Dhyeya IAS (1) Governance by Jai Sir · 2019. 11. 18. · (3) Dhyeya Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Dhyeya IAS Governance by Jai Sir xoul & i k; % l dfpr : i l n[kk t kuk vr% ,d ckr

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Dhyeya Educational Services Pvt. Ltd.

Dhyeya IAS Governance by Jai Sir

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xousZal dh l kekU; i fjHkk"kk

xousZal fdl h Hkh O; oLFkk }kjk v i us mi &O; oLFkkvksa ds l kFk vUrfØZ; k ds ekè; e l s fy; k x; k fu.kZ; fuekZ.ki zfØ; k gSA l kFk gh l kFk fdl h l Ùkk ds l apkyu ds : i esa Hkh xousZal ns[ kk t k l drk gSA , d yksdrakf=kd i fj i s{;us yksdra=k ds l Hkh ?kVukvksa ds l kFk feydj dkuwu ds vk/ kj i j uhfr fu/ kZj.k] fØ; kUo; u vkSj ewY; kadu gsrq fy; kt kus okyk fu.kZ; fuekZ.k i zfØ; k yksdrkaf=kd ' kkl u i z.kkyh ds : i esa t kuk t krk gSA bl h i zdkj xousZal bl ckr dksfu/ kZfjr djrk gS fd fdl ds i kl l Ùkk gS] (Who has power) dkSu fu.kZ; ys jgk gS\ (Who makes decisions)fdl i zdkj vU; Hkkxhnkj ; k ?kVd fu.kZ; i zfØ; k l s v i us ckrksa dks fu.kZ; dÙkkZ ds l kFk ' kkfey dj jgs gSA

; fn UNDP] fo' ocSad vkSj OECD ds vuql kj & xousZal dh i fjHkk"kk i j fopkj fd; k t k; rks bl ds vuql kj&fdl h Hkh ns' k ds l kekft d] vkfFkZd] jkt uhfrd vkSj i z' kkl fud y{; vkSj fØ; kfof/ dks l apkfyr djus vkSj ml si zkIr djus dh fn' kk esa l Ùkk ds i z; ksx l s l acaf/ r gSA bl ds vykok fo' o cSad bl s fdl h jk"Vª ds l kekft d vkSj vkfFkZdl al k/ uksa ds ferO; ; h] n{k vkSj i zHkko' kkyh i zca/ u l s l acaf/ r dj ns[ krk gSA

bl i zdkj xousZal dh i fjHkk"kk ' kkl d] ' kkl u esa Hkkxhnkj] ' kkl u ds y{; rFkk ' kkfl r ds vkdka{kk vkSj fLFkfrds vuq: i cnyrh jgh gSA ; fn xousZal ds fofHkUu i fjHkk"kkvksa i j xkSj fd; k t k, rks ge ; g dg l drs gSa fd xousZall Ùkk dk l apkyu gS t ks fdl h y{; dh i zkfIr ds fy; s fu.kZ; ysrk Hkh gS vkSj ugha Hkh ysrk gSA ; kn jf[ k; s fdl h y{;dh i zkfIr ds fy; s fu.kZ; ugha ysuk Hkh , d i zdkj l s fu.kZ; ysus dh i zfØ; k gh gSA t Sl s& l ekt ds fdl h [ kkl oxZ}kjk vkj{k.k dh ek¡x djuk vkSj l jdkj }kjk ml ds ek¡xksa dks Lohdkj ugha djukA

xousZal dk fodkl % v rhr l s v kt rd

vc rd ds i fjppkZ esa geus xousZal ds rduhdh i fj i zs{; dks l e>us dk i z; kl fd; kA vki us i zk; % yksxksa dksl q&' kkl u] dq' kkl u] Hkkxhnkjh vk/ kfjr ' kkl u] dkWji ksjsV ' kkl u vkSj bZ&xousZal t Sl s ' kCnksa dk i z; ksx djrs l quk gksxkA ; sl Hkh ' kCn i zeq[ k : i l s vkt ds i fj i zs{; esa i z; ksx fd, t k jgs gSA i jarq , d i z' u eSa vki l c l s djuk pkgrk gw¡] fdt c xousZal fdl h O; oLFkk }kjk v i us l Ùkk dk i z; ksx djrs gq, fu.kZ; ysus l s l acaf/ r gS rks vki dks D; k yxrk gS ; fnge vkt ds yksdrkaf=kd ' kkl u O; oLFkk dks l e>uk pkgrs gS rks D; k gesa vrhr ds i Uuksa dh rji Q vk¡drs gq, vktds orZeku ' kkl u O; oLFkk dh vkRek dks l e>us dk i z; kl ugha djuk pkfg; s\ bl s vki bl i zdkj l ef>, fd ; fneSa vki dh vkt ds orZeku t hou vkSj vki ds fu.kZ; ysus ds rjhdksa i j fopkj djuk pkgrk gw¡ rks D; k eq>s vki dsekrk&fi rk] vki dh i jofj ' k] vki ds vè; ; u ; k dqy feykdj dgs rks vki ds vrhr esa l̂ kekt hdj.k* dks ugha l e>ukpkfg; s\ vki eq>l s vo' ; l ger gksxsA

Bhd gekjs vkSj vki dh rjg jk"Vª dk Hkh t hou gksrk gS ml dk Hkh mn; gksrk gS ml dk Hkh v i uk bfrgkl gksrkgS] mRFkku vkSj i ru dh dgkuh gksrh gS] l t̀ u vkSj foèoa' k dh xkFkk gksrh gS rc t kdj orZeku fLFkfr v i uk dk; Zdj jgh gksrh gSA D; k vki dks ugha yxrk gS fd vkt dh Hkkjrh; ' kkl u O; oLFkk t ks 1950 esa v fLrRo xzg.k djrhgS og v i us i zkphu] eè; vkSj vk/ qfud dky ds , sfrgkfl d l kekft d] jkt uhfrd] i z' kkl fud vkSj l kaLdf̀rd fodkldk i fj.kke gksxh\ vki vo' ; gh esjh bl ckr l s l ger gksaxs fd ; s l Hkh fodkl ds ?kVd fdl h u fdl h : i l soÙkZeku yksdrkaf=kd ' kkl u O; oLFkk ds fu.kZ; fuekZ.k i zfØ; k rFkk l Ùkk l apkyu dks i zHkkfor djrk gSA t Sl s& ; fn dksbZl jdkj v i us fdl h fo' ks"k fu.kZ; ds ekè; e l s fdl h fo' ks"k / eZ ds yksxksa dks i zHkkfor dj jgh gks] vki bl s i aFkfuji s{krkdk mYya?ku ekusaxsA ; g i aFkfuji s{krk ds ewY; ] ft l ds vk/ kj i j vkt dh O; oLFkk fu.kZ; ys jgh gS ; g D; k 1950l s vpkud l afo/ ku dh LFkki uk l s i zdVhdj.k esas vk; k ; k dgha , sl k rks ugha bl dk ewy 1857 dh Økafr ds i ' pkrfgUnw&eqfLye ds chp foHkkt u i w.kZ ekufl drk rFkk 1947 esa jDrjaft r l kai znkf; d l a?k"kZ ds vk/ kj i j Hkkjr vkSji kfdLrku ds foHkkt u esa ut +j vkrk gSA ; g l R; gS fd bu l kai znkf; d l a?k"kksZa us gekjh orZeku O; oLFkk dks ; g fu.kZ;dk vk/ kj i znku fd; k fd ; fn vkt Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dks v [ kafMr Lo: i nsuk gS rks l jdkj ds fu.kZ; dk vk/ kji aFkfuji s{k gksxkA

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xousZal & i zk; % l adqfpr : i l s ns[ kk t kuk

vr% , d ckr rks vki l e> x; s gksaxs fd orZeku yksdrkaf=kd ' kkl u O; oLFkk ds fu.kZ; dh vkRek vrhr ds i Uuksa esal ekfgr gSA l kFk gh l kFk] ; fn vkt dh ' kkl u O; oLFkk dk l ek/ ku pkgrs gS rks ges dy dks l e>uk t : jh gSA vkb; s]xousZl dh l adYi uk dks vkxs foLrkj l s l e>us ds fy, , d ckj xousZal ds yksdrkaf=kd i fj i zs{; esa fodkl dks l e>kt k, A D; ksafd i zk; % , sl k ns[ kk x; k gS fd t c Hkh xousZal dh vdknfed ppkZ gksrh gS rks ge 1990 ds n' kd esa fo' ocSad dh vo/ kj.kk l s gh ' kq: gksdj l e>us dk i z; kl djrs gSaA ; g vdknfed : i l s , d yksd i z' kkl u ds ' kksèkjrNk=k ds : i esa eSa l gh ugha ekurk gwaA D; ksafd xousZal Hkys gh 1990 ds n' kd esas fo' o cSad }kjk v f/ d yksdfi z;

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( KfIr ) j[ kk t krk FkkA ml ds rhu okpu gksrs Fks vkSj ' kykdkvksa }kjk ernku fd; k t krk FkkA fu.kZ; cgqer ds vkèkkji j fy; k t krk FkkA bl h i zdkj t c uan oa' k dk uk' k vkSj ekS; Z oa' k ds mn; dh ckr dh t k, ' kkl u O; oLFkk esa , d; qxkardkjh i fjorZu ǹf"Vxkspj gksrk gSA uanoa' k dk vafre ' kkl u / ukuan v i us ' kks"k.k vkSj neu dh uhfr; ksa ds dkj.krRdkyhu O; oLFkk esa dq' kkl u dk i fjp; ns jgk FkkA ogh t c uanoa' k dk uk' k vkSj ekS; Z oa' k dh LFkki uk ds l kFkHkkjrh; ' kkl u O; oLFkk esa dY; k.kdkjh ' kkl u O; oLFkk dk nkSj i zkjaHk gqvkA bl dk i fjp; t gka dkSfVY; ds jkt uhfrdxzUFk vFkZ' kkL=k dh jpuk l s ǹf"Vxkspj gksrk gS ogha l ezkV v ' kksd dh / Ee uhfr vkSj 13 f' kykys[ k i zFker% Hkkjrh;i fj i zs{; esa l q' kkl u dh vk/ kjf' kyk ds : i esa ǹf"Vxkspj gksrk gSA

dkSfVY; v i us vFkZ' kkL=k esa jkt k ds fy; s dbZ uSfrd fl ¼karksa dh O; k[ ; k djrk gS t ks vkt ds Hkh l q' kkl uO; oLFkk dh LFkki uk dh fn' kk esa vk/ kjf' kyk ds : i esa dk; Z djrk i zrhr gksrk gSA t Sl s& dkSfVY; dk ekuuk gS fdi zt k dh [ kq' kh esa gh jkt k dh [ kq' kh fu/ kZfjr gksrh gSA jkt k dk v i uk O; fDrxr fgr ; k l q[ k okLro esa ml dk l Ppkfgr ugha gksrkA bl dkj.k jkt k dks l nSo t urk ds dY; k.k gsrq dfBu i fjJe djuk pkfg; sA dkSfVY; v i us i qLrdesa bl ckr dh O; k[ ; k djrk gS fd ; fn jkt k v i us i zt k ds fy; s dY; k.kdkjh u gks rks i zt k dks pkfg; s dh jkt kdks dj i znku ugha djsaA bl h i zdkj dkSfVY; jkt k ds fy; s l IRkax fl ¼kar dh ppkZ djrk gSA t ks , d O; oLFkk dk cks/djkrk gSA D; k vki dks ugha yxrk ; s l Hkh i zkphu O; oLFkk fdl h u fdl h : i esa vkt Hkh gekjs orZeku ' kkl u O; oLFkkds vUrxZr ns[ kk t k l drk gSA t jk fopkj djus dk i z; kl fdft ; sA

t j k fopkj fd ft ; s

i zkphu Hkkjr esa ckr pkgs vFkZ' kkL=k dh O; k[ ; k dk gks ; k jkt rjafx.kh dh l Hkh esa jkt k dks bl ckr dk funsZ' kfn; k x; k gS fd og v i us ea=khi fj"kn l s i jke' kZ djrs gq, fu.kZ; ysus dk dk; Z djsA bl h i zdkj rRdkyhu O; oLFkk esafu.kZ; dks v f/ d i zHkko' kkyh cukus ds fy; s O; oLFkk dks dbZ mi O; oLFkk esa foHkkft r dj fof' k"V dk; Z gsrq fu.kZ;djus dh ' kfDr i znku dh x; hA bl h i zdkj pUnzxqIr f}rh; ] g"kZ Hkkst vkSj : nznkeu ds ' kkl u dky dk voyksdu djusdk i z; kl fd; k t k; rks vkt ds ' kkl u O; oLFkk esa Hkh bl dh >yd ns[ kus dks feyrh gSA t Sl s xqIr ' kkl u dky esaft yk ; k ' kgj ds l apkyu gsrq xouZj dh O; oLFkk vkt ds ' kkl u dky esa Hkh ǹf"Vxkspj gksrk gSA

