Dictionary of Metallurgy

5/25/2018 Dictionary of Metallurgy

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A Coatings- Coatings on hot-dipped galvanized steels processed to convert thecoating completely to zinc-iron alloys; dull gray in appearance, have no spangle, and

after proper preparation, are well suited for painting.

A Elevation- The top level of the boiler firebox where four oil guns are located. Theoil guns are used to produce steam and maintain pressure while the boiler is on oil

fire.

A.G.C. Systems- (utomatic !auge Control" #ydraulic or electric system thatsupplies the force to the .!.C. roll force cylinders.

A Sheet Metal Screw- $heet metal screws with (a" sharp-pointed ends; and (b"fewer threads per inch than type % screws; and (c" deeper threads with bettere

gripping power than type %. The industrial &asteners 'nstitue incorrectly labes type an obsolete) thread though it is universally preferred in *+-+ stainless over type

%, especially by the marine industry.

AB Srews- $heet metal screws with pointed ends similar to type- screws and

thread dimensions similar to type-%. Type % screws are seldom used in stainless.

Abrasion- The displacement andor detachment of metallic particles from a surface

as a conseuence of being exposed to flowing solids, fluids or gases. The process ofrubbing, grinding, or wearing away by friction.

Abrasion Resistance- egree of resistance of a material to abrasion or wear

Abrasion-Resistant Steels- family of steel products developed for those

applications involved in sliding andor impact abrasion.

Abrasive- /aterial for grinding, polishing, blasting, either in loose form or bonded

to form wheels, bric0s, or files, or applied to paper and cloth by glue or resin. 1aturalabrasives include emery, corundum, garnet, sand, flint, etc. /etallic shot and grit arealso used as abrasives in cleaning castings.

Abrasive- 1atural 2 sandstone,emery,corundum,diamonds, or rtificial 2 silicon

carbide,aluminum oxide 2 material used for ma0ing grindingwheels,andpaper,abrasive and lapping compunds.

Abrasive Wheels- 3heels of a hard abrasive, such as Carborundum used forgrinding.

Abrasive Wear- The displacement and or detachment of metallic particles from a

surface as a conseuence of being exposed to flowing fluids or gases.

Ac1- The temperature at which austenite begins to form on heating.

Ac3- 'n hypoeutectoid steel, the temperature at which transformation of ferrite into

austenite is completed upon heating.

Accelerator- substance that hastens a reaction usually acting as a catalyst; as

used in sand additive resins.


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Accm- 'n hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at which cementite goes intocomplete solution with austenite.

Accorion Ree Steel- #ardened, tempered, polished and blued or yellow flat

steel with dressed edges. Carbon content about *.44. /aterial has to possess goodflatness, uniform hardness and high elasticity.

Acc!m!lator- device used to dampen pressure pulsations in the hydraulic and

morgoil systems.

Acc!rate- Conforms to a standard or tolerance.

Acetyl "rib!tyl Citrate- 5ne of the lubricating oils generally applied on tin /ill6roducts (tin plate, T&$-chromechrome oxide coated steel, and blac0plate".

Aci- *" solution or liuid with a p# less than 7, 8" term applied to slags,

refractors, and minerals containing a high percentage of silica.

Aci Brittleness #$ic%ling Brittleness&- %rittleness resulting from pic0ling steel inacid; hydrogen, formed by the interaction between iron and acid, is partially

absorbed by the metal, causing acid brittleness.

Aci Embrittlement- 9mbrittlement during pic0ling due to absorption of hydrogen.

Aci $rocess- process of ma0ing steel, either %essemer, open-hearth or electric,in which the furnace is lined with a siliceous refractory and for which low phosphorus

pig iron is reuired as this element is not removed.

Aci $rocess- steel ma0ing method using an acid refractory-lined (usually silica"furnace. 1either sulfur or phosphorus is removed.

Acme "hrea- screw thread having a 8: degree included angel. sed largely for

feed and ad


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Aen!m- That portion of a gear tooth that extends from the pitch circle to theoutside diameter.

Aeline Steelma%ing $rocess- /ethod of producing a precision casting of steel or

steel alloys using aluminolthermic process and lost wax, followed by centrifugalaction.

Aecm) Ae1) an Ae3- 9uilibrium transformation temperatures in steel.

Aeration- /a0ing contact between air and a liuid by spraying liuid into the air orby agitating the liuid to promote absorption of air. lso act of fluffing molding sand.

A*S "ests- number of standard tests determined by merican &oundrymen?s$ociety to evaluate molding and core sands.

Age +arening- #ardening by aging, usually after rapid cooling or cold wor0ing.

The term as applied to soft, or low carbon steels, relates to a wide variety ofcommercially important, slow, gradual changes that ta0e place in properties of steels

after the final treatment. These changes, which bring about a condition of increasedhardness, elastic limit, and tensile strength with a conseuent loss in ductility, occurduring the period in which the steel is at normal temperatures.

Agglomerating $rocesses- >&ine particles of limestone (flux" and iron ore aredifficult to handle and transport because of dusting and decomposition, so the

powdery material usually is processed into larger pieces. The raw material?sproperties determine the techniue that is used by mills. *" $'1T9@ %a0ed particles

that stic0 together in roughly one-inch chun0s. 1ormally used for iron ore dustcollected from the blast furnaces. 8" 69AA9T$ 'ron ore or limestone particles are

rolled into little balls in a balling drum and hardened by heat. B" %@'9TT9$ $malllumps are formed by pressing material together. #ot 'ron %riuetting (#%'" is a

concentrated iron ore substitute for scrap for use in electric furnaces.

Aging- change in the properties of certain metal and alloys (such as steel" that

occurs at ambient or moderately elevated temperatures after a hot wor0ing heattreatment or cold wor0ing operation. Typical properties impacted are hardness, yield

strength, tensile strength, ductility, impact value, formability, magnetic properties,

etc. $ee also 1on-aging.

Air *!rnace- @everbatory-type furnace in which metal is melted by heat from fuelburning at one end of the hearth, passing over the bath toward the stac0 at the

other end. #eat also is reflected from the roof and side walls.

Air +arening Steel- steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloyingelements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from atemperature above its transformation range. $uch steels attain their martensitic

structure without going through the uenching process. dditions of chromium,nic0el, molybdenum and manganese are effective toward this end. The term should

be restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairlylarge sections, about 8 in. (D* mm" or more in diameter.


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Air +eaters- %an0 of boiler tubes located in the exhaust gas ductwor0 whichpreheats the incoming combustion air by transferring heat from the exhaust gases

passing through them to the incoming air passing around them. 6reheating the airreduces boiler fuel reuirements.

Aircra,t !ality- enotes stoc0 of sufficient uality to be forged into highly

stressed parts for aircraft or other critical applications. $uch materials are ofextremely high uality, reuiring closely controlled, restrictive practices in theirmanufacture in order that they may pass rigid reuirements, such as magnetic

particle inspection (@efE erospace /aterial $pecification 8B4*".

Air-i,t +ammer- type of gravity drop hammer where the ram is raised for each

stro0e by an air cylinder. %ecause length of stro0e can be controlled, ram velocityand thus energy delivered to the wor0piece can be varied.

Air !enching- ccelerated cooling of alloy in an air stream from temperaturesabove the cB temperature.

Air Scale- $cale left on ferrous metal in processing, usually from heating inpresence of air.

Airblasting- cleaning operation, as cleaning sand from molds.

A(S( Steels- $teels of the merican 'ron and $teel 'nstitute. Common and alloy

steels have been numbered in a system essentially the same as the $9. The '$'system is more elaborate than the $9 in that all numbers are preceded by lettersE

represents basic open-hearth alloy steel, % acid %essemer carbon steel, C basicopen-hearth carbon steel, C% either acid %essemer ar basic open-hearth carbon

steel, 9 electric furnace alloy steel.

Alcla- Composite sheet produced by bonding either corrosion-resistant aluminumalloy or aluminum of high purity to base metal of structurally stronger aluminumalloy. The coatings are anodic to the core so they protect exposed areas of the core

electrolytically during exposure to corrosive environment.

Align- To ad


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Alloy- substance having metallic properties and composed of two or morechemical elements of which at least one is metal. sually possesses ualities

different from those of the components.

Alloy Steel- $teel with modified properties that is made by combining iron with oneor more elements in addition to carbon. lloys change the properties of the steel

ma0ing it, for example, harder, more formable, etc., depending on the combinationand amounts of alloys used. n iron-based mixture is considered to be an alloy steelwhen manganese is greater than *.FDG, silicon over 4.DG, copper above 4.FG, or

other minimum uantities of alloying elements such as chromium, nic0el,molybdenum, or tungsten are present. n enormous variety of distinct properties

can be created for the steel by substituting these elements in the recipe.

Alloy S!rcharge- The addition to the producer?s selling price included in order to

offset raw material cost increases caused by higher alloy prices.

Alloying Element- ny metallic element added during the ma0ing of steel for the

purpose of increasing corrosion resistance, hardness, or strength. The metals used

most commonly as alloying elements in stainless steel include chromium, nic0el, andmolybdenum.

Al'ha Bron0e- copper-tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid solution of tin in

copper. Commercial forms contain = or DG of tin. This alloy is used incoinage,springs,turbine,blades,etc,

Al'ha - ,errite- %ody-centered cubic type of pure iron stable below *F74& (:*4C".

