd of students andCongressites raided the TenaliRailway Station, set fire to it, and cutthe signal, telephone and telegraphwires. Reddy took part in the raid.When the District Magistrate issued


orders for the opening of fire on thecrowd, he received bullet injury infiring and died in a hospital. [SMEAT,1942, Tenali; WWFSAP, I, P. 325;WWIM, II, p. 322; HFMAP, p. 151].

Tangavelu: Domicile of Tamilnadu(residence not known), he workedin the paint shop at the Golden RockWorkshop of South Indian Railwaysat Trichy in Tamilnadu. Heparticipated in the South IndianRailways Labour Unionís strike from24 August 1946. (For details, refer tothe write-up on Krishnamurthy).Tangavelu was shot dead by theMalabar Special Police on 5September 1946 when they stormedthe compound of the Golden RockWorkshop to arrest the agitatingworkers. [PA, 29 September, 27October, 1 December 1946; LMI, Vol.23, pp. 157-69]

Tasdiq Husen: Resident of Surapur, distt.Yadagiri, Karnataka. A chief leaderand organizer of the rising of Surapurarmy, Husen was caught and publiclyhanged at a market place of SurapurTown, on 3 July 1858. [SI1857WI, p.248]

Tatapati Venkataraju aliasVenkatapatiraju: Resident of v.Alamur, t. Razolu, distt. EastGodavari, Andhra Pradesh.Belonging to Kshatriya community, hetook part in the Civil Disobediencemovement (1930). On the occasion ofthe Venkateswaraswami Car Festivalin Vadapalli, on 30 March 1931, alongwith the deity, Tricolour flag andphotos of Mahatma Gandhi and some

other national leaders were placedon the chariot. It was objected by theGovernment officials, and when theprocession was about to start, theSub-Inspector of Razolu removed theportraits of the national leaders.People resented the act and refusedto draw the car without the portraits.Over this issue, a riot broke out atChinnavadapalli. Police arrestedsome people and lathi-charged othersand the crowd retaliated bythrowing stones and mud on thepolice. Police retaliated byindiscriminately firing on the crowd.Venkataraju became a victim of thepolice firing; he was shot whileproceeding to the river bund anddied immediately. [The Hindu, 30April 1931; SMEAV, 2-10-1987,Tenali]

Tatikonda Brahmayya: Resident of v.Aknoor, t. Jangaon, distt. NalgondaAndhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);s/o Papayya. A blacksmith, heexposed in a Court of Law, theatrocities that were committed by theRazakars and the Nizamís Police. Theyraided Aknoor in August 1946, inorder to punish Brahmayya and eight(8) other villagers for giving evidencein a court of law against them. Hewas shot dead, along with eight (8)other villagers. [WWFSAP, III, p. 245;WWIM, II, p. 323].

Tatipamula Mallayya: Resident of v.Aknoor, t. Jangaon, distt. Warangal,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);s/o Lalayya and a farmer.Whilegiving evidence in a court of law, heexposed the atrocities that were


committed by the Razakars on thevillagers of Aknoor. In retaliation theRazakars raided the village in August1946, to punish Mallayya and eightother villagers for giving evidenceagainst them in a court of law, andthey shot them dead. [WWFSAP, III,p. 300; WWIM, II, p. 324]

Tatyagouda Patil: Born in 1914 at v.Ullagaddi Khanapur, distt. Belgaum,Karnataka; s/o Sethygouda Patil. Afarmer educated up to the sixthstandard, he took part in theIndividual Satyagraha and wasarrested and imprisoned for fourmonths. He followed it up byparticipating actively in the ìQuitIndiaî movement in 1942 andperformed as saboteur. Wanted bythe police for cutting telegraph wiresand similar acts to disrupt thecommunication system, he remainedin the underground for about sevenmonths. Arrested and detained inthe Hukkeri Sub-Jail, Patil died underdetention in the Belgaum CivilHospital. [BDG; WWIM, II, p. 241]

Thacharthoti Kammod: Resident ofPookkottur amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody for his role in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 1June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia in

the jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Kammod died on 22 June 1922in detention at the age of 20. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Thadayi Moidu: Resident ofPerambalam, Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala,he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22 and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovements. (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Moidu was oneamong those militant peasants whodied in the 26 August 1921 firing bythe British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Thaggi Chinnabbi alias VaudalamCheppudora: Resident of v. Gudem,t. Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh. He took part in theRampa Rebellion of 1922-24, launchedby Alluri Sitarama Raju, in theAgency area against the atrocities ofthe British Government. He wasaccused for his rebellious act underthe Sections 121, 121A, 122, 143, 147,148 and 395 of Indian Penal Code andhis property confiscated. He gotinjured during the Pedagaddapalemencounter on 6 December 1922 andwas captured. Chinnabbi died in thehospital at Narasipatnam on 20


September 1923. [F.Nos. 2 & 23 A,FASRRF, 1923, pp. 11, 33 & 34; 85, 87& 195, APSAH; ASRR, p. 117].

Thakarakatan Mayan: A resident ofKavanoor amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody for his role in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 8May 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Mayan died on 22 May 1922in detention at the age of 20. [PubDeptt., G.O. (MS) No. 960, Public20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Thangayattil Alavi: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrestedand detained in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British Colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was sentenced totransportation for life and kept as aState Prisoner at Tanjore. Alavi diedon 10 March 1930. [G.O. (MS) No.473, Pub Deptt (G), 08.04.1930,TNSAC]

Thankappan Hanumanparambu:Resident of Punnapra, distt.

Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Hanumanparambu joined others indemanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in the police firing on 24 October1946. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Thankappan Kollamparambu: Residentof Mannakkelathu, Vayalar, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. (for more details, seethe entry on Agneess Lonappan).Kallamparambu was shot dead bythe military on 27 October 1946.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Thankappan: Belonging to distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated inthe movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was connected withthe Vayalar firing which took placeon 27 October 1946. C.P.


Ramaswamyís military reached onthat day Vayalar Labour Camp,attacked the labourers gatheredtherein and shot Thankappan dead.[Travancore Information andListener, VII No. 5 January 1947,KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15November 1946, NMML, PVCS, pp.78-9]

Tharakuzhiyil Eni: Resident ofKuruvamabalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, a tenant-cultivator.He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon. (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Eni was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Thattan Thoppiyitta Ayamad: Residentof Chemmalasseri amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railway

goods wagon. (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Ayamad was one among those whohad been suffocated to death in thiswagon tragedy, notoriously knownas the Black Hole of Podanur (20November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Thattatha Marakkar: Resident ofThiruvazhamkumi in t. Walluvanad,distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he wasarrested and detained in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He wassentenced to transportation for lifeon 26 January 1922 under Section 121of Indian Penal Code for waging waragainst the King by the Court Martial,Tirur Moplah Force, in Case No.34/22. He was sent to the Andamans,and on his return, detained atBerhampur. Due to illness, Marakkarwas sent to Penitentiary Jail inMadras and died these in MadrasGovernment General Hospital on 4June 1932 at the age of 45. [Law Deptt(G), G.O. (MS) No. 2410, 23.06.1932,TNSAC]

Thayyalungal Unnian: Resident of


Malappuram, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was arrested and detainedin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. Unnian was kept inMalappuram Sub-Jail and died dueto Enteritis in the jail hospital in May1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS)No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Thayyam Pokku: Resident ofMalappuram, distt. Malappuram,Kerala; s/o Kunhalan. He wasarrested and detained in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. Pokku waskept in Malappuram Sub-Jail anddied due to acute Enteritis in the jailhospital on 11 June 1922. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822,13.10.1922; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Thazhathetil Kuttiassan: Resident ofChemalasseri amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a tenant-cultivator.He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon. (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Kuttiassan was one among

those who had been suffocated todeath in this wagon tragedy,notoriously known as the Black Holeof Podanur (20 November 1921). [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734,12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290,01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Thazheth Veetil Pokker: Resident ofKavanur amsom, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he actively participated in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theMalappuram Sub-Jail and had beenimplicated in a forced conversioncase. Pokker was was in policecustody for trial under the MadrasState Prisoners Act, 1819, and diedin jail at the age of 22 even beforethe trial could begin. [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (Mis.Series) No. 749,25.09.1923, TNSAC]

Thekkethil Alavi: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a tenant-cultivator.He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon. (fordetails, see the entry on Akkara


Veetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Alavi was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Thekkethil Moidin: Resident ofChemmalasseri amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon. (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Moidinwas one among those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No.390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Thekkodan Koyyamu: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armed

confrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. (For details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Koyyamu wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Thekkodan Kunjolan: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. (For details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjolan wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Thekkodan Saidalavi: Resident of t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom,Manjeri, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. (For details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Saidalavi wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 26 August 1921 in thefiring by the British troops. [H/Poll,


F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS,pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM,pp. 179-209]

Thengil Appa Nambiar: Belonged toKerala (place not known), he was anactivist of the Karshaka Sangham ofIrikkoor which took the initiative inproviding relief to the peoplesuffering from ìblackî marketingand hoarding. The Sangham activistsrequested for permission of landlordto cultivate the land of Kavumbai.When the Jenmi refused, theyappealed for some action from theministers and officials of MadrasGovernment. Not getting anyresponse, the peasants under theleadership of the Karshaka Sanghamdecided to occupy the area andcultivate it even if they had to facepolice action. The police did turn up,cordoned off the area and fired uponthe activists of the Sangham on 30December 1946. Nambiar lost his lifein this firing. [ASK, p. 33; KKK. p. 64]

Thennatan Alavi: Resident ofVettikkatiri amsom, t. Wandoor,distt. Malappuram, Kerala. He wastaken into custody for his role in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 5June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding and

insufficiency of clean water andfood), Alavi died on 20 June 1922 indetention at the age of 30. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Thennatan Moideen: Resident ofVettikkattiri amsom, t. Wandoor,distt. Malappuram, Kerala. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 5June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious pneumonia in the jail(due to very bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Moideen diedon 20 June 1922 in detention at theage of 60. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS)No.960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Thevan Meentharaa: Belonging toKerala (place not known), heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. (for more details, seethe entry on Agneess Lonappan).Meentharaa was shot dead by themilitary on 27 October 1946.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Thimmanna Das: Born at Nagarathpet,


