Df_catalog_v5 Lodos Versadrill Etc

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

version 5

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

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Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

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Overview 2

Integrated Solutions 6

Integrated Borehole Strengthening Solutions (I-Boss) 6

optI-stress 8

Drilling Fluid Simulation Software 10

optIBrIdge 10

press pro rt 12

VIrtual HydraulIcs 14

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems 15

drIlplex 15

duratHerm 17

enVIrotHerm nt 18

glydrIl 20

K-mag 22

Kla-sHIeld 23

poly-plus 25

sagdrIl 26

sIldrIl 28

ultradrIl 30

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems 33

enVIroVert 33

megadrIl System 34

rHelIant 36

Versaclean/VersadrIl 38

Warp Advanced Fluids Technology 39

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems 45

ecogreen 45

noVa Systems 48

paradrIl 50

paraland 51

paratHerm/VersatHerm 53

Drilling Fluid Products 54

Table of contents

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People are a valuable asset worth developingBefore people work for M-I SWACO, we screen them not only for current skills and experience, but also for their willingness to learn new things, solve problems and help others. Once they join the M-I SWACO organ ization, employees have the advantages of a global learning-management system which provides worldwide access to learn ing, in-house and custom e-learning solutions, talent and competency management, and performance management.

Starting with the basic building blocks of training for the job at hand, M-I SWACO instructors quickly bring new specialists up to speed in the disciplines required for them to deliver maximum value from our products and services.

M-I SWACO ensures customers around the world get the highest level of service by standardizing training courses to meet the universal expectations of all operators. Where locale dictates certain specialized practices, M-I SWACO trainers prepare field personnel for those details as well.

Once these capable people are working in the field, their learning and training are not over. In fact, basic training is just the beginning of a successful career with M-I SWACO. As an organization, we are developing career paths, checkpoint criteria and progress-measurement methods to keep M-I SWACO and its people at the forefront of the industry.

“The M-I SWACO solutions mindset permeates our company and positively influences the problem-solving orientation we have toward our clients, the solutions we deliver, our new-technology advancement, people development within our company and our future strategies.”

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Research and development M-I SWACO has made considerable investments in research and engineering facilities as well as laboratories and field-support operations. Our Research and Engineering Center in Houston and our three International Technical Centers - in Houston; Aberdeen, Scotland and Stavanger, Norway - provide 24 hr assistance, and innovative solutions, anywhere in the world. Our Ecotoxicological Laboratory in Bergen, Norway, performs a wide range of analytical services. Drilling and production frontiers such as offshore Canada, Russia and the Caspian Sea, China, Latin America, and land and offshore operations throughout North America are now just a phone call or mouse click away from powerful technical support.

QHSEEach of our global business units has a Quality, Health, Safety and Environmental (QHSE) manager who reports to our headquarters in Houston. Our loss-prevention teams ensure that M-I SWACO oper ations are in compliance with the latest safety standards. Full-time occupational health and safety specialists make sure that our locations and the customer locations and rigs where our people work are safe. The Occupational Health group provides a management framework that monitors and investigates a broad range of health hazards and initiates controls to manage those haz ards through programs such as Hearing Conservation, Respiratory Protection, Ergonomics and Malaria Control. Our customers also frequently utilize our expertise to assess potential occupational health issues involving our products at their sites.

M-I SWACO people operate with an awareness of the environment and a sense of responsibility for protecting it. We operate specialized laboratories, including a greenhouse, where our envi ronmental specialists conduct exhaustive tests for toxicity, biodegradation, recyclability, reuse and more. On a larger scale, our environmental empha sis and expertise are guiding forces behind the company’s focus on Environmental Solutions. Prime examples of this philosophy can be seen in our line of production chemicals and our Ecotoxicological Laboratory in Bergen, Norway.

M-I SWACO will continue to establish itself as a leader by listening to customers and trust ing our people to develop customized solutions to solve their problems.

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products■■ Wellsite and project engineering

Simulation software■■ Drilling-fluid systems and additives■■ alpIne specIalty cHemIcals*

Federal* Wholesale■■ HDD Mining & Waterwell■■ Technical support

Production Technologies■■ Specialty production chemicals■■ Chemical management■■ Drag reduction■■ H2S treatment■■ Descaling, decontamination

and decommissioning■■ Commodity and utility chemicals■■ Produced water treatment■■ Production Waste Management

Completion Fluid Systems & Products, Reservoir Drill-In Fluids, Breakers, Filtration & Specialized Tools■■ Engineering/simulation software■■ Reservoir drill-in fluids■■ Intervention fluids■■ Breakers■■ Spacers and Displacement Chemicals■■ Specialized Tools■■ Completion Fluids■■ Filtration■■ Fluid-loss control systems■■ Packer fluids

Solutions for you and your well

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Solids Controls, Pressure Control & Waste Management■■ Rig-equipment engineering

– Solids control – Solids-control systems – Mud mixing – Shakers – Mud cleaners – Centrifuges – FluIds processIng system (Fps)

■■ Cuttings handling and transportation

■■ Oilfield screens■■ Waste injection■■ Cuttings treatment

■■ Pressure control – d-gassers – Disc-type chokes – Shuttle chokes – Choke consoles – pressure & FluId management system (pFms)

■■ Rig instrumentation■■ Enhanced fluids treatment■■ Vessel cleaning■■ Produced water treatment■■ Production waste management

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The I-Boss strategy is an ideal option for mature fields, extended-reach drilling, complex well configurations, zones with narrow pore-pressure/fracture-gradient drilling windows and when drilling through fragile or depleted zones above the target. The multi-pronged methodology, which begins with a pre-drilling well analysis, resolves many of the limitations of after-the-fact remedial treatments for stopping drilling fluid losses that often are unsuccessful.

In addition, the comprehensive I-Boss toolkit includes the patented managed partIcle-sIze recoVery* (MPSR) technology that recycles wellbore strengthening materials, thus reducing drilling waste and cleanup problems. Overall, the I-Boss Suite of solutions reduces the waste associated with building larger volumes of whole mud to accommodate downhole losses.

The mechanics I-Boss wellbore strengthening

The fundamental difference between I-Boss and simple lost circulation cures is that the latter deals only with mitigating losses of whole mud. Wellbore strengthening with I-Boss focuses on avoiding losses by increasing the apparent fracture gradient. This is accomplished through enhancement of wellbore circumferential stresses, sealing induced and existing fractures, and isolating the fracture tip to prevent its elongation.

This stress environment is created in much the same way that one would shore up an arch with a keystone, and thus, in a similar fashion, wedging or propping open fracturesand maintaining them in that state with particulates or settable chemicals.

Integrated Borehole Strengthening Solutions (I-Boss)Integrated Solutions

The exclusive I-Boss* multi-disciplinary wellbore strengthening strategy is a revolutionary approach to minimizing the excessive non-production time (NPT) and enormously expensive costs of dealing with wellbore instability and resulting lost circulation.

I-Boss combines chemicals, mechanical and engineering software tools into an integrated solution that effectively stabilizes wellbores during well construction. The I-Boss approach does not necessarily prevent fracturing, rather it uses techniques that manipulate existing and/or drilling-induced fractures to increase wellbore stresses, mitigate fracture propagation and seal the wellbore.

As no universal cure exists for all drilling problems, the I-Boss solutions draw upon a range of proven tools and integrate the elements needed for a successful outcome on a well-by-well basis. As such, operators can construct wellbores in zones with low fracture gradients, resulting in significantly reduced drilling costs, less non-productive time, and possibly elimination of an entire casing string.

Features■■ Flexible solution can be tailored for

specific wells ■■ Computer optimization ■■ Rigsite testing apparatus ■■ Ideal for permeable formations■■ Novel solutions for shale and

carbonate formations ■■ Ability to recover bridging particles ■■ Real-time, in-line particle size

measurement

Benefits■■ Reduced downhole fluid loss ■■ Lower NPT ■■ Potential to drill difficult plays ■■ Applicable for depleted zones ■■ Reduced stuck pipe incidence ■■ Potential reduction of one or more

casing strings■■ Reduced waste volumes■■ Reduced well construction costs

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I-Boss pre-drilling planning

Before beginning, the M-I SWACO specialist gathers information about the proposed well and uses M-I SWACO procedures, software and laboratory equipment to determine the exact combination of particulates that are needed. Those tools include:■■ optI-stress* software for designing

particulate-based solutions■■ Laboratory testing equipment

specifically designed for validation and preplanning, including

– High-pressure matrix loss tester – Low-pressure matrix loss tester – Fracture tester – Cylindrical fracture cell

Drilling and monitoring

Throughout the well construction process, M-I SWACO proprietary software, specialized wellbore strengthening products, testing equipment and procedures are used to identify the most cost-effective solution for the specific project. As drilling progresses, real-time sampling, monitoring and adjustments keep the wellbore-strengthening process optimized for the drilling conditions at hand.