Al'ha (ron- The polymorphic form of iron, stable below *F74 (degrees" &. has a

body centered cubic lattice, and is magnetic up to *=*4 (degrees" &.

Al'ha Martensite- form or stage of martensite of somewhat arbitrary distinction,probably representing the least developed and most distorted stage in thetransformation of austenite to martensite at ordinary temperatures.

Al'ha $rocess- shell molding and core-ma0ing method in which a thin resin-

bonded shell is ba0ed with a less expensive, highly permeable material.

Alternating Stress- $tress produced in a material by forces acting alternating inopposite directions.

Al!mina- luminum oxide produced fron bauxite by a complicated chemicalprocess. 't is a material that loo0s li0e granulated sugar. lumina is an intermediate

step in the production of aluminum from bauxite, and is also a valuable chemical onits own.

Al!min!m- silver-white soft metal, noted for its lightness, high reflectivity, highthermal conductivity, non-toxicity, and corrosion resistance. 't is the most abundant

metallic element, comprising about **8th of the earthHs crust. 't is never found in

nature as an elemental metal, but only in combination with oxygen and otherelements. 'n ordinary commercial and industrial use, the word aluminum) is often

understood to mean aluminum alloy, rather than the pure metal.


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Al!min!m oie- chemical compound of aluminum with oxygen, which formsimmediately on an unprotected surface exposed to air. nli0e iron oxide (the rust

that forms on steel" aluminum oxide does not fla0e off, but forms a protective layerthat bloc0s further oxidation and so protects the integrity of the metal. 't is

transparent and does not alter the appearance of the aluminum surface.

Al!min!m 2ille Steel- ($pecial Iilled" $teel deoxidized with aluminum in order toreduce the oxygen content to a minimum so that no reaction occurs between carbonand oxygen during solidification.

Ambient "em'erat!re- Temperature of the surrounding air.

American (ron an Steel (nstit!te #A(S(&- non-profit association of 1orth

merican producers, suppliers to and users of steel. 'ts mission is to promote steelas the material of choice and to enchance the competetiveness of its members and

the 1orth merican $teel 'ndustry.

American Stanar Beam- Common name for a $-shape steel beam.

Ames $ortable +arness "ester- The @oc0well penetration method of testinghardness of metals can be made with this tester by applying pressure to the

penetrator by screw action.

Amor'ho!s- 1on-crystalline.

Angle- $tructural steel resembling A. /ay be 9ual Aeg ngle or neual Aeg ngle.sed in trusses and built-up girders.

Angle (ron- n iron or steel structural member that has been cast,rolled or bent(folded" so that its cross section is l-shaped.

Angle $late- precision holding fisture made of cast iron,steel or granite. The twoprincipal faces are at right angles and may be slotted for holding the wor0 or

clamping to a table.

Anneal- To heat a metal to a temperature slightly below its melting point, then cool

it gradually so as to soften it thoroughly. &ully annealed aluminum is said to be in the5) temper.

Anneal Cycle Coe- $teel heat specification uniue to the annealing base beingcharged.

Annealing- >3#T heat or thermal treatment process by which a previously cold-rolled steel coil is made more suitable for forming and bending. The steel sheet is

heated to a designated temperature for a sufficient amount of time and then cooled.

3#J The bonds between the grains of the metal are stretched when a coil is coldrolled, leaving the steel brittle and brea0able. nnealing >>recrystallizes>> the grain

structure of steel by allowing for new bonds to be formed at the high temperature.

#53 There are two ways to anneal cold-rolled steel coils *batch and continuous.(*" %TC# (%5K". Three to four coils are stac0ed on top of each other, and a cover is

placed on top. &or up to three days, the steel is heated in a non-oxygen atmosphere


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(so it will not rust" and slowly cooled. (8" C51T'15$. 1ormally part of a coatingline, the steel is uncoiled and run through a series of vertical loops within a heaterE

The temperature and cooling rates are controlled to obtain the desired mechanicalproperties for the steel.>

Arbor $ress-

Ann!l!s- ring-li0e part or, the orifice of a hollow die, through which extruded

metal flows from the press.

Anoes- Tin bars that are put in the plater cells and are important to the

Anoi0e #An $ainte& Al!min!m- luminum coated with a thin film of oxide(applied by anodic treatment" resulting in a surface with extreme hardness. wide

variety of dye-colored coatings are made possible by impregnation in the anodizingprocess.

Anoi0ing- &orming or thic0ening an oxide coating on aluminum by immersing it in

an eletrolyte bath and passing a current through the bath, using the aluminum asthe anode. The process may be used to increase the protective effect of aluminumHstransparent natural oxide surface; it may also be given a decorative coloration.

plating process in the Tin /ill.

AS(- $tands for merican 1ational $tandards 'nstitute

Antimony- Chemical symbol $b. $ilvery white and lusteous, it exhibits poor heatand electrical conductivity. 't is used primarily in compunds such as anitmony

trioxide for flame-retardents. 5theer applications include storage batterycomponents.

Anticarb!ri0ing Com'o!ns- Compounds applied to metallic surfaces to preventsurface carbonization.

Anvil- heavy iron or steel bloc0 upon which metal is forged or hammered. lsothe fixed


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Arbor- shaft or spindle for holding cutting tools; most usually on a millingmachine.

Arbor $ress- 1AA

Arc C!tting- sing an electric arc to cut metal.

Arc *!rnace- steel melting furnace in which heat is generated by an arc betweengraphite electrodes and the metal. %oth carbon and alloy steels are produced in

electric arc furnaces and scrap,rather than molten metal,is used as the basematerial. &urnaces with capacities up to 844 tonnes are now in use.

Arcair "orch- n electric arc torch with air ducts running parallel to the electrode,used to remove metal and surface defects from ferrous castings.

Architect!ral ,inish- n architectural finish is a standard finish characterized by a

uniformly good appearance. This finish is most often specified for exposed)surfaces.

Argon-4ygen /ecarb!ri0ation #A4/&- >3#T process for further refinement

of stainless steel through reduction of carbon content. 3#J The amount of carbon instainless steel must be lower than that in carbon steel or lower alloy steel (i.e., steel

with alloying element content below DG". 3hile electric arc furnaces (9&" are theconventional means of melting and refining stainless steel, 5 is an economical

supplement, as operating time is shorter and temperatures are lower than in 9&steelma0ing. dditionally, using 5 for refining stainless steel increases the

availability of the 9& for melting purposes. #53 /olten, unrefined steel istransferred from the 9& into a separate vessel. mixture of argon and oxygen is

blown from the bottom of the vessel through the melted steel. Cleaning agents areadded to the vessel along with these gases to eliminate impurities, while the oxygen

combines with carbon in the unrefined steel to reduce the carbon level. The presenceof argon enhances the affinity of carbon for oxygen and thus facilitates the removal

of carbon. >

Arnol5s *atig!e "est- test for fractures using +D4 cyclic stress reverses per

min., recording the number of cycles reuired to produce fracture. 1amed after Lohn

rnold, %ritish /etallurgist"

As Cast #as-cast) !.m.&- @eferring to metal which has not received finishing(beyond gate removal or sandblasting" or treatment of any 0ind including heat

treatment after casting. $imilarly, as drawn, as forged and as rolled. ($ee &inishing"

AS/- luminum $tandards and ata published by the luminum ssociation.

Ash Bo- %ric0 lined collection point for slag and ash.

Ash "an%- #olding tan0 for ashes. The tan0 is located outside the boiler house. The

ashes are dumped once or twice a wee0, depending on the ash accumulation.


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As%ania- *." strip-centering device consisting of two electric eyes to ensure thatthe strip will stay centered during re-coiling. 8" evice with an electronic eye which

is associated with trac0ing of strip going through the side trimmers.

Assembly- unit of fitted parts that na


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Attem'erator- #eader connecting the primary and finishing superheaters intowhich feed water is sprayed to control the final temperature of the steam leaving the

boiler.

Attrition- natural redcution in wor0 force as a result of resignations, retirementsor death. /ost unionized companies cannot unilaterally reduce their employment

levels to cut costs, so management must rely on attrition to provide openings thatthey, in turn, do not fill. %ecause the median ages of wor0 forces at the integratedmills may be more than D4, an increasing number of retirments may provide these

companies with added flexibility to improve their competitiveness.

A!stenite- 6hase in certain steels, characterized as a solid solution, usually of

carbon or iron carbide, in the hamma form of iron. $uch steels are 0nown asaustenitic. ustenite is stable only above *BBB (degrees" &. in a plain carbon steel,

but the presence of certain alloying elements, such as nic0el and manganese,stabilizes the austenitec form, even at normal temperatures.

A!stenite Steel- ny steel containing sufficient alloy to produce a stable austenitic

(gamma iron" crystalline structure at ambient temperatures.

A!stenitic- $teel which, because of the presence of alloying elements, such as

manganese,nic0el,chromium,etc., shows stability of ustenite at normal

temperatures

A!to Stam'ing $lant- facility that presses a steel blan0 into the desired form of

a car door or hood, for example, with a powerful die (pattern". The steel used mustbe ductile (malleable" enough to bend into shape without brea0ing.

A!tomatic- escribes the status of the operation when the 58 pulpit has controland the boiler logic has control.