Bangalore, Karnataka. He took partin the ìQuit Indiaî movement of1942. Das died of bullet wounds inthe police firing on a procession atMysore Bank Circle, Bangalore, on16 August 1942. [PMRA; PMLC]

Thippaiah: Born in Bangalore,Karnataka, he took part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement of 1942. Thippaiahdied of bullet wounds in the policefiring on a procession in BangaloreCity on 17 August 1942. [PMRA;PMLC]

Thiruthummal Marakkar: Resident ofKaruvarakundu amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody for his role in theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 8June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Marakkar died on 24 June 1922in the jail at the age of 35. [Pub Deptt,G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Thomam: Born in v. Vaikom, Kerala, hetook part in the Travancore StateCongressí movement for responsiblegovernment. Participating as avolunteer in the massive protestmeeting of the Travancore State

Congress at the Cantonment Maidanin Quilon on (Chingam 17, 1114) 2September 1938, in defiance of theprohibitory orders, he receivedbullet wounds when police openedfire to disperse the gathering.Thomam died the same day.[Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No.5/45, B. No. 38, 1945, KSAT; Confd.Section Files, No. 323/38 (Report ofDistrict Magistrate Quilon, to ChiefSecretary, 4 September), KSAT;Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore JathaCommittee, C.S. File No. 339/45,KSAT; FST, pp. 360-61]

Thoppil Kumaran: Resident of distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, an 18-year oldactivist in the Punnapra firingincident, he operated during theMartial Law that C.P. RamaswamyAiyar imposed on Ambalappuzhaand Shertallai (now Cherthala). Hetook part in the demolition of theMararikulam Bridge at night. Whenthe military started re-constructingit, he and others tried to preventthem. In the ensuing confrontationon 26 October 1946, Kumaran wasshot dead by the military. [FreedomMovement Files ( II), F. Nos. 265/48,B. No. 63, 1948, & FreedomMovement Files (II), F. No. 133/48,B. No. 64, 1948, KSAT; IPV, p.79;EMK]

Thottakatt Kunhi Moideen: Resident ofMalappuram, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was arrested and detainedin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitative


Jenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was kept inMalappuram Sub-Jail and died dueto Acute Enteritis in Jail Hospital inJune 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.(MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Thottathusseri Kumaran: Resident ofdistt. Alappuzha, Kerala, and aparticipant in the Punnapra PoliceCamp Case, he operated during theMartial- Law that C.P. RamaswamyAiyar imposed on Ambalappuzhaand Shertallai (now Cherthala). Hetook part in the demolition of theMararikulam Bridge at night. Whenthe military started re-constructingit, he and others tried to preventthem. In the ensuing confrontationon 26 October 1946, Kumaran wasshot dead by the military. [FreedomMovement Files (II), F. Nos. 265/48,B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64,1948, KSAT; IPV, pp. 94-5]

Thummalapally Narayana Reddy:Resident of v. Mudigonda, t.Devarkonda, distt. Nalgonda,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);s/o Butcha Reddy. He was a MBBS(Osmania) and worked for theCongress. He resigned NizamGovernmentís service and set upprivate practice at Warangal fromSeptember 1944. He participated inthe ëJoin Indian Union Movementí of1947ñ48 which was run all over theformer Hyderabad State forachieving the its integration with theIndian Union. On 30 June 1947, atabout 1 p.m., while returning homefrom his dispensary in Warangal

proper, he was surrounded by about60 Razakars. He received stab injuriesin the stomach at the hands of theRazakars and died almost immediatelyas a martyr for the cause of the JoinIndian Union Movement. [WWFSAP,II, p. 535; WWIM, II, pp. 273ñ74].

Thyagarajan: Resident of Tamilnadu(residence not known), he workedin the Electric Millwright at theGolden Rock Workshop of the SouthIndian Railways at Trichy inTamilnadu. He participated in theSouth Indian Railways LabourUnionís strike from 24 August 1946.(For details, refer to the write-up onKrishnamurthy).Thyagarajan wasshot dead by the Malabar SpecialPolice on 5 September 1946 whenthey stormed the compound of theGolden Rock Workshop to frightenthe agitating workers into submissionto the ìwhiteî tyrannicaladministration. [PA, 29 September,27 October, 1 December 1946; LMI,Vol. 23, pp. 157-69]

Thythara Ramankutty alias PadathuRaman Kutty: Resident of distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, and a participantin the Punnapra confrontation, heoperated during the Martial Law thatC.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed onAmbalappuzha and Shertallai (nowCherthala). He took part in thedemolition of the MararikulamBridge at night. When the militarystarted re-constructing it, he andothers tried to prevent them. In theensuing confrontation on 26 October1946, Ramankutty was shot dead bythe military. [Freedom Movement


Files (II), F. Nos. 265/48, B. No. 63,1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948,KSAT; IPV, pp. 94-5; EMK]

Timma: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in the struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. Captured in anencounter with the British atKoppaldurg, Timma was shot deadby musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI,p. 279]

Timmanaguda Menasinhaal: Born on 8October 1911 at v. Menasigi, t.Ranebennur, distt. Haveri,Karnataka; s/o Hanammaguda. Heactively participated in the ìQuitIndiaî movement that started inAugust 1942. While taking part inlooting the treasury of Kuppelurvillage in the last week of February1943, Menasinhaal died in a bombburst. [SSS, I, p. 791]

Timmappa alias Rangappa Mazumdar:Resident of Nargund Town, distt.Gadag. Karnataka; s/o JayappaMazumdar. A clerk, he joined theanti-British resistance of 1857.Timmappa was caught and hangedby neck on 28 June 1858. [Poll Deptt,No. 226, Part-XIII, DD, Vol. No. 31,24 June 1858]

Tippayya: Resident of Bangalore,Karnataka. At the age of 15, he tookpart in the ìQuit Indiaî movementin 1942. He participated in thepicketing and stopping railwaytrains. During the imposition of

curfew in Bangalore City Tippayyawas shot dead by the police in a firingon the picketers on 17 August 1942.[KQIC, p. 52]

Tirakappa: Born perhaps in 1907 at v.Koganur, Dharwar (now in distt.Gadag), Karnataka; s/o YemanappaMadiwalar. A labourer, he took partin the ìQuit Indiaî movement thatstarted in August 1942. He, alongwith fellow saboteurs, raided theGovernment Treasury on 1 April1943 and received severe bulletwounds when the police fired on thegroup. Tirakappa succumbed to hisinjuries the same day. [WWIM, I, p.363]

Tirupur Kumaran alias O. K. S. R.Kumaraswami Mudaliar: Born on 4October 1904, resident of Odakkadu,Tirupur, distt. Coimbatore,Tamilnadu; s/o NachimuthuMudaliar. He took part in the CivilDisobedience movement in 1930. InJanuary 1932, the Congressvolunteers belonging to DesabanduYouth League in Tirupur took out aprocession to picket the toddy shopat Tirupur main road, defying theprohibitory order in vogue.Mudaliar took an active part in theprocession which started on 11January 1932 morning from MangalaVilas and entered into the main road.The processionists marched holdingthe National Flag aloft and singingpatriotic songs. As they wereapproaching the police station on themain road, K.V. Mohmed ñ the CircleInspector ñ with the help ofpolicemen, prevented the


processionists from proceedingfurther, and also ordered them todisperse. When they refused, a brutallathi-charge was made upon them, inwhich Mudaliar, B.S. Sundaram andRaman Nair were seriously injured.Kumaraswamiís skull was fractured,and he fell down losing consciousnessbut kept the National Flag aloft,raising the nationalist slogans. Thepolice took the badly injuredKumaraswami and others to theGovernment hospital in a bus. Butbefore he could be properly treated,his condition worsened and he diedthe next day, 12 January 1932, at 11a.m. at the Government hospital atthe age of 27. He is remembered eventoday in Tamilnadu as Kodi KaththaKumaran (who saved the honour ofour National Flag). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 340,27.02.1932; FFPO No. 1844/1968,25.04.1968; Coimbatore District JailSlip No. 51, TNSAC]

Torabaz Khan: Resident of Hyderabadcapital city; s/o Rustum Khan; RohillaJamadar. He led a band of Rohillas,Arab rebels and a large crowd armedwith lathis, spears and derelictmuskets, to attack on the BritishResidency at Hyderabad, on Friday,the 17 July 1857, a little before 5 p.m.The general discontent prevailingelsewhere in the country against theBritsh power, penetrated into theHyderabad State also. In spite of theassumed loyalty of some top rankingnobles of Hyderabad to theBritishers, the inhabitants of the statewere generally in sympathy with theMughal throne and wished to get rid

of the British at whose hands theyseemed to be suffering so much.They co-operated with themutineers, and with the anti ñ Britishmovement. But the illñorganized, ill-trained and ill- equipped mutineerscould not cope with the well-organized, trained and equippedBritish troops. A good number of therebels were killed, and Khan, whiletrying to escape, was taken prisoneron 22 July 1857. His property wasconfiscated by the Government forthe attempted attack on theResidency. He was sentenced totransportation for life, but whilewaiting for transportation, heescaped from the jail on 18 January1859. A reward of Rs.5,000/- wasproclaimed by the NizamísGovernment on 19 September 1859for his arrest. He was traced and shotdead on 24 January 1859 whileresisting arrest. Khanís corpse washung up by chains in a public place inHyderabad, as a warning against anyfuture anti-British rebellion.Thereafter the pro-British policy ofthe Nizam and his Dewan completelydisheartened the rebels and left themin the lurch. [EM, 19 March 1962, pp.262ñ63; HA, III, 1883; TFSIH, II,(1857ñ85), pp. 82ñ3 ; VGRC,ROTSOHITUO, 1857 A.D., pp. 197,199 & 301 ; WWFSAP, I, p. 535 ;WWIM, III, p. 148].