A suite of proprietary engineering software is employed to monitor the operation during execution that, among other functions, identifies potential problems and creates a virtual snapshot of downhole fluid behavior during drilling.

Integrated Solutions: Integrated Borehole Strengthening Solutions (I-Boss)

Induced fractures: during drilling, Wellbore Strengthening Material (WSM) is driven into fractures as they are induced. The WSM acts similar to a keystone in an arch.

When drilling-fluid pressure induces a fracture, fluid fills the void, wedging it open until properly sized WSM is forced into the opening. This wedging process “squeezes” the formation outward, around the perimeter of the wellbore.

Once the drilling fluid is trapped in the fracture behind the WSM bridge, the filtrate bleeds off into the porous formations, and the fracture closes. In impermeable formations where the filtrate cannot bleed off, the WSM bridge must completely seal the fracture.

The drop in fluid pressure within the fracture transfers high compressive stress to the WSM bridge, thus maintaining wellbore compression.

Outward compression and strengthening of the wellbore

Outward compression of formation: where the WSM wedges into the

induced fractures, it generates compression in the wellbore

wall as it forces aside the formation.

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optI-stressIntegrated Solutions

Wellbore Strengthening Software: Drilling Solutions

An integral component of the I-Boss wellbore strengthening technology, the proprietary optI-stress* engineering software package was developed to assist with the design of Wellbore Strengthening Material (WSM) treatments. The software utilizes the Circumferential, or Hoop, Stress Enhancement concept of I-Boss to first calculate the fracture width required to be achieved by a desired wellbore pressure, then calculates an WSMWSM formulation of the correct particle size distribution (PSD) to fill, prop and seal the fractures.

optI-stress comprises three main components that calculate■■ Fracture width■■ Total concentration of the WSM

blend required to bridge and seal the fracture

■■ The particle size distribution and concentrations of individual WSM components in the WSM blend.

optI-stress employs a probabilistic technique that utilizes WSM expected uncertainties in rock properties and drilling parameters. The software is Excel-based and is designed to operate as part of the M-I Engineering Constellation Control Program (ECCP) suite of programs.

In making the calculations, the user inputs a variety of rock properties and available WSM products. The program uses a finite element analysis technique employed in rock mechanics to calculate the fracture width. Once the fracture width is calculated, the program selects the appropriate PSD and wellbore strengthening material blends to bridge, prop and seal fractures to maintain the required wellbore stress that allows use of the desired wellbore pressure in targeted formations.

As some uncertainty always exist in the input parameters used to calculate the fracture width, optI-stress employs Monte Carlo analysis, typically running thousands of calculations that pick random values of the input parameters within their uncertainty bands and in the process generating a scatter-shot probability distribution curve for the fracture width ties in the input parameters. WSM blends can be calculated for any point on that curve.

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Integrated Solutions: optI-s

tress

Features■■ Comprises three components that

determine fracture width, WSM concentration and PSD

■■ Proprietary engineering tool■■ Uses probabilistic techniques based

on Monte Carlo simulation■■ Probability model addresses

uncertainties ■■ Utilizes “hoop stress enhancement”

concept ■■ Excel-based package

Benefits ■■ Helps assure success of wellbore

strengthening strategy■■ Reduces uncertainties■■ Minimizes NPT■■ Accurately and quickly identifies

product solutions■■ Reduces drilling costs■■ Enhances well control

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optIBrIdgeDrilling Fluid Simulation Software

Versatile software that takes the guesswork out of designing non-damaging reservoir fluids

Any fluid entering your reservoir affects production. Whether it’s a kill pill, a reservoir drill-in fluid or one designed for lost circulation or perforation sealing, it must be formulated precisely to block invasion and, ultimately, prevent formation damage. The first step in designing a non-damaging fluid is to determine the ideal particle-size distribution for the bridging material.

Our proprietary optIBrIdge* software gives the M-I SWACO engineer a tool for precisely and quickly selecting correctly sized bridging agents. With the optIBrIdge program, the M-I SWACO engineer inputs formation data as well as information about locally available products. Then the software calculates the “best-fit” mixture of locally produced bridging particles for effectively sealing the formation face.

The optIBrIdge tool is another example of our commitment to ensure the integrity and long-time productivity of your reservoir.

optIBrIdge software makes sure no void is left unsealed

The optIBrIdge program improves on the popular Ideal Packing Theory, which takes a graphical approach to determine the optimum sizing of bridging material for specific formation characteristics. Basically, this theory examines all the voids in a given formation and considers the full range of particle-size distribution that will be required to fill them effectively.

optIBrIdge software takes that theory a major step further. It generates a mathematical model based on the largest pore size, also known as the D1/2 rule.

Features■■ Accurately matches local bridging

agents with formation characteristics■■ Applicable for reservoir drill-in fluids,

lost-circulation treatments, kill pills, fracture sealing and perforation sealing

■■ Prevents fluid invasion■■ Uses actual formation and bridging-

agent information that will provide an optimum filter cake

Advantages■■ Reduces formation damage■■ Takes the guesswork out of selecting

bridging material■■ Lowers material costs■■ Optimizes production

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Using the software, the M-I SWACO engineer examines data from the targeted formation, including maximum pore-size opening, permeability and/or screen sizes, and combines that input with the bridging-particle information. From that model, the optIBrIdge program automatically generates a target line of the optimum blend of particles that will effectively minimize solids and filtrate invasion. Once the optimum blend is known, the ratio of bridging materials can be perfectly matched to the formation characteristics.

Because the optIBrIdge program considers characteristics of your specific formation and matches them with bridging particles available in your area, there is no concern about having to wait or bear the burden of extraordinary delivery costs. What’s more, this powerful software package ensures the desired solids are maintained in the fluid system, allowing you to maximize your solids-control program while still maintaining the precise particle-size distribution of the bridging agent.

optIBrIdge software: One more weapon in the battle against reservoir damage

The optIBrIdge program clearly illustrates the ingenuity and lengths that M-I SWACO will undertake to develop systems and tools to minimize formation damage and maximize your production. To find out more about how the optIBrIdge program is performing for our customers worldwide, contact your local M-I SWACO representative.

Drilling Fluid Simulation Softw

are: optIB

rIdge

optIBrIdge software generates a target line that defines the ideal blend of locally produced bridging materials that would best fit the targeted formation characteristics. Available anywhere in the world, the optIBrIdge service is an ideal tool for formulating a non-damaging reservoir drill-in fluid. It also can be used to design fracture-sealing and lost-circulation treatments, and to formulate kill and perforation sealing pills for workover and completion operations.

D10 - D50 - D90

D10 Target / Blend: 1.3 / 1.7 microns



Optimum Blend for 0 to 100 % CPS Range

Brand Name Bridging Agent(lb/bbl) Vol %

A=Safe-Carb 2 (VF) 0.1 0.29

B=Safe-Carb 10 (F) 0.0 0.00

C=Safe-Carb 20 14.5 48.48

D=Safe-Carb 40 (M) 15.4 51.23

E=Safe-Carb 250 (C) 0.0 0.00

F=Safe-Carb 500 (XC) 0.0 0.00

Simulation Accuracy

Calcium Carbonate added : 30 lb/bbl

Avg Error 0 - 100 % CPS Range : 1.63 %

Max Error 0 - 100 % CPS Range : 11.58 %

A0.3%

C48.5%

D51.2%

1x10-2 1x10-1 1x100 1x101 1x102 1x103 1x1040

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Particle Size (microns)

Cum

ulat

ive

Par

ticle

-Siz

e D

istr

ibut

ion

Target__

__Blend

© 1999 - 2007 M-I L.L.C. - All Rights Reserved

Operator:

Well Name:

Location:

Comments:

Operator 1

Wimberly #1

Houston

Optimum Blend

Largest Pore Size : 102 microns

Sand Control Device :

Optimum Bridging Agent Blend

Rig

MWD/LWD

Data source presspro rt

Onshore drilling center

Rig-floor display

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The presspro* rt service from M-I SWACO provides unprecedented remote and wellsite engineering support with a unique, specifi cally designed suite of software. This proprietary and innovative suite of programs use surface measurements to cal culate downhole pressure profiles and fluid properties in real time during drilling, tripping and other critical operations. This unique technology not only provides up-to-the-second Equivalent Static Densities (ESDs) and Equivalent Circulating Densities (ECDs) at any point in the wellbore during drilling, but also delivers surge and swab pressure measurements, Equivalent Dynamic Density (EDD) while tripping drill pipe or setting casing.