A!tomatic Ga!ge Control- sing hydraulic roll force systems, steelma0ers havethe ability to control precisely their steel sheet?s gauge (thic0ness" while it is

traveling at more than D4 miles per hour through the cold mill. sing feedbac0 orfeed-forward systems, a computer?s gap sensor ad


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A!iliary 4il $!m'- steam or electric pump that maintains oil pressure on thecontrols and the bearings of a turbo blower when it is not up to maximum speed.

A!illiary 4'erations- dditional processing steps performed on forgings to obtain

properties, such as surface conditions or shapes, not obtained in the regularprocessing operation.

A!iliary $!m'- 6ump on the auxiliary system which supplies the pressure for the

system.

AW-177- The hydraulic oil used in all the hydraulic systems located in the finishing

mill oil cellar and the furnace hydraulic system.

AWG #American Wire Ga!ge&- system of conventional designations of standard

wire diameters. &or example, *4 gauge) denotes wire of 4.*BD-inch diameter. 'n the3! system, higher numbers designate smaller diameters and lower numbers

designate larger diameters.

Ail Rolls- 'n ring rolling, vertically displaceable frame opposite from but on thesame centerline as the main roll and rolling mandrel. The axial rolls control the ringheight during the rolling process.

Ais- The line,real or imaginery,passing through the center of an ob


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Air-+arening Steel- steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloyingelements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a

temperature above its transformation range. $uch steels attain their martensiticstructure without going through the uenching process. dditions of chromium,

nic0el, molybdenum and manganese are effective toward this end. The term shouldbe restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly

large sections, about 8 in. or more in diameter.

Allotriomor'h- particle of a phase that has no regular external shape.

Alloy- substance having metallic properties and composed of two or morechemical elements of which at least one is a metal.

Alloy Steel- $teel containing substantial uantities of elements other than carbonand the commonly-accepted limited amounts of manganese, sulfur, silicon, and

phosphorus. ddition of such alloying elements is usually for the purpose ofincreased hardness, strength or chemical resistance. The metals most commonly

used for forming alloy steels areE nic0el, chromium, silicon, manganese tungsten,

molybdenum and vanadium, Aow lloy steels are usually considered to be thosecontaining a total of less than DG of such added constituents.

Alloying Element- n element added to a metal, and remaining in the metal, that

effects changes in structure and properties.

Al'ha Brass- copper-zinc alloy containing up to B+G of zinc. sed mainly for cold

wor0ing.

Al'ha Bron0e- copper-tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid solution of tin in

copper. Commercial forms contain = or DG of tin. This alloy is used in coinage,springs, turbine, blades, etc.

Al!mini0ing- &orming an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating on a metal by hotdipping, hot spraying, or diffusion.

Al!min!m #Chemical symbol Al&- 9lement 1o. *B of the periodic system; tomic

weight 8F.:7; silvery white metal of valence B; melting point *884 (degrees" &;

boiling point approximately =**+ (degrees" &.; ductile and malleable; stable againstnormal atmospheric corrosion, but attac0ed by both acids and al0alis. luminum is

used extensively in articles reuiring lightness, corrosion resistance, electricalconductivity, etc. 'ts principal functions as an alloy in steel ma0ing; (*" eoxidizes

efficiently. (8" @estricts grain growth (by forming dispersed oxides or nitrides" (B"lloying element in nitriding steel.

Al!min!m 2ille Steel- steel where aluminum has been used as a deoxidizingagent.

Angstrom :nit- (" unit of linear measure eual to *4(-*4"m, or 4.* nm; not anaccepted $i unit, but still sometimes used for small distances such as interatomic

distances and some wavelengths.


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Anisotro'y- The characteristics of exhibiting different values of a property indifferent directions with respect to a fixed reference system in the material.

Annealing- #eating to and holding at a suitable temperature and then cooling at a

suitable rate, for such purposes as reducing hardness, improving machinability,facilitating cold wor0ing, producing a desired microstructure, or obtaining desired

mechanical, physical, or other properties. 3hen applicable, the following morespecific terms should be usedE blac0 annealing, blue annealing, box annealing, brightannealing, flame annealing, graphitizing, intermediate annealing, isothermal

annealing, malleablizing, process annealing, uench annealing, recrystallizationannealing, and spheroidizing. 3hen applied to ferrous alloys, the term annealing,

without ualification, implies full annealing. 3hen applied to nonferrous alloys, theterm annealing implies a heat treatment designed to soften an age-hardened alloy

by causing a nearly complete precipitation of the second phase in relatively coarseform. ny process of annealing will usually reduce stresses, but if the treatment is

applied for the sole purpose of such relief, it should be designated stress relieving.

Annealing "win- twin formed in a metal during an annealing heat treatment.

Anoi0ing #Al!min!m A ic 4ie Coating&- process of coating aluminum byanodic treatment resulting in a thin film of aluminum oxide of extreme hardness.

wide variety of dye colored coatings are possible by impregnation in process.

Arc Weling- group of welding processes wherein the metal or metals being


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A!stenitic Steel- $teel which, because of the presence of alloying elements, suchas manganese, nic0el, chromium, etc., shows stability of ustenite at normal

temperatures.

A!steniti0ing- &orming austenite by heating a ferrous alloy into the transformationrange (partial austenitizing" or above the transformation range (complete

austenitizing".

A!stentite- solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron.

A!to,rettage- 6re-stressing a hollow metal cylinder by the use of momentary

internal pressure exceeding the yield strength.

A!toraiogra'h- radiograph recorded photographically by radiation

spontaneously emitted by radioisotopes that are produced in, or added to, thematerial. This techniue identifies the locations of the radioisotopes.

B Elevation- The bottom level of the boiler firebox where two oil guns are located.

The oil guns are used if the boiler needs extra steam while on oil fire.

BA- %atch nneal

Babbitt- n antifriction metal alloy used for bearing inserts;made of

tin,antimony,lead and copper.

Bac% /ra,t- @everse taper which would prevent removal of a pattern from a mold

or a core from a corebox.

Bac% En- *" sually refers to the entry end of process lines. 8" The outside lap 8"of the produced coil, or the inside lap of the consumed coil.

Bac% Gears- !ears fitted to a machine to increase the number of spindle speeds

obtainable with a cone or step pulley belt drive.

Bac% Ra%e- The angular surface ground bac0 from the cutting edge of cutting tools.

5n lathe cutting tools. The ra0e is positive if the face slopws down from the cuttingedge toward the shan0, and negative if the face sloopes upward toward the shan0.

Bac%lash- The lost motion or looseness (play" between the faces of meshing gearsor threads.

Bac%-!' Balance- Cylinders that supply the force used to hold the bac0-up rolls up

in place.

Bac%-!' Roll- *" @oll used as a support roll mainly for plater rolls. 8" Two rolls, oneon top and one on bottom of the two wor0 rolls which apply pressure and reduce the

flexing of the wor0 rolls.

Bac%er #bac%-!' 'late&- tool) or reinforcing part, which presses against the

outer surface of an extrusion die, supporting it against the pressure of the extruding


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metal. The bac0er has an opening larger than the die aperture, allowing the extrudedproduct to emerge without marring its soft surface.

Bac%ing Boar #Bac%ing $late&- second bottom board on which molds are

opened.

Bac%ing San- The bul0 of the sand in the flas0. The sand compacted on top of thefacing sand that covers the pattern.

Bac%o,,- @emoval of part of coil from entry end of unit; may be necessitated by adefect in coil or by a wrec0 in the mill, etc. %ac0off weight is the part of the coil that

is removed and not finishedproduced.

Bac%war Etr!sion- &orcing metal to flow in a direction opposite to the motion of

a punch or die.

Bac%waration- /ar0et condition where the spot, or current price for a metal ishigher than the three-month delivery price. This usually indicates immediate demand

is perceived to be stronger than long-term demand. 1ot considered to be a >normal>mar0et state ($ee Contango".

Bainite- eutectoid transformation product of ferrite and a fine dispersion of

carbide, generally formed at temperatures below +=4 to :B4 & (=D4 to D44 C"E upperbainite is an aggregate containing parallel lath-shape units of ferrite, produces the

so-called feathery appearance in optical microscopy, and is formed at temperaturesabove about FF4 & (BD4 C"; lower bainite consists of individual plate-shape units and

is formed at temperatures below about FF4 & (BD4 C". lso, a slender, needle-li0e(acicular" microstructure appearing in spring steel strip characterized by toughness

and greater ductility than tempered /artensite. %ainite is a decomposition product ofustenite best developed at interrupted holding temperatures below those forming

fine pearlite and above those giving /artensite.

Ba%e- #eat in an oven to a low controlled temperature to remove gases or to

harden a binder.

Ba%e +arenable Steel- cold-rolled, low-carbon sheet steel used for automotive

body panel applications. %ecause of the steelHs special processing, it has goodstamping and strength characteristics and after paint is ba0ed on, improved dent

resistance.

Ba%e Core- core which has been heated through sufficient time and

temperature to produce the desired physical properties attainable from its oxidizing

or thermal-setting binders.

Ba%e Strength- Compressive, shear, tensile or transverse strength of a moldsand mixture when ba0ed at a temperature above 8B* %4& (*** %4C" and then

cooled to room temperature.

Balance Steel- $teels in which the deoxidisation is controlled to produce anintermediate structure between a rimmed and 0illed steel, $ometimes referred to as


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semi-0illed steels, they possess uniform properties throughout the ingot andamongst their applications are boiler plate and structural sections.