Tukaram: Resident of Nargund, distt.Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Mahipati. Hejoined the resistance against theBritish under Baba Saheb in 1857.Soon after his capture, Tukaram wasshot dead by musketry at Nargund


on 10 June 1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt,No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30,10 June 1858]

Tummanah Talari: Resident of Yesur(Hesarur), t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag,Karnataka. He took active part in the

struggle against the British in 1857-58 under the leadership of Bhim Raoand Kanchan Gowda.Talari wascaptured by the British in course ofthe battle for Koppaldurg, and blownto death with a cannon in 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 280]


U. Gangadharan: Born on 29 August1918 at Attingal, distt. Trivandrum,Kerala; s/o Ulakan and a farmer whostudied up to the seventh standard;he took part in the popularmovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore State(1938) and participated in ademonstration against the arrest ofsome of the leaders of themovement. When the demonstratorswere fired upon by the TravancoreState Army at Attingal on 21September 1938, Gangadharanreceived severe bullet injuries anddied after a few days. [FreedomMovement Files, II, F. No. 1826/44(District Magistrate Trivandrum toChief Secretary to Government, 21September 1938), KSAT; Bulletin No.I, II, All Travancore JathaCommittee, C.S. F. No. 339/45,KSAT; WWIM, II, p. 92, RR, I, p. 448]

U. P. Kunjikrishna Nayanar: Belongingto Kerala (place not known), born on23 June 1916 and studied up to theMatriculation, he participated in theCivil Disobedience movement in

north Malabar in 1931. Arrested fortaking part in a political conferencein Kunhimangalam village in 1931, indefiance of the prohibitory orders,he was arrested and sentenced toseven monthsí imprisonment. Whileimprisoned in the Cannanore CentralJail, Nayanar died in detention.[Freedom Movement Files (II), No.796/31, B. No. 46, 1931, KSAT;WWFFK, pp. 285-86]

Uddaraju Venkatraju: Resident of v.Kumudavalli, t. Bhimavaram, distt.West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh,belonged to Kshatriya community; s/o Subba Raju; studied up to the 4thclass. A cattle doctor, he used toadminister remedies to cattlesuffering from ailments. He wasconvicted and sent to Vellore CentralJail from 4 August 1930 to 20 January1931, for his active participation inthe Civil Disobedience movement.He also took part in the Bhimavaramdisturbances on 17 August 1942, inconnection with the ìQuit Indiaîmovement. He joined in a processionwhich raided and burnt the Revenue

UUUUU


Divisional Office and the CollectorísOffice. From there, they proceededtowards the police station where thepolice opened firing on the crowd.As a result, Venkatraju fell victim tothe police bullet near theBhimavaram Taluk Office and died.[Pub Deptt (G1-A), (Madras), G.O.No. 2190, 15-10-1946, APSAH;ASMEAB, 29-12-1999; WWFSAP, III,p. 550; WWIM, I, p. 367].

Ukunda: Resident of Kurlahalli, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Hetook active part in the struggle againstthe British in 1857-58 under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Captured in an encounter withthe British at Koppaldurg, Ukunda wasshot dead by musketry in June 1858.[SI1857WI, p. 279]

Ulliappa Ravuttar: Resident ofMahilampatti, Tamilnadu. When theK h i l a f a t - N o n - C o o p e r a t i o nmovement spread to Karur, itsvolunteers turned aggressive andforced a Drama Company to givebenefit performances for theKhilafatists. On the Companyís curtrefusal, the volunteers turned hostile,giving the police the pretext forresorting to indiscriminate firing.Ravuttar was killed in this firing atthe beginning of 1921. [Judl Deptt,G.O. No. 806, 28.10.1921; Pub Deptt,G.O.No.935, 10.09.1931, TNSAC]

Unduvelu Venkadu: Resident of v.Minchalapadu, t. Palnad, distt.Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Hebelonged to Madiga community andwas the Sub-Inspectorís syce (servant

for the horses). He participated in theForest Satyagraha in resisting theforest and police officials from takingaway the cattles, for their illegalgrazing in the forest. Policeindiscriminately opened firing on theresisters and Venkadu was shotdead, along with two people on 26February 1922. [CDLFLCASPGT-DMG, Cir. No. 406, 28-2-1922,APSAH]

Urvee: Belonged to Hammigi, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He participated in the struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. Urvee wascaptured by the British during thebattle over Koppaldurg, sentenced todeath and blown away with cannonin 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 278]

Uyhunnan Moyan: Resident ofUrangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitative Jenmis,and coinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. He wasdetained on 6 June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner and kept in the ManjeriSub-Jail. Together with brutal policetorturesand a serious attack ofpneumonia in the jail (due to very badsanitary conditions, overcrow-dingand insufficiency of clean water andfood), Moyan died on 28 June 1922 inthe jail at the age of 52. [Pub Deptt,G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]


V.K. Kittan: Resident of Vadakkeku-langara, Thazhcjayil Veedu,Kalarkoodu, Sanathanapuram, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families, Kittanalso joined others in demanding forits withdrawal, and eventually for itsdestruction. During the activistsí raidon the camp, he died in the policefiring on 24 October 1946. [FreedomMovement Files (II), F. No. 774\46,B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63,1948 & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948,KSAT]

V. R. Damodharan: Resident of ParappilaVattathara, Punnapara, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís

notorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Damodharan joined others indemanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in the police firing on 24 October1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II),F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948 & 133/48, B. No.64, 1948, KSAT]

V.C. Narayanan: Resident ofVazhakkupirayidam, Beach, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal of setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harassthe agitators and their families,Narayanan joined others in

VVVVV


demanding for its withdrawal, andeventually for its destruction. Duringthe activistsí raid on the camp, hedied in the police firing on 24 October1946. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

V. Dharmarajan: Born in 1916, residentof Uppathur, distt. Ramanatha-puram, Tamilnadu and educated upto ESLC, he was a four-annaCongress member of DevakottaiTown, eking out his livelihood byrunning a typing school. Also anactivist in the National Movement,he took part in the anti-Britishactivities throughout and wasarrested and awarded 2 monthsírigorous imprisonment under Section38 (5) of DIR from June to August1941. Freed thereafter, he plungedinto the ìQuit Indiaî movement andwas shot dead by the police on 17August 1942 at Devakottai in frontof the Civil Courts Building. [PubDeptt G.O. (MS) No. 467, 10.02.1947;Pub Deptt (Military) (Confd.), G.O.(MS) No. 3.12.1948; RamanathapuramDistrict Jail Slip No. 1443; FFPO No.9121/1980, 21.07.1980, TNSAC]

V. Gopala Pillai: Born on 3 May 1915 atIttava, distt. Kollam, Kerala, he tookpart in Kadakkal in the disturbancesover the State Congressí movementfor responsible government on 30September 1938. Sentenced to lifeimprisonment for his role but releasedin 1943, Pillai expired shortly afterrelease. [Judicial Files No. 78 of 114Sessions Court Quilon, Kadakkal RiotCase 1 PE 1/ 1938, CommitmentOrder, 29 May 1939, KSAT]

V. Muthirulappan: Resident ofParuthiyur, p.o. Puliyal, distt.Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu. Apolitical activist, he took part in theìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942 andwas shot dead by the police on 18August 1942 while taking part in aprotest demonstration during themovement. [RamanathapuramDistrict Jail Slip No. 364 & Clean CopyNo. 364, TNSAC]

V. Palaniyandi: Resident ofBodinaickanur, distt. Madurai,Tamilnadu. He participated inIndividual Satyagraha of 1940, andserved rigorous imprisonment for itfrom 16 June to 15 August 1941. In1942 Palaniyandi joined the ìQuitIndiaî movement and was beaten todeath by the police for his anti-Britishactivities. [FFPO No. 9287/1980,26.09.1980, TNSAC]

V. Sankaralinga Mudaliar: Born in 1880,resident of Kinetradi Street,Kadalaiyur, distt. Tirunelveli,Tamilnadu. He took part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement of 1942 and wasshot dead in the police firing on ademonstration in which heparticipated towards the end ofAugust 1942. [Tirunelveli District JailSlip No. 284, TNSAC]

V. Veeraiyan: Resident ofKotharipoulam, Kavil Kuhhagai inTamilnadu; s/o Veerahathi. He wasa civilian employee in the British-Indian Army, but left it in 1942, andjoined the Indian National Army inMalaya. He was recruited as asoldier in the Third Guerrilla


Regiment of the INA. Veeraiyanfought the British forces at variousplaces and eventually lost his life inthe course of a British air-attack in1944. [INA Papers, F. No. 379/INA(1945), NAI; WWIM, II, p. 340]

Vadakkeveetil Kolathoor Mammad:Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Keralaand a tenant-cultivator there inPukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he wasinvolved in an armed confrontationin his village with the British duringthe Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. (fordetails, see the entry on AhmmadKutty). Mammad was one amongthose militant peasants who died on26 August in the firing by the Britishtroops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921,NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM,pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Vadapalli Gangachalam: Resident of v.Vadapalli, t. Razolu, distt. EastGodavari, Andhra Pradesh.Belonging to Rajaka community, hetook part in the Civil Disobediencemovement (1930). On the occasion ofthe Venkateswaraswami Car festivalin Vadapalli, on 30 March 1931, alongwith the deity, a Congress Flag andphotos of Mahatma Gandhi and someother national leaders were placedon the chariot. It was objected by theGovernment officials, and while theprocession was about to start, theSub-Inspector of Razolu removed theportraits of the national leaders.Consequent to it, the People refusedto draw the car without the portraits.Over this issue, a commotion took

place at Chinnavadapalli. While policearrested some people and lathi-charged, the crowd retaliated bythrowing stones and mud on thepolice. Police eventually openedindiscriminate fire on the crowd;Gangachalam received a bullet shotand died at the time of a being takento his house. [SMEAV, 2-10-1987,Vadapalli; WWIM, I, p. 106].