And the presspro rt system is an advanced wellsite service. The presspro RT system and dedi cated computer aboard the rig are maintained by an M-I SWACO critical-well analyst, an experienced fluids specialist trained in all aspects of drilling the most demanding deepwater, HTHP, extended-reach, and multilateral wells.

The virtual sensor package provides ESD, ECD, and other key values for display at the driller’s station as if they were measured values.

Using the presspro RT package is like running the VIrtual HydraulIcs* package in real time.

VIrtual HydraulIcs provides a “snapshot.” presspro RT gives you the “movie.”

Now, the industry has access to an immediate processing technology that expands on the field-proven M-I SWACO VIrtual HydraulIcs* and VIrtual rHeology* platforms to consistently and accurately cal culate ECDs and pump pressure as they occur. You get the information you need to mitigate, and even eliminate, critical drilling problems and events that can jeopardize the efficiency and economics of high-cost drilling programs.

Because the system works in real time, you can make changes “on the fly” and impact operations that are ongoing.

presspro rtDrilling Fluid Simulation Software

The presspro RT package includes a computer that connects to the data-source company’s computer to receive and send data. The real-time data, in turn, is either sent back to the data-acquisition company or to another third party responsible for the rig-floor display.

The presspro package

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The presspro rt system lever ages the proven technologies in the VIrtual HydraulIcs module and displays key downhole profiles and fluid properties in a real-time SnapsHot* graph that is contin uously updated with live dril ling and tripping data. Whereas VIrtual HydraulIcs provides accurate planning and sensitivity analyses, the presspro RT system closes the feedback loop by monitoring current conditions, helping per sonnel modify drilling practices and plan for con tingencies in advance and VH rHecon* module closes the infor mation loop by generating projections that look ahead of the bit, based on current operating conditions.

Offsite centers cut cost, not service

The presspro RT system can also be monitored from a remote, onshore drilling center, also known as a real-time operations center. Real-time OCs can perform certain critical and routine functions traditionally performed at the wellsite and have input from experts who have a “virtual presence” at multiple wellsites. OCs can provide reliable, inexpensive transmission of drilling data to and from remote sites with minimal delay.

The presspro RT system has been installed in clients’ OCs to facilitate efficient deployment and provide instant, remote access to real-time drilling and other operational data. Results are compared immediately to Pressure While Drilling (PWD) and can be merged seamlessly with the real-time data stream simultaneously accessible at the OC and at the rigsite.

If it impacts drilling or tripping, the presspro RT service has you covered

Specially designed presspro RT modules provide valuable infor mation about all the properties of the fluids in the wellbore.

■■ drIllpro* RT software targets critical parameters that must be considered when drilling a well. For the very first time, ECD profiles are calculated and displayed every second while both drilling and making connections

■■ TrIppro* RT software calculates and displays real-time fluid parameters while tripping drill pipe and running casing - situations where wellbore conditions can change very quickly

■■ snapsHot rt software provides a continuous graphical display of downhole profiles

■■ VIsual HydraulIcs software provides a visual representation of down hole metrics using an easy-to-understand color scale

■■ presspro RT naVIgator* provides a virtual window into downhole hydraulics using sophisticated 3-D visualization and interactive navigation that combine advanced drilling technology and 3-D computer graphics

presspro RT and PWD: a perfect match

The presspro RT package is an integral part of ECD management. It does not replace the popular PWD tool. Instead, it complements PWD data, comparing the “what are” measurements of PWD with a “what should be” scenario for early detection of impending problems. While PWD provides a single-point measurement at the bit, the presspro RT package calculates complete pro files of downhole hydraulics and mud behavior. Additionally, it can sub stitute for the PWD when the tool is unavailable, such as while running casing, when the tool is non-operational, or when tem peratures or pressures exceed tool limitations.

presspro RT and VIrtual HydraulIcs packages are a winning combination

Now a vital element in many operators’ onshore real-time drilling centers, the presspro RT package is the only technology that provides in-time equivalent static and equivalent cir culating densities at any point in the wellbore during dril ling.

VIrtual HydraulIcs software, long an integral component of the M-I SWACO presspro RT wellsite engineering service is the gold standard in the industry against which all other hydraulic programs are compared. Together, this incomparable suite of programs is ideal for the planning, monitoring, evaluating, optimization and collaboration required to successfully tackle today’s critical wells.

The presspro RT system is one more example of why M-I SWACO is the industry leader when it comes to developing solutions to the most demanding applications.

Features■■ Managed by a spe cially trained, onsite,

critical-well analyst■■ Can be operated from remote

Operation Centers■■ Monitors drilling and tripping

parameters■■ A dedicated computer can be

interfaced to an existing data-acquisition system with the data-acquisition source on the rig

■■ Predefined screens for targeted drilling/tripping components

■■ Downhole profiles calculated and updated every second and displayed as virtual sensors

Advantages■■ Prevents/minimizes downhole fluid

losses due to lost circulation ■■ Early detection of impending problems

by providing “what should be” data to compare with “what is”

■■ Minimizes mud-related non-productive time

■■ Helps reduce drilling costs■■ Provides real-time monitoring for

immediate response■■ Enhances ECD management by

providing downhole pressure profiles during drilling, tripping, and other critical operations

■■ Complements PWD when available and substitutes for PWD when the data is not available

Drilling Fluid Simulation Softw

are: pressp

ro rt

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VIrtual HydraulIcs gives you an even clearer view of your fluids’ behavior downholeThe true value of the VIrtual HydraulIcs software suite is truly appreciated in deepwater wells where uncontrolled ECDs can quickly exceed the boundaries of narrow operating windows, in extended-reach and horizontal wells, in High-Temperature, High-Pressure (HTHP) applications and other technically demanding wells. Proven on thousands of projects, both critical and more routine applications, this powerful com putational tool literally gives M-I SWACO specialists a virtual snapshot of downhole fluid behav ior - before drilling begins and while the well is in progress. This accurate prediction of downhole hydraulics has a proven, positive effect on overall well performance.

Now, M-I SWACO has raised the bar to an entirely new level with the release of the latest VIrtual HydraulIcs. Now you have everything you have come to rely on from this unparalleled hydraulics monitoring package, and much more: ■■ Virtual Wellbore Stability analysis

during planning and at the wellsite to design and monitor fluid properties required to maintain a stable wellbore

■■ The innovative VIrtual HydraulIcs naVIgator* 3-D visualization system was developed by M-I SWACO to create a virtual window into downhole hydraulics and related issues The concept is the ideal combination of advanced drilling technology and 3-D computer graphics. The VH naVIgator module makes it possible to navigate interac tively through a virtual well and critically examine and analyze downhole hydraulics calculated by VRDH (snapshot case) and VH rHecon (transient case) on a standard-issue laptop or PC using a gamepad or keyboard. Invaluable as an analysis tool, the VIrtual HydraulIcs

naVIgator module is also a great training tool for office-based and field personnel, as well as non-drillers

■■ Virtual wellbore stability analyses during planning and at the wellsite to design and monitor fluid properties required to maintain a stable wellbore

■■ The VH rHecon provides dynamic reconnaissance simulations to optimize hydraulics ahead of the bit, using predefined drilling parameters

■■ The optIpro* bit hydraulics optimization package in which rheological properties are results of the optimization process

■■ Improved models and parametric analyses for hole cleaning, ECD management, 3-D velocity profiles, downhole temperatures, and pressures and more