Ball B!rnishing- method of obtaining a high luster on small parts by rotating

them in a wooden-lined barrel with water, burnishing soap, and stainless steel shot.

Baller Stic%- 5ctagon-shaped wooden stic0 approximately D? long. This stic0 is usedin the baller area, to change burr mashers, to start a coil with a large ', etc.

Balling /r!m- rotating drum that is used for adding moisture to the sinter mix inthe %last &urnace. lso, it enhances a balling action where the smaller sized

materials adhere to larger materials.

Ban- @efers to metal strap $ignode band that is one half inch wide. This band is

used to thread and pull the strip through the line.

Ban /is'enser- evice that holds that roll of steel banding.

Ban Saw Steel #Woo&- hardened tempered bright polished high carbon coldrolled spring steel strip produced especially for use in the manufacture of band saws

for sawing wood, non ferrous metals, and plastics. sually carries some nic0el andwith a @oc0well value of approximately C=4=D.

Ban Wareroom- storage area in $trip $teel used for storing hot bands (coilmade from slab".

Ban) (nsie- loose steel frame placed inside a removable flas0 to reinforce thesand at the parting line after the flas0 has been removed.

Baner- /achine located at each delivery reel to automatically place circumference

bands around completed coils.

Baning "ool- Tool used to tighten a steel band around a coil.

Bansaw- power saw, the blade of which is a continuous,narrow,steel band

having teeth on one edge and passing over two large pulley wheels.

Bar- Aong steel products that are rolled from billets. /erchant bar and reinforcing

bar (rebar" are two common categories of bars, where merchants include rounds,flats, angles, suares, and channels that are used by fabricators to manufacture a

wide variety of products such as furniture, stair railings, and farm euipment. @ebaris used to strengthen concrete in highways, bridges and buildings (see $heet $teel".

Bar) *las%- rib in the cope of a tight flas0 to help support the sand.

Bare S'ot- location on the strip where coating did not adhere.

Bar%- $urface of metal, under the oxide-scale layer, resulting from heating in anoxidizing environment. 'n the case of steel, such bar0 always suffers from

decarburization.


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Bars- relatively long straight, rigid piece pf metal; long steel products rolled frombillets into such shapes as suares,rectangles, rounds,angles,channels,hexagons,and

tees. 'n steel, merchant bars) include rounds,flats,angles,suares,and channels thatare used by fabricators to manufacture a wide variety of products such as

furniture,stair railings and farm euipment. Concrete reinforcing bar (rebar" is usedto strengthen concrete in highways,bridges and buildings.

Base- The steel or concrete pedestal on which the coils are stac0ed during the batchannealing process.

Base Bo- nit of area of **8 sheets of tin mil products (tin plate, tin free steel orblac0 plate" *= by 84 inches, or B*,BF4 suare inches. Tin 6late is sold, and carried

in finished inventory, on a weight per unit area rather than on a thic0ness basis.

Base Metal- (*" The metal present in the largest proportion in an alloy; (8" the

metal to be brazed, cut or welded; (B" after welding the part of the metal that wasnot melted during the process.

Base Metal Contamination- irt or other impurities in the steel strip.

Base $late- plate to which the pattern assemblies are attached and to which a

flas0 is subseuently attached to form the mold container.

Base "y'e- Tin /ill term; Thic0ness divided by .444**. lso weight in pounds of

one %ase %ox of Tin plate. 'n finished inventory base weight is specified instead ofdecimal thic0ness.

Basic 4ygen *!rnace #B4*&- >3#T pear-shaped furnace, lined withrefractory bric0s, that refines molten iron from the blast furnace and scrap into steel.

p to B4G of the charge into the %5& can be scrap, with hot metal accounting for

the rest. 3#J %5&s, which can refine a heat (batch" of steel in less than =D minutes,replaced open-hearth furnaces in the *:D4s; the latter reuired five to six hours toprocess the metal. The %5&?s rapid operation, lower cost and ease of control give it a

distinct advantage over previous methods. #53 $crap is dumped into the furnacevessel, followed by the hot metal from the blast furnace. lance is lowered from

above, through which blows a high-pressure stream of oxygen to cause chemical

reactions that separate impurities as fumes or slag. 5nce refined, the liuid steel andslag are poured into separate containers. >

Basic 4ygen $rocess- (%56" process in which molten steel is produced in a

furnace by blowing oxygen into molten iron, scrap and flux materials. The furnace is0nown as %asic 5xygen &urnace (%5&".

Bas%et Screen- first stage in-line water filter for water delivered from the 1ew%lowing @oom 6ump @oom to the %last &urnace. The strainer contains an electric-

driven rotary sieve that catches particulates and prevents them from entering thewater system.

Bastar- Threads,parts,tools and sizes that are not standard, such as, %astard1uts), %astard 6lus), bastaard fittings and so forth. The term also refers to a

standard coarse cut file.


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Batch- mount or uantity of core or mold sand or other material prepared at onetime.

Batch Anneal- The process by which a large, stationary stac0 of steel coils (= coils

high" is sub


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Bell Mo!th- The flaring or tapering of a machined hole, usually made at theentrance end because of misalignment or spring of the cutting tool.

Belly Roll- @oll used on the line to steady plate.

Belt Wra''er- Aine euipment used in the Tin /ill for starting coils on prime or

re


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B+- %rinell #ardness 1umber

B(- Chemical symbol for %ismuth

Bi-Coil- lso %J-C5'A. Tin /ill term. Customers buy >by coil> or >bi-coil> rather thancut sheets.

Bi,l!orie *eeer- machine in the Tin /ill that automatically puts bifluoride intothe plater bath.

Big Winch- The tool used to spot (or position" the rail cars for unloading. 't islocated on the north end of the unloading area.

Billet- (*" semi-finished section hot rolled from a metal ingot, with a rectangularcross section usually ranging from *F to BF in., the width being less than twice the

thic0ness. 3here the cross section exceeds BF in., the term bloom) is properly but

not universally used. $izes smaller than *F in. are usually termed bars); a solidsemi-finished round or suare product which has been hot wor0ed by forging, rolling,

or extrusion. (8" semi-finished, cogged, hot rolled or continuous-cast metalproduct of uniform section, usually rectangular with radiused corners. %illets arerelatively larger than bars.

Billet container- The part of the extrusion press into which the billet to beextruded is placed.

Bimetal- Casting, usually centrifugal, made of two different metals, fused together.

Biner- The bonding agent used as an additie to mold or core sand to impart

strength of plasticity in a dry state.

Bism!th- Chemical symbol %i. soft, course cystalline heavy metal with a silverywhite color and pin0ish tinge; usually produced as a by-product of copper,leaad andother metals. #as a thermal conductivity lower than all other metals except mercury.

sed as alloying agent but leading use is in pharmaceuticals.

Bit) "ool #c!tter&- hardened steel bar or plate that is shaped accordidng to the

operation to be performed and the material to be machined.

Blac% $i'e /enotes lac;!ere 4/ ,inish #as o''ose to bare or galvani0e&-

Blac% (ron- ncoated steel product.

Blac% 4il "em'ere S'ring Steel Stri' #Scaleless Bl!e&- flat cold rolledusually .74.+4 medium high carbon steel strip, blue-blac0 in color, which has been

uenched in oil and drawn to desired hardness. 3hile it loo0s and acts much li0e

blue tempered spring steel and carries a @oc0well hardness of C===7, it has notbeen polished and is lower in carbon content. sed for less exacting reuirements

than cloc0 spring steel, such as snaps, loc0 springs, hold down springs, trap springs,etc. 't will ta0e a more severe bend before fracture than will cloc0 spring, but it does

not have the same degree of spring-bac0.


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Blac% $late- light weight or a thin uncoated steel sheet or strip so called becauseof its dar0 oxide coloring prior to pic0ling. 't is manufactured by two different

processes. (*" &orm sheet bar on single stand sheet mills or sheet mills in tandem.This method is now almost obsolete. (8" 5n modern, high speed continuous tandem

cold reduction mills from coiled hot rolled pic0led wide strip into ribbon wound coilsto finished gage. $izes range from *8 to B8 in width, and in thic0nesses from DD lbs.

to 87D lbs. base box weight. 't is used either as is for stampings, or may beenameled or painted or tin or terne coated.

Blac% $i'e /enotes lac;!ere 4/ ,inish #as o''ose to bare or galvani0e&-1AA

Blac%ening Scab- form of casting defect related to an improper coating ratherthan to the sand.

Blac%ing +ole- 'rregular-shaped surface cavities in a casting containingcarbonaceous matter. Caused by spilling off of the blac0ing from the mold surface.

Blan%- $olid metal dis0 or plate inserted into a line to prevent the flow of gases orliuids through the line.

Blan%- piece of stoc0 (also call a slug) or multiple)" from which a forging is tobe made.

Blan%ing- n early step in preparing flat-rolled steel for use by an end user. blan0 is a section of sheet that has the same outer dimensions as a specified part

(such as a car door or hood" but that has not yet been stamped. $teel processorsmay offer blan0ing for their customers to reduce their labor and transportation costs;

excess steel can be trimmed prior to shipment.

Blast Cleaning #blasting&- process for cleaning or finishing metal ob


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Blister- *" Coating defect consisting of the formation of bubbles in a coating, whichappear as hemispherical elevations. The blisters are hollow, and are usually caused

by entrapped air or solvent. 8" raised spot on the surface on the surface of metaldue to expansion of gas which causes a subsurface metal separation such as

inclusions and small laminations.