; fn mi jksDr ppkZ dks l exz : i l s ns[ kus dk i z; kl fd; k t k; rks rRdkyhu ' kkl u O; oLFkk dk l apkyu jkt k ds ekè; el s jkt ra=kkRed O; oLFkk ds ekè; e l s fd; k t krk gSA i jarq jkt k l s v i s{kk dh t krh Fkh fd og jkt ½f"k ds : i esav i uk O; ogkj i zLrqr djsA fdl h Hkh ' kkl u O; oLFkk ds l Ùkk l apkyu dk , d ekunaM gksrk gS t Sl s vkt Hkkjr dk l afo/ku fu.kZ; i zfØ; k dk i zeq[ k vk/ kj gS Bhd ml h i zdkj i zkphu dky esa ' kkl u l apkyu dk vk/ kj / eZ] vFkZ] dke vkSjeks{k FkkA ft l ds vk/ kj i j jkt k ds pfj=k vkSj fu.kZ; dk ewY; kadu fd; k t krk FkkA

i zkphu Hkkjrh; ' kkl u O; oLFkk ds mi jksDr fodkl i zfØ; k i j xkSj fd; k t k; rks l dkjkRedrk dk , gl kl gksrkgSA i jarq , sl k dHkh ugha gksrk fd fdl h Hkh O; oLFkk esa udkjkRedrk ughas gksA t Sl s& dkSfVY; dk vFkZ' kkL=k , ddY; k.kdkjh jkt ra=kkRed O; oLFkk dh t gka uhao j[ krk gS ogha dkSfVY; dh naMuhfr t kfrxr vk/ kj i j HksnHkko LFkkfi rdjrk gSA t Sl s l eku v i jk/ ds fy; s mPp t kfr dks de naM vkSj fuEu t kfr dks v f/ d naM nsus dh O; oLFkk FkhAbl h i zdkj oSfnd i jai jk esa ft l t kfr i zFkk dh uhao j[ kh x; h ml us l ekt ds fupyh t kfr; ksa dh fLFkfr n; uh; cuknhA ft l dk i zHkko vkt ds Hkh ' kkl u O; oLFkk esa HkkbZ Hkrht kokn] / kfeZd vk/ kj i j HksnHkko dh ekufl drk ds : iesa ns[ kk t k l drk gSA

bl i zdkj i zkphu Hkkjr ds ' kkl u O; oLFkk dk i nfpUg vkt Hkh fdl h u fdl h : i esa ǹf"Vxkspj gksrs gSaA l kFkgh l kFk vki , d ckr egl wl dj jgs gksaxs dh vkt ge ft l O; oLFkk dks vkSj ml ds fu.kZ; fuekZ.k i zfØ; k] ml dsi zHkko dks l e>us dk i z; kl dj jgs gSa ml ds fy; s vrhr ds >jks[ ks esa >kaduk vko' ; d gSA

vkb; s vc t jk eè; dkyhu Hkkjrh; ' kkl u O; oLFkk dk vè; ; u fd; k t k; A

eè; dkyhu ' kkl u O; oLFkk

fdl h Hkh ' kkl u O; oLFkk dh fu.kZ; fuekZ.k i zfØ; k ml l ekt dh fofo/ rk l s Hkh i zHkkfor gksrh gS ft l dsvUrxZr og t Ue ysrh gSA eè; dky Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa l kekft d] l kaLdf̀rd vkSj i z' kkl fud fofo/ rk dsk u; k vk; kensus okyk jgkA rqdksZa vkSj v i Qxkuksa dk Hkkjr esa vkuk ; gk¡ ds l kekft d vkSj l kaLdf̀rd fofo/ rk dks foLrr̀ : i i znkufd; kA

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rqdZ vkSj v i Qxkuksa ds ekè; e l s LFkkfi r i z' kkl fud O; oLFkk esa fu.kZ; dk , d ek=k vk/ kj l qYrku FkkA l qYrkugh v i us vki esa dkuwu FkkA l jy ' kCn esa dgk t k; rks ; g / eZra=k vkSj l Sfud ' kkl u O; oLFkk dh vk/ kjf' kyk FkhAi jarq fi Qj Hkh dbZ l qYrkuksa us vPNs fu.kZ; fy; sA vki us] fi Qjkst ' kkg rqxyd dk uke l quk gksxk] ft l us t udY; k.k dsfy; s dbZ dk; Z l ai Uu djk; s t Sl s enjl kvksas dk fuekZ.k] i qy dk fuekZ.k bR; kfnA ; fn eè; dky esa ' kkl u O; oLFkk dksl e>us dk i z; kl fd; k t k; rks l cl s i zHkko' kkyh dk; ksZa esa l s , d ' ksj' kkg l wjh ds uhfr; ksa i j cy nsuk gksxkA ' ksj' kkgus ft u dY; k.kdkjh dk; ksZa vkSj i z' kkl fud O; oLFkk dh uhao j[ kh ml s vdcj vkSj ckn ds ' kkl u dky esa Hkh ns[ kkt k l drk gSA ' ksj' kkg us v i us i zHkko' kkyh ' kkl u ds fy; s v i us l Yrur dks 47 i z' kkl fud bdkb; ksa esa foHkkft r fd; kft l s l jdkj ds uke l s t kuk t krk gSA i qu% l jdkj dks vkxs pydj i jxuk esa foHkkft r fd; k x; k l Hkh bdkbZ v f/dkfj; ksa ds i nl ksi kuØe O; oLFkk l s l apkfyr gksrk FkkA ' ksj' kkg l wjh dk Hkwfe l q/ kj vkSj dj i z.kkyh u; k vkSjdY; k.kdkjh ' kkl u O; oLFkk dh vksj i zHkko' kkyh dne FkkA

bl h i zdkj ' ksj' kkg ds i ' pkr l ezkV vdcj dk ' kkl u dky] v i us Hkwfel q/ kj] dj i z.kkyh] i z' kkl fud l apkyuesa vkfFkZd l fg".kqrk (nhu&, &bZykgh) bR; kfn i z; kl l ezkV v ' kksd ds i ' pkr orZeku l q' kkl u dh uho j[ kus ds : iesa fy; k t k l drk gSA bl ds i ' pkr ; fn eè; dkyhu ' kkl u O; oLFkk dks fu.kZ; fuekZ.k i zfØ; k ds fodkl ds : i esans[ kk t k, rks vkSjaxt sc dh / kfeZd dV~Vjrk ' kkl u l apkyu dks yksddY; k.k l s i js / ek±/ rk dh i "̀BHkwfe i j yk [ kM+kdjrk gSA

bl / ekZa/ rk dh ; k=kk ds l kFk&l kFk ' kkl u O; oLFkk esa O; kIr Hkz"Vkpkj Hkh eè; dky ds vUr rd i zHkkoh : il s ǹf"Vxkspj gksuk i zkjaHk gks x; kA i z' kkl fud Lrj i j DydZ vkSj v f/ dkjh v i us fut h O; ki kj esa fyIr jgus yxsA bl dsvykok mPp i nksa dh [ kjhn vkSj fcØh gksus yxh vkSj v i us ykyp ds fy; s bl dk nq: i ; ksx fd; k t kus yxkA bl dsvykok t gkaxhj ds l e; esa i zkjaHk gqbZ c[ ' kh' k i zFkk vkxs pydj ?kwl i z.kkyh dk : i ysus yxhA

, d ckr i j vki xkSj dj jgs gksasxs fd vkt ; fn ge orZeku ' kkl u O; oLFkk ds fy; s l q' kkl u vkSj dq' kkl u t Sl s' kCn dk i z; ksx djrs gSa rks nksuksa dh vkRek vrhr ds l kekft d vkSj i z' kkl fud fodkl i zfØ; k esa jph cl h gksrh gSA

t Sl k fd vki t kurs gSa fd eqxyksa ds vki l h >xMksa vkSj Hkz"V vkpj.k ds i fj.kkeLo: i fczfV' k bZLV bafM; k dai uhdh vkfFkZd xfrfof/ ; k¡ / hjs&/ hjs i z' kkl fud xfrfof/ ; ksa vkSj ckn esa jkt uhfrd O; oLFkk esa Hkh gLr{ksi djus yxhAvkSj fczfV' k jkT; dk vkSi fuosf' kd O; oLFkk dk mn; gqvkA vkb; s Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds vk/ qfud dky dh vksj : [ kdjrs gSa vkSj vkt ds ' kkl u O; oLFkk dh vkRek dh vk/ kjf' kyk [ kkst us dk i z; kl djrs gSaA

fczfV' k ' kkl u O; oLFkk

fczfV' k ' kkl u O; oLFkk dh vkSi pkfjd ; k=kk 1765 l s bZLV bafM; k dai uh }kjk caxky] fcgkj vkSj mfM+l k dhfnokuh v f/ dkj i zkIr djus l s gqbZA ' kkl u O; oLFkk dh LFkki uk ds l kFk gh dai uh ds v f/ dkfj; ksa us O; ki kj foLrkjdks / hjs&/ hjs jkt uhfrd foLrkj dk : i nsuk i zkjaHk dj fn; kA okjsugsfLVaXl t Sl s dai uh ds v f/ dkfj; ksa us Hkz"Vkpkj dks' kkl u O; oLFkk dk , d i zeq[ k y{; cuk fn; kA bl ds fy; s gsfLVaXl dks egkfHk; ksx dk Hkh l keuk djuk i M+kA bl dsi ' pkr ykMZ dkuZokfyl vkSj osfyt yh us jkt Lo] i qfyl vkSj U; k; i z.kkyh esa vk/ qfud l q/ kj gq, A

fczfV' k ' kkl u O; oLFkk dh l cl s i zeq[ k nsu jgh , d vk/ qfud i zfr; ksfxrk vk/ kfjr fl foy l sok O; oLFkkA i jaraq; g fl foy l sok i gys [ kqyh i zfr; ksfxrk i j vk/ kfjr u gksdj vuqca/ vk/ kfjr Fkh t gk¡ HkkbZ Hkrht kokn dk cksyckykFkkA fczfV' k ' kkl u O; oLFkk dh gh i zeq[ k nsu ft yk v f/ dkjh uked i n dh ' kq: vkr FkhA rRdkyhu fczfV' k i z/ kuea=khjEl s eSdMksukYM us v i us ' kCnksa esa dgk Fkk fd & ft yk dysDVj l jdkj dh vksj vk[ ksa vkSj ft gok gSA ; g ft ys dsuCt i j v i uk gkFk j[ krk gSA bl ds fcuk ft yk Lrj i j fdl h Hkh l gh t kudkjh dk i rk ugha yxk; k t k l drk gSA; g dFku vkt rRdkyhu ' kkl u O; oLFkk esa i zkl afxd i zrhr gksrk gSA

i r k yxkb; s fd ft yk v f/ dkjh fd l i zdkj ft yk dk v ka[ k] ft gok] v kSj uCt i dM+us okyk gSA

fczfV' k ' kkl u O; oLFkk , dkf/ dkjoknh] rkuk' kkgh] vkSj ' kks"k.kdkjh jgh gSA t c l Ùkk dk LFkkukarj.k dai uh l s Økmudks dj fn; k x; k rks Hkkjr esa ' kkl u O; oLFkk ds fodkl dh vkSi pkfjd ' kq: vkr O; ofLFkr

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xoesaZV l s xousZal dh v ksj i st ; fn orZeku ' kkl u O; oLFkk dh pqukSfr; ksa vkSj l aHkkoukvksa i j è; ku fn; k t k;rks bl dh i "̀BHkwfe dh jpuk fczfV' k ' kkl u O; oLFkk ds vUrxZr gh j[ k nh x; h FkhA t Sl s , d rjg yksdrkaf=kd ' kkl uO; oLFkk dh uhao j[ kh x; h rks nwl jh rji Q Hkkjr dk foHkkt u dk na' k >syuk i M+k t ks vkt Hkh i kfdLrku i zk; ksft rvkradoknh xfrfof/ ; ksa ds dkj.k l q' kkl u dh LFkki uk dh fn' kk esa , d cM+h pqukSrh gSA , d rjg t gka Hkkjrh; t urkus v i uh l ai zHkqrk gkfl y dh ogha nwl jh rji Q 200 l ky ds neu vkSj ' kks"k.k us Hkkjrh; t uekul esa fuHkZjrk vkSjukxfjdrk dh l adYi uk dks t Ue fn; kA

, d rji Q t gk¡ Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=kd ' kkl u O; oLFkk us yksd dY; k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkki uk ds l kFk Hkkjrh;t uekul dks l fØ; ukxfjdrk dh fLFkfr esa ykus dk l adYi fy; k ogha nwl jh rji Q t udY; k.k LFkkfi r djus dkmÙkjnkf; Ro fl foy l sok O; oLFkk i j fn; k x; kA ft l s fczfV' k ' kkl u O; oLFkk l s fojkl r ds : i esa i zkIr gqbZ FkhA ft l esaukSdj' kkgh ekufl drk] v fHkt kR; oxhZ; ekufl drk] ykyi Qhrk' kkgh ekufl drk bR; kfn dk l ekos' k FkkA