Valakkayil Moosamolla: Resident ofKalikavu amsom, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was taken into custody forhis role in the Malabar rebellion of1921 against the combination of theBritish colonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He wasdetained on 24 December 1921 as anunder-trial prisoner and kept in theManjeri Sub-Jail. Together withbrutal police tortures and a seriousattack of pneumonia in the jail (dueto very bad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Moosamolladied on 17 February 1922 in jaildetention at the age of 36. [PubDeptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922,TNSAC]

Valapparambil Moideen Molla:Resident of Perambalam, Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. (for details, see the entryon Ahmmad Kutty). Molla was one


among those militant peasants whodied in the 26 August 1921 firing bythe British troops. [H/Poll, F. No.241, 1921,NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS;Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp.139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp.179-209]

Valayilathody Kunhayam: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon. (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Kunhayam was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Valiakath Alassan: Resident ofMalappuram, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was arrested and detainedin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperation

movement. Alassan was kept inMalappuram Sub-Jail and died dueto colitis in the jail hospital in July1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS)No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Valipatan Moideen Kutty: Resident ofKaruvarakundu amsom, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 8June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Kutty died on 18 June 1922 inthe jail due to a pneumonia attack atthe age of 30. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS)No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Valiyathodi Koya Moideen: Resident oft. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and atenant- cultivator there in Pukkotturamsom, Manjeri, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. (for details,see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty).Moideen was one among thosemilitant peasants who died on 26August 1921 in the firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48;


PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209]

Vallabhadas: Resident of Bagewadi, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in the struggleagainst the British in 1857-58 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. Arrested in courseof the battle for Koppaldurg,Vallabhadas was sentenced to deathand shot dead by musketry in June1858. [SI1857WI, p. 280]

Valliammai Ammal (Smt.): Born atDevakottai, distt. Sivaganga,Tamilnadu. Educated up to theprimary standard, she took activepart in the ìQuit Indiaî movementthat started in August 1942. Smt.Ammal received severe bulletwounds in the police firing on thedemonstration she joined atDevakottai on 17 August 1942 anddied the same day. [WWIM, I, p. 372]

Vallikkapatta Mammad: Resident ofMalappuram amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a religious teacher.He was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 and transported toPodanur Central Prison along with100 other Mappila rebels in an almostair-tight Railway goods wagon. (fordetails, see the entry on AkkaraVeetil alias Kunnapalli AchuthanNayar). Mammad was one amongthose who had been suffocated todeath in this wagon tragedy,notoriously known as the Black Holeof Podanur (20 November 1921). [PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734,12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290,

01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Vallinkadan Ahamad: Resident ofMalappuram, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was arrested and detainedin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. Ahamad was kept inMalappuram Sub-Jail and died dueto colitis in the jail hospital in July1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS)No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Vanchinathan alias Sankara Iyer: Bornin 1880 in Shenkottah, distt.Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu; s/oRagupathy Iyer. From his early days,he was courageous and disciplined.Deeply devoted to the traditionalways of Hindu society, he believedthat the Indian social institutionswere being trampled under theBritish aggressively through aprocess of Europeanization and thespreading of Christianity. He grewup in the political climate of militantpatriotism and was impressed withthe revolutionary secret societies inBengal ñ the Anushilan and theJugantar. He became a member of asimilar secret society ñ Bharatha MathaAssociation- organized by NilakantaBrahmachari, with the object ofeliminating the oppressive Europeans


standing in the way of the Indianaspirations. Its members used to takean oath in blood before the image ofGoddess Kali for committingthemselves to end the foreign ruleand safeguard the ìSanatan HinduDharmaî. Vanchinathan Iyer, whostarted his career as an employee inthe Forest Department of TravancoreState, remained in touch with therevolutionaries in Bengal and otherparts of Tamilnadu. He took 3monthsí leave and went toPondicherry to get training inrevolver-shooting from V.V.S. Iyer.In March 1911 he collaborated withV.V.S. Iyer and ShankarakrishnaAiyar for assassinating Ashe, theDistrict Collector of Tirunelveli, atthe Maniyachi Railway Junction. Asplanned, he carried out theassassination by shooting Ashe on 17June 1911. Since he did not wish tobe captured, insulted, tortured andforced to give out revolutionarysecrets, Iyer committed suicide byshooting himself on the same day atthe same spot. The killing of Ashewas the first political assassination ofan European in the southern part ofIndia. [Judl Deptt (Confd.), G.O. Nos.474 and 475, 23.03.1912; Judl Deptt,G.O. No. 1471, 16.09.1912; TirunelveliDistrict Jail Slip No. 774, TNSAC]

Vara Latchadu alias Varahalu: Residentof v. Laxmipuram in the Agency area,distt. Visakhapatnam, AndhraPradesh. He joined Alluri SitaramaRaju in the Rampa Freedom Struggle,1922-24, and in the exploits againstthe oppressive British power in theAgency area. Latchadu received

bullet injury while fighting against theBritish Malabar Reserve Police led bySweney, on the night of 6 December1922, between 11.45 pm and 12.45a.m. at Lingapuram, and died. Hisdead body was sent toKrishnadevipeta. [F.No. 22, FASRRF,1922, p. 159 & F.No.4, FASRRF, 1924,p. 28, APSAH]

Variankunnath Kunhamad Haji: Bornin Nellikottu in Eranad, SouthMalabar, Kerala; s/o. Moideen Hajiand Aminakutty Hajjumma. A closeassociate and relative of Ali Musaliar,an important rebel Mappila leader,he and his father were exiled toMecca for a short period for anti-government activities. Thereafterthey came back, but continued withtheir anti-British demeanour. Hebecame a significant Khilafat leaderin Majeri and Nilambur, and led anattack on the British army atKallamala, as well as on the GudalurPolice Training Camp. He alsoproclaimed himself a ruler in the area,paralyzing the British administrationthere for a short period. But Haji wascaptured from Kallamoola in January1922, and after a summary trial atMartial Law Court, shot dead on 20January 1922. [Weekly (Summary)Report of the Rebellion, Govt. ofIndia (Home. Dept.) for the year1921-22, Reports of the Administrationof the Madras Presidency for the year1921-22 (Madras, 1932), The Fort, St.George Gazette, No. 37, Madras, 12September 1922, Part-I, Public Dept.,Kerala Patrika, 29 October 1921]

Vasu Edakulathu: Belonging to distt.


Alappuzha, Kerala, he was connectedwith the Olathala Camp Firing ofVayalar, which took place on 27October 1946. On that day C.P.Ramaswamyís military reachedOlathala Labour Camp and attackedthe labourers gathered therein andshot Edakulathu dead on the spot.[Travancore Information andListener, VII No. 5 January 1947,KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October, 1946NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9]

Vasu: Resident of Mundepalli,Kalavamkodam, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala. He participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. (for more details, seethe entry on Agneess Lonappan).Vasu was shot dead by the militaryon 27 October 1946. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, CPIDOA]

Vasudevan: Resident of Puthenvalli,Kalavamkodam, distt. Alappuzha,Kerala. He participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. (for more details, seethe entry on Agneess Lonappan.)Vasudevan was shot dead by themilitary on 27 October 1946.[Punnapra-Vayalar Records,CPIDOA]

Vatakepat Kunhayamad: Resident of

Kuruvamabalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon. (For details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Kunhayamad was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Vattanthodika Moideenkutty: Residentof Vellila, t. Walluvanad, Malabar,Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. (for details, see the entryon Aboobakkar). Moideenkutty wasone among those militant peasantswho died on 9 December 1921 in thefiring by British troops. [PPMAK,MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR]

Vattiparampath Kunhalan Gurikkal:Resident of distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was taken into custody inconnection with the Mappilla


outbreak in parts of the Ernad andWalluvanad Taluks Malappuram inFebruary and March 1915. He wasdetained on 15 September 1915 as perG.O. Nos 2080-83 JudicialDepartment, dated 03.09.1915, and390 Public Department, dated10.06.1920. Gurikkal remained in jaileven after the Malabar Rebellion of1921-22 and died on 25 March 1925at Chenglepet at the age of 39. [PubDeptt, G.O. No.832, 27.08.1925,TNSAC]

Vayalpalyalil Veeran: Resident ofKuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a Quran-reader. Hewas taken into custody in connectionwith the Malabar rebellion of 1921and transported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon. (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Veeranwas one among those who had beensuffocated to death in this wagontragedy, notoriously known as theBlack Hole of Podanur (20 November1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No.734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No.290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report ofDeputy Superintendent of Police,Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No.390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; MalayalaManorama, 22 November 1921; WTS]

Veerabattina Mogalayya: Resident ofWarangal proper, distt. Warangal,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);a political worker, he took part in theannual session of the Andhra Saraswat

Parishat held in the Warangal Fort in1944. There he lost his leg whileresisting the attack by the communalelements on the conference workers.Later, he hoisted the Indian NationalFlag on 11 August 1946, on theWarangal Fort in spite of the threatsof the Razakars. For this act,Mogalayya was later killed by theRazakars in front of his helplessmother witnessing this ghastlytragedy. [WWFSAP, III, p. 303;WWIM, II, p. 340].