Blister Steel- #igh-carbon steel produced by carburizing wrought iron. The bar,originally smooth, is covered with small blisters when removed from the cementation(carburizing" furnace.

Bloc%- The forging operation in which metal is progressively formed to generaldesired shape and contour by means an impression die (used when only one bloc0

operation is scheduled".

Bloc%)


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Bl!e Brittleness- %rittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated to sometemperature within the range of B44 (degrees" to FD4 (degrees" &, and more

especially if the steel is wor0ed at the elevated temperature. Iilled steels arevirtually free of this 0ind of brittleness.

Bl!e $rint- pen or in0 line drawing reproduced (printed" on sensitized paper by

direct exposure.

Bl!e 9itriol Co''er s!l,ate- layout solution which turns a copper color whenapplied to a clean,polished metal surface.

Bl!ing- $ub


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Boron # chemical symbol B&- 9lement 1. D of the periodic system. tomic weight*4.+8. 't is gray in color, ignites at about ***8 (degrees" &. and burns with a brilliant

green flame, but its melting point in a non-oxidizing atmosphere is about =444(degrees" &. %oron is used in steel in minute uantities for one purpose only- to

increase the hardenability as in case hardening and to increase strength andhardness penetration.

Boron Steels- The addition of boron in the range 4.444D-4.44DG to certain steelsincreases the hardenability. range of boron steels is now listed in the current %$

:74 and are widely used for the production of cold headed fastenings.

Boss- pro


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Brea% "est #,or tem'ere steel&- method of testing hardened and temperedhigh carbon spring steel strip wherein the specimen is held and bent across the grain

in a vice-li0e calibrated testing machine. 6ressure is applied until the metal fracturesat which point a reading is ta0en and compared with a standard chart of bra0e

limitations for various thic0ness ranges.

Brea%age- Crac0s or separation of the steel.

Brea%er- ncoiler rolls through which the strip passes; composed of a mandrel andleveling rolls which unwind the strip prior to processing through the 6ic0ler. %rea0er

rolls assist in brea0ing up the #ot /ill surface scale.

Brea%o!t- n accident caused by the failure of the walls of the hearth of the

furnace resulting in liuid iron or slag (or both" flowing uncontrolled out of the blastfurnace.

Brige- 'n extrusionE the part of an extrusion bridge die) that supports a void-forming mandrel. uring extrusion, the metal divides and flows around the bridge,

reuniting as it is extruded through the die orifice. The resulting weld line can bedetected upon microscopic examination, but the extrusion appears functionally andvisually seamless.

Brile- set of rolls used to maintain tension on the strip as it goes through the

line.

Brile Rolls- series of neoprene or steel rolls.

Brile Sn!bber- The roll above the bridle rolls used to thread the strip. lso is usedto steer the strip through the bridle.

Brile :nit- three-roll cluster used to control line tension at strategic locations onthe line.

Briling- The cold wor0ing of dead soft annealed strip metal immediately prior to aforming, bending, or drawing operation. process designed to prevent the

formulation of Auder?s lines. Caution-%ridled metal should be used promptly and notpermitted to (of itself" return to its pre-bridled condition.

Bright Annealing- process carried out usually in a controlled furnaceatmosphere, so surface does not oxidize, remaining bright.

Bright Basic Wire- %right steel wire, slightly softer than %right %essemer 3ire.

sed for round head wood screws, bolts and rivets, electric welded chain, etc.

Bright Bessemer Wire- $tiff bright wire of hard temper. 1ormally wire is drawn

down to size without annealing.

Bright /i''ing- Chemical polishing of aluminum, often by treatment with a mixtureof nitric acid and phosphoric acid, yielding a mirror-shiny (specular" highly reflective

surface. 't is almost always followed by anodizing to protect the surface and providesome choice of color.


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Bright /rawing- The process of drawing hot rolled steel through a die to impartclose dimensional tolerances, a bright scale free surface and improved mechanical

properties. The product is termed bright steel.

Brine- saltwater solution for uenching or cooling when heat treating steel.

Brinell +arness- The hardness of a metal or part, as represented by the numberobtained from the ratio between the load applied on the spherical area of the

impression made by a steel ball forced into the surface of the material tested.

Brinell +arness !mber- The value of hardness of a metal on an arbitrary scale

representing 0gmm8, determined by measuring the diameter of the impressionmade by a ball of given diameter applied under a 0nown load. Malues are expressed

in %rinell #ardness 1umbers, %#1

Brinell +arness "esting- /ethod of determining the hardness of materials;

involves impressing a hardened ball of specified diameter into the material surface ata 0nown pressure (*4-mm ball, D44-0g load for aluminum alloys". The %rinell

hardness number results from calculations involving the load and the spherical areaof the ball impression. irect-reading testing are generally used for routineinspection of forgings, and as a heat treat control function.

Brite- *" @egular galvanize coating (not minimized spangle or L6". 8" @olls that

have no grit; smooth finish on surface of steel.

Brittle *ract!re- &racture with little or no plastic deformation.

Brittle (nter-metallic ayer- n iron-zinc alloy layer formed between the steelsubstrate and the free zinc of galvanized coatings.

Broach- long, tapered cutting tool with serrations which,when forced through ahole or across a surface, cuts a desired shape or size.

Broaching- $moothing machined holes or outside surfaces of castings by drawingpushing on or more broaches (special cutting tools" through the roughed out hole.

Bron0e- n alloy containing :4G copper and *4G tin. sed for screws, wire,hardware, wear plates, bushings and springs; it is somewhat stronger than copper

and brass and has eual or better ductility.

Br!ise- mar0 transferred to the strip surface from a defective process roll. $imilar

to dent or punchmar0.

B"C- %uttress threaded and coupled

B!c%les- ppeaars li0e a series of waves and are created during rolling as a resultof mechanical misalignment or cross-section irregularities in supply coil.

B!,,- To polish smooth finish of high luster with a cloth or fabric wheel to which acompund has been added.


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B!il :' Coil- coil made by putting together two or more coils to ma0e one maxcoil or one shippable coil.

B!ilt!' $late- > pattern plate of suitable material, with the cope pattern mounted

on or attached to one side; the drag pattern may be attached to the other side or toa separate mounting. $ee /atchplate >

B!l% /ensity- The ratio of the weight of a material to its over-all volume (including

any inherent porosity".

B!ll Gear- The large cran0 gear of a shaper.

B!nle- $pecific number of sheets which euals * unit of production. 1umber isdetermined by multiplying sheets6ac0ages%1A9. &or example, an order calls for

**8 sheetspac0age. ccording to the maximum height allowed for a lift. Therefore,multiplying *D pac0ages K **8 sheets B *F+4 sheetsbundle.

B!rn- *" 6rocess of cutting metal by a stream of fuel and oxygen, 8" to

permanently damage a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting orintergranular oxidation.

B!rn-4n-San- $and adhering to the surface of the casting that is extremely

difficult to remove.

B!rn-4!t- &iring a mold at a high temperature to remove pattern material residue.

B!rning- (*" 6ermanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause eitherincipient melting or intergranular oxidation. (8" 'n grinding getting the wor0 hot

enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering orhardening.

B!rnishing- eveloping a smooth finish on a metal by tumbling or rubbing with apolished hand tool.

B!rnt R!bber- $mall or large blac0 spots that generally show up on surface andare generally caused by pic0ling steel too hot.

B!rnthro!gh- 'n shell molding, resin burned out too soon.

B!rr- The very subtle ridge on the edge of strip steel left by cutting operations such

as slitting, trimming, shearing, or blan0ing. &or example, as a steel processor trimsthe sides of the sheet steel parallel or cuts a sheet of steel into strips, its edges will

bend with the direction of the cut.

B!rr Mashers- evices used to remove build up on edge of strip after the slitting

process.

B!rst- 'nternal pressure at which a tube will yield-often tested hydrostatically


28/309

B!sheling- widely traded form of steel scrap consisting of sheet clips andstampings from metal production. %ushel bas0ets were used to collect the material

through 3orld 3ar '', giving rise to the term.

B!shing- sleeve or a lining for a bearing or a drill


29/309

Beaing- @aising a ridge on sheet metal.

Bearing oa- compressive load supported by a member, usually a tube orcollar, along a line where contact is made with a pin, rivet, axle, or shaft.

Ben Rai!s- The inside radius of a bent section,

Bessemer $rocess- process for ma0ing steel by blowing air through molten pigiron contained in a refractory lined vessel so that the impurities are thus removed by

oxidation.

Billet- solid semi-finished round or suare product that has been hot wor0ed by

forging, rolling, or extrusion. n iron or steel billet has a minimum width or thic0nessof * *8 in. and the cross-sectional area varies from 8 *= to BF s. in. &or

nonferrous metals, it may also be a casting suitable for finished or semi-finishedrolling or for extrusion.

Binary Alloy- n alloy containing two elements, apart from minor impurities, as

brass containing the two elements copper and zinc.

Blac% Annealing- process of box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet,strip or wire after hot wor0ing and pic0ling.

Blast *!rnace- vertical shaft type smelting furnace in which an air blast is used,usually hot, for producing pih iron. The furnace is continuous in operation using iron

ore, co0e, and limestone as raw materials which are charged at the top while themolten iron and slag are collected at the bottom and are tapped out at intervals.