, d rji Q ge t udY; k.k ds fy; s jkT; vkSj ml ds dk; Zdkjh i zfrfuf/ fl foy l sok dks jguqekbZ dk dk; Z l kSaijgs Fks rks nwl jh rji Q fl foy l sok O; oLFkk dks fu; e vkSj dkuwu dh e; kZnk esa bl i zdkj t dM+ j[ kk Fkk fd ml dkO; ogkj t fVy vkSj v l osnu' khy gksrk pyk x; kA fu; e dk va/ kuqdj.k vkSj xksi uh; rk us fl foy l sok dks Hkz"Vkpkjhcuk fn; kA

rRdkyhu uoksfnr yksdra=k ds vol ajpukRed fodkl ds fy; s Hkkjr l jdkj fo' o cSad l s dt Z ysdj fodkldk; Z dks l ai Uu djus dk i z; kl dj jgh Fkh] ogh nwl jh rji Q Hkkjrh; jkt uhfrd vnwjnf' kZrk rFkk ukSdj' kkgh O; oLFkkdk l al k/ uksa ds v fHkO; fDr] vn{krk i w.kZ joS; k v i us pje l hek i j dk; Z dj jgk FkkA , d rji Q t gka vk/ kjHkwr Lrjl s fodkl dk; ZØeksa dks l apkfyr djus i j cy Fkk] ogha nwl jh rji Q rRdkyhu jkT; O; oLFkk dk fu.kZ; i zfØ; k downekWMy i j vk/ kfjr FkkA dgus dk rkRi ; Z ; g gS fd fy; k t kus okyk fu.kZ; mPpLrj l s fy; k t krk Fkk i jarq vk/ kjHkwrLrj l s ugh pkgs ckr l ekt dh gks ; k l aLFkkxr Lrj i j] Hkkxhnkjh ugha FkhA i fj.kker% cuk; h t kus okyh uhfr; ka l eL; kdks l ek/ ku djus okyh de jkt uhfrd vkdka{kkvksa dks rq"V djus okyh v f/ d FkhA mnkgj.k ds fy; s & ; fn dksbZjkst xkj l t̀ u gsrq dkS' ky fodkl dk; ZØe yk; k x; k ft l esa ; qodksa dks rduhdh : i l s i zf' kf{kr dj Lom| e fodkldjus esa l gk; rk i znku djuk FkkA ; g v i us y{; esa yksddY; k.kdkjh i zrhr gksrk gSA i jarq t c bl dk; ZØe dks df̀"ki z/ ku ekufl drk okys l ekt ds uo; qodksa esa i zk; ksft r fd; k t k; sxk rks bl dh l i Qyrk l afnX/ gh jgsxhA D; ksafd t c; qod df̀"k dk; Z esa : ph ysuk pkgrs gS rks] D; k vki dks yxrk gS fd , sl s yksx Vk; j i sapj cukus dk dke l h[ k djv i uk Lojkst xkj ' kq: djuk pkgsaxsA

bl h i zdkj 1950 l s ysdj 1980&90 ds n' kd rd cuk; h t kusokyh uhfr; ka O; fDrxr jkt uhfrd vkdka{kkvksadks egRo nsus okyh FkhA uhfr; ka bl vk/ kj i j i zHkko' khyrk [ kks jgh Fkh fd& ^̂t urk D; k pkgrh gS bl i j è; kuugha fn; k t k jgk FkkA**

mi jksDr l Hkh oDrO; ksa ds ckot wn bl ckr l s vki badkj ugha djsaxs fd 1950 l s ysdj 1990 ds n' kd rddk jkT; ]uoksfnr yksdra=k vkSj ml dh ' kksf"kr oafpr t uekul dh fLFkfr dks è; ku j[ krs gq, ft u dY; k.kdkjh jkLrksadk l gkjk fy; k og l jkguh; jgkA gekjh vknr gksrh gS fd ge orZeku esa [ kM+s gksdj vrhr ds i zfr vkykspukRedgksuk v f/ d i l an djrs gSaA vkyskpukRed gksuk xyr ugha gS i jarq vkykspuk rHkh i w.kZ gksrh gS t c udkjkRedrk dsl kFk&l kFk l dkjkRedrk dks Hkh l e>k t k; A bl ds vykok mu l aHkkoukvksa dh Hkh ryk' k dh t k; t ks ges Hkfo"; esauohu l adYi ksa ds fy; s rS; kj djrk gSA

vkb; s ml uohu l adYi ] ft l s geus 1990 ds n' kd esa ' kkl u vkSj l q' kkl u ds : i esa v i uk; k t gka geus xoesZaVl s xousZal dh vksj cus dh dksf' k' k djsaA t Sl k fd dgk t krk gS udkjkRedrk pqukSfr; kaysdj vkrh gS vkSj ; fn ut fj; k l dkjkRed gks rks pqukSfr; ka Hkh l aHkkouk cu t krh gSA

t Sl k fd i hNs eSus dqN fojks/ kHkkl i j ppkZ fd; k Fkk] oLrqr% ; g fojks/ kHkkl gh vkxs pydj pqukSfr; ksa ds : i esal keus i zzLrqr gksrh gSA v i us yksddY; k.kdkjh i fj i zs{; esa jkT; t urk ds fy; s jguqekbZ dj jgh FkhA l eLr l sok l ai knudrkZ ds : i esas jkT; v i uh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh FkhA , d l qbZ l s i jek.kq ce cukus dk dke jkT; us v i us v f/ dkj esays j[ kk FkkA vFkkZr~ l jdkj dh Hkwfedk uhfr fu/ kZj.k vkSj fØ; kUo; u dh i zfØ; k esa Fkh] dsUnzh; dsUnzh; Hkwfedk dhekax l kekft d vkSj vkfFkZd i fjfLFkfr; ksa ds dkj.k FkhA D; ksafd t urk ds i kl u bruh Ø; ' kfDr Fkh fd og fdl hvU; Hkkxhnkj t Sl s ckt kj dk l keuk dj l ds vkSj u gh bruh l t xrk dh vi us v f/ dkjksa dks l e>rs gq, vU; Hkkxhnkjdh mi yC/ rk dh ekax dj l dsA bl i zdkj jkT; v i us mnkjoknh pfj=k ds vk/ kj i j fcuk ykHk vkSj gkfu dh vkdka{kkfd; s t urk dks muds fodkl vkSj l ' kfDrdj.k gsrq vol j i znku dj jgh FkhA

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bl i z; kl ds i QyLo: i t urk esa i gys dh v i s{kk l t xrk vkSj l {kerk Hkh vk; hA i jarq ml : i esa ugha ft l: i esa Hkkjr t Sl s fodkl ' khy jk"Vªksa us v i us t udY; k.kdkjh pfj=k l s v i s{kk dh FkhA fdl h xt y dh , d i afDr eq>s; kn vkrh gS fd%

^̂ ft u i RFkjksa dks geus nh / M+dus] t c cksys r ks ge i j gh cj l us yxs**

vki l ksap jgs gksaxs fd eq>s vpkud xt y dh ; s i afDr] D; ksa ; kn vk x; hA 1990 ds n' kd vkrs&vkrs Hkkjrh;t urk us i gys dh v i s{kk v f/ d l {kerk vk; h] LokLF; vkSj f' k{kk ds fodkl us v i s{kkdr̀ ukxfjdrk dks l fØ;Lo: i nsuk i zkjaHk dj fn; kA Hkkjrh; t urk ds l e{k csjkst xkjh dh l eL; k O; ki d : i l s l keus vk; kA l kFk gh t urkl jdkj l s csgrj l sok dh ekax djus yxhA dqy feykdj ; fn l kekU; ' kCn esa dgk t k; s rks t urk vc yksddY; k.kdkjhjkT; vkSj bl ds mnkjoknh Lo: i ds LFkku i j dqN u; s dh ekax dj jgh FkhA

mnkjoknh ; k yksddY; k. kdkjh j kT; ds LFkku i j u; k%

mnkjoknh ; k yksddY; k.kdkjh jkT; ds i zfr fujk' kk dk Hkko Hkkjr t Sl s yxHkx l Hkh fodkl ' khy ns' kksa esaǹf"Vxkspj gks jgk FkkA fodkl ' khy jk"Vª dh t urk ; g egl wl djus yxh fd yksdrkaf=kd dY; k.kdkjh jkT; ml y{;dh i zkfIr ugha dj i k; k ft l ds fy; s bl s LFkkfi r fd; k x; k FkkA vkt dh v l ekurk o vU; l kekft d] vkfFkZdvl ekurk, ¡ l kekU; cu x; h FkhA c

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vc t cfd u; s O; oLFkk esa l jdkj ds vykok vU; Hkkxhnkjksa dks Hkh ' kkfey djus i j cy fn; k t k jgk gS rks u; hO; oLFkk l jdkj ds vkdkj esa deh i j cy nsus okyh gksxhA i jarq bl dk rkRi ; Z ; g ugha gS fd l jdkj xk; c gks t k; sxhAl jdkj ds l kFk&l kFk vU; fut h , t safl ; ksa dks l sok l ai knu dh i zfØ; k esa Hkkxhnkjh i j cy fn; k x; kA

Hkkjrh; l anHkZ esa gks jgs i fjorZu fl i QZ Hkkjr esa gh ugha v fi rq Hkkjr t Sl s vU; vYi fodfl r vkSj fodkl ' khyjk"Vªksa esa Hkh ns[ kk t k jgk FkkA njv l y ; g i fjorZu fczVsu vkSj vesfjdk esa gks jgs uo& mnkjoknh vkUnksyu dk Hkhi fj.kke jgkA Åi j ds ppkZ esa t ks u; si u dh ekax vki us ns[ kk og oLrqr% uo mnkjoknh fopkj / kjk dk gh vkxkt FkkAvkSj Hkkjr t Sl s fodkl ' khy jk"Vªksa ds i fj i sz{; esa xoesZaV l s xousZal Fkk xqMxousZal dh t ks cgl i zkjaHk gksrh gS og Hkhuo mnkjoknh fopkj/ kjk dk O; kogkfjd : i FkkA gesa yxrk gS fd vkxs fdl h Hkh ckr dks ' kq: djus l s i gys vko' ; dgS fd uo&mnkjokn dks l e>k t k; A

uo mnkjoknh fopkj / kj k& xoessZaV l s xousZal dh v ksj%&

uo mnkjoknh fopkj / kjk dk vkxeu dki Qh jkspd jgk gSA eq>s mRl qdrko' k , d fi QYe dh dgkuh ; kn vkrhgSA eSa FkksM+k fi QYe ns[ kuk i l an djrk gw¡A xkgs&csxkgs dbZ l adYi uk; sa t c t Ue ys jgh gksrh gS ; k v i us i zHkko ds vafrevoLFkk i j gksrh gS rks fi QYeksa dh dgkfu; ka vuk; k' k gh esjk i hNk djus yx t krh gSA

uo mnkjoknh fopkj/ kjk dk vkxeu ' kkg: [ k [ kku vkSj vuq"dk ' kekZ v fHkfur fi QYe dh dgkuh l s dqN T; knkrkyesy j[ krh gSA t c ukf; dk dh ' kknh uk; d l s gksrh gS rks uk; d l h/ k&l k/ k ?kjsyw fdLe dk l k/ kj.k O; fDr gksrkgSA i jarq ukf; dk ml ds l kFk ft Unxh pyk rks jgh gksrh gS i j ml s dHkh v i us i fr ds : i esa Lohdkj ugha dj i krhgSA rc uk; d ukf; dk ds bPNk ds vuql kj v i us O; fDrRo esa i fjorZu ykrk gSA og ' kgjh ; qod dh Hkkafr cksyuk] yksxksal s crkZo djuk l h[ krk gSA ukf; dk bl ckr dks i l an djrh gSA i jarq uk; d bl ckr dks ukf; dk i j t kfgj ugha gksusnsrk fd og ml h dk i fr gSA cfYd ml s ; g crykrk gS fd og l kekU; l s ' kgj dk , d eupyk ; qod gS t ks ml dkMkWl i kVZuj gS vkSj fi Qj dgkuh vkxs c fodfl r dh t k; sA D; ksafd ; gh uohure l anHkZ Governance vkSj Goodgovernance dks Hkh t Ue ysus dk ekxZ i z' kLr djsxkA vkSj bl h ds vk/ kj i j vkxs fdl h Hkh cgl dks ml ds vat kerd ys t kus esa l qfo/ k gksxhA

( 1) ckt kj pkfyr v FkZO; oLFkk % uo mnkjokn l sok l ai knu dh i zfØ; k esa ckt kj dks , d i zeq[ k Hkkxhnkj ds : iesa i zk; ksft r djrk gSA ; g bl ckr dh odkyr djrk gS fd t urk ds i kl l sok i zkfIr gsrq , d l s v f/ d fodYigksus pkfg; sA

( 2) oS; fDrd Lora=krk i j cy % uo&mnkjoknh fopkj / kjk oS; fDrd Lora=krk i j v f/ d cy nsrk gSA bl dk ekuukgS fd yksdrkaf=kd i fjos' k esa t c rd l sok i zkfIr gsrq Lora=krk mi yC/ u gks yksdrkaf=kd Lora=krk dk dksbZ ek; us ughajg t krk gSA O; fDr ds i kl v i us {kerk ds vuql kj v i uh mi ; ksfxrk dks v f/ dre djus dk v f/ dkj gksuk pkfg; sA

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( 3) dY; k. kdkjh j kT; dk cfg"dkj % uo& mnkjokn dY; k.kdkjh jkT; dh ' kfDr; ka de djus i j fo' okl j[ krkgSA vFkkZr~ ; g jkT; ds fy, U; wure Hkwfedk dh odkyr djrk gSA bl ds vuql kj l sok i zkfIr esa , d gh fodYi dkekSt wn gksuk t gka jkT; ds e' khujh dks rkuk' kkgh vkSj l aosnufoghu cuk nsrk gS ogha O; fDr ds i kl p; u dh Lora=krkl ekIr gks t krh gSA