■■ New graphics to address key hydraulics-related issues

■■ A totally redesigned, state-of-the-art software system

The wide range of modules in VIrtual HydraulIcs covers all the issues in hydraulics modeling

With the latest VIrtual HydraulIcs, we kept some of the classics that you had come to depend on, but have added a host of newly engineered modules that considers every aspect of hydraulics analysis. Complementing our new VIrtual HydraulIcs naVIgator, that allows our specialists to get up close and personal with your wellbore, we have added or enhanced a wide range of modules designed to consider every downhole condition.■■ VIrtual rotary drIllIng HydraulIcs*,

or VRDH, uses downhole ECD and pressure-loss calcu lations to generate a veritable “snapsHot” of downhole profiles

■■ VIrtual HydraulIcs rHecon provides reconnaissance simulations (pseudo real-time analysis) of transient drilling, tripping and circulation, and effect on ECDs and hole-cleaning

■■ The widely used trIppro, or trIppIng proFIles* module provides optimum running speed based on transient surge and swab models combined with variable downhole fluid properties, and includes a host of liner surge-reduction tools

■■ tHe VIrtual HydraulIcs plan*, or VH plan*, performs hydraulic optimizations based on surface equipment limits and downhole ECD and hole-cleaning requirements

■■ optIpro, or optImum proFIles, optimizes fluid rheology and hydraulics based on surface equipment limits and downhole ECD and hole-cleaning requirements

■■ The tpro* temperature proFIles generates downhole transient-temperature profiles during circulation or shut-in

■■ The leak-off and other volume change modules generates fluid compressibilities during cementing and other wellsite operations

As its predecessor did in the past, the new-generation VIrtual HydraulIcs 3.0 promises to deliver more information rather than mere data - information you can use to make educated decisions about how to safely, efficiently and cost-effectively drill your well.

VIrtual HydraulIcsDrilling Fluid Simulation Software

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Drilling Fluid Systems &

Products: Water-base System

s: drIlplex

drIlplexDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

The versatile water-base system with exceptional rheological properties designed to lower costs in a wide range of wells

Ordinary bentonite, extraordinary results

Simply combining the drIlplex* viscosifier with prescreened, high-quality bentonite produces a highly shear-thinning fluid with a high yield point, low plastic viscosity and high, flat gel strengths. The result is a fluid system with unequaled solids suspension, but one that still screens easily, even at high flow rates.

A straightforward system for the most complex applications

You might think that a system with the versatility and application range drIlplex has demonstrated would involve intricate and difficult-to-engineer chemical compositions. On the contrary, the proprietary Flo-plex* primary fluid-loss-control additive, Replex anionic scavenger when necessary and the drIlplex viscosifier are the only components developed specifically for the drIlplex system. The remaining chemicals are relatively common and well understood.

A diverse, worldwide track record

Challenging horizontal wells in the Gulf of Mexico. The establishment of milling records in the North Sea and elsewhere. Drilling in nearly 9,000 ft (2,743 m) of water in the Campos Basin with zero losses. In West Africa, the successful drilling of a depleted reservoir and unconsolidated formation with a maximum angle of 102°F (38.8°C).

The success stories go on and on.

The bentonite/MMO associates into long ribbon-like structures that can bridge openings with diameters measured in 10s of microns.

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Rheogram showing unique Rheological properties

The data was obtained on a Fann 35A viscometer. Both fluids were unweighted.

Features ■■ Latest-generation Mixed-Metal

Oxide (MMO) system■■ Highly shear-thinning■■ Excellent QHSE profile■■ Temperature-stable to

250°F (121°C)■■ Exceptional hole cleaning and

suspension■■ Excellent ability to seal the high-

permeability formations found in deepwater drilling

Advantages■■ Ideal for lost-circulation zones,

unconsolidated formations, milling situations, and high-angle and horizontal wells

■■ Minimizes losses■■ Reduces environmental impact■■ High rates of penetration■■ Well-suited for coiled-tubing drilling■■ Cost-effective

80 Dial reading

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0

XC p olymerPV 12 YP 48Gels 28/40n 0.263 K 11.6

Rheometer speed

DRILPLEX systemPV 4 YP 40Gels 17/19n 0.126 K 20.1

100 200 300 400 500 600

The ability to stabilize goes with the flow

The flow profile of the fluid in the annulus affords drIlplex the ability to stabilize mechanically weak and poorly consolidated formations. The high viscosity of the fluid at low shear rates results in a stationary layer of fluid on the sides of the wellbore. This protective layer shields weak rock formations from erosion caused by the flow. The capacity of the fluid to stabilize these weak and uncon solidated formations is further enhanced by the lower pump rates used with the drIlplex system. This tendency may also explain the lower seepage losses that occurred in several wells in which the formations were fractured.■■ Zero shear stress at wall■■ Minimal dynamic fluid loss■■ Protects poorly consolidated or

fractured formations■■ Helps prevent seepage losses■■ No erosion of wellbore

Bentonite platelet

1 micron

MMO crystals

The mixed-metal oxide comprising the core of the system has an electron-deficient lattice, and when added to water, the drIlplex particles bond to the cation exchange sites on bentonite, forming a strong complex, which in turn structures the fluid and provides viscosity and gels.

When the MMO crystals are added to a suspension of bentonite platelets, the cationic crystals displace the naturally “resident” sodium or other cations and form strong associations with the anionic sites on the faces of the clay platelets. What results is a new complex or

adduct with characteristics that are fundamentally different from those of a virgin bentonite platelet.

The entire mechanism appears to be electrostatic in nature, which makes it somewhat unusual and accounts for the unique characteristics of the fluid system. For example, an electrostatic-field-based mechanism could explain the elastic or deformable-solid behavior observed in the absence of shear and could also explain both the dramatic and instantaneous onset of the solid-to-liquid transition and the reversibility of the process.

The unique mechanism driving drIlplex

Bentonite/MMO complex

Excellent cuttings transport

Stationary, gelled layer of fluid

17




s: duratHerm

duratHermDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

The duratHerm* system is a low-colloid, contaminant-resistant water-base fluid designed for high-temperature drilling. It provides good inhibition, minimizes clay migration and swelling, and is stable to >500°F (>260°C) ambient, with densities from 9 to 20 lb/gal (1.1 to 2.4 kg/L), and at depths from 5,000 to 25,000 ft (1,524 to 7,620 m).

High ROPs, improved solids-removal capability and minimal formation damage help reduce drilling costs, while its aqueous-base chemistry gives it environmental advantages over oil-base systems. The system is especially useful when there are concerns about formation evaluation, kick detection or lost circulation. It may be formulated with freshwater or seawater, and non-flocculating salts may be incorporated for inhibition.

Because the duratHerm system evolved from formulations used as packer fluids, where long-term rheological stability is necessary, this low-colloid system remains stable in the presence of acid gases, salts, and drill solids. The system’s sta bility can be maintained by minimizing the concentration of active solids, and using polymeric materials for viscosity requirements. This reduces gelation caused by the flocculation of active clays at high temperature, as well as the viscosity increase resulting from saltwater flows, acid gases, or salt.

Generally, treatments with lig nosulfonate (spersene*) should be discontinued at bottomhole temperatures above 325°F (163°C). Solids-control equipment — shakers, hydroclones and centrifuges — must be operated as efficiently as possible to minimize maintenance costs.

System products

xp-20* potassium chrome lignite material is used as a viscosity- stabilizing agent and to control fluid loss in the duratHerm system. This product continues to function as designed in fluids that

encounter formation temperatures greater than 500°F (260°C). It is the primary treating agent in the duratHerm system, and it provides potassium ions for shale inhibition.

ResInex* resin polymer is used for HTHP fluid-loss reduction by decreasing filter-cake permeability, and it contributes to fluid stabilization. Field results have demonstrated the utility of ResInex in minimizing formation damage. ResInex is used in conjunction with XP-20 to control these properties in the duratHerm system.

tannatHIn* is a lignitic material that works with ResInex to reduce HTHP fluid-loss values and stabilize rheological properties in the duratHerm system.

Polymers contribute viscosity and API fluid-loss control to the duratHerm system. Minimizing bentonite concentrations requires the use of polymeric materials as viscosifiers. Cellulosic polymers and xanthan gum provide the viscosity required to suspend weigh material and drill solids, and lower API fluid-loss values in the duratHerm system.