Veerabhadra Rao: Resident of Guntur,distt. Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Heattended the meeting at GunturGandhi Park on 13 August 1942, at 6pm, held to protest against the arrestsof the Indian National Congressleaders for their ëQuit IndiaíResolution. While the crowdgathered and listened to the Radionews, some threw stones on the roadside from the park. This enraged thepolice who opened fire on theassembled protesters. Rao was hit bya bullet, sustained injuries andsuccumbed to these. [Andhra Patrika,16 August 1942]

Veeran Kutty: Resident of distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he activelyparticipated in the Malabar rebellionof 1921 against the combination ofthe British colonial authorities andthe exploitative Jenmis, andcoinciding with the Khilafat andNon-Cooperation movement. Hewas kept in the Cannanore CentralJail as an under-trial prisoner wherea jail outbreak occurred on 4December 1921 at 4.00 p.m. when the


prisoners were let out of their cellsfor meals. Kutty received bulletwounds when the police opened fireto control the outbreak and died thesame day. [Pub Deptt (G), G.O.(Ord.Series) Nos.1084 and 1085,25.04.1922, TNSAC]

Veeran: A resident of Vellayoor, t.Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala, heactively participated in the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was the brother ofVariyankunnath Ayamadññthe mostprominent leader of the Malabarrebellion. He took part in thePandikkad camp attack during therebellion and was killed in the battleagainst the armed British troops.[Pub Deptt, G. O. No. 813, 22.08.1925,TNSAC]

Veerana Thevan: Resident of v.Perungamanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt.Madurai, Tamilnadu; he took part inthe Kallar riot at Perungamanalluragainst the Colonial MadrasGovernmentís policy of registeringKallars as criminal tribes under theCriminal Tribes Act, 1911. A popularand well-known political agitator,George Joseph, inspired them not toobey the British and he started a civildisobedience agitation. When theKallars of Perungamanallur and theneighbouring villages refused toregister themselves as CriminalTribes, police force was used tocoerce them to obey. In the resultant

clash and police firing in that placeon 3 April 1920, Thevanwas shotdead on 21 April 1920. [H/Deptt(Judl), G.O. No. 1315, 26.05.1920; JudlDeptt, G.O. (Ord.Series) No. 109,27.4.1921; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 935,10.09.1931, TNSAC]

Veerappa: Resident of distt. Raichur,Karnataka; prominent landlord ofthe district, he took part in the anti-British struggle in 1857-58 under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Captured by the Britishduring the battle at Koppaldurg,Veerappa was blown away with acannon. [WWIM, III, p. 151]

Veerappan: Belonged to v. Edair Kadu,p.o. Vadaku Sefhi Marudur, distt.Thanjavur, Tamilnadu. He was acivilian employee in the British-Indian Army but left his service in1942 to join the Indian NationalArmy. He was trained as a soldierand placed in the Third GuerrillaRegiment. He was deployed on theBurma (now Myanmar) front to fightunder the INA flag. Veerappanfought the Allied forces on severaloccasions and finally died in thecourse of an engagement in 1944.[WWIM, II, p. 343; ROH, pp. 796-97]

Veeraputtappa: Resident ofHolenarasipur, distt. Hassan,Karnataka; s/o H. M. Shivananja-ppaai (adopted). A hotel-owner, hetook part in the ëMysore Chaloímovement in 1947 for responsiblegovernment in the Mysore State.Veeraputtappa was killed in thepolice firing on a group of political


workers (including him) at his house.[PMRA; PMLC; WWIM, II, p. 340]

Vegesna Balarama Raju: Resident of v.Ganapavaram, t. Bhimavaram, distt.West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh.Belonging to Kshatriya a communityand aged 22, he became a freedomfighter. He took part in the Satyagrahaat Bhimavaram on 17 June 1930, inconnection with the CivilDisobedience movement. He wasarrested for his antiñBritish activitiesand awarded imprisonment for sixmonths. Initially, he spent one monthat Rajahmundry Central Jail and laterwas transferred to Alipuram CampJail, where he spent two months, andcontacted an incurable discase. Theauthorities released him on 5December 1930 instead of 17December 1930. He reached his houseon 7 December 1930 and died at 12p.m. on 19 December 1930. [AndhraPatrika, 25 December 1930]

Vegesna Narayana Raju: Resident of v.Vempadu, t. Bhimavaram, distt. WestGodavari, Andhra Pradesh;belonged to Kshatriya community; s/o Krishnam Raju. He gave up hisstudies after completing the 5th class,and established talimkhanas to trainseveral young men in sword-play.He took part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942, and along withhis associates, set fire to the officesand broke open the Sub-Jail and fedthe prisoners therein. While he wassnatching guns from the hands of thepolice at the Bhimavaram PoliceStation on 17 August 1942, the Sub-Inspector of Police, mugged to shoot

him. Raju breathed his last on 18August 1942. [SMEAB, 29-12-1999,Warangal; WWFSAP, III, p. 460;WWIM, I, p. 373; HFMAP, p. 154].

Vegiraju Satyanarayana Raju aliasAggiraju: Resident of v.Kumudavelli, t. Bhimavaram, distt.West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Venkata Narasimha Raju; belongedto Kshatriya community; educated upto the fourth class. An agriculturist,he came under the influence ofMahatma Gandhi, joined the Non-Cooperation movement, and workedas a Congress volunteer in theBhimavaram Congress Camp. Heliked adventures and was curious toknow different places in the country.While he was going on a tour toCalcutta along with his friend, heheard about the stories of AlluriSitarama Raju in the train from theco-passengers. Excited by the newsabout Sitarama Raju, he got downfrom the train at Annavaram RailwayStation, proceeded towards theAgency area and met Sitarama Rajuin about May 1923. Soon, he becamea close associate of him who wagedthe 1922-24 Rampa Rebellion againstthe British Government in theAgency area of Vishakapatnam.Attacking the British Police severaltimes, Aggiraju was captured on 6May 1924 by the IntelligenceInspector, Upendra Patnaik, atBodlagandi near Kirrabu village.Convicted under Section 121 ofIndian Penal Code by the AdditionalAgency Sessions Judge, Waltair, andsentenced on 13 May 1925 totransportation for life, he was


confined in the Rajahmundry andTiruchirapalli Jails. Finally, he wasdeported to Cellular Jail in theAndamans, where he died whileserving the term of imprisonment.[Pub Deptt (G), (Madras), G.O. No.1451, 24-8-1938, p. 201; PCO, 7-5-1924,APSAH ; WWFSAP, III, p. 499 ; ASRR,pp. 103, 154 & 156]

Vegisima: A resident of distt. WestGodavari, Andhra Pradesh, he joinedthe demonstrations organized todemand the British exit from Indiaduring the ìQuit Indiaî movementthat broke out on 8 August 1942.Vegisima suffered bullet injurieswhile taking part in a public rally thatwas fired upon by the police inNovember 15, and died on the spot.[Pub Deptt, F. No. 2190, 1946,TNSAC]

Velappan Thandarapalli Nivarthil:Belonging to Kerala (place notknown), he participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was involved in theOlathal Camp Firing at Vayalarwhich took place on 27 October 1946.On that day C. P. Ramaswamyísmilitary reached Olathala LabourCamp and attacked the labourersgathered therein. In the process theyshot Nivarthil dead. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, CPIDOA]

Velappan: Resident of Kadathirapalli,distt. Alappuzha, Kerala, he

participated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. He was caught up inthe Olathal camp firing at Vayalarwhich took place on 27 October 1946.On that day C. P. Ramaswamyísmilitary reached Olathala LabourCamp and attacked the labourersgathered therein. In the process theyshot Velappan dead. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, CPIDOA]

Velayudhan Kollechuveetil: Belongingto distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. He wasconnected with the Menasseri Campof Vayalar, which took place on 27October 1946. C.P.RamaswamyAiyarís military reachedMenasseri Labour Camp on that dayand attacked the labourers gatheredtherein. In the process they shotKollechuveetil dead. [TravancoreInformation and Listener, VII No. 5January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30October and 15 November 1946,NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9]

Velayudhan Theekara: Belonging toKerala (place not known), heparticipated in the movement forresponsible government inTravancore, and against C. P.Ramaswamy Aiyarís notoriousproposal for setting up an ëAmericanmodelí of administrativearrangement. He was involved in theOlathal Camp Firing at Vayalarwhich took place on 27 October 1946.C. P. Ramaswamyís military reached


Olathala Labour Camp on that dayand attacked the labourers gatheredtherein. In the process they shotTheekara dead. [Punnapra-VayalarRecords, CPIDOA]

Velayudhan: Belonging to distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, he was an ex-serviceman who took active part inthe popular mobilization. When themilitary attacked the Menasseri-Olathal Volunteer Camp nearPunnapra, he stabbed a soldier, anddied on the spot on 27 October 1946by a bullet fired in return from themilitary. The military wreaked theirvengeance on him by hitting his bodywith their rifle butts. Velayudhanísbody lay there completely shattered.[Travancore Information andlistener, VII No. 5 January 1947,KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October 1946,NMML, The Hindu, 15 November1946, NMML; IPV, pp. 94-5]

Velayudhan: Resident of distt.Alappuzha, Kerala, and an activist inthe Punnapra firing incident, heoperated during the Martial-Law thatC.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed onAmbalappuzha and Shertallai (nowCherthala). He took part in thedemolition of the MararikulamBridge at night. When the militarystarted re-constructing it, he andothers tried to prevent them. In theensuing confrontation on 26 October1946, Velayudhan was shot dead bythe military. [Freedom MovementFiles (II), F. No. 265/48, B. No. 63,1948, KSAT; Freedom MovementFiles (II), No. 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948,KSAT; IPV, pp. 94-5]

Vellal Kunnan Alavi: Resident ofPullipatha amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala; s/o Moideen;a coolie. He was taken into custodyin connection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. Alavi was shot deadwhile attempting to escape fromBellary Alipuram Jail on 4 August1922 at the age of 32. [Law Deptt (G),G.O. (Ord.Series) No. 2448,07.10.1922, TNSAC]