(iv) v fèkd fo' kky i zorZu% uo mnkjoknh i fj i zs{; ds l qèkkj i j cy nsrk gSA bl dk ekuuk gS fd yksddY; k.kdkjhjkT; ds vUrxZr l oZ=k l sok jkT; }kjk l ai kfnr gksus dkj.k , dkfèkdkjoknh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA i fj.kker%i zfrLi ¼kZ dk l sok l ai knu esa vHkko ǹf"Vxkspj gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, 1990 l s i gys nwjl apkj ds {ks=k MTNLvkSj BSNL t Sl h Hkkjrh; dai uh l sok ns jgh FkhA dksbZ i zfrLi ¼kZ u gksus dh ot g l s budh l sok esa xq.koÙkk dk vHkkojgkA i jarq t c l sok l ai knu esa fjyka; l ] , ; jVsy] oksMki Qksu bR; kfn dai fu; ksa dk vkxeu gksrk gS rks nwjl apkj ds {ks=kesa l jdkjh dai uh (MTNL vkSj BSNL) dks i zfrLi ¼kZ i zkIr gksrh gSA i fj.kker% l jdkjh dai fu; ka Hkh v i uh l sokl ai knu i zfØ; k esa l qèkkj ykus i j cy nsrh gSA

uo mnkjoknh l adYi uk ds vkxeu ds i ' pkr ; gh l qèkkjoknh i gy l jdkjh {ks=k esa ns[ kus dks feykA ft l esa fut h {ks=kds i zcaèkdh; i gyw dks v i uk; kA i zcaèkdh; i gyw dk rkRi ; Z gSA l sok dks ferO; ; h] n{k] i zHkko' kkyh cukus i j cyfn; k x; kA

ferO; ; h] n{k i zHkko' kkyh D; k gS\

(v) mi HkksDrkoknh nf̀"Vdks. k% uo mnkjoknh fopkjèkkjk t urk dks ukxfjd l s v fèkd mi HkksDrk ; k xzkgd ekudjl sok l ai knu djus i j cy nsrh gSA mi HkksDrkokn vkdka{kk vkèkkfjr l sok l ai knu vkSj mi ; ksfxrk ds v fèkdrehdj.k(Maximization) i j cy nsrk gSA

bl i zdkj uo mnkjoknh i fj i zs{; ckt kjoknh rRoksa dh v fèkd odkyr djrk i zrhr gksrk gSA vki dYi uk djks fdt c l jdkj ds l kFk&l kFk ckt kj Hkh l sok l ai knu dh i zfØ; k esa ' kkfey gksxk rks l jdkjh , t safl ; ksa vkSj fut h {ks=k dschp i zfrLi èkkZ dk okrkoj.k l f̀t r gksxkA LokHkkfod ckr gksxh fd fut h {ks=k dh l sok, a l jdkjh {ks=k l s v fèkd i zHkkohgksxhA t urk dk >qdko fut h {ks=k dh vksj gksxkA bl i zfrLi èkkZ esa l jdkjh , t safl ; ka fi NM+us yxhA l jdkj us l jdkjhdai fu; ksa dks can djuk ' kq: dj fn; kA l kFk gh l kFk l jdkj v i uh cph gqbZ dai fu; ksa dks fut h {ks=k ds i zfrLi ¼kZ esaykus gsrq rS; kj djus yxhA bl i zfrLi ¼kZ esa fut h {ks=k ds i zcaèkdh; xq.kksa dks l jdkj us v i ukuk i zkjaHk fd; kA ; s xq.kferO; f; rk] n{krk] i zHkko' khyrk ds : i esa l jdkj us v i uk; kA l jdkj us t c bl i zcaèkdh; xq.kksa dks v i uk; k rcl jdkj dk ŷksd i z' kkl u* ŷksd i zcaèku* dh vksj vxzl j gqvkA ; g l adYi uk vdknfed : i l s uohu yksd i zcaèkuds uke l s t kuh t krh gSA

uohu yksd i zcaèku&xous±l dh v kèkkj f' kyk

vki us dHkh xkSj fd; k gksxk fd t c vki i zfr; ksfxrk i jh{kk dh rS; kjh dj jgs gksrs gSa] , d i zfrLi ¼kZ dk okrkoj.kgksrk gSA vki i zk; % vè; ; u ds nkSjku v i uh d{kk esa ; k v i us vkl &i kl ds vU; vH; fFkZ; ksa l s t ks vki l s csgrj gksrsgS] ds l kFk i zfrLi èkkZ j[ krs gSA vki Lo; a dks ml l s vkxs ns[ kuk pkgrs gS vkSj bl i zfrLi ¼kZ esa vkxs fudyus ds fy,dbZ , sl s uohure xq.kksa vkSj j.kuhfr; ksa dks v i ukrs gSa t ks gekjs i zfr}af}; ksa ds vUnj gksrk gSA vki D; k i krs gSaA vkiogh gksrs gSa t ks i gys Fks i jarq vc vki ds dke djus dk rjhdk cny t krk gSA

Bhd bl h i zdkj l jdkj us Hkh uohu yksd i zcaèku ds ekè; e l s v i us , t safl ; ksa esa l qèkkj dk i zk; kst u djrs gq,ckt kjoknh rduhd ds vkèkkj i j v i uk l apkyu djuk i zkjaHk dj fn; kA l jdkjh , t safl ; ksa us fuEufyf[ kr xq.kksa dksvi uk; k&

(1) l jdkjh , t safl ; ksa ds dk; Z okrkoj.k dks i zfrLi ¼kZRed cuk; k x; kA t Sl s&vki us l quk gksxk Hkkjr l jdkj us v i uhl koZt fud {ks=k dh dai fu; ksa dks egkjRu] feuhjRu vkSj uojRu esa foHkkft r fd; kA ; g oxhZdj.k ykHk ds vkèkkj i jfd; k x; kA

(2) l jdkj vc [ kpZ djus i j gh cy ugha ns jgh Fkh] vc i fj.kke i j cy nsuk i zkjaHk dj fn; kA

(3) l jdkj ukxfjdksa ds i zfr x̂zkgd dsfUnzr ǹf"Vdks.k ds vkèkkj i j dk; Z djus yxhA vFkkZr vc l jdkj Hkh v i uhl sok, a cspuk i zkjaHk dj nh vkSj ml ds cnys esa t urk dks fut h {ks=k dh Hkkafr csgrj l sok dh opuc¼rk i j dk; Zdjus yxhA

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vki i rk yxkb; s fd t ks NTPC i gys ?kkVs esa py jgh Fkh] vkt ykHk dh fLFkfr esa D; ksa gSA vki i k; saxs fd NTPCus v i us mRi knu ds fy; s vkèkqfudre rduhd dk bLrseky dj v i us fo| qr mRi knu ' kfDr dks c ?kVus yxkA t Sl svki us l quk gksxk fd eujsxk t Sl s dk; ZØe dks l apkfyr djus gsrq dkfeZdksa dh HkrhZ LFkk; h : i l s u dj dqN l e;ds fy; s vuqcaèk ds vkèkkj i j dh x; h gSA

(6) l sok l ai knu dh i zfØ; k esa ukSdj' kkgh O; oLFkk dks fl i QZ fu; e i kyu i j gh cy ugha fn; k x; k cfYdi fj.kkeksUeq[ kh cukus i j cy fn; k x; kA

(7) l jdkjh , t safl ; ksa esa l sokvksa dks v fèkd i zHkko' kkyh vkSj n{k cukus ds fy; s rduhd i j fo' ks"k cy fn; k x; kAt Sl s&daI; qVj ds i z; ksx us t gka l sokvksa dks rhoz cuk fn; k ogha vdsys 5 yksxksa ds cjkcj dk; Z l ai Uu gksus yxkA l jdkjds vkdkj esa deh vk; hA

(8) l jdkj us i zcaèkdh; ewY; ksa dks v i ukrs gq, v i us Hkkj dks de djus vkSj l sok dks i zHkko' kkyh Lo: i nsus gsrqfut h {ks=kksa ds l kFk gkFk feyk; kA ft l s yksd fut h Hkkxhnkfjrk ds uke l s t kuk t krk gSA vki us l quk gksxk fd vHkhgky gh esa l jdkj v i uh f' k{kk O; oLFkk dks csgrj cukus ds fy; s yksd fut h Hkkxhnkfjrk ds vkèkkj i j dk; Z djusdh ; kst uk cuk jgh gSA ; kuh l jdkjh Ldwy l jdkj dk gksxk i jarq bl dk l apkyu vkSj i zcaèku fut h O; fDr ds gkFkesa gksxkA

vki t jk l kspus dk i z; kl dhft ; s dh uohu yksd i zcaèku dh l adYi uk dks v i ukdj jkT; ; k l jdkj dk pfj=kckt kjoknh vkSj ykHkksmUeq[ kh v fèkd ugha gks x; k gS\ ' kk; n i qjkuh fi QYe ds ml uk; d dh rjg t ks vc rd xkaoesa cM+k gqvk] ml dk l kekft dj.k xzkeh.k ewY; ksa ds vkèkkj i j gqvk FkkA i jrq ml s t c ' kgj yk; k t krk gS vkSj ' kgjdh vkoksgok esa ml ds di M+s i gus dk rjhdk] ckrphr dk rjhdk] vyx l s gksus yx t krk gSA vc og yksxksa l s feyusi j gkFk t ksM+dj v fHkoknu ugha djuk pkgrk vkSj u gh cM+ksa dks i Sj Nwdj pj.k Li ' kZ djuk pkgrk gS cfYd vcog gkFk feykdj v i uk v fHkoknu Lohdk; Z djrk gSA gksuk Hkh pkfg, A l e; vkSj i fjfLFkfr ds l kFk i fjorZu gksukvPNh ckr gS i jarq i fjorZu dh v i uh l hek gS vkSj ml dk i zHkko dqN [ kkl l e; vkSj i kfjfLFkfr ds vuqdwy ghLohdk; Z gksrs gSaA t c rd ml ds rjg ds yksxksa ds l kFk ml dk l acaèk gksA ; fn ogh fi QYe dk uk; d t c dksV] i saV]VkbZ yxkdj v i us xkao vkrk gS vkSj yksxksa ds l kFk gkFk feykdj vaxzst h esa ckr djus dk i z; kl djrk gSA rc ' kk; nxzkeh.k l aLÑfr esa og FkksM+k v l gt l k i zrhr gksxkAD; k vki dks ugha yxrk ft l jkT; us v i us yksd dY; k.kdkjh pfj=k ds ekè; e l s efl gkfxjh dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ Fkh]ml dk pfj=k vc O; ki kjh dh Hkkafr gksus yxkA njv l y ; g uomnkjoknh pfj=k vc O; ki kjh dh Hkkafr gksus yxkAnjv l y ; g uo mnkjoknh pfj=k dk gh i fj.kke FkkA ; g LokHkkfod Hkh Fkk D; ksafd uo mnkjoknh fopkjèkkjk rFkkuohu yksd i zcaèku nksuksa ft l l e; v i uk i zHkko i zLrqr dj jgh gSA og 1990 dk nkSj gSA t gka t urk dk , d NksVkl k oxZ vkfFkZd : i l s l {ke vkSj l t x gSA t ks ckt kjoknh ------------------- vkSj jkT; ds ckt kjoknh xq.kksa (NPM) dk l keukdjus gsrq rS; kj gS i jarq Hkkjr t Sl s fodkl ' khy jk"Vª esa vc Hkh vkèks l s v fèkd t ul a[ ; k i fjfèk i j [ kM+h FkhA t gkavf' k{kk] xjhch] v l k{kjrk t Sl h l eL; k v i us pje i j FkhA jkT; us uohu yksd i zcaèku dh l adYi uk dks v i ukdjv i uk pfj=k ykHk dekus okyh l jdkj ds : i esa i zLrqr djus yxhA l jdkj rduhdh i z; ksx l s v i uk vkdkj rks dedj jgh Fkh i jarq rduhd dk i z; ksx xzkeh.k v f' kf{kr t urk ugha dj l drh FkhA l jdkj v i uk ykHk c

(11)



i gys daI; qVj rduhd dk bLrseky dj vuko' ; d deZpkfj; ksa ds cks> l s v i us vki dks cpk; kA l kFk gh l kFk vktcall center dh l qfoèkk i zèkku dj vkèkh jkr dks Hkh cSad v i uh l sok, a vki dks i znku djus ds fy; s rRi j gSA D; k vki usdHkh l kspk gS fd ; fn cSad] v i uh l kjh l qfoèkk; sa rduhd vkSj daI; qVj vkèkkfjr dj ns rks xkao esa jgus okyk fdl ku]eujsxk ds rgr dke djus okyk et nwj vkSj ?kjksa esa dke djus okyh efgyk, a t ks de i

