• Dictatorship

• Dic·ta·tor·ship

-dictate (state with authority)

Germany was a dictatorship under Adolf Hitler.

when one ruler has almost absolute power

1

ha ha ha…

• Famine

• Fam-ine

• Faim (extreme hunger)

Ethiopia suffered one of the world’s worst famines due to drought in the 1980s.

• an extreme shortage of food

• Capital

• Cap-i-tal

• Capitalis  (of the head)

An investment in new capital can benefit a company with extra profits.

• A physical asset, like buildings or raw materials, which can be used to

produce goods and services

SudanRepublic of the Sudan

AndSouth Sudan

Republic of South Sudan

Sudan Flag

• Red signifies the struggle for freedom

• White is the color of peace, light, and love

• Black represents Sudan itself (in Arabic 'Sudan' means black)

• Green is the color of Islam, agriculture, and prosperity

South Sudan Flag• three equal horizontal bands of black

(top), red, and green; • the red band is edged in white; • a blue isosceles triangle based on the

hoist side contains a gold, five-pointed star;

• black represents the people of South Sudan,

• red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom,

• green the verdant land, • and blue the waters of the Nile; • the gold star represents the unity of the

states making up South Sudan

• note: resembles the flag of Kenya; one of only two national flags to display six colors as part of its primary design, the other is South Africa's

Map of Sudan (before the split)

Capital is Khartoum

Sudan (Without South Sudan)

South Sudan

History – both countries

• What is now northern Sudan was in ancient times the kingdom of Nubia, which came under Egyptian rule after 2600 B.C.

• An Egyptian and Nubian civilization called Kush flourished until A.D. 350.

• Missionaries converted the region to Christianity in the 6th century

• An influx of Muslim Arabs, who had already conquered Egypt, eventually controlled the area and replaced Christianity with Islam.

History

• During the 1500s a people called the Funj conquered much of Sudan, and several other black African groups settled in the south

• Egyptians again conquered Sudan in 1874, and after Britain occupied Egypt in 1882, it took over Sudan in 1898, ruling the country in conjunction with Egypt.

• It was known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan between 1898 and 1955.

History of Sudan and South Sudan

• During British colonization, Sudan was split into a northern province and southern province

• Northern province did not fight the British on colonization but the southern province did

• Britain spent money on roads, schools, and hospitals in the northern province

• Southern province fought against the British colonization, so Britain spent money on keeping control.

• North became educated and modern while the south became poor with a much lower standard of living.

• The two provinces were combined in 1946.

• Sudan became independent in 1956.• However, the north controlled the south and

Arabic became the official language• The north was mostly Islam and the south was

mostly Christian and traditional• But the north had almost no natural resources

while the south had all the resources including oil.

CIVIL WAR

• By 1983, Muslim leader from the north had taken over the government

• Laws were changed to follow the Qur’an• Rebels from the south fought against the

government• The fighting ended in 2005 after over 20 years

of fighting.

South Sudan created

• In January 2011, South Sudan voted to be their own country

• They chose Juba as its capital• The countries are still fighting about the

border between the two and how to divide up the money from the oil.

Sudan Government

• Sudan was a parliamentary democracy until a military coup overthrew the country's civilian government in 1989.

• A transitional constitution adopted in 1986 was abolished following a 1989 coup by the newly formed Revolutionary Command Council (RCC).

• The council was dissolved in 1993 after appointing a president, Omar al-Bashir.

Sudan 3 branchesExecutive• Chief of State: President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir• The president is both the chief of state and head of government• Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

Legislative• Bicameral National Legislature consists of a Council of States and a

National Assembly

Judicial• Constitutional Court of nine justices• National Supreme Court• National Courts of Appeals

Government of South Sudan

• Republic

• Execute Branch:– Chief of State and Head of Government: President Salva

Kiir Mayardit– Vice President: Riek Machar

Cabinet: National Council of Ministers is appointed by the President

(Elections are held every four years)

South Sudan

• Legislative Branch:– Bicameral—National Legislative Assembly

• Judicial Branch: Supreme CourtCourt of AppealsHigh CourtsCounty Courts

Sudan Religious Groups

Religious—• Sunni Muslim 70% (in

north)• Christian 5% (mostly in

south and Khartoum)• Indigenous beliefs 25%

Sudan Ethnic Groups

Ethnic Groups—• Black 52%• Arab 39%• Beja 6%• Foreigners 2%• Other 1%

Religious & Ethnic Groups of South Sudan

• Religious—ChristianityAnimist

Ethnic Groups—• Dinka• Kakwa• Bari• Azande• Shilluk• Kuku• Murie• Others – at least 10

Sudan Language

• Arabic (official)• English (official)• Nubian• Other Sudanic languages

Languages of South Sudan

• English (official)• Arabic (official – with Juda and Sudanese

variants)• Regional Languages– Dinka– Bari– Zande– Shilluk

Sudan Economy

• Sudan is an overwhelmingly agricultural country• Much of the farming is of a subsistence kind• Agricultural production varies from year to year

because of intermittent droughts that cause widespread famine.

• The government plays a major role in planning the economy

Economy of South Sudan

• Severely landlocked• Underdeveloped with lots of poverty• Most people are subsistence farmers• Running water is scarce• 98% of government’s budget comes from oil• New currency will be South Sudanese Pound

Major Industry (same for both countries at this time)• Oil• Cotton ginning• Textiles• Cement• Edible oils• Sugar• Soap distilling,

• Shoes• Petroleum refining• Pharmaceuticals• Armaments• Automobile/light truck

assembly

Natural Resources (same for both countries at this time)• Petroleum• Small reserves of iron ore• Copper• Chromium ore• Zinc• Tungsten• Mica• Silver• Gold• Hydropower

• Cotton• Groundnuts (peanuts)• Sorghum, millet, wheat• Sugarcane• Mangos• Papaya• Bananas• Sweet potatoes• Sesame• Sheep• Livestock

Geography & Climate of Sudan

• Largest country in Africa (Before the split)• Dominated by the Nile and its tributaries

Climate• Tropical in south• Arid desert in north• Rainy season varies by region (April to

November)

Geography & Climate of South Sudan

• Geography—• South Sudan is a landlocked country• Southern Highlands• White Nile flows north out of Central Africa• Center of country has the Sudd—swampy area near

the White Nile and is the world’s largest wetlands• Climate—• Hot with seasonal rainfall—heaviest is in the upland

areas

Environmental Issues—Sudan/South Sudan

• Inadequate supplies of clean water• Soil erosion• Desertification• Periodic drought• Wildlife populations threatened by excessive

hunting

• Literacy Rate– Total 61.1%– Male 71.8%– Female 50.5%

• Life Expectancy (Both)– Total 54.2– Male 53.0– Female 55.4

• GDP– $2,200 per capita

• Population• 34,206,710 (Sudan

without South Sudan)• Below Poverty Level

– 40%

SUDAN

South Sudan

• Literacy Rate—– Total 27%– Male 40%– Female 16%

• AIDS Rate—3.1%

Population—10,625,176