M-I Gel* may be used for fluid-loss control and viscosity in wells with bottomhole temperatures below 250°F (121°C). For bottomhole temperatures above 250°F (121°C), M-I Gel must be maintained at low levels. The primary function of M-I Gel at these reduced concentrations is to help form a thin, dense, low-permeability filter cake.

m-I Bar* and/or Fer-ox* are high-density materials with specific gravities of 4.2 and 5.0, respectively. They provide fluid density in the duratHerm system.

caustic, lime and gypsum are used to balance alkalinities and control the effects of carbonates/bicarbon ates on rheological properties. The basic environment provided by hydroxyl ions aids in tubular corrosion control and in hydrolyzing mud products added at the surface.

corrosion control and lubrication The duratHerm system is com patible with selected corrosion control-chemicals and lubricants. The low-solids feature of the duratHerm system, in conjunction with lubricants such as luBe-167* and luBe-945*, will reduce bit balling, torque and drag.

The duratHerm system as a packer fluid

The duratHerm system has been recognized as a drilling fluid applicable in areas of high temperature and pressure. Due to its physical characteristics it also may be used as a packer fluid.

The characteristics that make the duratHerm system an ideal packer fluid are:■■ Thermal stability to temperatures in

excess of 500°F (260°C)■■ Minimal liquid separation or breakout■■ Ability to suspend barite and solids

without settling■■ Non-corrosive (when freshwater is

used as a base)■■ Low static shear strengths■■ Quick reversion to fluid state upon

agitation

For corrosion protection, M-I SWACO recommends that a filming amine corrosion inhibitor such as Conqor* 101 be added to the packer fluid. One barrel of Conqor 101 per 100 bbl of mud usually results in an adequate concentration of inhibitor. Additions of 0.2 to 0.5 lb/bbl (0.1 to 0.2 kg/bbl) BACBAN III preservative (bactericide) will prevent the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria and fermentation of the mud.

18


enVIrotHerm ntDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

The water-base system you wanted for high-temperature drilling in environmentally sensitive conditions The EnVIrotHerm NT system is the result of three simultaneous operator demands. We have consistently received requests for a single drilling-fluid system that is chrome-free for environmental reasons, that can resist bottomhole temperatures in excess of 450°F (232°C) and that uses water-base chemistry. Their requirements stem chiefly from traditional land-based operations, but now high-temperature shale drilling has the same requirements for certain areas.

The very definition of an ideal answerThe system is a successful, field-proven HTHP water-base fluid and has been used under very severe conditions — to more than 350°F (177°C). It maintains its stable properties not only while drilling, but also during the prolonged static conditions experienced during tripping, logging and testing operations. The EnVIrotHerm NT system is characterized by low and stable rheological properties, low HTHP fluid loss and minimizes hole problems, providing shale inhibition and resistance to contamination for extreme conditions of density and temperature.

The environmental and drilling characteristics you wantThe EnVIrotHerm NT chemistry is water-base and chrome-free, making it environmentally acceptable worldwide. The system is stable in the presence of contamination from soluble calcium, salts and acid gases, and can be used at temperatures in excess of 450°F (232°C) and densities up to 19 ppg.

The system’s stability derives from its low reactive-solids content and temperature-stable, chrome-free materials. The low reactive-solids content is achieved by decreasing the

bentonite and drill solids content as fluid density and wellbore temperatures increase. High-temperature-resistant polymeric materials replace the bentonite and stabilize the overall viscosity and gel strengths. This minimizes the problems caused by flocculation of reactive clay solids at high temperatures and the viscosity increase resulting from chemical contamination.

Product Function CaloVIs FL Fluid-loss control and secondary viscosifier

CaloVIs HT Fluid-loss control and secondary viscosifier

CalotHIn HTHP rheology stabilizer

Calosperse and/or Calosperse ZR Chrome-free HTHP thinners

Poroseal Shale / filter-cake sealing additive

M-I Gel Supreme Viscosifier, LSRV, hole cleaning

19




s: enVIrotHerm

nt

Features■■ Easily managed in the field■■ Excellent shale inhibition■■ Water-base, chrome-free chemistry■■ Stable at high temperatures■■ Stable rheological properties■■ Resists contamination■■ Flexible formulation that can be

adapted as temperatures increase■■ Reduces the need for dilution■■ Reduces NPT■■ Maintains optimum ROP in highly

compacted/hard shales■■ Environmentally acceptable

worldwide

Advantages■■ Reduces pressure spikes caused

by gelation■■ Less time spent treating the system■■ Drilling can proceed in a range

of conditions■■ Economical to use, as fluid

formulation can be customized for various temperature ranges

■■ Less waste for disposal

Easy to build, maintain and convert The EnVIrotHerm NT for most HTHP applications consists of the six products shown in the table. On occasion, and as drilling conditions dictate, other products may be added. Your M-I SWACO representative can guide you in the composition of the system for your area.

The system can be easily converted from most chrome-free water-base system as the bottom hole temperature increases while drilling. The process for converting to a high-temperature system is seamless, with no rheology humps or loss of other properties.

CaloVIs* FL synthetic polymer is a specially formulated product designed for use as a fluid-loss-reducing and rheology-stabilizing agent in water-base drilling fluids. It is an excellent additive for HTHP filtration control and rheological stabilization for drilling fluids exposed to temperatures of up to 450°F (232°C).

CaloVIs HT synthetic polymer is a specially formulated fluid-loss-control agent and viscosifier in water-base drilling fluids. It is an excellent additive for HTHP filtration control for drilling fluids subjected to temperatures of up to 500°F (260°C).

CalotHIn* additive is a liquid anionic acrylic copolymer designed to provide rheology control in HTHP water-base drilling fluids. Secondary to its thinning effect, the product also provides a reduction of fluid loss. This synthetic additive has a temperature limit in excess of 450°F (232°C) and is not subject to bacterial degradation.

Calosperse* additive is a unique blend of polymeric and organic, chrome-free thinners specially formulated for improved rheology control of water-base drilling fluids. Calosperse additive also functions well in high-temperature applications. It reduces and stabilizes

overall viscosity and gel strengths and also contributes to reducing fluid loss. Due to its low pH, Calosperse rheology additive requires additions of caustic soda ±0.1 lb/bbl per each 1 lb/bbl of Calosperse product added to the system.

Calosperse ZR thinner is a specially formulated blend of zirconium and multivalent metallic salts, designed for use in high-temperature water- base drilling fluids.

Poroseal* product is a unique co-polymeric filtration control and shale sealing additive. Poroseal additive provides permeability plugging to effectively seal shales and filter cakes, improving the performance of highly inhibitive water-base drilling fluids. It is effective for low-temperature as well as high-temperature applications.

M-I Gel* supreme viscosifier is a premium grade Wyoming bentonite (a sodium montmorillonite clay) which has not been chemically treated. It is used at very low concentrations in the EnVIrotHerm NT system, to aid in initial filter cake building and filtration control.

Optimize your drilling in high-temperature applicationsYour M-I SWACO representative can give you more information and performance statistics about the water-base EnVIrotHerm NT system and how it’s reducing waste and improving environmental profiles.

20


glydrIlDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Shale-recovery comparisons

100% Cutting recovery

Gel PHPA KCI/PHPA OBMglydrIl

Wet cuttings Dry cuttings

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

14cc Fluid Loss

Fluid-loss comparisons

KCI/PHPA glydrIl

API HTHP (200O F [93Oc)

The proven glycol system for high-performance, environmentally advanced drillingProven by the M-I SWACO team in hundreds of wells worldwide, the glydrIl* system uses an enhanced-polymer, water-base chemistry that employs polyglycol technology. Thanks to that technology, operators can count on the glydrIl system to deliver a high degree of shale inhibition; wellbore stability; HTHP fluid-loss control and lubricity. Because no two wells are alike, M-I SWACO offers a range of glycols to meet all drilling needs.