(12)



t Sl k fd eSaus dgk egRoi w.kZ fo"k; ksa i j ckrphr djuk gksxkA vkf[ kj dki ksZjsV xous±l esa , sl k D; k egRoi w.kZ eqík gS ft li j gesa vkSj vki dks ppkZ djuk pkfg, \ vkb; s i gys bl ckr dks FkksM+k vkSj vkèkkjHkwr Lrj l s l e>us dh dskf' k' kdjrs gSaA

vkt dy vki us l quk gksxk fd l gkjk bafM; k dai uh ds ekfyd l qczrksjk; dks v i us ½.k u pqdki kus dh fLFkfr esat sy gks pqdh gS vkSj U; k; ky; us mudh l ai fÙk uhyke dj ½.k pqdkus dk vkns' k fn; k gSA Bhd bl h i zdkj vki usl quk gksxk fd fdaxfi Q' kj , ; jost dai uh ds ekfyd Hkkjr NksM+dj fczVªsu Hkkx x; sA D; ksafd mUgksaus v i uh dai uh dkscpkus ds fy; s Hkkjrh; cSad l s v jcksa #i ; k ½.k ys j[ kk Fkk] ft l s pqdk i kus esa l {ke ugha jgsA bl h i zdkj l R; edaI; qVj ?kksVkyk] gj' kn esgrk ?kksVkyk bR; kfn ds ckjs esa dHkh vki yksxksa us l quk gksxkA

njv l y , d ckr dks mQi j ds ppkZ l s Li "V gks x; h gS fd l gkjk bafM; k fdaxfi Q' kj] l R; e daI; qVj bR; kfn fut h{ks=k dh O; ol k; h dai fu; ka jgh gSA ft l s English esa dki ksZjsV (Corporate) t xr ds uke l s t kuk t krk gSA ; fn mQi jds ppkZ vkSj bu dai fu; ksa ds dkjxqt kfj; ksa i j è; ku ns rks i rk pyrk gS fd ; s l c Hkz"V vkpj.k esa fyIr FksA vFkkZr; g , d i zdkj dk dki ksZjsV Hkz"Vkpkj gSA t jk è; ku nhft ; sxk vc rd vki us i z' kkl fud vkSj jkt uhfrd Lrj ds Hkz"Vkpkjds ckjs esa i us dh dksf' k' k djrs gSaA dki ksZjsV dk rkRi ; Z fuxe ; k m| e l s gksrkgS t ks fdl h [ kkl i zdkj dh l sok vkSj mRi knu esa l fEefyr i z; kl dks bafxr djrk gSA ogha xous±l ' kCn t Sl k fdvki t kurs gSa] rkRi ; Z gksrk gS l apkfyr djuk (to steer)A t gka l apkyu ; k steer ' kCn fo' ks"k : i l s bl ckr dks bafxrdjrk gS fd fdl h Hkh O; oLFkk ds l apkyu gsrq D; k e' khujh ; k ra=k dk; Z dj jgh gS] l kFk gh l kFk ml dk fu; a=k.kvkSj funsZ' ku fdl i zdkj fd; k t k jgk gSA

(13)



bl i zdkj ; fn dki ksZjsV vkSj xous±l nksuksa ' kCn ds l fEefyr i zHkko i j è; ku fn; k t k; s rks bl dk vFkZ Li "V gks t krkgSA dkWi ksZjsV xous±l & dkWi ksZjsV O; oLFkk esa dk; Zjr l ajpuk] fu.kZ; ysus okyh e' khujh] dk; Zjr dkfeZdksa] xzkgdksa] ekyi znkrkvksa] i ; kZoj.k] ykHk vkSj l kekft d dY; k.k ds chp dkuwuh vkSj uSfrd l gl ac¼ LFkkfi r djus ds fl ¼karksa vkSjfunsZ' kksa dk l eqPp; gSA

vDl j t c Hkh dkjksckj dh ckr gskrh gS rks l kekU; èkkj.kk gksrh gS fd , d fut h mRi knd dai uh ( t Sl s& fjyk; al ]foi zks] l gkjk] VkVk bR; kfn) dk l apkyu , d fdl h cM+s m| eh }kjk fd; k t krk gS] ft l esa cM+h ek=kk esa deZpkjh dk; Zdjrs gSa ft l ds cnys mUgsa osru feyrk gS vkSj dai uh t c pkgs rc l s dai uh l s fudky l drh gS] l kFk gh l kFkgesa dai uh }kjk mRi kn vkSj l sok i zkIr gksrk gS vkSj dai uh dks Hkkjh ykHk i zkIr gksrk gSA

D; k vki us dHkh fopkj djus dk i z; kl fd; k gS fd dai uh dh v i uh dqN l kekft d vkSj l kaLÑfrd ft Eesnkjh Hkhgksrh gksxh\

D; k vki us fopkj fd; k gS fd ft l xzkgd l s og ykHk dekrs gSa muds i zfr ykHk l s i js mudk dqN dY; k.kdkjhnkf; Ro ugha gksuk pkfg, \

D; k gekjs euefLr"d esa ; g l oky ugha mBuk pkfg, fd dkjksckj t xr dk v i uk dqN i ; kZoj.kh; nkf; Ro Hkh gksrkgSA

D; k dkjksckj ; k m| e l s dk; Zjr dkfeZdksa dks dai uh dHkh Hkh fdl h l e; fudky l drk gS] dksbZ Hkh euekuk O; ogkjdj l drk gS] D; k ml ds v i us dksbZ v fèkdkj ugha gksus pkfg, A

D; k yksdrkaf=kd i fj i zs{; esa dk; Zjr fdl h dkjksckj dk l apkyu vkSj l eLr fu.kZ; yksdrkaf=kd rjhds l s ugha fy; kt kuk pkfg, \

D; k vki t kurs gSa fd ; s cM+h&cM+h dai fu; k¡ v i uk ' ks; j vke yksxksa ds i kl csprh gS ft l esa dksbZ Hkh O; fDr v i uki Sl k yxkdj ml dEi uh dk ' ks; j [ kjhnrk gS vkSj dai uh ds ykHk vkSj gkfu dk Hkkxhnkj curk gSA vki dYi uk dhft ; sdh ; fn vki us l R; e daI; qVj uked dai uh dk ' ks; j [ kjhnrs gSa] vkSj dai uh dqN l e; ckn ?kkVs esa pyus yxs vkSjcM+h Hkkjh dt Z esa Mwc t k; sA i jarq dai uh v i us bl cngky fLFkfr dh fji ksVZ vki dks u ns vkSj vki dks bl Hkze esaj[ ks fd dai uh i Qk; ns esa py jgh gSA vki vo' ; gh v fèkd i Qk; ns dh ykyp esa ml dai uh dk v fèkd l s v fèkd' ks; j [ kjhnsaxsA , d fnu dai uh Hkkjh dt Z esa Mwc t krh gS vkSj fnokfy; k ?kksf"kr gks t krh gSA t jk fopkj dhft , , d' ks; jèkkjd ds : i esa vki dks D; k feysxkA , d cgqr cM+k vkfFkZd gkfuA

vki bl i fjfLFkfr esa D; k pkgsaxs\ fd yksdrkaf=kd l jdkj vki dks bl dai uh ds xyr O; ogkj ds i zfr vki dks U; k;i znku djk; sA l kFk gh l kFk l jdkj , sl h O; oLFkk yk; s rkfd vkxs l s dai fu; ksa ds fy; s i kjnf' kZrk ds ekunaM fuèkkZfjrfd; s t k; s vkSj ' ks; j èkkjd ds : i esa vki ds l kFk dksbZ Ny ugha fd; k t k; sA

bl h i zdkj , d dkjksckj ds l kFk xzkgdksa ds Hkh v fèkdkj vkSj l arqf"V dk vk; ke t qM+k gksrk gSA xzkgd i Sl k [ kpZ djrkgS og ferO; ; h] n{k vkSj i zHkko' kkyh l sok i zkIr djuk pkgrk gSA ; fn dai uh v i us mRi kn ds i zfr fd; s x; s ok; nsl s i hNs gV t k; s rks xzkgdksa ds i kl v fèkdkj vkSj O; oLFkk gksuh pkfg, fd og ml dkjksckjh l s v i us v fèkdkj dhekax djsaA t jk fopkj dhft , vki us , d ySi VkWi [ kjhnk] dai uh us vki l s oknk fd; k Fkk fd ySi VkWi l gh rjhds l sdke u dj i kus dh fLFkfr esa dai uh vki dks 24×7 ?kaVs Hkkjr ds fdl h Hkh dksus esa l sok i znku djk; sxhA vpkud, d fnu vki ' kgj l s xkao vk; s vkSj ySi VkWi [ kjkc gks t krk gS vkSj dai uh dgrh gS fd og vki ds xkao esa l sok i gqapkusesa l {ke ugha gSA bl ds fy; s vki dks ' kgj vkuk gksxkA vki D; k [ kqn dks Bxs egl wl ugha djsaxsA vo' ; gh djsaxsA rcvki dks i rk gks fd , sl h fLFkfr esa D; k djuk pkfg; s vkSj fdl i zdkj l s ml dai uh dks v i us ok; ns ds vuq: i l soknsus gsrq i zfrc¼rk dk i kB i

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dkj ksckj ds

i zeq[ k?kVd

dkfeZd( fp=k)

mÙkjnkf; Ro] i kj nf' kZrk] ykHk

l arq"Vhv f/ dkj

3ºC

v kfFkZd l qj {kk

l kekft dmÙkjnkf; Ro

dkuwu ds v uql kj l apkyu ' ks; j / kj d

( fp=k)

l j dkj

l ekt v kSj i ; kZoj . k

xzkgd ( fp=k)

eky i znkrk( l Yi ky; j )

uksV% ; g j s[ kk fp=k Corporate Governance ds ?kVd v kSj e' khujh dks crykrk gSA

eSaus l aHkor% mQi j vki l cl s dqN T; knk gh i z' u i wN fn; sA i jarq vki Hkh vPNh rjg l e>rs gksaxs fd i z' u rHkh i zdVgksrs gSa t c vki dh Kku dh v i uh l hek gksrh gS vkSj gekjk efLr"d ml l hek l s i kj t kuk pkgrk gSA vkSj l hekvksal s i kj pys t kus dk ut fj; k j[ kus okys yksx gh l i Qyrk dh xkFkk fy[ krs gSaA vkb; s feydj bu i z' uksa dk l ekèkku

(15)



2- fut h {ks=k dk ykHk esa v f/ d t udY; k. k esa de ' kkfey gksuk% fct usl VqMs ds fji ksVZ ds vuql kj 1992&93l s 2001&2002 ds chp ' kgjh {ks=k esa mi HkksDrk oxZ (consuming class) dh l a[ ; k 11-60 feyh; u l s c

(16)



dki ksZjsV xous±l l s l acaf/ r eqn~nksa i j t ks mQi j geus ppkZ fd njvl y og Hkkjrh; l anHkZ esa ml ds i zknqHkkZo dh Hkwfedki zLrqr djrk gSA dki ksZjsV xous±l ds v fLrRo esa vkus ds i hNs ft ruk i zHkko jk"Vzh; l kekft d] vkfFkZd vkSj jkt uhfrdi fjfLFkfr; ksa dk jgk gS mruk gh i zHkko vUrjkZ"Vzh; i fji zs{; esa ns[ kk t k l drk gSA vkb; s t kus fd fdl i zdkj vUrjkZ"Vzh;i fjfLFkfr; ka dkWi ksZjsV xous±l dks l kdkj : i i znku djrh gSA

v Ur j kZ"Vzh; i fj fLFkfr ; ka

ft l i zdkj Hkkjrh; Lrj i j dki ksZjsV xous±l dks ysdj cgl i zkjaHk gks x; h Fkh Bhd ml h i zdkj 1990 ds n' kd esaUK vkSj USA esa Hkh bl dks ysdj l aonsu' khyrk mt kxj gq; hA UK esa Maxwell case vkSj Bank of Credit and

Commerce International (BCCI) Case us ckt kj ds Hkz"V pfj=k dks mt kxj fd; kA Bhd bl h i zdkj USA esa 2001esa , ujkWu ?kksVkys esa i wjs vesfjdh bfrgkl esa l cl s cM+s fnokyh; ki u ds : i esa v i uk uke nt Z djk; kA bl dh dkjxqt kjhHkkjr esa gq, l R; e daI; qVj ?kksVkys dh rjg gh FkkA , ujkWu us Hkh v i us [ kjkc foRrh; fLFkfr vkSj ys[ kk&t ks[ kk dksv i us ' ks; j / kjdksa l s fNi k; kA bl i zdkj , d uSfrd dki ksZjsV v fHk' kkl u dh ekax UK vkSj USA esa Hkh mBus yxhAi fj.kker% UK esa Sir Adrian Cadbury dh vè; {krk esa 1992 esa , d l fefr xfBr dh x; hA bl us , d vPNsCorporate Governance ds fy; s 19 Code (vkpj.k l afgrk) i znku fd; sA bl ds i ' pkr dbZ l fefr; ksa us bl l aca/esa v i uh fji ksVZ i zLrqr dh A ft l ds ckjs esa dqN dk uke t ku ysuk gh dki Qh gksxkACommittee Nage• Greenbery Committee (V.K.) 1995- Remaneration Policy.• Caalpers global G principles (USA) 1996- Independent Directors• OECD principles of CG, 1999- Disclosures.• Joint Committee on CG (Canada) 2001- effective Board.• Smith Committee on audit Committee (V.K.) 2003- Audit Committeebl h i zdkj Hkkjr esa dki ksZjsV xous±l ds fy; s l e; &l e; i j l fefr; ksa dh fu; qfDr dh x; h gS ft l ds fji ksVZ ds vkèkkji j Hkkjrh; dki ksZjsV xous±l dks csgrj cukus dk i z; kl fd; k t krk jgk gS] ; s l fefr; ka gSa&Kumar Manglam Birla Committee (1999-2000)Narayan Murthy Committee (2006)Adi Godrej Committee (2012)

vkb; s bu l fefr; ksa ds ckjs esa l af{kIr esa t kudkjh gkf' ky djrs gSaA D; ksafd SEBI us bu l ehfr; ksa ds xBu ds ekè; el s] i zkIr vuq' kal kvksa i j i gy djrs gq, , d vPNk dki ksZjsV xous±l dks LFkkfi r djus dk i z; kl fd; k gS vkSj , d ckrt ks egRoi w.kZ gS fd UPSC ; fn Hkfo"; esa i z' u i wNuk pkgsxh rks bu l fefr; ksa ds vuq' kal kvksa vkSj bl i j mBk; s dsdne vkSj bl dk D; k i zHkko jgk gS bR; kfn i j i z' u vki l s i wN l drh gSA vkb; s bu l ehfr; ksa ds vuq' kal kvksa dks l af{kIresa voyksdu djsA

