Dichloroacetic Acid

8/12/2019 Dichloroacetic Acid

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Dichloroacetic acidFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dichloroacetic acid

IUPAC name[hide]

Dichloroacetic acid

Other names[hide]

Dichloroethanoic acid

Identifiers

CAS number 79-43-6

PubChem 6597

ChemSpider 1771!17

"#$$ 9%S&5!S3%'

Dru()an* D)++9

,.. C11149

/eS& Dichloroacetate

Ch)$ C&)$0363+6

Ch/)% C&/)%1396

2CS number A.61!5

mol-3D ima(e $ma(e 1

SMILES

[ho]

InChI

[ho]
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Properties

/olecular ormula C!&!Cl!!

/olar ma 1!+894 ( mol1

Appearance Colorle li:uid

Denit; 185634 (C?

/eltin( point 9 to 11 >C =4+ to 5! >@ !+! to

!+4 ,?

)oilin( point 194 >C =3+1 >@ 467 ,?

Solubilit;inater micible

Solubilit; micible ithethanolBdieth;l

ether[1]

Acidit;=pKa? 1835[1]

Thermochemistry

Std enthalp; o

ormationHo!9+

-49683*mol -1[1]

Hazards

/SDS /SDS =Etba*er?

-phrae 355

S-phrae =S1

#@PA 74

1

3

0elated compo!nds

elatedchloroacetic acid Chloroacetic acid

2richloroacetic acid

elated compound Acetic acid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_etherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_etherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_etherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-CRC-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-CRC-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJ/molhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJ/molhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJ/molhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJ/molhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-CRC-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDShttp://hazard.com/msds/mf/baker/baker/files/d2144.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R-phraseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R35:_Causes_severe_burnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R50:_Very_toxic_to_aquatic_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R50:_Very_toxic_to_aquatic_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S-phraseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(S1/2):_Keep_locked_up_and_out_of_the_reach_of_childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(S1/2):_Keep_locked_up_and_out_of_the_reach_of_childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S26:_In_case_of_contact_with_eyes,_rinse_immediately_with_plenty_of_water_and_seek_medical_advicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S26:_In_case_of_contact_with_eyes,_rinse_immediately_with_plenty_of_water_and_seek_medical_advicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S45:_In_case_of_accident_or_if_you_feel_unwell_seek_medical_advice_immediately_(show_the_label_where_possible)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S45:_In_case_of_accident_or_if_you_feel_unwell_seek_medical_advice_immediately_(show_the_label_where_possible)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S61:_Avoid_release_to_the_environment._Refer_to_special_instructions/safety_data_sheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroacetic_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroacetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroacetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_etherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_etherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-CRC-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-CRC-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJ/molhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-CRC-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDShttp://hazard.com/msds/mf/baker/baker/files/d2144.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R-phraseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R35:_Causes_severe_burnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R50:_Very_toxic_to_aquatic_organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S-phraseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(S1/2):_Keep_locked_up_and_out_of_the_reach_of_childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S26:_In_case_of_contact_with_eyes,_rinse_immediately_with_plenty_of_water_and_seek_medical_advicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S45:_In_case_of_accident_or_if_you_feel_unwell_seek_medical_advice_immediately_(show_the_label_where_possible)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S61:_Avoid_release_to_the_environment._Refer_to_special_instructions/safety_data_sheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroacetic_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroacetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroacetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid


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Diluoroacetic acid

Dibromoacetic acid

Fcept here noted otherieB data are (iGen or material in their tandard

tate=at !5 >C =77 >@?B 1 *Pa?

=Geri;?=hat i0 < H?

$noboF reerence

Dichloroacetic acid, often abbreviated DCA, is the chemical compoundwithformulaCHCl2CH!"t is anacid, ananalo#ueof acetic acid, in which two of the three hydro#enatomsofthe methyl #rouphave been replaced bychlorineatoms! $hesaltsandestersof dichloroacetic acid arecalled dichloroacetates! %alts of &C' have been studied as potential dru#s because they inhibitthe en(ymepyruvate dehydro#enase kinase!)2*

'lthou#h preliminary studies have shown &C' can slow the #rowth of certain tumors inanimal

studiesandin vitrostudies, +'vailable evidence does not support the use of &C' for cancer treatmentat this time!+)3*