Customization makes glydrIl the right choice for a variety of applications

In fact, the system’s broad range of glycols makes it a preferred system where environmental guidelines dictate a water-base fluid. The glydrIl system can be customized to meet a variety of drilling challenges — large-diameter wellbores, extended-reach drilling, deepwater and subsalt applications, and par ticularly reactive shales. The system also is ideal for drilling high-angle wells in reactive shale formations — where wellbore stability, torque and drag are major concerns. In addition, the glycols in the glydrIl system enhance the thermal stability of Flo-VIs*, duo-VIs*, duo-tec viscosifiers and polyanionic cellulose (PAC)/starch systems, and also enhance the low-shear rheological behavior of Flo-VIs polymers at temperatures above 248°F (120°C).

glydrIl and ROP enhancement

Like most water-base systems, the glydrIl system’s performance can benefit from the addition of an ROP enhancer in certain applications. Please contact your M-I SWACO representative to derive maximum benefit from the glydrIl system and any performance-boosting additives.

21




s: glydrIl

Compare performance, then save with glydrIl

Lower dilution rates. Higher ROP and lubricity. Lower total costs. The glydrIl system is one more example of the M-I SWACO pledge to provide customers the most appropriate, cost-effective drilling fluids and systems.

Engineering experience comes with every ounce of glydrIl

Having the right drilling fluid is only one part of the story. M-I SWACO also has the experience to help operators apply products to control rheology, fluid loss and density. In the case of the glydrIl system, that experience helps determine the proper concentration and choice of glycol additive. We can even help you monitor glycol concentrations through the use of optical refraction techniques. Wherever you operate, M-I SWACO has the experience that can make your operations run more smoothly and cost effectively.

glydrIl is the right choice for the environment, too

The products that make up the glydrIl system are formulated to address environmental concerns worldwide, both offshore and on land. For offshore operations, the system displays relatively low marine toxicity, provides relatively fast biodegradation rates, and minimizes cuttings piles and benthic impacts. Onshore, the glydrIl system can be engineered to provide shale inhibition without the use of salts and contains no aromatic or cyclic hydrocarbon compounds, making cuttings ideally suited for landfarming.

Features■■ Low-toxicity, water-base system■■ Relatively fast biodegradation■■ Shale inhibition■■ Pore-plugging, Thermally Activated

Mud Emulsion (TAME) properties■■ Improved filter-cake quality■■ Pipe-wetting capabilities

Advantages■■ In-gauge wellbores■■ Lower fluid losses and leak-off values■■ Lower potential for differential sticking■■ Less torque, drag and bit balling■■ Lower dilution rates■■ Slicker, firmer filter cake■■ Greater wellbore stability

By plugging shale pores, the glydrIl system provides a barrier against water migration, thereby reducing wellbore instability caused by fluid influx.

Soluble polyglycol enters shale pores.

As temperature increases and chemical environment changes, polyglycol clouds out.

22


Used primarily in the Gulf of Mexico, the K-mag* system is an inhibitive water-base system that provides shale inhibition and wellbore stability while it minimizes bit balling.

System benefits include reduced dispersion of drill cuttings for easier removal, near-gauge wellbores for better cement jobs, even in water-sensitive shales, and reduced swelling for wellbore stability.

The K-mag system is designed to perform most efficiently in freshwater to seawater-salinity envi ronments, but the salinity can be increased to improve shale stability and gas-hydrate inhibition when necessary. The use of a powerful dispersant, such as lignosulfonate, is usually kept as low as possible in order to minimize excessive dispersion of drill solids and wellbore washout.

The system’s popularity has increased as the use of synthetic-base fluids in offshore drilling has become more challenging due to more stringent environmental regulations, biodegradation restrictions and other environmental issues. In addition, low fracture gradients and narrow ECD windows often encountered in deepwater operations greatly increase the risk of lost circulation, which can drastically increase the cost of the operation. More economical water-base fluids, such as the K-mag system, with good shale inhibition and effective ROP enhancement are now competing with synthetics in deepwater applications.

Features and advantages■■ Flexible system can be formulated to

suit drilling environment■■ Excellent shale inhibition and

wellbore stability■■ Minimizes bit balling, improves ROP■■ Preserves drill cuttings for

easier removal■■ Tolerates salinity from freshwater to

seawater levels■■ Substitutes for some synthetics where

environmental issues are a concern

K-magDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

23




s: Kla-s

HIeld

Kla-sHIeldDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

The right choice for a variety of applicationsThe Kla-sHIeld* system’s broad range of polyamines makes it a preferred system where environmental guidelines dictate a water-base fluid and hole conditions demand flexibility. We have designed the system to deliver a customized approach in selecting the choice and concentration of polyamine additive for your project. This gives you a water-base system that is fine-tuned to meet a variety of drilling challenges — large diameter wellbores, extended-reach drilling, and highly reactive shales.

The system is also ideal for drilling high-angle wells in reactive shale formations where wellbore stability, torque and drag, and borehole and logging quality are major concerns.

The polyamines in the Kla-sHIeld system enhance the thermal stability of both the Flo-VIs* xanthan gum/duo-VIs* biopolymer and modified starches/PAC which are used in the systems.

These same polyamines also enhance the low-shear rheological behavior of Flo-VIs polymers at temperatures above 248°F (120°C).

Kla-sHIeld and ROP enhancement

For faster, smoother drilling, ROPenhancers and accretion inhibitors,such as drIlzone* or drIlzone Lproducts, can be added to the systemin addition to other products forimproving rheology, fluid-loss control,formation bridging and density.

Bulk hardness testKla-sHIeld amine inhibitors

250

200

100

150

50

Torque reading (in.-lbs)

Kla-cure 2% Kla-HIB 2%Kla-gard 2% Kla-stop 2%

Kla-gard B 2% Water

Kla-gard dry 7lb/bbl

1 8 1142 9 1253 10 1376

Kla-sHIeld dispersion test:recovery data

100

90

50

80

40

70

30

10

60

20

0

Total recovered (%)

2 lb/bblpoly-plus*RD

2 lb/bblIdcap* D

2 lb/bblKla-cap*

Blank

24


The right choice for the environment

Products that make up the Kla-sHIeldsystem are formulated to address environmental concerns worldwide,both on land and offshore. Onshore, the Kla-sHIeld system can be engineered to provide shale inhibition without the use of salts, and it contains no aromatic or cyclic hydrocarbon compounds, making cuttings ideally suited for landfarming. For offshore operations, the system displays relatively low marine toxicity, provides relatively fast biodegradation rates, and minimizes cuttings piles and benthic impacts.

Protect your next project with the Kla-sHIeld system

If you want to lower dilution rates and total costs, achieve higher ROP and lubricity, and effectively drill high-angle wells in reactive shale formations, contact your M-I SWACO representative. Together, you can determine the anticipated benefits from the Kla-sHIeld system and its performance-boosting additives.

Features and advantages■■ Polyamine base for enhanced

environmental performance over potassium chloride-based systems

■■ Flexible enough to meet geological and performance requirements

■■ Better waste management■■ Superior stabilization in fractured shales■■ Economical and technical solutions

to WBM issues■■ Easy to build and maintain systems for

optimized inhibition and reduced costs■■ Ideal for drilling high-angle wells in

reactive shale formations■■ More tolerant to contam - ination

with drill solids■■ Reduced clay dispersion and hydration

Amine inhibitors for use in Kla-sHIeld systemsInhibitor Polyamine material Function Typical concentration

Kla-cure* Polyamine Shale inhibitor4 to 8 lb/bbl (11.4 to 22.8 kg/m3)

Kla-gard* Polyamine Shale inhibitor 4 to 8 lb/bbl (11.4 to 22.8 kg/m3)

Kla-gard B Chloride-free version Shale inhibitor4 to 8 lb/bbl (11.4 to 22.8 kg/m3)

Kla-gard D Kla-gard, dry version Shale inhibitor6 to 9 lb/bbl (17.1 to 25.7 kg/m3)

Kla-stop* Most effective Kla-sHIeld polyamine

Shale inhibitor 2 to 4% (v/v)

Clear fluid returned to the system. Dewatered cuttings ready for disposal.

Dewatering of HPWBM

Chemical recovery■■ Inhibitor and accretion additive - 60% recovery

25




s: poly-p

lus

poly-plusDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

The poly-plus* system employs high-molecular -weight polymers and anionic liquid to provide cuttings encapsulation and shale stabilization.