Kumar Manglam Birla Committee

dqekj eaxye fcM+yk Hkkjrh; m| ksxi fr gSA ; s vkfnR; fcM+yk xzqi ds vè; {k gSA l sch us budh vè; {krk us ,d l ehfrxfBr dh ft l s ; g vuq' kafl r djuk Fkk fd , d vPNk dki ksZjsV v fHk' kkl u fdl i zdkj dk; Z djsA

vuql a' kk, ¡ nks : i esa i zLrqr gksrh gS]

(1) Mandatory (v fuok; Z : i l s)& fji ksVZ ykxw djsaA

(2) Non-mandatory (xSj&t : jh : i l s)&pkgs rks djsa ; k u djs& ykxwA

(1) Mandatory Recommendation-

(a) ; g vuq' kal k mu dai fu; ksa i j ykxw gksxk t ks v f/ l wfpr gS vkSj ft l dh i wat h rhu djksM+ ; k ml l s v f/ d gSA

(b) bl us cksMZ vkWi Q MkbjsDVj ds l a?kVu (Composition) ds l anHkZ esa vuq' kal k fdA bl ds vuql kj nks i zdkj ds Mk; jsDVjgks l drs gSa& Executive Directors and non-execusive directorsA

(c) Audit Committee dh LFkki uk gksuh pkfg, A bl esa 3 Lora=k Mk; jsDVj dh fu; qfDr gksuh pkfg, A ft l ds i kl foRrh;vkSj ys[ kk l aca/ h t kudkjh gksuh pkfg, A

(d) Board of Company dh de l s de pkj cSBdsa l ky esa gksuh pkfg,A nks cSBdksa esa pkj eghus l s v f/ d dk varjkyugha gksuh pkfg, A

(e) ' ks; j/ kjdksa l s l wpukvksa dk vknku&i znku gksuh pkfg, A

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Non-Mandatory Recomandation

' ks; j / kjdksa dsk ; g v f/ dkj gksuh pkfg, fd og dai uh ds vk/ s foRrh; o"kZ ds fu"i knu ; k i zn' kZu ds fji ksVZ dksi zkIr djsaA

fcM+yk l fefr }kjk fn; s x; s bl vuq' kal k dks SEBi }kjk Clause- 49 ds : i esa LVkWd , Dl psat ds listing Agreementesa ' kkfey dj fy; k x; kA ; g Hkkjrh; l anHkZ esa good corporate governance ds fy; s i gyk i gy FkkA

Narayan Murthy Committee (2003)

ukjk; .k ewrhZ Hkkjr ds l qi zfl ¼ l kWÝVos; j dai uh bUi Qksfl l VsDuksykWt ht + ds l aLFkki d gSA budh vè; {krk essa xfBrl fefr dh vuq' kal k eq[ ; : i l s dkWi ksZjsV xous±l t ks yxHkx v i us , d n' kd dh vof/ i kj dj pqdk Fkk ds i zn' kZudk ewY; kadu djuk FkkA l fefr us dkWi ksZjsV t xr esa i kjnf' kZrk dks LFkkfi r djus i j fo' ks"k cy fn; k gSA

Mandatory recommendation of Committee

(1) vuql wfpr dai fu; ksa dks v i us Audit Committee ds l anHkZ esa fuEufyf[ kr ckrksa i j è; ku nsuk pkfg, A

(a) Financial Statement ( foRrh; fooj.k) vkSj Draft audit report- quarterly, half yealy i zLrqr djuk pkfg, A

(b) i zca/ u }kjk dai uh ds foRrh; fLFkfr i j fopkj&foe' kZ vkSj fo' ys"k.k djuk pkfg, A

(e) Audit Committee ds l Hkh l nL; ksa dks foRrh; : i l s f' kf{kr (Financially literate) gksuk pkfg, A l Hkh l nL; ksa esal s , d l nL; ys[ kk t ks[ kk (Accounting) vkSj foRrh; i zca/ u esa fo' ys"k.k gksuk pkfg, A

(2) l ehfr us Risk Management i j fo' ks"k cy fn; kA bl ds vuql kj dai uh dks v i us Risk dks minimize ( t ksf[ kedks de djus gsrq i z; kl ) djus gsrq i zkjafHkd : i l s (proactive) dne mBkus dk i z; kl djuk pkfg, A l kFk gh l kFkt ks Hkh foÙkh; vkSj jkt uhfrd fLFkfr esa i fjorZu ns[ kk t k jgk gS ml ds ckjs esa l t x gksuk pkfg; sA

Non-Mandatory recommendation

dai uh dks v i us okMZ ds l nL; ksa dks l e; &l e; i j fct sul ekWMy ds uohurk ds l anHkZ esa i zf' k{k.k dh O; oLFkkdjuh pkfg; sA

Adi Godrej Committee

vknh xksnjst i zfl ¼ m| ksxi fr gSA ; g xksnjst l ewg ds i zeq[ k gSA budh vè; {krk esa fu/ kZfjr l fefr us fuEufyf[ krvuq' kal k i zLrqr dhA

(a) ' ks; j / kjdksa ds v f/ dkjksa dh j{kk dh t kuh pkfg; sA

(b) l Hkh ' ks; j/ kjdksa ds l kFk l eku O; ogkj djuk pkfg; sA

(c) Independent Directors ds chp i zR; {k l aokn LFkkfi r gksuk pkfg; sA

(d) Oghfl yCyksj e' khujh dks dkWi ksZjsV t xg esa yk; k t kuk pkfg; s rkfd Hkz"Vkpkj i j vadq' k yxk; k t k l dsA

(e) l dkjkRed fopkj gksuk pkfg; s i jarq v i uh l hek vkSj udkjkRed i fj.kkeksa dks fcuk l ksps u gh vR; f/ d mEehnyxkuk pkfg; sA l kFk gh l kFk u gh ' ks; j / kjdksa dks v fr vk' kkokn esa i ¡Ql kuk pkfg; sA

(f) ' ks; j / kjdksa ds i zfr dai uh dks i kjnf' kZrk v i ukuk pkfg; sA

bl i zdkj ; fn mi jksDr l ehfr; ksa ds vuq' kal kvksa vkSj l sch (SEBI) }kjk fd; s x; s i gy i j ; fn xkSj fd; k t k; rks, d vPNs dki ksZjsV xous±l ds fuEufyf[ kr fl ¼kar gksus pkfg; s%

1-dai uh esa dksbZ Hkh fu.kZ; cksMZ vkWi Q Mk; jsDVj ds ekè; e l s cgqer ds vk/ kj i j fy; k t kuk pkfg; sA

2-cksMZ vkWi Q Mk; jsDVj dks v i us drZO; vkSj mÙkjnkf; Ro i rk gksuk pkfg; sA

3-dai uh ds foÙkh; i zfrosnu i wjh l R; fu"Bk vkSj i kjnf' kZrk l s rS; kj fd; k t kuk pkfg; sA

4-fuf' pr l e; varjky i j dai uh dks v i us foÙkh; fLFkfr vkSj Hkfo"; dh ; kst ukvksa dks Li "V djrs jguk pkfg; srkfd dksbZ Hkze dh fLFkfr u cusA

5-' ks; j / kjd ds v f/ dkj dk l Eeku gksuk pkfg; sA

6-dai uh esa dk; Zjr dkfeZdksa ds v f/ dkj dh j{kk gksuh pkfg; sA

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i j h{kk nf̀"Vdks. k%

vc , d vge ckr t ks eSa vki l c l s dguk pkgrk gw¡A vki t kurs gS fd U.P.S.C. ds fy, ft ruk Hkh i

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oSl s i kjai fjd : i l s VkVk] fcM+yk t Sl s m| eh Hkkjr esa ' kq: l s gh dY; k.kdkjh xfrfof/ ; ksa esa l ayXu jgs gSA t Sl sVkVk }kjk eqacbZ esa dSal j vLi rky dh fu%' kqYd l qfo/ k mi yC/ djkukA fcM+yk }kjk t xg&t xg fcM+yk eafnj dkfuekZ.k djkdj yk[ kksa yksxksa dks jkst xkj fn; k x; k gSA bl fn' kk esa fcyxsV~l ] (ekbØksl kWÝV ds l aLFkki d) ] v t he i zset h bR; kfn dk uke vxz.kh; jgk gSA bu yksxksa us ft ruk l i Qy l apkyu v i us O; ol k; dk fd; k mruk gh dY; k.kdkjhxfrfof/ ; ksa esa l ayXurk oSf' od i Vy i j i zLrqr dhAbaVjusV dh enn l s fcyxsV~l ] v t he i zse t h] bR; kfn m| ksi xfr; ksa ds dY; k.kdkjh xfrfof/ ; ksa ds ckjs esa t kudkjhgkfl y dhft , A bl l s vki dh l e> dks foLrkj feysxkAbl i zdkj mi jksDr mnkgj.kksa l s vki D; k fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSA vki i krs gSa fd bu m| fe; ksa us ckt kj dk fgLl k gksusds ckot wn Hkh v i us l kekft d mÙkjnkf; Ro ds i zfr uSfrd : i l s l t x cus jgsA ; s i jksi dkjh xfrfof/ ; k¡ bUgksaus v i uhLosPNk l s fd; kA fdl h i zdkj ds dkuwuh ncko vkSj ykyp esa ugha fd; kA i jarq l Hkh i jksi dkj vkSj dY; k.k dh Hkkoukj[ ks ; g vko' ; d ugha gSA vf/ drj yksxksa ds ekufl drk LokFkZ i jd gksrh gSAbl i zdkj uomnkjokn ds nkSj esa ckt kj ds vkxeu ds l kFk fodkl dh i zfØ; k esa t gk¡ l jdkj ds vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjhds : i esa ckt kj l kFk fuHkk jgk gS] ogha ckt kj dks dY; k.kdkjh xfrfof/ ; ksa esa Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkus dh vko' ; drk egl wldh xbZ gSA bl i zdkj dki ksZjsV xous±l ds varxZr ckt kj ds l kekft d mÙkjnkf; Ro ds fl ¼kar dk vuql j.k djrs gq,Hkkjrh; l anHkZ esa bl s dkuwuh : i i znku dj fn; k x; k gSA vkb, CSR dks foLrkj l s l e>kus dk i z; kl djrs gS vkSjns[ krs gS fd ; g fdl i zdkj l q' kkl u dh i zfØ; k dk , d v fHkUu vax gSACSR D; k gS\CSR dk foLrkj l s Corporate Social Responsibility ds uke l s t kuk t krk gSA t Sl k dh uke l s i rk pyrk gS fddkWi ksZjsV t xr dks ykHk ds l kFk&l kFk l kekft d mÙkjnkf; Ro ds fuoZgu gsrq i zfrc¼ gksus i j cy fn; k x; k gSA bl dsvarxZr ckt kj l s ; g v i s{kk dh t krh gS fd og ykHk dekus ds l kFk&l kFk l ekt esa O; kIr Hkw[ kejh] xjhch] csjkst xkjh]i znw"k.k bR; kfn dh l eL; k ds l ek/ ku gsrq dY; k.kdkjh dne mBk; saACSR dks l kekU; r% rhu l anHkZ esa ns[ kk t k l drk gS&1- uo mnkjoknh nkSj esa ewY; ksa ds vknku&i znku ds : i esa2-xk¡/ h ds VªLVhf' ki ds fl ¼kar ds O; ogkfjd Lo: i ds : i esa3-dkuwuh ekè; e l s mÙkjnkf; Ro i kyu ds : i esavkb; s bl s FkksM+k foLrkj l s l e>us dk i z; kl djrs gS&i zFker% CSR uo mnkjoknh nkSj esa ewY; ksa ds vknku&i znku ds : i esa ns[ kk t k l drk gSA uo&mnkjokn us l sok vkSjmRi knu dh i zfØ; k esa l jdkj ds l kFk&l kFk ckt kj dks Hkh Hkwfedk i znku dhA t Sl k fd vki i hNs i uk gksxkA U; kl h ' kCn dk rkRi ; Z gksrk gS] fdl h Hkh l ai nk dk l aj{kd gksuk vkSj fu/ kZfjr mís' ; ds fy; sml dk l apkyu djuk vFkkZr ml i j ml dk ekfydkuk gd ugha gksukA xka/ h pkgrs Fks fd i wat hi fr vkSj O; ol k; h v i ukân; i fjorZu djsaA og ; g ekus fd mUgksaus ; g / u et nwjksa l s dek; k gSA vr% bl l ai fÙk i j okLrfod ekfydkukgd bu et nwjksa vkSj xjhc yksxksa dk gSA vr% og dek; s gq, / u ds i zfr U; kl h dk Hkko j[ krs gq, bl / u dk i z; ksxt udY; k.k vkSj et nwjksa rFkk xjhcksa ds dY; k.k gsrq djsA; fn vki xk¡/ h ds VªLVhf' ki dh l adYi uk i j fopkj djsaxs rks i k, axs fd xka/ h fut h m| fe; ksa dks l kekft d dY; k.kdh LFkki uk esa Hkkxhnkjh i j cy nsrs jgs FksA ; gh uSfrd fl ¼kar dk voyksdu ge CSR ds varxZr i krs gSA okLroesa ; g l kekft d l ekurk LFkkfi r djus dk l g; ksxkRed ekè; e gSA ; g ekDl Zoknh fopkj/ kjk l s i js l a?k"kZ ds LFkkui j l g; ksxkRed l ekt okn dh fopkj/ kjk dks vk/ kj i znku djrk gSA vki bl h ckr l s vuqeku yxk l drs gSa fd xkaèkhdh fopkj/ kjk vkt Hkh fdruh i zkl afxd gSAvkb; s vc rhl js l anHkZ i j fopkj djus dk i z; kl djrs gSA ; g rhl jk l anHkZ dkuwuh i fj i sz{; i j vk/ kfjr gSA D; ksafd; fn ge mQi j ds xka/ hoknh fopkj/ kjk i j xkSj djsa rks i krs gSa fd ; gk¡ LoSfPNdrk dk Hkko gS vFkkZr~ ckt kj dY; k.kdkjhxfrfof/ ; ksa esa LoSPNk dk Hkko gSA 2014 l s i woZ Hkkjrh; l anHkZ esa ckt kj dk l kekft d mÙkjnkf; Ro dh l adYi uk i jdksbZ Hkh dkuwuh e; kZnk ugha Fkh cfYd uSfrd e; kZnk FkhA