Vellana Valappil Athan Kutty:Resident of Trikolam, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, he was takeninto custody in connection with theMalabar rebellion of 1921 against thecombination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was kept as aMappilla State Prisoner under theMadras State Prisoners Regulation,1819, and detained in Trichinopolyin conformity with the orders of theMadras Governor in Council, dated07.11.1925. Kutty fell ill while indetention and died on 20 March 1928in Trichinopoly. [Pub Deptt, G.O.(Mis.Series) No. 456, 18.05.1928,TNSAC]

Vellanchola Kunhalavi: Resident ofMalappuram, distt. Malappuram,Kerala, he was taken into custody inconnection with the Malabarrebellion of 1921 against the


combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. Kunhalavi was detainedin Malappuram Sub-Jail and died dueto acute enteritis in the jail hospitalin June 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.),G.O. (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922,TNSAC]

Vellavi Moosakutty: Resident ofAreakode amsom, t. Ernad, distt.Malappuram, Kerala, aged 46. Hewas taken into custody for his rolein the Malabar rebellion of 1921against the combination of the Britishcolonial authorities and theexploitative Jenmis, and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He wasdetained on 18 June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner and kept in the ManjeriSub-Jail. Together with brutal policetortures and a serious attack ofpneumonia in the jail (due to verybad sanitary conditions,overcrowding and insufficiency ofclean water and food), Moosakuttydied on 3 July 1922 in detention atthe age of 46. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS)No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Velu: Born in Vanjarammodu, distt.Trivandrum, Kerala. A 7th class drop-out he took beedi-making as hisoccupation. According to the policereport, he was the main conspiratorbehind the well-known KadakkalRiot Case. On 5 October 1938, thepeople of Kadakkal in KottarakaraTaluk started an armed revolt againstthe toll collection at the Kadakkal

market. The occurrence alsoreflected the popular discontentagainst the government, itscurtailment of civil liberties and theCriminal Law Amendment Act 18 Xof 1935. Arrested and manhandledby the police at Kottarakara in thisconnection, Velu died due to torturesin the Chengannur Lock-up.[Freedom Movement Files, (II), F.Nos. 1/45, 1945 B.No. 38, 674/45,1945 B.No.39, & 357/46, 1946, B. No.49, KSAT; Judl. Files, No. 78 of 114Sessions Court Quilon, Kadakkal RiotCase 1 PE 1/ 1938, CommitmentOrder 29 May 1939, KSAT; KadakkalN. Gopinathan Pillai, Kadakkalkathipadarna Viplava jatha; Kusuman,K.K, Extremist Movement in Kerala,Kerala Historical Society, 1977, p. 35;WWFFK, p. 627]

Velutha Edayanu: Belonging to Kerala(place not known), he participated inthe movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. He was involved in theOlathal Camp Firing at Vayalarwhich took place on 27 October 1946.On that day C. P. Ramaswamyísmilitary reached Olathala LabourCamp and attacked the labourersgathered therein. In the process theyshot Edayanu dead. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, CPIDOA]

Veluthangodan Kunhayamu: Residentof Chemmalasseri amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He wastaken into custody in connection with


the Malabar rebellion of 1921 andtransported to Podanur CentralPrison along with 100 other Mappilarebels in an almost air-tight Railwaygoods wagon (for details, see theentry on Akkara Veetil aliasKunnapalli Achuthan Nayar).Kunhayamu was one among thosewho had been suffocated to death inthis wagon tragedy, notoriouslyknown as the Black Hole of Podanur(20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt(Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922;Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922,TNSAC; Report of DeputySuperintendent of Police, Madras,dated 27.09.1922; Under-SecretarySafe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama,22 November 1921; WTS]

Vemula Virayya: Resident of v.Nadimpalem, t. Golugonda, disttVisakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Somayya; belonged to Bagatacommunity. A farmer, he took anactive part in the Rampa Rebellion(1922-24), led by Alluri Sitarama Rajuagainst the high-handed activities ofthe British Government in theAgency area. Along with his leader,he fought against the Britishauthorities and participated in manyencounters against the police.Convicted under Section 121 ofIndian Penal Code and sentenced on13 May 1925 for life imprisonment,he was kept imprisoned in theRajahmundry Central Jail up toOctober 1926 and later transferredto Bellary Central Jail. Virayya diedon 27 December 1926, while servingthe period of imprisonment in the

Bellary Central Jail. [RBCJ, C.No.5230, 1926, APSAH; WWFSAP, III, p.228; WWIM, II, p. 341].

Vemuri Ramulu: Resident of v. Chirala,t. Ongolu, distt. Prakasham, AndhraPradesh; s/o Mahalakshmamma aliasSubbamma; aged about 22; belongedto Vysya community. From 8February 1938, he took part in astrike organized by the Indian LeafTobacco Development CompanyWorkersí Union at Chirala. A varietyof grievances was put forward by theworkers, to the management but nosettlement was effected. It eventuallyled to a serious discontentment of theworkersí discontentment and causedrioting. On 14 February 1938, in theafternoon at 1:30 pm, a large crowdgathered outside the factory andattacked the police stationed therewith stones. Mr. H.H. Carleston,Sub-Collector, Ongole, orderedfiring on the crowd of workers at 3:30pm to restore order. Ramulureceived bullet injuries in the firingand died on the spot.[Pub Deptt (G),(Madras), Confd, G.O. No. 339, 24-2-1938; & G.O. No. 1577, 20-9-1938,APSAH; The Hindu 15 February 1938]

Venakkan John: Resident ofKochunnithara, Punnapra, distt.Alappuzha, Kerala. He participatedin the movement for responsiblegovernment in Travancore, andagainst C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarísnotorious proposal for setting up anëAmerican modelí of administrativearrangement. When a temporarypolice camp was set up in Punnaprato counter the agitation and harass


the agitators and their families, Johnjoined others in demanding for itswithdrawal, and eventually for itsdestruction. During the activistsí raidon the camp, he died in the policefiring on 24 October 1946. [FreedomMovement Files (II), F. No. 774\46,B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63,1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948,KSAT]

Venkappa Naik: He was Shetsanadi ofNargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka,who took part in the resistanceagainst the British in 1857 led byBaba Saheb at Nargund. Arrested,tried and sentenced to death, Naikwas hanged on 24 June 1858 in frontof the Petah of Nargund. [Poll Deptt,No. 226, Part-XIII, DD, Vol. No. 31,L. No. 322/1858, 24 June 1858]

Venkatachalam: Hailed from Tamilnadu(residence not known), a worker aand trade-union leader of TextileWorkers. Union of Coimbatore, hewas falsely implicated in the murderof Ponanan, a watchman of RangaVilas Textile Mill. [for details, referto entry on Chinniah] Sentenced todeath by the Sessions Ccourt andconfirmed later by the High Courtand the Privy Council,Venkatachalam was hanged on 8January 1946. [PA, 27 January 1946]

Venkatappa Guntannavar: Born in 1881at Sureban, t. Ramdurg, distt.Belgaum, Karnataka; s/o VenkappaGuntannavar. He participated in themovement for responsiblegovernment in the Ramdurg State,led by the Praja Sangh (1938-39). The

Praja Sangh conducted a processiondemanding the release of its leader,B. N. Munaavalli, and others on 7April 1939. Guntannavar was killed,along with 3 other persons, when theState Police opened fire on thedemonstrators near the RamadurgJail. He was wounded and died on 7April 1939. [Samyukta Karnataka, 9April 1939; WWIM, II, p. 108]

Venkatappa Nayak: Resident ofSurapur, distt. Yadagiri, Karnataka.He objected the continuance of aBritish Officer in the State as anadviser for some more years.Arrested for his refusal, and beingescorted to Chinglepet Prison inMadras Presidency, Nayak shothimself dead on 11 May 1858 atAmbatur. [SI1857WI, p. 248]

Venku Pandu: Resident of v. Boduluru,t. Rampachodavaram, distt. EastGodavari, Andhra pradesh. He tookpart in the Rampa Rebellion of 1879-80, against the oppressive rule of theMansabdar and British officials in theChodavaram Division of theGodavari Agency. Along with hisleader, he took active part in theattacks and burnings of many policestations. He also killed a constablenear Chodavaram before he wascaptured. Sentenced to death, Panduwas hanged by the Government inabout November 1880 atYelleshwaram. [IPMGFSGJD, 1880, p.76; Judl Deptt, (Madras), G.O. No.2833, 7-12-1880, APSAH]

Vettanthodika Marakkar: Resident ofPandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar,


Kerala, he was involved in an armedconfrontation in his village with theBritish during the Malabar rebellionof 1921-22, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. (for details, see the entryon Apankollan Moideen.) Marakkarwas one among those who died inthe 14 November 1921 firing by theBritish troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241,Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK,MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O.No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM,p. 372-74]

Vettanthodika Moideenkutty: Residentof Pandikad amsom, t. Ernad,Malabar, Kerala, he was involved inan armed confrontation in his villagewith the British during the Malabarrebellion of 1921-22 and coincidingwith the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. (for details,see the entry on ApankollanMoideen) Moideenkutty was oneamong those who died in the 14November 1921firing by the Britishtroops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; PubDeptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202,15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74]

Vettikkattiri Sultan: Resident ofVettikkattiri amsom, t. Wandoor,distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he wastaken into custody in connection withthe Malabar rebellion of 1921 againstthe combination of the British colonialauthorities and the exploitativeJenmis, and coinciding with theKhilafat and Non-Cooperationmovement. He was detained on 5

June 1922 as an under-trial prisonerand kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail.Together with brutal police torturesand a serious attack of pneumonia inthe jail (due to very bad sanitaryconditions, overcrowding andinsufficiency of clean water andfood), Sultan died on 21 June 1922 atthe age of 25. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS)No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Virayya Hiremath: Born in 1921 at v.Koganur, distt. Dharwad, Karnataka;s/o Ayyappayya Hiremath, A farmereducated up to the primary standard,he took part in the ìQuit Indiaîmovement of 1942. While attemptingto raid the government treasury on1 April 1943, Hiremath receivedbullet wounds in the firing and diedon the same day. [DDG; WWIM, I, p.138]