It also acts as a viscosifier, friction reducer and flocculant while providing some fluid-loss control. Poly-plus additive can be used in mud systems ranging from low-solids to weighted, utilizing makeup waters from fresh to saltwater .■■ poly-plus additive mud systems.

poly-plus provides excellent cuttings encapsulation and improved wellbore stability

■■ Clear-water fluids. poly-plus agent may be used in clear-water, solids-free drilling fluids. poly-plus polymer increases viscosity and enhances solids removal by flocculating the undesired solids. It also provides cuttings encapsulation and improved wellbore stability

■■ Low-Solids, Non-Dispersed (LSND) muds. poly-plus agent is well suited to LSND systems. In reduced-bentonite muds, poly-plus serves as a bentonite extender to increase viscosity, flocculates drill solids for more efficient removal, encapsulates cuttings and improves wellbore stability

■■ Weighted muds. poly-plus can be used in weighted muds for cuttings encapsulation, improved wellbore stability, secondary viscosity and to improve filter-cake integrity

■■ poly-plus sweeps. Viscous poly-plus sweeps are effective for periodic hole cleaning

Features and advantages■■ Provides excellent cuttings

encapsulation and limits cuttings dispersion

■■ Provides improved shale stabilization ■■ Enhances the removal of drill solids■■ Liquid product for easy mixing and

rapid yield■■ Aids in preventing balling on the bit,

stabilizers and BHA by coating and lubricating solids

■■ Improves the lubricity of most mud systems, partic ularly non dispersed muds, when used in combination with a lubricant

■■ Can be used to viscosify clear-water and low-solids drilling fluids

26


sagdrIlDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

Product functions and descriptionsProduct Function Description

duoVIs*Rheological properties, especially LSRV

Biopolymer

tarsurF*Anti-accretion drilling-fluid additive

Blend of solvents and surfactants

tarlIFt*Anti-accretion drilling-fluid additive

Blend of solvents and surfactants

tarclean*Anti-accretion for rig equipment

Solvent

screencleanPrevention of shaker screen blinding

Surfactant

Features■■ Integrated Fluids Engineering (IFE)

combined with latest- generation SAGD drilling fluid

■■ Minimizes fluid impact on bitumen and cleans cuttings at surface

■■ Dual tar control through tarlIFt* and tarsurF*

■■ Excellent hole cleaning and suspension■■ Separates and cleans different

waste streams

Advantages■■ New approach for drilling and drilling

waste management■■ Mud cooler not needed (flowline

temperature >95°F (>35°C) may require cooling)

■■ Minimizes hole washout %■■ Minimizes waste generation■■ Liner run without incidents■■ Easy to engineer■■ No cuttings beds formed■■ Maximizes ROP, saves drilling time

27




s: sagdrIl

A great deal of a steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) program’s success depends upon finding a highly specialized drilling fluid that will keep the hole clean, without wellbore erosion, for tight-build radii and extended-reach, horizontal sections; that will keep the bit and drillstring clean to minimize bitumen-accretion problems; and that will prevent screen blinding at the shale shakers. Add to that the need for an environmentally compatible formulation that also reduces the amount of drilling waste, and the challenge to find the right drilling-fluid system is even greater.

The sagdrIl* system gives you exactly what you need for this demanding work

M-I SWACO developed the sagdrIl system to address the specific problems unique to drilling high build-angles and long-reach horizontal sections through the tar sands. The system incorporates a combination of surfactants and solvents, each with a specific function. Extensive laboratory testing of several solvent and surfactant products resulted in the selection of two products, tarlIFt and tarsurF, for accretion control. These products, working in conjunction with water-wetting surfactants effectively control wellbore erosion by forming a stable emulsion of the solvents so their interaction with the wellbore can be reduced.

The result of M-I SWACO research, development and field testing is a proven system that delivers the features which help you get more production from the tar sands at a lower cost:■■ A water-base drilling fluid that relies

on a strong water-wetting agent to minimize accretion of the sticky tar sands on the bit and drillstring while it minimizes shaker-screen blinding

■■ Oil-wetting surfactants to encapsulate tarry cuttings and promote their effective removal by the shakers and other solids-control equipment such as centrifuges

■■ A rheological profile optimized for minimal wellbore erosion

■■ Rheology that ensures opti mum hole conditions while drilling and running casing and production liners

■■ Onsite fluids specialists who monitor the system’s Low-Shear-Rate Viscosity (LSRV) with a Brookfield viscometer

The sagdrIl system’s stable wellbore helps you beyond just drilling

Another area where the sagdrIl system helps your operation run more smoothly is in running casing and liners. High operating temper atures, thermal expansion and high stress levels in the casing and cement sheath are facts of life in SAGD drilling. Add to that the absolute requirement that an excellent pipe/cement and cement/ formation bond be accomplished throughout the intermediate casing, and you have quite a challenge for any drilling fluid. And that’s precisely why the sagdrIl system isn’t just any drilling fluid. It helps you achieve your running and cementing goals by ensuring maximum lubricity while running the inter mediate casing, and it aids in creating a better cement bond by delivering an in-gauge wellbore.

An aid to responsible drilling waste management practices M-I SWACO has formulated the SAGD system to address the specific problem areas of accretion, shaker-screen blinding and wellbore erosion. A reduction in accretion and shaker-screen blinding have resulted in a significant increase in shaker-screen life and a sharp decrease in both fluid dilution and drilling waste disposal costs. By controlling wellbore erosion, the system further reduces the amount of drilling waste generated.

sagdrIl wells have realized significant savings in disposal costs of both solid and liquid drilling waste. They have also seen a significant reduction in solids-control costs and overall project costs.

In a laboratory test to simulate hole erosion in various drilling fluids, technicians rotated calibrated tar-sand cores at controlled temperatures and rotating speeds in solvent/xanthan gum formulations or sagdrIl fluid. Periodically, the technicians measured the cores to check for erosion. The solvent/xanthan gum formulations were more aggressive, causing higher erosion, while the sagdrIl fluid proved to be the least aggressive.

0.5 Reduction in diameter (mm)

0

–0.5

–1

–1.5

–2

–2.5

–3

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Time, min

SAGDRIL fluidSolvent-base System ASolvent-base System BSolvent-base System C

Compared to wells drilled with traditional solvent-base systems, sagdrIl wells have realized significant savings in disposal costs of both solid and liquid drilling waste. They have also seen a significant reduction in solids-control costs and overall project costs.

400 tonnes

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Solvent/xanthan gum systemSAGDRIL system

Drilling waste

Differential rotor decay

28


The adaptable silicate fluid system with the proven inhibition of an invert- emulsion fluid

sIldrIl*: The one system for optimum shale inhibition and environmental compliance

This uniquely formulated system capitalizes on the very latest in silicate technology to give you performance approaching that of oil-base mud but with the environmental acceptability of a water-base fluid. This one system delivers optimum inhibition characteristics, high penetration rates, decreased trouble time, superior wellbore integrity and superb solids-removal performance - all with minimal environmental impact.

It’s hard to match the shale inhibition of the sIldrIl system

The sIldrIl system achieves its superior inhibition through a threefold approach:■■ Direct chemical bonding of the silicate

polymers to drill cuttings and formation surfaces

■■ Precipitation of the silicate with divalent ions

■■ Silicate polymerization that results in complex, inorganic polymer structures that react with the shale surfaces to provide a hydrophobic barrier

The system generates highly competent, inhibited cuttings that contribute to optimum performance of the solids-control equipment and greatly enhanced for mation evaluation. By dramatically reducing solids contamination, the sIldrIl system reduces dilution rates and the costs associated with drilling waste management. Field experience has shown the solids-control efficiency of the system can compare very favorably to that achieved with typical invert-emulsion fluids.

Before sIldrIl treatment: Cuttings from a reactive formation drilled with a conventional KCl polymer fluid.

After treatment: In the same formation, sIldrIl produces a high degree of cuttings integrity.

sIldrIlDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

29




s: sIldrIl

Fewer components give you more flexibility

The relatively small number of components that comprise the non-dispersed sIldrIl system provide a great deal of flexibility in matching the system to the particular application. Fewer products also mean ease of maintenance, simpler logistics and lower total fluid costs. The versatile sIldrIl system is compatible with a variety of inorganic salts that can be added to enhance inhib ition and help meet specific environ mental regulations.

Improved lubricity can be obtained with the addition of sIl-luBe* or sIldrIl EPL lubricants.