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vkb; s i gys l e>rs gS fd dkuwuh vkSj uSfrd e; kZnk esa D; k varj gSA dkuwu fdl h Hkh dk; Z dks l ai Uu djus dk vkfRedvk/ kj gSA t Sl s vki us l M+d i j fdl h us=kghu O; fDr dks v l gk; ns[ kdj ml s l M+d i kj djk fn; k ; g vki dhuSfrdrk gSA ; fn vki ugha Hkh djkrs rks dksbZ vki dks U; k; ky; ds l e{k mÙkjnk; h ugha BgjkrkA i jarq] ; fn vki fdl hl koZt fud LFky i j Fkwdrs gS rks vki dks dkuwu ds l e{k nafMr fd; k t k l drk gSA

bl i zdkj 2014 l s i woZ CSR , d uSfrd mÙkjnkf; Ro FkkA ft l ds varxZr geus fcy xsV~l ] VkVk] fcM+yk] v t he i zset h bR; kfn dkjksckfj; ksa dks v i us l ai nk dk cM+k fgLl k t udY; k.k esa [ kpZ djrs gq, i k; kA t Sl s% vt he i sze t hi QkmaMs' ku ft l dh LFkki uk 2001 esa fd; k x; k ; g Hkkjr ds N% jkT; ksa vkSj yxHkx 40 ft yksa esa LokLF; vkSj f' k{kkl s l acaf/ r dk; Z dj jgh gSA bl esa fn; s t kus okys i Q.M Lo; a v t he i zse t h v i uh dekbZ l s i znku djrs gSA bl hi zdkj fcy xsV~l vkSj fefyaMk xsV~l i Qkm.Ms' ku }kjk v i zQhdk vkSj Hkkjr esa Hkw[ kejh vkSj LokLF; l aca/ h l eL; kvksads l ek/ ku gsrq cM+h / ujkf' k [ kpZ dh t k jgh gSA

i jarq dY; k.k dh Hkkouk dkjksckj t xr ds i zR; sd O; fDr esa gks ; g dksbZ vko' ; d ugha gSA ckt kj v i uk ykHk l ektl s i zkIr djrk gSA vr% l kekft d l jksdkjksa ds i zfr v i us drZO; dk fuokZgu ckt kj dk nkf; Ro cu t krk gSA vkSj t cnkf; Ro dh vuqHkwfr u gks l jdkj dks dkuwuh ekè; eksa l s ; kn djkuk v fuok; Z gks t krk gS vkSj bl h fn' kk esa ckt kjdks v i us l kekft d mÙkjnk; fRo dks fuokZfgr djus dh fn' kk esa companies act 2013 dks i fjofrZr djrs gq, CSR dksdkuwuh : i i znku fd; k x; kA

Corporate Social Responsbility Act - 2014

dki ksZjsV ekeyksa ds ea=kky; }kjk dai uh , DV ds varxr section-135 rFkk schedule VII ds varxZr companies(corporate social responsibility policy) Rules 2014 ds ekè; e l s CSR dks dkuwuh : i i znku fd; k x; kA

vkb, bl ds dqN egÙoi w.kZ fcUnqvksa i j xkSj djrs gSA ; s i zkjafHkd vkSj eq[ ; nksuksa ds ǹf"Vdks.k l s ykHkdkjh gksaxsA

CSR dkuwu D; k dgrk gS\Section-135 ds rgr vgrkZ (applicability) - dkSu l h dai uh bl dkuwu ds rgr vk, axs%

(a) ; fn ml dai uh dk Net Worth 500 djksM+ ; k ml l s v f/ d gksA

(b) ; fn dai uh dk turnover 100 djksM_ ; k ml l s v f/ d gksA

(c) ; fn dai uh dk Net Profit 5 djksM+ ; k ml l s v f/ d gksA

CSR uhfr % bl dkuwu ds v uql kj(a) i zR; sd vgrkZ i zkIr dai uh dks v i us yxkrkj rhu foÙkh; o"kZ ds v i us vkSl ru ' kq¼ ykHk ds de l s de 2»rd [ kpZ djuk i M+rk gSA

(b) bl dkuwu esa bl ckr dk i zko/ ku fd; k x; k gS fd dai uh dks , d CSR l fefr dk fu/ kZj.k djuk v fuok; ZgksxkA

(c) bl l fefr esa cksMZ vkWi Q Mk; jsDVl Z ds de l s de 3 ; k ml l s v f/ d l nL; ' kkfey gkssaxsA

(d) ; g l fefr bl ckr dks r; djsxh fd fdl i zdkj fdl {ks=k esa i gy fd; k t kuk pkfg, vkSj bl dh vuq' kal kcksMZ vkWi Q Mk; jsDVj dks djsxhA

bl i zdkj CSR dks dkuwuh ds : i nsdj l q' kkl u dh fn' kk esa , d dkjxj dne mBk; k x; k gSA CSR ds varxZrHkq[ kejh] xjhch] dqi ks"k.k] LokLF; l qfo/ k csgrj djuk] f' k{kk] ySafxd v l ekurk de djus dk i z; kl ] vukFk] ò¼]i ' kq dY; k.k] i ; kZoj.k v l arqyu t So fofo/ rk bR; kfn {ks=k esa dY; k.kdkjh xfrfof/ ; ksa dks veyh t kek i gukus dki z; kl fd; k t k jgk gSA

; fn , d ǹf"V l s ns[ kus dk i z; kl djs rks CSR, Hkkxhnkjh vk/ kfjr ' kkl u ds bl nkSj esa l jdkj vkSj ckt kj dksdY; k.kdkjh xfrfof/ ; ksa esa , d l kFk ykus dk , d dkjxj i z; kl gSA ml l s Hkh cM+h ckr t ks ckt kj dks l e>uk pkfg; sfd ckt kj dk v fLrRo xzkgdksa l s gSA xzkgd l ekt esa fuokl djrs gSA ; fn ykHk vkSj mi ; ksfxrk ds uke i j l ektds ekuoh; ] l kaLÑfrd vkSj i ; kZoj.kh; l jksdjksa l s gh l e>kSrk dj fy; k x; k rks l ekt dk v fLrRo [ krjs esa i M+t k, xk vkSj l ekt esa gh l kaLÑfrd vkSj i ; kZoj.kh; ewY; ksa dk fo?kVu gksuk i zkjaHk gks t k, rks dHkh Hkh , d vPNkckt kj i zHkkoh rjhds l s dk; Z ugha dj l drk gSA vr% O; kol kf; d ǹf"Vdks.k l s Hkh yacs l e; rd v i us equki sQ dkscjdjkj j[ kus ds fy; s CSR ds ekè; e l s fut h {ks=k dks l kekft d] vkfFkZd] l kaLÑfrd vkSj i ; kZoj.kh; ewY; ksa dksl at ksus dk i z; kl djuk pkfg, A varr% ; gh dgk t k l drk gS fd t c ckt kj v i uk ykHk l ekt l s i zkIr djrk gSrks bl ds i zfr v i us l kekft d mÙkjnkf; Ro dk fuokZg djuk pkfg, A

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gfj r ' kkl u (Green Governance)

' kkl u (Governance) ds fofHkUu i zdkjksa esa l s , d i zdkj Green Governance vFkkZr gfjr ' kkl u gSA t Sl k fd ukel s i rk pyrk gS fd Green ' kCn ' kkl u l apkyu dks i ; kZoj.kh; eqn~nksa ds l kFk t ksM+dj ns[ krk gSA vFkkZr ' kkl u l apkyudh i zfØ; k esa i ; kZoj.kh; vkSj i kfjfLFkfrdh; l aca/ h eqn~nksa dks egRo nsukA

Green Governance i j dksbZ Hkh ppkZ i zkjaHk djus l s i gys ge dqN egRoi w.kZ ckrksa i j fopkj djrs gSA l kekU; r% geusfi Nys vè; k; esa Governance dk rkRi ; Z l Ùkk ds l apkyu l s fy; k FkkA t gk¡ l jdkj] ckt kj vkSj ukxfjd l ekt rhuksavki l esa feydj uhfr fu/ kZj.k] uhfr fØ; kUo; u vkSj ewY; kadu esa Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkrs gSA fo' o cSad }kjk fn; k x; ki fjHkk"kk ' kk; n vki dks ; kn gks ft l esa ; g dgk x; k fd l kekft d] vkfFkZd l al k/ uksa dk mi ; ksx ferO; frrk n{krki zHkko' khyrk l s fd; k t k, A l kFk gh l kFk geus bl i j foLrkj l s ppkZ Hkh fd; kA ft l esa geus ; g i k; k Fkk fd jkT;us v i us vU; nks Hkkxhnkjksa ds l kFk feydj l al k/ uksa ds i zca/ u gsrq rduhdh vkSj vkfFkZd i fj i sz{; i j v f/ d cyfn; kA i fj.kkeLo: i i zfr O; fDr vk; vkSj GDP esa òf¼ ns[ kus dks feykA vkus okys Hkfo"; esa Hkkjr t Sl k fodkl ' khyjk"Vª vkfFkZd egk' kfDr ds : i esa mHkjus dk nkok djus yxk gSA i jarq bl l dkjkRedrk ds l kFk&l kFk dbZ udkjkRedi fj.kke Hkh i zLrqr gq, gSA

vki us l quk gksxk xaxk dk t y i znwf"kr gks x; k gSA vfròf"V vkSj vukòf"V , d vke l eL; k gks xbZ gSA Xykscy okfeZaxvarjkZ"Vªh; Lrj i j , d vke l eL; k cu pqdh gSA i zfrfnu l ekpkj i =kksa vkSj U; wt pSuyksa i j i ; kZoj.kh; l eL; k vkSjml dh xaHkhj pqukSfr; ks i j fopkj&foe' kZ vkSj psrkofu; ksa dk i z; kst u fd; k t k jgk gSA U; wt pSuy bu xaHkhj i ; kZoj.kh;l eL; kvksa dks l ul uh cukdj i zLrqr djrk gS vkSj n' kZd l gek gqvk dqN i y ds ckn pSuy cnydj v i us vki dksl PpkbZ l s >qBykus yx t krk gSA t uekul dh i ; kZoj.kh; vkSj i kfjfLFkfrdh; eqn~nksa ds i zfr fuf"Ø; rk] ?kjksa l s ckgjfudydj l kekft d Lrj i j rFkk l kekft d Lrj l s jk"Vªh; varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj i j ns[ kus dks feyrk gSA varjkZ"Vªh; Lrji j D; ksVks] ekWfUVª; y vkSj t susok l Eesyuksa ds rgr i ; kZoj.k j{kk dh ' ki Fk yh t krh gS vkSj vxys gh i y fodfl rvkSj fodkl ' khy jk"Vªksa dk vge vki l esa Vdjkus yxrk gSA uo mnkjoknh fopkj/ kjk ds vkxeu ds l kFk ckt kj dhcus dk i z; kl fd; kt k, rks good governance dh LFkki uk dh fn' kk esa l al k/ uksa dk i z; ksx bl i zdkj fd; k t k, fd i ; kZoj.kh; rFkki kfjfLFkfrdh; ewY; ksa dks Bsl u i gqapsA governance dk ; gh l anHkZ good governance ds uke l s t kuk t krk gSA vkb,bl s vkSi pkfjd : i l s l e>us dk i z; kl djsa&

Green Governance D; k gS\

(1) ' kkl u dk xous±l dh , sl h l adYi uk t gk¡ l Hkh Hkkxhnkj ( jkT; ] ckt kj vkSj ukxfjd l ekt ) rFkk jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;Lrj dh l aLFkk, a vkSj l jdkjsa vki l h varfØZ; k ds ekè; e l s oSf' od fodkl vkSj v fLrRo dh fn' kk esa vkfFkZd vkSjrduhdh uhfr; ksa dk fu/ kZj.k vkSj l apkyu bl i zdkj djsa dh fodkl ds l kFk&l kFk i ; kZoj.kh; ewY; ksa dh Hkh j{kkdh t k l dsA

(2) ; g i ; kZoj.kh; vk/ kfjr fu.kZ; i zfØ; k gS t ks jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj i j èkkj.kh; rk dh odkyr djrk gSA

(3) ; g l adYi uk ; g crykrh gS fd i zkÑfrd l al k/ u vkSj i ; kZoj.k , d l koZt fud l Ei fÙk gS] vkSj bl dh j{kk l ektdk mÙkjnkf; Ro gSA