Contents

)hide*

1 Chemistry and occurrence

2 $herapeutic uses

o 2!1 actic acidosis

3 -otential cancer applications

o 3!1 .esults of phase "" clinical trials

o 3!2 Concerns about pre/trial use

o

3!3 -lanned and on#oin# clinical trials %ide effects

o !1 europathy

o !2 Carcino#enicity

%elf/medication

.eferences

4 56ternal links

Chemistry and occurrence[edit]

$he chemistry of dichloroacetic acid is typical forhalo#enatedor#anic acids!"t is a member ofthe chloroacetic acidsfamily! $he dichloroacetate ion is produced when the acid is mi6ed with water! 'san acid with a p7aof 1!3,)1*pure dichloroacetic acid is very corrosiveand e6tremely destructive to

tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract via inhalation!)*

&C' has been shown to occur in nature in at least one seaweed,Asparagopsis taxiformis!)*"t is atrace product of thechlorinationof drinkin# water and is produced by themetabolismofvariouschlorine/containin# dru#s or chemicals!)*&C' is typically prepared bythe reductionoftrichloroacetic acid! &C' is prepared fromchloral hydratealso by the reactionwithcalcium carbonateand sodium cyanidein water followed by acidifyin# withhydrochloric acid!

Therapeutic uses[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Difluoroacetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dibromoacetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=443301790&page2=Dichloroacetic+acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=443301790&page2=Dichloroacetic+acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_kinasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_kinasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Chemistry_and_occurrencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Therapeutic_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Lactic_acidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Potential_cancer_applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Results_of_phase_II_clinical_trialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Concerns_about_pre-trial_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Planned_and_ongoing_clinical_trialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Side_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Neuropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Carcinogenicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Self-medicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dichloroacetic_acid&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroacetic_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroacetic_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-CRC-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-MSDS-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagopsis_taxiformishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_chlorinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_chlorinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-toxicology-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroacetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroacetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloral_hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloral_hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloral_hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_cyanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dichloroacetic_acid&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Difluoroacetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dibromoacetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=443301790&page2=Dichloroacetic+acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_kinasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Chemistry_and_occurrencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Therapeutic_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Lactic_acidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Potential_cancer_applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Results_of_phase_II_clinical_trialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Concerns_about_pre-trial_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Planned_and_ongoing_clinical_trialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Side_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Neuropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Carcinogenicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Self-medicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dichloroacetic_acid&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroacetic_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-CRC-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-MSDS-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagopsis_taxiformishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_chlorinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_note-toxicology-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroacetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloral_hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_cyanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dichloroacetic_acid&action=edit&section=2


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win# to the hi#hly corrosive action of the acid, only the salts of dichloroacetic acid are usedtherapeutically, includin# its sodiumand potassiumsalts, sodium dichloroacetate and potassiumdichloroacetate!

Lactic acidosis[edit]

$he dichloroacetate ionstimulates the activity of the en(ymepyruvate dehydro#enaseby inhibitin# theen(yme pyruvate dehydro#enase kinase!)4*$hus, it decreaseslactateproduction by shiftin# themetabolism of pyruvatefromfermentationtowardso6idationin the mitochondria!$his property has ledto trials of &C' for the treatment of lactic acidosisin humans!)8*)9*)10*)11*

' randomi(ed controlled trialin children with con#enitallactic acidosisfound that while &C' was welltolerated, it was ineffective in improvin# clinical outcomes! )9*' separate trial of &C' in childrenwith:5'%;a syndrome of inade


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discovered as far back as 18)20*and has been used in the treatment of canine and human lacticacidosis, some who presented at the be#innin# of treatment with cancer!

Concerns about pre-trial use[edit]

Followin# its initial publication, The New Scientistlater editoriali(ed, +$he dru# may yet live up to itspromise as an anti/cancer a#ent D clinical trials are e6pected to start soon! "t may even spawn anentirely new class of anti/cancer dru#s! For now, however, it remains e6perimental, never yet properlytested in a person with cancer! -eople who self/administer the dru# are takin# a very lon# shot and,unlikely as it may sound, could even make their health worse!+)21*

"n 2010, it was found that for human colorectal tumours #rown in mice, under hypo6ic conditions, &C'decreased rather than increased apoptosis, resultin# in enhanced #rowth of the tumours!)22*$hesefindin#s su##est that at least in some cancer types &C' treatment could be detrimental to patienthealth, hi#hli#htin# the need for further testin# before it can be considered a safe and effective cancertreatment!)22*