Virendranath Chattopadhyaya:Resident of Hyderabad, AndhraPradesh (now in Telangana); s/oAghornath Chattopadhyaya, he wasa veteran revolutionary and afounder of the ëLeague againstImperialismí in Berlin, Germany. Heworked vigorously for theoverthrowing of Imperialism inIndia. He had succeeded in puttingin the revolutionary ideals before thepeople and inculcating in the mindsof Indian youth abroad, arevolutionary fervour. He waschased by the British authorities andremained an exile all his life.Undergoing great hardships,Chattopadhyaya died in exile inRussia in 1942. [WWFSAP, I, p. 549]


Virupakshappa: Resident ofDavanagere, Karnataka, he took partin the ìQuit Indiaî movement of1942. He joined the picketing at theTaluk Office and also participated instopping the military vehicles andrailway trains. Virupakshappa wasshot dead by the police in firing onthe picketers at Davanagere on 17August 1942 atthe age of 25. [KQIC,p. 49; SSS, II, p. 564]

Vishnu Bhagwan: Resident of v.Tandur, distt. Hyderabad, AndhraPradesh (now in Telangana). AnArya Samaj worker, he took an activepart in the Satyagraha movement forCivil Liberties launched by the AryaSamaj in 1938 in the Nizamísterritories. He was arrested andimprisoned in the Gulbarga,Aurangabad and Hyderabad Jails.Seriously wounded in the lathi-charge by the police inside theHyderabad Jail on 2 May 1939,Bhagwan died the same day.[WWIM, II, p. 343].

Vishnu Hirekoppa alias VishnuKulkarni: Resident of Hirekoppa inthe Nargund Princely State (now indistt. Gadag), Karnataka, he activelyparticipated in the Nargund revoltand was reported to have beheadedthe British Officer, Manson, atSureban on the night of 29 May 1858.Hirekoppa was captured and hangedpublicly at Nargund in 1860. [PollDeptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol.No. 30, L. No. 47/1858, 16 June 1858]

Vobul Doss: Resident of Begewadi, distt.Gadag, Karnataka; he took part in the

anti-British struggle in 1857-58 underthe leadership of Bhim Rao andKanchan Gowda. Captured by theBritish during the battle atKoppaldurg, Doss was blown awaywith a cannon. [WWIM, III, p. 152]

Voola Thammayya: Born at v. PeddaRamannapalem, distt.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Vallasayya. He joined AlluriSitarama Raju in the Rampa Rebellion(1922-24) against the oppressivepractices of the British Governmentin the Agency area. He was woundedseverely while fighting the BritishPolice on 6 December 1922 atPeddageddapalem. Admitted to ahospital at Narsipatnam, Thammayyadied there soon after his admission.[F. Nos. 3 & 22, FASRRF, 1924, pp.28 & 159, APSAH; WWIM, I, p. 375]

Vullengala Chandrayya: Resident of v.Aknoor, t. Jangaon, distt. Warangal,Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana);s/o Sivalingam, a carpenter. Whilegiving evidence in a Court of Law,he exposed the atrocities that wereperpetrated on the villagers ofAknoor by the Razakars and theNizamís Police. By way of takingvengeance on VullengalaChandrayya and eight other villagersfor giving evidence against them ina Court of Law, the Razakars and theNizamís Police raided Aknoor villagein August 1946 and shot Chandrayyadead. [WWFSAP, III, p. 254; WWIM,II, p. 344]

Vyanakatrao Bhosle: A Shiledar ofNargund Princely State (now in


distt. Gadag), Karnataka, he wasarrested for ëhis participation in therevolt of Baba Saheb against the

British in 1857í and shot dead bymusketry on 28 June 1858. [Poll Deptt,No. 226, Part-XIII, DD, Vol. No. 31,24 June 1858]


Yadagiri: Resident of v. Chilpakunta, t.Suryapet, distt. Nalgonda, AndhraPradesh (now in Telangana). Anagricultural labourer, he joined theVillage Guerilla Squad during theanti-feudal struggle of theCommunists in Telangana. He wasarrested and tortured in connectionwith a raid on a bus and a lorrybelonging to the Nizamís Military atTirumalagiri. But he refused todisclose the particulars of anyparticipants even in the face of death.Yadagiri was shot dead by theNizamís Military in 1946-47 forabusing a Military Officer andspitting on his face. Yadagiri, thus,became a martyr for the cause ofresistance against autocratic andfeudal domination. [WWFSAP, II, pp.602ñ03].

Yalya: Belonged to of Hammigi, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka;he took part in the Uprising againstthe British led by Bhjimarao ofMundargi in 1857-58; captured by theBritish and tried by Court Martial,Yalya was sentenced to be blown

away with a cannon; his sentence wascarried out in 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279;HFMK, 1, pp. 272, 440]

Yanadayya Kadiyala: Resident of v.Kattipadu, distt. Guntur, AndhraPradesh, he took part in the ìQuitIndiaî movement that started inAugust 1942. On his refusal tocontribute to the British War Fund,he was arrested on 11 February 1943and detained in the Ongole PoliceStation (now in distt. Prakasam)Kadiyala was reported to havecommitted suicide the very next day.[WWIM, I, p.159]

Yella Pandari: Resident of v. Aknoor, t.Jangaon, distt. Warangal, AndhraPradesh (now in Telangana); s/oRamayya and a weaver. While givingevidence in a Court of Law, heexposed the atrocities that wereperpetrated by the Razakars on thevillagers. In order to take vengeancefor this action, a combined raid bythe Razakars and the Nizamís Policewas made on this village in August1946.Pandari was shot dead along

YYYYY


with eight others of the villageduring this attack, highlighting theanti-feudal struggle that Communistscarried on in Telangana. [WWFSAP,III, p. 321; WWIM, II, p. 351]

Yelugulur Jaggayya: Resident of v.Vedlagedda, t. Rampachodavaram,distt. East Godavari, AndhraPradesh. He earned his livelihood,mainly as a shikari. He took activepart in the Rampa Rebellion of 1879against the atrocities of the Mansabdarand British officials in theChodavaram Division of theGodavari Agency. A lieutenant ofDwarabandham Chandrayya, hesucceeded in looting and burning theAddateegala Police Station twotimes. On 30 April 1880 a reward ofRs. 2000/- was proclaimed for hiscapture. It encouraged KotumNarsayya to give information to thepolice of the movement of the rebels.Inspector Engledow, along with tenconstables, went to the jungles ofVellagalapalem where the rebels hadtaken shelter. At 4 am on 31 October1880, armed action began in whcihthe Inspector fired and hit Jaggayyaa little above the navel; he ran 100yards and fell. He was alive untilcarried to the camp at Jaddanghi,where he died. [Judl Deptt (Madras),G.O. No. 390, 13-11-1880 ; G.O. No.2769, 26-11-1880 ; G.O. No. 2779, 29-11-1880 & G.O. No. 1307, 2-7-1881 ;IPMGFSGJD, 1880, P. 82; Judl Deptt(G), (Madras), G.O. No. 2551, 12-12-1881, APSAH; MHDFC, p. 18.]

Yerrabolu Appi Reddy: Resident of v.Mallareddygudem, t. Huzurnagar,distt. Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh. Hewas a Communist organizer of thepeasant revolt in Telangana. At 5 amon 6 December 1946, around 500soldiers of Nizamís Military raidedMallareddygudem village in searchof the peasant rebels. They stealthilycame on to the fields and attackedthe village taking advantage of thedarkness at dawn. Hearing of thearrival of the Military, nearly 600villagers (400 males and 200 females)gathered to face them. Seeing thisgathering the Military started firingon it without any provocation.Reddy was hit in the firing and diedimmediately. The villagers howevercontinued their resistance, and sevenmore of them, including a lady, losttheir lives. The incident gives aglimpse of the anti-feudal strugglethat was carried on by theCommunists in Telangana since 1946.[Andhra Patrika, 7 December 1946;WWFSAP, II, p. 456]

Yllya: Resident of Hammigi, t.Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka.He took active part in the antiñBritish struggle in 1857-58 under theleadership of Bhim Rao and KanchanGowda. Fighting for the recovery ofthe British held Koppaldurg, Yllyawas captured and shot dead bymusketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p.278]


BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRIMARY SOURCES

Official Papers (Archival Records):

Files on Alluri Srirama Raju (Alluri Sitarama Raju) (FITURI), kept in Andhra PradeshState Archives, Hyderabad, 1882, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 & 1926

H.E.H. the Nizam Governmentís, Home Department Files of 1355 Fasli (1946), 1356Fasli (1947), (131 bundles, each bundle containing on an average, forty Files),available at the Interim Repository, a branch of State Archives, located at theState Secretariat, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

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Political and Home Secretariat Files of former Hyderabad Government, relating tothe period, 1946 to 1948, in Urdu, selected from the Instalment Nos. 71, 72, 75 &77 and their respective List Nos. 26, 14, 2, 1 & 9 (Available in R1 branch of A.P.State Archives, Hyderabad)

Political Department, MSAM

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Records from Tanjore Special Jail, 1944

Records of History of Freedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh, 1857 & 1900 -1947

Records of History of Freedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh, 1857 & 1900 -1947,TNSAC

Vellore Central Jail Records, 1940 ñ 1942

Published Records:

Amaradipika, a Stone Memorial erected at Sub-Treasury office, in Bhimavaram, WestGodavari district, Andhra Pradesh, on, 29-12-1999

Fort Saint George, Judicial Consultations, 1857

Fortnightly Reports of Government of Madras, relating to Rampa Rebellion, 1924

Hyderabad Affairs, Vol. III, compiled by Moulvie Syed Mohd. Ali, Revenue and FinancialSecretary to H.H. the Nizamís Government, Hyderabad (Deccan), Bombay,Times of India, Steam Press, 1883