Blister- defect in metal, on or near the surface, resulting from the expansion ofgas in a subsurface zone. Mery small blisters are called pinheads or pepper blisters.

Bloom- semi-finished hot rolled product, rectangular in cross section, producedon a blooming mill. &or iron and steel, the width is not more than twice the

thic0ness, and the cross-sectional area is usually not less than BF s. in. 'ron andsteel blooms are sometimes made by forging.

Bloomery- primitive furnace used for direct reduction of ore to iron.

Blooming-Mill- mill used to reduce ingots to blooms, billets slabs, sheet-bar etc.,

Blowhole- cavity which was produced during the solidification of metal byevolved gas, which in failing to escape is held in poc0ets.

Bl!e Brittleness- @educed ductility occurring as a result of strain aging, when

certain ferrous alloys are wor0ed between B44 and 744 (degrees" &. This

phenomenon may be observed at the wor0ing temperature or subseuently at lowertemperatures.

Boy-Centere- #aving the euivalent lattice points at the corners of the unit cell,and at its center; sometimes called centered, or space-centered.


30/309

Boneri0ing- The coating of steel with a film composed largely of zinc phosphate inorder to develop a better bonding surface for paint or lacuer.

Bottle "o' Mol- 'ngot mold, with the top constricted; used in the manufacture of

capped steel, the metal in the constriction being covered with a cap fitting into thebottle-nec0, which stops rimming action by trapping escaping gases.

Bo Annealing- nnealing a metal or alloy in a sealed container under conditions

that minimize oxidation. 'n box annealing a ferrous alloy, the charge is usuallyheated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes

above or within it, and is then cooled slowly; this process is also called closeannealing or pot annealing.

Bo Annealing- process of annealing a ferrous alloy in a closed metal container,with or without pac0ing materials, in order to minimize the effects of oxidation. The

charge is normally heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range,but occasionally above or within it, and then is slowly cooled.

Brale- diamond penetrator, conical in shape, used with a @oc0well hardnesstester for hard metals.

Brasses- Copper base alloys in which zinc is the principal alloying element. %rass isharder and mechanically stronger than either of its alloying elements copper or zinc.

't is formable and ductile; develops high tensile strength with cold-wor0ing and is notheat treatable.

Bra0e Weling- family of welding procedures where metals are


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Broaching- /ultiple shaving, accomplished by pushing a tool with stepped cuttingedges along the piece, particularly through holes.

Bron0e- 6rimarily an alloy of copper and tin, but additionally, the name is used

when referring to other alloys not containing tin, for example, aluminum bronze,manganese bronze, and beryllium bronze.

Brown =am'> Shar' Gages #B=am'>S&- standard series of sizes refered to by

numbers, in which the diameter of wire or thic0ness of sheet metal is generallyproduced and which is used in the manufacture of brass, bronze, copper, copper-

base alloys and aluminum. These gage numbers have a definite relationship to eachother. 'n this system, the decimal thic0ness is reduced by D4G every six gage

numbers- while temper is expressed by the number of %Namp;$ gage numbers ascold reduced in thic0ness from previous annealing. &or each %Namp;$ gage number

in thic0ness reduction, where is assigned a hardness value of *= hard.

B!c%le- %ulges and or hollows occurring along the length of the metal with the

edges remaining otherwise flat.

B!,,er- substance added to aueous solutions to maintain a constant hydrogen-ion concentration, even in the presence of acids or al0alis.

B!rning- #eating a metal beyond the temperature limits allowable for the desired

heat treatment, or beyond the point where serious oxidation or other detrimentalaction begins.

B!rnishing- $moothing surfaces through friction between the material and materialsuch as hardened metal media.

B!rnt- definition applying to material which has been permanently damaged by

over-heating.

B!rr- @oughness left by a cutting operation such as slitting, shearing, blan0ing ,

etc.

B!tcher Saw Steel- hardened, tempered, and polished high carbon spring steelstrip material (carbon content is generally higher than that of a material used for

wood band saw applications" with a @oc0well value of roughly C=7=:.

B!tt Weling- Loining two edges or ends by placing one against the other and

welding them.

C- Chemical symbol for carbon

CA- Chemical symbol for calcium

CA/- Computer ssisted esign. The use of computer programs to generate,

analyse and modify designs. 9xtrusion dies and their supporting tools, for example,may be designed with the aid of computers.

CAM- Computer aided manufacturing


32/309

CC- Computer numerically controlled-refers to machinery

Cai!m- Chemical symbol Cd. Cadium is produced primarily as a by-product of zincrefining, but also is recovered during the benefication and refining of some lead ores

and complex copper-zinc ores. Cadmium is bluish-white soft metal that can be cutwith a 0nife. The principal use of cadmium, which was discovered in !ermany in

*+*7, has been in nic0el-cadmium batteries for personal, portable communications,electronic and electrical euipment. 5ther applications include pigments, coatingsand plating, stabilizers for plastics and similar synthetics, alloys, lasers and solar

cells.

Calci!m- 'n the form of calcium silicide acts as a deoxidizer and degasifier when

added to steel. @ecent developments have found that carbon and alloy steelsmodified with small amounts of calcium show improved machinability and longer tool

life. Transverse ductility and toughness are also enhanced.

Calci!m Silicie- n alloy of Calcium, silicon, and iron containing 8+-BDG Ca, F4-

FDG $i, and FG &e, max., used as a deoxidizer and degasser for steel and cast-iron;

sometimes called calcium silicide.

Calci!m Silicon- n alloy of calcium, silicon, and iron containing 8+-BDG Ca, F4-

FDG $i, and FG &e, max., used as a deoxidizer and degasser for steel and cast-iron;

sometimes called calcium silicide.

Calci!m Wire (n?ection- 3ire feeding of steel clad calcium wire into molten bath

to provide favorable 0inetics for inclusion modification.

Cali'er- deice used to measure inside or outside dimensions.

Cali'er) Gear "ooth- special caliper used to measure both the choral thic0ness)

and the depth of a gear tooth.

Cam- device for converting regular rotary motion to irregular rotary or

reciprocating motion. $ometime the effect of off-center lathe operations.

Camber- (*" eviation from edge straightness usually referring to the greatestdeviation of side edge from a straight line. (8" $ometimes used to denote crown in

rolls where the center diameter has been increased to compensate for deflectioncause by the rolling pressure.

Camber "olerances- Camber is the deviation from edge straightness. /aximumallowable tolerance of this deviation of a side edge from a straight line are defined in

$T/ $tandards.

Camera Sh!tter Steel- #ardened, tempered and bright polished extra flat and

extra precision rolled. Carbon content *.8D - Chromium .*D.

Can /imensions- Can measurements are expressed in inches and sixteenths of

inches in a 0ind of shorthand. The standard *8 ounce beverage can, for example, isdescribed as 8** by =*B, which translates to a 8 ***F inches in diameter by =

*B*F inched in height. 3hen a two piece can is described as 8**84:=*B, this


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means 8 ***F inches in diameter, nec0ed in at the top to a 8 :*F inches by a =*B*F inches in height.

Cannon $l!g- 5il gun safety switch used when oil gun is out of boiler.

Ca'acity- 1ormal ability to produce steel in a given period. This rating should

include maintenance reuirements, but because such service is scheduled to matchthe machineryHs needs (not the calendarHs", a mill might run at more than *44G of

capacity one month and then fall well below rated capacity as maintenance isperformed. 9ngineered capacity. The theorectical volume of a mill, given its

constraints of raw material supply and normal wor0ing speed True) Capacity.Molume at full utilization, allowing for the maintenance of euipment and reflecting

current material constraints. (%ottlenec0s of supply and distribution can change overtime 2 capacity will expand or reduce."

Ca''e Steel- $emi0illed steel cast in a bottle-top mold and covered with a capfitting into the nec0 of the mold. The cap causes to top metal to solidify. 6ressure is

built up in the sealed-in molten metal and results in a surface condition much li0e

that of rimmed steel.

Carbie "ool bits- Aathe cutting tools to which carbide tip inserts have been

brazed to provide cutting action on harder materials than the hight speed cutteres

are capable of.

Carbon- 9lement occurring as diamond and as graphite. Carbon reduces many

metals from their oxides when heated with the latter, and small amounts of it greatlyaffect the properties of iron. Though classed as a nonmetallic, metallurgically, li0e

boron, it is treated as a metal.

Carbon /ioie $rocess #Silicate $rocess) Schmit $hili' $rocess- process

for hardening molds or cores in which carbon dioxide gas is blown through dry clay-free silica sand to precipitate silica in the form of a gel from the sodium silicate

binder.

Carbon E;!ivalent- @eferring to the rating of weld-ability, this is a value that

ta0es into account the euivalent additive effects of carbon and other alloying

elements on a particular characteristic of a steel. &or rating of weld-ability, a formulacommonly used isE C9 B C O (/nF" O P(Cr O /o O M"DQ O P(1i O Cu"*DQ.

Carbon *ilter- unit containing a media of activated carbon to remove organic

impurities and residual chlorine from the water.

Carbonitriing A 'rocess o, case harening a ,erro!s material in a gaseo!satmos'here containing both carbon an nitrogen-

Carbon San- molding aggregate consisting principally of carbon (graphite"

granules.