Planned and ongoing clinical trials[edit]

&C' is not a novel substance so acomposition of matterpatentcannot be #ranted! However,severalmethod of usepatent applicationshave been filed for its use in cancer treatment!)23*)2*%ome ofthese applications were neverprosecuted,but at least one has been #ranted!)2*.esearchby 5van#elos :ichelakishas received no support from thepharmaceutical industry!)2*Concerns havebeen raised that without stron# intellectual property protection, the financial incentive for dru#development is reduced, and therefore obtainin# sufficient funds to conduct clinical trials presentsdifficulty!)1*)14*)18*)24*However, other sources of fundin# e6istE previous studies of &C' have been fundedby #overnment or#ani(ations such as the ational "nstitutes of Health, theFood and &ru#

'dministration,theCanadian "nstitutes of Health .esearchand by private charities ;e.g.the :uscular&ystrophy 'ssociation=! .eco#ni(in# anticipated fundin# challen#es, :ichelakisAs lab took theunorthodo6 step of directly solicitin# online donations to fund the research! )28*'fter months, his labhad raised over 800,000, enou#h to fund a small Clinical -hase 2 study!

n 2 %eptember 2004, the ?niversity of 'lbertaAs &epartment of :edicine reported that after the trialfundin# was secured, both the 'lberta local ethics committee andHealth Canadaapproved the first&C' clinical trial for cancer!)29*$his initial trial was relatively small with enrollment of up to 0 patients!$he trial was completed in 'u#ust 2009!)30*"n :ay 2010 the team published a press release)31*statin#no conclusions could be drawn as a result of the trial! ' paper describin# the results was

published)19*but not linked from the press release! nly five patients had been treated with the dru#durin# the trial!

"n :ay 2011, online reports)32*su##ested that the 'lberta #roup had released new data which themedia +had not reported+! However, this appeared to be caused by confusion between dates ;theprevious update was :ay 2010 )33*= and cancer charities moved


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'nimal studies su##est that the neuropathyandneuroto6icitydurin# chronic dichloroacetate treatmentmay be partly due to depletion ofthiamine,and thiamine supplementation in rats reduced theseeffects!)2*However, more recent studies in humans su##est that peripheral neuropathy is a commonside effect durin# chronic &C' treatment, even with coadministration of oral thiamine!)3*)*'nadditional study reported that 0 m#Gk#Gday &C' treatment resulted in unsteady #ait and lethar#y intwo patients, with symptoms occurrin# after one month for one patient and two months for the second!Bait disturbance and consciousness were recovered with cessation of &C', however sensory

nerveaction potentialsdid not recover in one month!)*

'nimals and patients treated with &C' have elevated levels of delta/aminolevulinic acid;delta/''= inthe urine! ' study published in 2008 su##ests that this product may be the cause of the neuroto6ic sideeffect of &C' by blockin# peripheralmyelinformation!)*

&ichloroacetate can also have an6iolyticor sedativeeffects!)*

Carcinogenicity[edit]

$he 5nvironmental -rotection '#encyhas listed &C' as likely to be a cancer/causin# a#ent inhumans!)4*&C' is on the California 5nvironmental -rotection '#encyAs list of known cancer/causin#a#entsand is listed as a cause of reproductive harm in men!)4*)8*$he"nternational '#ency for.esearch on Cancerclassifies &C' as a Broup 2 carcino#en;+possibly carcino#enic to humans+=!)9*

on# term use ;three years or more= of hi#h doses ; 44 m#Gk#Gday= of &C' has been shown to

increase risk of liver cancer in mice!)0*%tudies of thetrichloroethylene;$C5= metabolites dichloroaceticacid ;&C'=, trichloroacetic acid;$C'=, andchloral hydratesu##est that both &C' and $C' areinvolved in $C5/induced livertumori#enesisand that many &C' effects are consistent with conditionsthat increase the risk of liver cancerin humans!)0*

Self-medication[edit]

$he promise of &C' as a cheap, effective and safe treatment for cancer #enerated a #reat deal ofpublic interest! :any people turned to self/medication!)1*)2*

-hysicians warned of potential problems if people attempt to try &C' outside a controlledclinical trial!+"f it starts #oin# badly, who is followin# you before it #ets out of controlI y the time you reali(e yourliver is failin#, youAre in bi# trouble+, said aura %hanner, 'ssociate -rofessor of Health 5thics at the?niversity of 'lberta!)3*

References[edit]

1! J @ump up toKabcdHaynes, William :!, ed! ;2011=!CRC Handbook of Chemistry andPhysics;92nd ed!=! oca .aton, FKC.C -ress!"%1398110!