(4) ; g Right Based Ecological Governance (v fèkdkj vk/ kfjr i fjfLFkfrdh; ' kkl u) dh l adYi uk i j vk/ kfjr gSA

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v f/ dkj v k/ kfj r fodkl % i kjai fjd fuHkZjrk vk/ kfjr fodkl dh l adYi uk l s vkxs cus dk i z; kl fd; k gSA fi Qj Hkh , d ckj fi Qjl s l af{kIr esa l e>uk vko' ; d gSA

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fo' o cSad }kjk nh x; h i fjHkk"kk ds vuql kj & yksdrkaf=kd jkt uhfrd l jdkjksa }kjk v i us l Ùkk dk i z; ksx bl i zdkjfd; k t k; rkdh l kekft d vkSj vkfFkZd l al kèkuksa dk mi ; ksx ferO; f; rk] n{krk vkSj i zHkko' khyrk l s fd; k t k; A bl dsvykok fo' o cSad l gHkkfxrk] dkuwu ds ' kkl u] i kjnf' kZrk] l erk] l ekurk U; k; ] ekuokf/ dkj vkSj mÙkjnkf; Ro i j fo' ks"kcy i znku djrk gSA bl i zdkj l q' kkl u Hkkjr vkSj v i zQhdk t Sl s vYi fodfl r vkSj fodkl ' khy O; oLFkk ds fy; s vk; k FkkAvki dks ; kn gksxk l q' kkl u dh l adYi uk vYi fodfl r vkSj fodkl ' khy jk"Vª ds i fj i zs{; esa vk; k gSA

i jarq l q' kkl u }kjk cryk; s x; s y{; dks ns[ kdj D; k vki ds eu es dqN i z' u bl i zdkj ugha mHkjrs gSa%&

t Sl s xjhch] Hkw[ kejh] v f' k{kk] ySafxd v l ekurk] vkradokn] i s; t y dh l eL; k] Xykscy okfe±x c

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15- l rr~ mi Hkksx dks c dks O; ogkfjd l el kef; d eqíksa l s t ksM+dj ns[ ksa vkSjl el kef; dh i us dk i z; kl fd; k rks O; kogkfjd Lrj i j bl s l rr~ /kj.kh; y{; 2030 ds l kFk t ksM+dj ml dh i zkl afxdrk i j Hkh ppkZ fd; kA

Bhd bl h i zdkj UPSC xous±l vkSj l kekft d U; k; t Sl s VkWfi d esa i zk; % O; kogkfjd Lrj i j fdl h Hkh eqís i j l jdkjckt kj vkSj ukxfjd l ekt }kjk fd; s t k jgs i gy i j i z' u i wN jgh gS vkSj vkxs Hkh i z' u i wNs bl dh i zcy l aHkkouk gSA vr%; gk¡ Hkh ge xzhu xous±l ds l anHkZ esa fd; s t k jgs i z; kl ksa i j è; ku nsaxsA vkxs Hkh vU; VkWfi dksa dks i x; s gksaxs fd ge fdl VkWfi d i j ppkZ djus t k jgs gSa\ vc ge xzhu xous±l dh fn' kk esa l jdkjckt kj vkSj ukxfjd l ekt }kjk fd; s t k jgs i z; kl ksa i j fopkj djsaxsA

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t Sl k fd vki t kurs gS ' kkl u l apkyu dh i zfØ; k esa l jdkj i zkFkfed v fHkdÙkkZ gksrk gSA dgus dk rkRi ; Z ; g gS fdHkys gh ckt kj vkSj ukxfjd l ekt ' kkl u l apkyu dk , d vax cu pqdk gS i jarq yksdrkaf=kd ' kkl u] ' kkl u l apkyu dhfn' kk esa l jdkjsa@ jkT; gh i zeq[ k : i l s fu.kZ; ysrh gSA vkb; s l cl s i gys xzhu xous±l dh fn' kk esa jk"Vªh; Lrj i j l jdkjds i z; kl ksa i j fopkj djrs gSA

xzhu xous±l % l j dkj dh Hkwfedk

Hkkjr ds varxZr xzhu xous±l dh fn' kk esa i zkFkfed , t sal h ds : i esa Hkkjr l jdkj dk i ; kZoj.k vkSj ou ea=kky; dhi zeq[ k Hkwfedk jgh gSA bl ds }kjk fuEufyf[ kr i z; kl fd; s t k jgs gSaA

( 1) l jdkj }kj k Environment Friendly mRi kn i j fo' ks"k cy fn; k t k jgk gSA bl s jk"Vªh; Lrj i j "Ecomark" bdksekdZds uke l s t kuk t krk gSA ; g ?kjsyw Lrj i j mi HkksDrkvksa }kjk i z; ksx esa yk; s t kus okys mRi knksa dks i zkekf.kdrk(Accredition) i znku djrk gSA

bl dk; ZØe ds ekè; e l s ckt kj dks Hkh v i us mRi knu dh i zfØ; k esa l t x cukus dk i z; kl fd; k t k jgk gSA rkfdmRi knu ds nkSjku i ; kZoj.kh; i zHkko dks è; ku esa j[ ksaA

bl i z; kl dk i zeq[ k mís' ; ; g Hkh gS fd mi HkksDrk Hkh fdl h mRi kn dks [ kjhnus vkSj i z; ksx djus ds nkSjku mRi knui zHkko dks egRo i znku djsaA ukxfjd mUgha mRi knksa dks [ kjhns t ks i ; kZoj.kh; ǹf"Vdks.k l s de uqdl ku nsg gksA

bl i zdkj ea=kky; }kjk pyk; s t k jgs bl Ldhe i j xkSj fd; k t k; rks xzhu xous±l dh LFkki uk dh fn' kk esa l jdkjckt kj vkSj ukxfjd l ekt rhuksa dh Hkwfedk dks l acksf/ r djus dk i z; kl fd; k x; k gSA Hkkxhnkfjrk ds ekè; e l si zkÑfrd l al kèkuksa ds l rr / kj.kh; i zca/ u dks i zksRl kfgr djus dk i z; kl fd; k x; k gSA

( 2) t Sl k fd vki us l rr~ / kj.kh; y{; 2030 esa i k; k gS fd t y l aj{k.k , d i zeq[ k y{; gSA pkgs og fodfl r jk"Vªgks ; k fodkl ' khy jk"Vª@Hkkjr esa i ; kZoj.k vkSj ou ea=kky; }kjk bl fn' kk esa Ganga Action Plan (GAP) 1985 esa ' kq:fd; k x; kA bl s 1995 esa jk"Vªh; unh ea=kky; ; kst uk (National River Conservation Plan) ds : i esa foLrkj fn; k x; kgSA

; g jkT; vkSj dsUnz l jdkj }kjk l gHkkxh : i l s pyk; h t kus okyh ; kst uk gSA

( 3) uekeh xaxk fe' ku% ; g fe' ku Hkkjr l jdkj }kjk pyk; k t k jgk ÝySxf' ki (Flagship) dk; ZØe gSA ft l s Hkkjr l jdkjus t wu 2014 esa eat wjh nh gSA bl dk i zeqq[ k mís' ; xaxk dks i znw"k.k eqDr cukuk] l ajf{kr djuk gSA bl fe' ku ds l apkyuesa t gk¡ ukxfjd l gHkkfxrk i j cy fn; k t k jgk gSA ogha bl ds l i Qy l apkyu gsrq] yksdfut h Hkkxhnkfjrk (PPP - PublicPrivate Partnership) ds ekè; e l s bl dk l apkyu fd; k t k jgk gSA

bl ds fy; s ea=kky; }kjk Hybrid Based Public Private Partnership ekWMy ds vk/ kj i j fufonk t kjh fd; k x; kAea=kky; }kjk bl dk; ZØe ds l apkyu gsrq ckt kj dh Hkwfedk dks Hkh egRo fn; k x; k gSA PPP ekWMy ds ekè; e l sSewage Treatment Infrastructure ds fuekZ.k gsrq i z; kl fd; k t k jgk gSA

PPP D; k gS%& t Sl k dh vki t kurs gSa fd uo mnkjoknh fopkj/ kjk ds varxZr l jdkj ckt kj nksuksa l sok l ai knudh i zfØ; k esa l Eefyr gqvkA oS' ohdj.k ds ckn l jdkj ds vkdkj esa deh i j fo' ks"k cy jgkA bl h fn' kk esa, d u; h i zòfÙk vkSj i zfØ; k dk t Ue gqvk gSA ft l esa fdl h Hkh l koZt fud dk; Z dks l i Qyrk i woZd l Ei Uu djusds fy; s l jdkj ckt kj dks v i uk l gHkkxh cukrh gSa ft l esa l Ei fÙk ; k l ajpuk dk fuekZ.k l jdkj dj jgh gksrhgS ckt kj bl dk; Z esa rduhdh] fuekZ.k] vkfFkZd vkSj l apkyu Lrj i j l g; ksx i znku djrk gSA ; g ekWMy dbZvk/ kj i j dk; Z djrk gSA t Sl s l ajpuk l jdkj dh gksrh gS ml dk l apkyu] j[ kj[ kko bR; kfn fut h {ks=k dj jgkgksrk gSA dqN ds varxZr l ajpuk dk fuekZ.k vkSj dqN l e; rd l apkyu ds i ' pkr~ i qu% l jdkj dks gLrkarfjrdj fn; k t krk gSA l cl s vgeckr t ks bl ds varxZr l e>us ; ksX; gS og ; g gS fd l q' kkl u dh LFkki uk dh fn' kkesa ; g i zHkkoh i gy gSA bl l s t gk¡ l jdkj ds vkdkj esa deh vkrh gS ogha l jdkj vuko' ; d vkfFkZd cks> l scprk gSA bl ds vykok t c l apkyu ckt kj ds ekè; e l s fd; k t krk gS rks l sok l ai knu ferO; f; rk] n{krk vkSji zHkko' khyrk cuh jgrh gSA

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( 4) JNNSM & t okgjyky usg: jk"Vªh; l ksyj fe' ku & bl dh ' kq: vkr 11 t uojh] 2010 dks dh x; hA bl dk y{;2022 rd 20]000 MW ds l ksyj mQt kZ ds mRi knu dk y{; j[ kk x; k gSA

( 5) Green Bonds & vHkh gky esa SEBI }kjk Green Bonds t kjh fd; k x; k gSA bl ds ekè; e l s uohdj.kh; (Renewable)mQt kZ ds {ks=k esa fuos' k dks c x; s gksaxs dh gfjr ' kkl u dh LFkki uk dh fn' kk esa l jdkj }kjk fdl i zdkj fu.kZ;fy; k t k jgk gSA

i jh{kk dh ǹf"V l s mi ; ksxh%& vki l e; &l e; i j l el kef; dh i rs gSA i qfyl i z' kkl u vkSj fjyk; alda- ukxfjd l ekt dk vax ugha gSA cfYd Øe' k% l jdkj vkSj ckt kj dk vax gSA ; fn vki fdl h l kekft d cqjkbZds f[ kyki Q v i us l ekt ds yksxksa ds l kFk ; k v i us dkWyst ds Nk=k ; qfu; u ds ekè; e l s [ kM+s gksrs gS rks og l ewgukxfjd l ekt dk vaax gSA ukxfjd l ekt Ngo's et nwj ; qfu; u] / kfeZd l axBu] bR; kfn ds : i esa i zLrqr gks l drhgSA uksV%& vkxs ukxfjd l ekt vkSj l q' kkl u dh l adYi uk esa bl s foLrkj l s ppkZ fd; k x; k gSA

i j h{kk ds nf̀"V l s%& vki , sl s ukxfjd l ekt ds l axBuksa dh fyLV rS; kj djsa t ks Green Governance ds {ks=kesa jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj i j egRoi w.kZ dk; Z fd; k gSA l kFk gh l kFk bl ckr dk i rk yxkb; s fd mUgksaus fdll eL; k i j dk; Z fd; k gSA l kFk gh l kFk ml i j D; k i z; kl fd; k gSA bl l s eq[ ; i jh{kk esa i wNs t k jgs i z' uksa dksvki vkl kuh l s gy dj i k; saxsA bl ds fy; s vki INTERNET dk l gkjk ys l drs gSaA

l aHkkfor i z' u%( 1) i z' u% xzhu xous±l l s vki D; k l e>rs gS\ xzhu xous±l ds chuk xqM xous±l dh l adYi uk v / qjh gSA D; k vki bl

ckr l s l ger gSA v i us l eFkZu esa rdZ i zLrqr djsaA ( ' kCn 200)

( 2) i z' u%& l q' kkl u dks v f/ d O; ogkfjd vkSj O; ki d Lo: i l rr~ fodkl y{; 2030 ds ekè; e l s i znku fd; k t kjgk gSA bl s l i Qyrk i woZd i zk; ksft r djus esa Hkkjrh; ' kkl u O; oLFkk dgk¡ rd rS; kj gS l jdkj] ckt kj vkSj ukxfjdl ekt ds i fj i zs{; esa Hkwfedk dh i M+rky djsaA ( ' kCn 250)

( 3) f' k{kk vkSj l wpuk ds v f/ dkj ds l koZHkkSfedj.k ds l kFk&l kFk LoLF; i ; kZoj.k esa orZeku vkSj Hkkoh i h

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Dhyeya IAS (1) Governance by Jai Sir · 2019. 11. 18. · (3) Dhyeya Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Dhyeya IAS Governance by Jai Sir xoul & i k; % l dfpr : i l n[kk t kuk vr% ,d ckr