Carbon Steel- $teel containing carbon up to about 8G and only residual uantitiesof other elements except those added for deoxidization, with silicon usually limited to


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4.F4G and manganese to about *.FDG. lso termed plain carbon steel, ordinarysteel, and straight carbon steel.

Carbon) Combine- The carbon in iron or steel which is combined with other

elements and therefore is not in the free state as graphite or as temper carbon.

Carbonitriing A 'rocess o, case harening a ,erro!s material in a gaseo!satmos'here containing both carbon an nitrogen- 1AA

Carboni0ing- Thr process of adding carbon the the outer surface of steel toimprove its uality by heat treating it in contact with carbonaceous material.

Carbor!n!m- trade name for an abrasive compounded of silicon and carbon(silicon carbide".

Carb!ri0ing- 'ntroducing carbon into a solid ferrous alloy by holding above c* in

contact with a suitable carbonaceous material, which may be a solid, liuid, or gas.The carburized alloy is usually uench hardened.

Carboar /r!m- Cardboard insert placed on the reel around which the coil is

wound. The drum is used to eliminate damage in the center of the coil.

Carriage- belt mounted on wheels that is used to move materials from one

storage bin to another.

Case- The surface layer of an iron-base alloy which has been suitably altered in

composition and can be made substantially harder than the interior or core by heattreatment.

Case +arening- #ardening a ferrous alloy so that the outer portion, or case, is

made substantially harder than the inner portion, or core. Typical processes used forcase hardening are carburizing, cyaniding, carbonitriding, nitriding, inductionhardening, and flame hardening.

Casing- The structural retainer for the walls of oil and gas wells and account for7DG (by weight" of 5CT! shipments. Casing is used to prevent contamination of

both the surrounding water table and the well itself. Casing lasts the life of a welland is not

Cast- (*" term indicating in the annealed state as Cast $pring $teel 3ire. (8" 'nreference to %right or 6olished $trip $teel or 3ire, the word cast implies discoloration

as a shadow. (B" term implying a lac0 of straightness as in a coil set.

Cast-Wel- >3elding one casting to another to form a complete unit. >

Castigate !t #Castle !t&- nut with grooves cut entirely across the top face.

Casting- (*" n ob


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Casting Alloy- n alloy formulated for casting

Casting /rawing- n engineering drawing which depicts the shape and size of apart to be cast.

Casting ayo!t- chec0 of dimensions against applicable drawings and

specifications.

Casting @iel- The weight of casting or castings divided by the total weight of

metal poured into the mold, expressed as a percent.

Cathea- collar or sleeve which fits loosely over a shaft to which it is clamped by

setscrews.

Cathoe- 6rimary non-ferrous metal casting to be rolled or forged into other

shapes; usually copper or nic0el.

Cathoic Soi!m /ichromate- common treatment applied to passivate the

surface of electroytic tin plate against the formation of tin oxides.

Ca!stic- n al0aline solution used to neutralize the acid in the discharge water from

the scrubbers when it goes to the sewer.

Cavitation- The formation and instantaneous collapse of innumerable tiny voids or

cavities within a liuid sub


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Center /rill- combined countersin0 and ddrill used to prepare wor0 for mountingcenters.

Center Gage- small flat gage having F4 degree angles that is used for grinding

and setting the thread cutting tools in a lathe. 't may also be used to chec0 the pitchof threads and the points of center.

Center) +al, Male- dead center that has a portion of the F4 degree cone cut

away.

Center +ea- part of combination suare set that is used to find the center of or

to bisect a round or suare wor0piece.

Center) ive- center that revolves with the wor0. !enerally this is the headstoc0

center; however, the ball bearing type tailstoc0 center is also called a live center.

Center) $!nch- pointed hand tool made of hardened steel and shaped somewhatli0e a pencil.

Centering Arms- 'n ring rolling, externally mounted rolls, ad


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Chain Gearing #Chain /rive&- 6ower transmission by means of an endless chainrunning around chain wheels (chain pully" andor sproc0et wheels.

Cham,er- (*" beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise sharp corner. (8"

relieved angular cutting edge at a tooth corner.

Cha'let- sma;; metal imsert or spacer used in molds to provide core supportduring the casting process.

Charge- To >charge> the % furnace refers to the process of lighting or firing thefurnace. This process involved turning on the pilot gas, turning on the main gas, and

then using a torch to light the pilot light so that the temperature of the furnacebegins to rise to the desired >coo0ing or soa0> temperature.

Charging Whistle- warning sound to personnel that production is charging avessel with scrap and hot metal. 't also alerts personnel to prepare the scrubber to

switch from oil fire operation to steel-ma0ing operation.

Char'y (m'act "est- pendulum-type single-blow impact test in which thespecimen, usually notched, is supported at both ends as a simple beam and bro0enby a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in fracture, as impact strength or notch

toughness.

Chasing "hreas- Cutting threads in a lathe or srew machine.

Chatter- surface defect consisting of alternating ridges and valleys at right anglesto the direction of extrusion.

Chatter Mar%- (efect"- 6arallel indentaions or mar0s appearing at right angles toedge of strip forming a pattern at close and regular intervals, caused by roll

vibrations.

Chattering- coating defect consisting of the washboard appearance of the cured

film with variations of color or opacity. >!ear mar0s> is another synonym when thedefect is caused by the gear lash of the coating machine. Chattering occurs when the

coating machine permits the uneven application of the coating.

Chec%ing- coating defect consisting of the crac0ing of the cured film into small

segments, with hairline crac0s separating the segments. The similar defects of mudcrac0ing or alligatoring are the same as chec0ing, but they are larger. Crazing is a

synonymous term.

Chemical "reatment- *" (Chem. Treat" customer-specified rust inhibitor appliedto the coated product. 8" passivating chemical treatment normally applied to thesteel surface to control oxide formation and growth.

Chemically Brightene- chemical addition made to the plating bath that results

in a coating with a bright appearance as opposed to the mechanically brightened

surface appearance .


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Chemistries- The chemical composition of steel indicating the amount of carbon,manganese, sulfur, phosphorous and a host of other elements.

Chill- metal insert in the sand mold used to produce local chilling and eualize

rate of solidification throughout the casting.

Chi' Brea%er- small groove ground bac0 of the cutting edge on the top of acutting tool to 0eep the chips short.

Chi''ing- method for removing seams and other surface defects with chisel orgouge so that such defects will not be wor0ed into the finished product. Chipping is

often employed also to remove metal that is excessive but not defective. @emoval ofdefects by gas cutting is 0nown as deseaming or scarfing.

Chisel- hydraulic coil opener used for preparing the front end of a coil beforeloading it into the feeder.

Cho'- die forging defect; metal sheared from a vertical surface and spread by the

die over an ad


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Circ!m,erences- %ands wrapped around the outside of the coil.

Circ!mscribing circle- The smallest circle that will completely enclose the crosssection of an extruded shape.

Claing- process for covering one metal with another. sually the surfaces of

fairly thic0 slabs of two metals are brought carefully into contact and are thensub


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CMM- Coordinate /easuring /achine.

CC- Computer 1umerical Controlled /achine Tools.

Co- Chemical symbol for colbalt.

Coal *ilter- filter which contains a bed of anthracite media material used to

remove contaminants, mud, and debris from the river water as part of the feedwater treatment process.

Coalescence- *" the growth of particles of a dispersed phase by solution andreprecipitation, 8" the growth of grains by absorption of ad


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Coe,,icient o, thermal e'ansion- The relative rate at which a substanceexpands on heating, compared to a standard rate.

Cog- tooth in the rim of a wheel-a gear tooth in a gear wheel.

Cogging- The reducing operation in wor0ing the ingot into a billet by the use of

forging hammer or a forging press.

Cohesion- The force by which li0e particles are held together. 't varies with

different metals and depends upon molecular arrangement due to heat treatment.

Coil- length of steel wound into roll-form.

Coil Car- nit that the coil sits on. sed to move a coil to the entry or from thedelivery.

Coil En- ' of a coil that is left because of a defect. @anging from D44 - *4,444pounds. nything *4,444 pounds and over get an '6/. coil with a weight less than

D444 lbs. that does not meet customer specifications is called a salvage coil. Thesecoils do not get an '6/ number

Coil ine Mar%ings- been placed on the strip by the platers. This mar0 serves asan indication to the feeder that the placement of the coil on the entry reel must be

placed correctly to meet customer specifications (external customers reuest thismar0 to distinguish coating on the strip". The &eeder must refer to the scheduling

boo0 to determine how to place the coil on the entry reel for over or under wind.

Coil !mber- 6roduced '6/ 1umber assigned to a coil. '6/ ('n 6rocess /aterial"

1umber.

Coil Set- curvature of the strip in the lengthwise sense, parallel to the direction inwhich the strip was rolled or uncoiled.

Coil Set or ongit!inal C!rl- lengthwise curve or set found in coiled strip

metals following its coil pattern. departure from longitudinal flatness. Can beremoved by roller or stretcher leveling from metals in the softer temper ranges.

Coil Stri''er- piece of euipment on the off-gauge reel used to help remove acoil from the reel.

Coils- $teel sheet that has been wound. slab, once rolled in a hot-strip mill, ismore than one-uarter mile long; coils are the most efficient way to store and

transport sheet steel.

Coining- The process of applying necessary pressure to all or some portion of the

surface of a forging to obtain closer tolerances or smoother surfaces or to eliminatedraft. Coining can be done while forgings are hot or cold and is usually performed on

surfaces parallel to the parting of the forging.