2! Jup up!7ato, :!E i, @!E Chuan#, @! !E Chuan#, &! $! ;2004=! +&istinct %tructural:echanisms for "nhibition of -yruvate &ehydro#enase 7inase "soforms by 'L&4,&ichloroacetate, and .adicicol+!Strctre"#;8=K 992D100!doiK10!101G>!str!2004!04!001! -:C284138! -:"&148392! edit

3! Jup up!+&ichloracetate ;&C'=+! 'merican Cancer %ociety! .etrieved 1 &ecember2012!

! Jup up!@!$! aker :%&%! Jup up!httpKGGparadi#mslip!caGreferencesGuhmMphdM481023Mr!pdf! J @ump up toKab%tacpoole -, Henderson B, Nan L, @ames : ;1998=! +Clinical

pharmacolo#y and to6icolo#y of dichloroacetate+! !nviron Hea"th Perspect! 10 %uppl K 989D99!doiK10!2304G3312! @%$.3312! -:C13332!-:"&940383!

4! J @ump up toKab%tacpoole -W ;1989=! +$he pharmacolo#y ofdichloroacetate+! #etabo"ism$%;11=K 112D11!doiK10!101G002/09;89=9001/!-:"&209!

8! Jup up!%tacpoole -, oren( ', $homas ., Harman 5 ;1988=! +&ichloroacetate in thetreatment of lactic acidosis+!Ann $ntern #ed"&%;1=K 8D3!doiK10!432G0003/819/108/1/8!-:"&333414!

9! J @ump up toKab%tacpoole -, 7err &, arnes C, unch %, Carney -, Fennell 5, Felitsyn ,Bilmore ., Breer :, Henderson B, Hutson ', eiber#er ., Arien ., -erkins , Ouislin# .,
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External links[edit]

"nternational Chemical %afety Card 088
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-32http://technorati.com/lifestyle/article/the-cure-for-cancer-has-been/http://technorati.com/lifestyle/article/the-cure-for-cancer-has-been/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-33http://www.dca.med.ualberta.ca/Home/Updates/2010-05-12_Update.cfmhttp://www.dca.med.ualberta.ca/Home/Updates/2010-05-12_Update.cfmhttp://www.dca.med.ualberta.ca/Home/Updates/2010-05-12_Update.cfmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-34http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2010/05/12/potential-cancer-drug-dca-tested-in-early-trials/http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2010/05/12/potential-cancer-drug-dca-tested-in-early-trials/http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2010/05/12/potential-cancer-drug-dca-tested-in-early-trials/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-35http://twitter.com/#!/CR_UK/status/70073173365891072http://twitter.com/#!/CR_UK/status/70073173365891072http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-36http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/05/cure-for-cancer-resurfaces-and.htmlhttp://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/05/cure-for-cancer-resurfaces-and.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-DCA_Cancer_2_37-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-DCA_Cancer_2_37-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-DCA_Cancer_2_37-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-DCA_Cancer_2_37-1http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070117.wxhcancer17/BNStory/specialScienceandHealth/homehttp://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070117.wxhcancer17/BNStory/specialScienceandHealth/homehttp://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070117.wxhcancer17/BNStory/specialScienceandHealth/homehttp://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070117.wxhcancer17/BNStory/specialScienceandHealth/homehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-pmid18647626_38-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746325http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746325http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746325http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.addr.2008.02.014http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.addr.2008.02.014http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746325http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18647626http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-pmid12723459_39-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0091270003251392http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0091270003251392http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12723459http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-pmid_2055364_40-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-pmid_2055364_40-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-pmid_2055364_40-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-pmid_2055364_40-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0272-0590(91)90118-Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2055364http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1212%2F01.wnl.0000196641.05913.27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16476929http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0272-0590(90)90212-3http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0272-0590(90)90212-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2318357http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2318357http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2318357http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid#cite_ref-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F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