Index to the Proceedings of the Madras Government of the Fort Saint George in the JudicialDepartment for the year 1880, the Government Press, Madras, 1881

Indices to Hyderabad Residency Records, 1782 to 1947, in the form of Micro films (8 Reels)

Press Communiques, Government of Madras, Ootacamund, dated, 7-5-1924; 16-5-1924;5-6-1924; 10-6-1924 & 16-6-1924

Proceedings of the Judicial Department, Government of Madras, relating to the years,1880, 1881

Stone Memorial erected in 1942 , near Old Bus Stand in Tenali of Guntur District inAndhra Pradesh

Stone Memorial erected at Vadapalli in front of Venkateswara temple, in RazoluTaluq of East Godavari District in Andhra Pradesh on 02-10-1987

Stone Memorial erected at Veera Gunnammapuram (Gudari Rajamanipuram) nearMandasa in Sompet Taluq of Srikakulam District in Andhra Pradesh on 10-09-1988

Stone Memorial, erected at Bairanpalli, in Jangaon Taluq and Warangal District inAndhra Pradesh , dated 12-12-2003

Non-Official Papers (Individual/Institutional):

All India Congress Committee Papers, NMM&L

Indian National Army Papers, NAI


Private Papers of Muhammad Abdul Kareem, Muhammad Abdul Kareem Instituteof Historical Studies

Letters & Reports:

Commanding Officerís Report, dt, 7-11-1922, Agency Operations, Police Department,Government of Madra

Letters from the Jail Department, Government of Madras, to concerned Agencies relatingto the year 1946

Letters from the Police Department, Government of Madras, to concerned Agenciesrelating to years 1922 & 1924

Reports on the Administration of the Police Department of the Madras Presidency,1900 - 1947

Newspapers:

ANDHRA PRABHA, (Madras) Telugu daily newspaper from November, 1946 toSeptember, 1948 (Available at ëSaraswata Niketaní Library, Vetapalem, nearChirala of Prakasam District in A.P.)

DINAMANI, (Madras) 1944

GOLKONADA PATRIKA, (Hyderabad) Telugu daily newspaper, published from theformer Hyderabad State, from 1946 to 1948 in 3 (three) DVDs, obtained fromthe pen-drive of a well-wisher

MADRAS MAIL, (Madras) 1924

SRI SADHANA, (Ananthapur, A.P.) Telugu Weekly, 1926 - 1947

SRI VIJAYA VANI, Telugu Weekly, 1941

ANDHRA PATRIKA, (Madras) Telugu daily newspaper, relating to the years 1922,1924, 1930, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1944, January, 1946 to October, 1946 & 1947(Available in Committee Section of A.P. State Archives, Hyderabad)

INDIAN EXPRESS, (Madras) relating to the years 1938 & 1944

Peopleís Age (1946), ICHR

The Hindu, 1930, 1931, 1938, 1942 & 1944, Madras & NMM&L

The Times of India (1942 & 1946), NMM&L

Newspaper clippings (English & Telugu) : 1939 ñ 1949 Janavani; Swatantra; Prajamitra;Andhra Rashtramu; Andhra Vani; Janma Bhoomi; Premajyoti; Visalandhra; Vani; Jagruti;Pooravani; Thrilinga (all in Telugu); The Hindu; The Indian Express; Mail; Premier;

Bibliography 265


The Times of India; Madras Daily (all in English) and Hindu Rashtra (MarathaDaily) (Available in the Committee Section of A.P. State Archives, Tarnaka,Hyderabad).

SECONDARY SOURCES

Gazetteers:

Rajagopal, M.V. (ed.), Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers, Guntur, the Government ofA.P., Hyderabad, 1977

Books:

Bunichou, Lucien D., ëFrom Autocracy to Integration, Political Developments inHyderabad State, 1938 ñ 1948í, Ph.D. dissertation that was submitted to theUniversity of Western Australia in 1985

Chopra, P.N., (ed.),Whoís Who of Indian Martyrs, Vols. I-III, Ministry of Education andSocial Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, 1969, 1972 and 1973,respectively

Dale, Stephan, The Mappilas of Malabar 1498-1922: Islamic Society on the South AsianFrontier, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1980

Divekar, V.D., South India in 1857: War of Independence, Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Trust,Pune, 1993

George, K.C., Immortal Punnapra Vayalar, New Delhi, 1975

Ghosh, Kalicharan, The Roll of Honour, Vidya Bharati, Calcutta, 1965

Govindarajachary, V., ëRole of the State of Hyderabad in the Uprising of 1857 A.D.í,Ph.D. thesis that was submitted to Andhra University, Waltair, in March, 1972

Hitchcock, R.H., A History of Malabar Rebellion, 1921, (Reprt.) Usha Publications, Pune,1983

Hittalamani, V.C., Maadi Madid Mailar Mahadevappa (Kannada). Swapna Book House,Banglore, 2012

Kamat, Suryanath (ed.), Swatantry Sangramad Smritigalu (Kannada), Department ofKannad and Culture, Govt. of Karnataka. 1998

óó, Karnatakadalli Quit India Chalavali (Quit India Movement in Karnataka) (Kannada),Lok Shikshan Trust Granthamale, Hubli, Bangalore, 1992

Karuna, Karan, K., Who is Who of Freedom Fighters in Kerala, Regional Records SurveyCommittee, Kerala State, 1975


Khan, Nazeer Ahmad M., History of Freedom Movement in Rayalaseema with special referenceto Anantapur District, Ph.D. thesis, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur,1993

Krishna Rao , Y.V., Ryotu Udyama Charitralo Pradhana Ghattalu, Visalandhra PublishingHouse, Vijayawada, 1979

Kusuman, K.K., Extremist Movement in Kerala, Kerala Historical Society, 1977

Kutumbarao, Kavuri, Challapalli Estate Rytanga Poratam, Kavya Publications,Hyderabad, 2004

Maddaiah, K., ëFreedom Movement in Rayalaseema: A study of peopleís response tothe major phases of National Movement, 1905 ñ 1947í, Ph.D. thesis, Universityof Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 1995

Mangamma, J., Alluri Sitarama Raju, the Commissioner of A.P. State Archives, Tarnaka,Hyderabad, 2003

Menon, A. Sreedhara, Triumph and Tragedy in Travancore: Annals of Sir CPís SixteenYears, Kottayan, 2011

Mirza, Fareed, Pre and Post Police Action Days in Hyderabad State, Hyderabad, 1976

Mutyam, K., Sunamudi Jeevadhara Mandasa Rytula Pratighatana Charitra Kadhanam,Prajasakti Book House, Hyderabad, 2003

Nair, M.N.V. & Prafulla Bidwai, Labour Movement in India, Documents, 1941-1947,Vol. 23, ICHR, New Delhi 2005

Pala, Krishna Moorthy, The Grand Rebel Alluri Sitarama Raju, His Heroes in Andamans,Kavitha Publishers, Hyderabad, 2006

Panikkar, K.N. (ed.), Peasants Protest and Revolts in Malabar, ICHR, New Delhi, 1990

óó, Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar, OUP, 1989 NewDelhi

Pillai, C. Narayana, History of Freedom struggle in Travancore, Trivendrum, 1972

Pillai, P., Damodara, Gooty Kesava Pillai, Directorate of State Archives, Governmentof Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 1978

Ponnaluri, Radhakrishna, 1922 Manyamlo Rytula Tirugubatu: (Alluri Sita Rama Raju),Athivada Grandhamandali Prachurana, Sattenapalli, 1938

Radhakrishnan, P., Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change: Malabar 1836-1982, Sage Publication 1989

Ramesan, N. (ed.), The Freedom Struggle in Hyderabad, Vol. II (1857 ñ 1885); Vol. III(1885 ñ 1920); and Vol. IV, 1920 ñ 1947, (Hyderabad State Committee appointedfor the compilation of a History of the Freedom Movement in Hyderabad)

Bibliography 267


Rao, Seshagiri, M.R.R.V.N, Note on the Rampa Agency, East Godavari District,Government Press, Hyderabad, A.P.

Rao, Venkateswara, Tatavarthi, Munagala Pargana Amaraveerula Jeevitha Charitralu,Kakatiya Printers, Kodada, 1981

Reddy, Pratap K., Ralina Ratnalu (in Telugu), compiled heroic tales of TelanganaArmed Struggle, Hyderabad, 1993

Reddy, Rama Subba D., ëFreedom Struggle in Rayalaseema, 1930-1947í, M.Phil. thesis,Osmania University, Hyderabad, 1991

Regani, Sarojini (ed.), Whoís Who of Freedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh, Vols. I, II & III,published by the State Committee for the compilation of the History of theFreedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh, Ministry of Education and CulturalAffairs, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad in 1978, 1980 & 1982,respectively)

Regani, Sarojini, Highlights of the Freedom Movement in Andhra Pradesh, Ministry ofCultural Affairs, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 1998

Satyanarayana, Josyabhatla & Mahendra, K.L., Andhra Pradesh Karmikodyama Charitra,Vishalandra Publishing House, Hyderabad, 1986

Sen, S.P. (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, Vols. I-IV, Institute of Historical Studies,Calcutta, 1972, 1973 and 1974 respectively

Singh, Nagendra Kumar, Encyclopedia of the Indian Biography, New Delhi, 2004

Sundarayya, P., Telangana Peopleís Struggle and its Lessons, Calcutta, 1972

Suresh, C.V., The Cultural History of Neyyattinkara (Malayalam), PoozhikunnuRaveendran Smaraka Padana Gaveshana Kendram, Thiruvananthapuram, 2012

Venkatarangayya, Mamidipudi, The Freedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh (Andhra), Vols.I, II, III & IV, published by the Andhra Pradesh State Committee appointed forthe compilation of a History of the Freedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh(Andhra), Hyderabad, 1965, 1969, 1965 & 1974, respectively

Wagon Tragedy Smaranika, Wagon Tragedy 60th Anniversary Supplement, Tirur, 1981