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Co%e- Carbonizing coal made in oven by driving off volatile elements. 't is a hardporous substance that is principally pure carbon. 'n blast furnaces, co0e helps

generate the B444 &. temperatures and reducing gases needs to smelt iron ore.

Co%e Be- &irst layer of co0e placed in the cupola. lso the co0e as the foundationin constructing a large mold in a flas0 or pit.

Co%e Bree0e- &ines from co0e screening, used in blac0ing mixes after grinding;

also briuetted for cupola use.

Co%e Bree0e- &ine screens that come from %last &urnace co0e and are used to

ma0e sinter.

Co%e *!rnace- Type of pot or crucible furnace using co0e as the fuel.

Co%e 4ven Battery- set of ovens that process coal into co0e. Co0e ovens are

constructed in batteries of *4 **44 ovens that are 84 feet tall, =4 feet long, andless than two feet wide. Co0e batteries, because of the exhaust fumes emitted when

co0e is pushed from the ovens, often are the dirtiest area of a steel mill complex.

Co%e $late #+ot /i''e "in $late&- $tandard tin plate, with the lightestcommercial tin coat, used for food containers, oil canning, etc. higher grade is the

best co0es, with special co0es representing the best of the co0e tin variety. &or highualities and heavier coatings.

Co%e $orosity- The percentage volume of cell space in co0e.

Co%e) Beehive- Co0e produced from a bituminous coal by the beehive process

where heat for the co0ing process comes from a partial combustion of the co0e.!enerally characterized by an elongate stringy structure.

Co%e) By-$ro!ct- Co0e produced from bituminous coal in airtight code ovenswhere heat for co0ing process is externally applied. !enerally more uniform in size

than beehive co0e, and usually ball or cube shape.

Co%e) $etrole!m- @esidue left from the distillation of petroleum crude, used as a

carbon raiser.

Col Chamber Machine- diecasting machine where the metal chamber and

plunger are not immersed in hot metal.

Col Chamber) Cl!b Sanwich) "wo-*ace) "hree-$iece /ie- diecasting die

in which two different pieces are cast in two widely separated cavities.

Col Coine ,orging- forging that has been re-struc0 cold in order to hold closer

face distance tolerances, sharpen corners or outlines, reduces section thic0ness,flatten some particular surface, or in non-heat treatable alloys, increase hardness.

Col Crac%ing- Crac0s in cold or nearly cold metal due to excessive internal stresscaused by contraction. 5ften brought about when the mold is to hard or casting is of

unsuitable design


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Col /rawing- The process of reducing the cross sectional area of wire,bar or tubeby drawing the material through a die without any pre-heating. Cold drawing is used

for the production of bright steel bar in round suare, hexagonal and flat section.The process changes the mechanical properties of the steel and the finished product

is accurate to size,free from scale with a bright surface finish.

Col-*inishe Steel Bars- #ot-rolled carbon steel bars after secondary cold-reduction processing with better surface uality and strength.

Col *inishing- The cold finishing of steel, generally used for bars and shafting,

may be defined as the process of reducing their cross sectional area, withoutheating, by one of five methods Cold @olling 8. Cold rawing B. Cold drawing and

!rinding =. Turning and polishing D. Turning and !rinding

Col (ns'ection- visual (usually final" inspection of the forgings for visual

defects, dimensions, weight and surface conditions at room temperature. The ternmay also be used to describe certain nondestructive tests, such as magnetic particle,

dye penetrant and sonic inspection.

Col a'- 3rin0led mar0ings on the surface of an ingot or casting from incipientfreezing of the surface.

Col Re!ction Mill- $heet and strip are cold reduced to the desired thic0ness for

the following reasons *" To obtain the desired surface. 8" To impart desiredmechanical properties. B" To ma0e gauges lighter than the hot strip mill can produce

economically. =" To produce sheet and strip of more uniform thic0ness.

Col Roll Base- Coils that are cold wor0ed or reduced to gauge on the tandem mill.

Col Rolle Sheet- product manufactured from hot rolled descaled (pic0led" coils

by cold reducing to the desired thic0ness, generally followed by annealing andtemper rolling. 'f the sheet is not annealed after cold reduction it is 0nown as fullhard. ($ee &ull #ard Cold @olled".

Col Rolling- @olling metal at a temperature below the softening point of the metal

to create strain hardening (wor0-hardening". $ame as cold reduction, except that the

wor0ing method is limited to rolling. Cold rolling changes the mechanical propertiesof strip and produces certain useful combinations of hardness, strength, stiffness,

ductility and other characteristics 0nown as tempers, which see.

Col Rolling #Col-Re!cing&- @olling of cooled metal sheet (or other form which

previously has been hot-rlled" t ma0e the steel thinner,smoother and stronger by

applying pressure. cold-reduction sheet mill, for example, will roll-press a sheet ofmetal from one-uarter inch into less than an eighth of an inch, while more thandoubling its length.

Col Rolling Mill- mill that reduces the cross sectional area of the metal byrolling at approximately room temperature.

Col Screens- screening device that removes sinter that is smaller than five

millimeters in diameter before it goes to the %last &urnace.


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Col Setting Biners- Term used to describe any binder that will harden the coresufficiently at room temperature so core can be removed from its box without

distortion; commonly used in reference to oil-oxygen type binders.

Col Setting $rocess- n of several systems for bonding mold or core aggregatesby means of organic binders, relying upon the use of catalysts rather than heat for

polymerization (setting".

Col Short- characteristic of metals that are brittle at ordinary or lowtemperatures.

Col Shot- $mall globule of metal embedded in but not entirely fused with thecasting.

Col Sh!t- defect characterized by a fissure or lap on the surface of a forgingthat has been closed without fusion during the forging operation. folding of the

surface. 't may have the appearance of a crac0 or seam with smooth, roundededges. lso see Cold Aap

Col Stac%- 9xhaust stac0 located at the %56 $crubber. The %oiler 5peratormonitors the emissions through the cold stac0.

Col Stri' Mill- mill that rolls strip without first reheating.

Col "reatment- 9xposing steel to suitable subzero temperatures (-+DSC, or

-*84S&" for the purpose of obtaining desired conditions or properties such asdimensional or microstructural stability. 3hen the treatment involves the

transformation of retained austenite, it is usually followed by tempering.

Col Wor%- 6lastic deformation at such temperatures and rates that substantial

increases occur in the strength and hardness of the metal visible structural changesinclude changes in grain shape and, in some instances, mechanical twinning orbanding.

Col Wor%ing- 6lastic deformation, such as rolling, hammering, drawing, etc., at a

temperature sufficiently low to create strain-hardening (wor0-hardening".Commonly, the term refers to such deformation at normal temperatures.

Col-Bo $rocess- *" ny core binder process that uses a gas or vaporizedcatalyst to cure a coated sand while it is in contact with the core box at room

temperature.

Col-Rolle Stri' #Sheet&- $heet steel that has been pic0led and run through acold-reduction mill. $trip has a final product width of approximately *8 inches, whilesheet may be more than +4 inches wide. Cold-rolled sheet is considerably thinner

and stronger than hot-rolled sheet, so it will sell for a premium (see $heet $teel".

Col-rolling- (C@"@olling steel without first reheating it. This process reduces

thic0ness of the steel, produces a smoother surface and ma0es it easier to machine.

Colla'se Reel- mandrel in the collapsed position.


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Colla'sibity- The reuirement that a sand mixture brea0 down under the pressureand temperatures developed during casting, in order to avoid hot tears or facilitate

the separation of the sand and the casting.

Colla'sible S'r!e- sprue pattern of flexible material, or of spring-tube design,used in sueeze-molding of plated patterns, and incorporating a pouring cup.

Collate- *" to merge items from two or more similarly seuenced files into one

seuenced file, 8" to compare one thing critically with another of the same 0ind.

Collector Main- The duct wor0 used for moving air from the sinter machine to the

fans.

Collet- precision wor0 holding chuc0 which centers finished round stoc0

automatically when tightened. $pecialized collets are also available in shapes forother than round stoc0.

Collimator- device for confining the elements of a beam of radiation within an

assigned solid angle.

Colloial Clay- &inely divided clay of montmorillonite, 0aolinite, or illite class;prepared for foundry purposes as in sand bonding.

Collois) Colloial Material- &inely divided material less than 4.D micron (4.44448in." in size, such as albumin, glue, starch, gelatin, and bentonite.

Coloimetric Analysis- etermining the amount of an element in a solution bymeasuring the intrinsic color.

Color Etching- micro-etch resulting from the formation of a thin film of a definite

compound of the metal.

Color Metho- techniue of heat treating metal by observing the color changesthat occur to determine the proper operation to perform to achieve the desired

results.

Col!mbi!m- Chemical symbol Co. @efractory metal used as an alloying agent in

steel ma0ing; essential for high-strength,low-alloy grades. #as some wor0ed metal)applications, mostly alloyed with zirconium or titanium for aerospace applications.

Called1iobium (1b" everywhere but the .$.

Col!mnar Str!ct!re- coarse structure of parallel columns of grains, which is

caused by highly directional solidification.

Combination /ie #M!lti'le-Cavity /ie&- 'n die casting, a die with two or more

different cavities for different castings.

Combination S;!are- drafting and layout tool combining a suare,level,

protractor

Documents

Dictionary of Metallurgy