Features■■ Outstanding inhibition■■ Low toxicity■■ Applicable for deepwater■■ Minimum number of components■■ Highly flexible fluid parameters

Advantages■■ High penetration rates■■ Optimum solids removal■■ Low dilution rates and superb drilling

waste control■■ Excellent cuttings integrity and

stable wellbores■■ In-gauge holes

200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400100

35 Swelling (%)

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

–5

Time (min)

Low pH dispersed

SILDRIL

DI water/XC

KCl/glycol

100 Shale recovery (%)

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

FW/polymer

NaCl/PHPA

KCl/glycol/PHPA

SILDRIL Oil-basemud

Si

Si

O

OH

H

Clay platelets

Non-clay particles

Filter-cake deposition

Physical and chemical barrier

to invasion

For systems formulated with sIldrIl, primary inhibition is achieved with the addition of a unique 2:6-ratio silicate. Polymerization of the higher-ratio silicate monomer effectively provides a physical and chemical barrier to filtrate and particle invasion.

Swellmeter testShale recovery

30


ultradrIlDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

The water-base system that helps you achieve your drilling and environmental goals through an exclusive, triple-inhibition approach

In the field, the ultradrIl* system delivers results comparable to oil-base systems

Features■■ High chemical stabilization■■ Low dilution, low toxicity■■ Near-OBM/SBM performance■■ Easy to build and maintain■■ Anti-accretion agent ■■ Micro-pore plugging agent

Advantages■■ Optimizes inhibition■■ Environmentally acceptable■■ Deepwater alternative■■ Reduced costs■■ Increases drilling rates

120 Hydration (%)

100

80

60

40

20

0

Gel/LignosulphonateKCl/PHPACaCl2/PolymerSeawater/glycol/PHPAKCl/glycol/PHPA

ULTRADRIL (Seawater only)ULTRADRIL (20% NaCl)ULTRADRIL (KCl)Invert OBM

–20

The results of a 16 hr test of various drilling fluids on samples of reactive clay. Three for mu lations of ultradrIl all had lower clay hydration than that of conventional water-base drilling fluids. Through highly reactive intervals, ROPs have averaged up to 150 ft/hr (45.7 m/hr), delivering cuttings that exhibited the excellent integrity expected if drilling with an oil-base system.

100 Moisture and recovery (%)

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

MoistureRecovery

20% NaCl/PH PA ULTRADRIL(20% NaCl)

Synthetic OBM

The inhibitive capability of the ultradrIl system surpasses that of a conventional water-base system and nearly matches that of a synthetic-base drilling fluid. The system’s low moisture content results in drier, firmer drilled cuttings. With densities of 11.3 lb/gal to 16 lb/gal (1.9 SG), ultradrIl systems have successfully drilled long sections of highly reactive gumbo shales and graded out very high in terms of stability, inhibition, screen -ability and maintenance. ultradrIl systems using poroseal* micro-pore plugging additive have successfully drilled the troublesome water sensitive Nahr Umr shales in the Middle East. In sections typically drilled with CaCl2 or 20% NaCl/PHPA water-base fluids, the high-performance shaker-screen blinding, rapid encapsulator depletion and high-dilution rates that had severely impacted wells drilled with its more traditional counterparts.

Comparative inhibition: GOM shales

Reactive-clay hydration

31




s: ultradrIl

Inhibition action #1: Superior clay inhibitionTriple inhibition is your key to faster drilling and better drilling waste management

The high-performance, water-base system that’s easy to build and maintain

For all of the capabilities it provides, the ultradrIl system is easy to build and maintain on location. The base fluid can be anything from freshwater to potassium chloride, to sodium chloride and, in some instances, seawater. The fluid is extremely clean, it does not use any bentonite in its makeup, and its inhibitive character means a very low colloidal content. Its properties can be easily maintained, even in the presence of contaminants such as cement and common drilling-fluid additives. And the ultradrIl system provides its high degree of inhibition without the use of performance-limiting salts such as calcium chloride.

To ensure top performance in the field, the ultradrIl system can be tested for proper concentrations, using simple, common tests such as pH titration, ammonia extraction and retort analysis to confirm product-volume percentage.

The basic system consists of three main components: ultraHIB*, ultracap* and ultraFree*.

Conventional water-base systems do not have the highly inhibitive quality of the ultradrIl system, so shales are prone to sloughing and swelling that can cause stuck pipe, and washouts.

The first feature of the ultradrIl system’s triple-inhibition approach is its ability to inhibit the most reactive shales and provide superb wellbore stability, even in the most reactive clays.

With conventional systems, drilling is slower, the cuttings are smaller, and there is not the same, high level of inhibition as we have with the ultradrIl system. Many of the cuttings break apart and disperse, creating fines that not only require dilution of the system but that settle in the hole and can packoff the bit. Other particulates swell and agglomerate into large masses that adhere to the bit, drill pipe and Bottomhole Assembly (BHA).

The second feature of the ultradrIl system’s triple- inhibition approach is the way it encapsulates cuttings with a thin polymer coating that virtually eliminates shale dispersion. This, in turn, reduces the need for dilution and the disposal of large fluid volumes. Because it is a high-performance system, the well can be drilled at higher ROP, producing larger cuttings which reach the shaker firm and intact.

Inhibition action #2: Cuttings encapsulation

32


Inhibition action #3: Protected metal surfaces

Conventional fluids allow gumbo buildup and bit balling to occur, slowing down the entire drilling process.

The third feature of the system’s triple-inhibition approach is its ability to coat the bit, BHA and drill pipe with an accretion-inhibitive coating. The cutting structure stays clean and effective, resulting in less bit balling and higher ROP.

33



Products: Oil-base Systems: en

VIroVert

enVIroVertDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems

The invert drilling-fluid system that reduces drilling, completion and disposal costs

With the enVIroVert* system, operators now have all the performance advantages of a conventional invert-emulsion drilling fluid, with the added benefit of reduced disposal costs. The system contains no chlorides, but rather a proprietary calcium nitrate salt that not only inhibits reactive shales, but also provides nitrogen that accelerates biodegradation.

The enVIroVert system has been shown to significantly reduce torque and drag, making it an ideal option for drilling high-angle or horizontal wellbores. Its high- temperature stability gives you a dependable system for drilling deep, hot holes. What’s more, this highly versatile system has demonstrated its effectiveness as a perforating, completion, spotting and casing-pack fluid.

enVIroVert reduces your environmental costs and concerns

For a landfarming operation to succeed in its biodegradation activity, one or more supplemental applications of a fertilizer high in nitrogen is necessary. The enVIroVert system gives you a head start by providing the nitrogen required for hydrocarbon-degrading micro organisms to perform effectively in landfarming operations. The enVIroVert calcium nitrate salt not only eliminates the trouble and costs associated with chlorides, it also facilitates faster biodegradation. In addition, enVIroVert meets NMX-L-162-1996-SCFI specifications.

Features■■ Invert drilling-fluid system

for water-sensitive formations■■ Uses calcium nitrate in place of

calcium chloride■■ Excellent torque and drag reduction ■■ Prevents lost circulation in

low-pressure zones

Advantages■■ Eliminates typical chloride disposal

problem■■ Promotes faster biodegradation■■ Reduces unexpected events■■ Also works as a spotting, packer and

casing-pack fluid■■ Reduces drilling, completion and

disposal costsWater Activity of the ENVIROVERT System1.00 Water activity

0.95

0.90

0.85

0.80

0.75

0.70

0.65

0.60

0.55

Water-phase salinity (% by weight) ENVIROFLOC*

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7010

Water activity of the enVIroVert system

34


megadrIl SystemDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems

The one-drum solution to elevated gel strengths in invert systemsMost oil-base systems are reliably and thermally stable, but many typ-ically exhibit elevated, and sometimes severe, progressive gel strengths as drilling progresses. Recognizing the elevated gel-strength trend as problematic in some oil-base-fluid appli ca tions, M-I SWACO Research and Development has devel oped the megadrIl* system. This new drilling-fluid system delivers the durable and temperature-stable invert-emulsion fluid operators want, without the associated elevated gel strengths. In addi tion, this fluid withstands high solids loading, lower HTHP fluid-loss values and delivers a high tolerance to seawater and cement contamination.

To simplify mixing and reduce inventory on location, the megadrIl system utilizes a single-drum formula that contains the emulsifier, wetting agents and coating agents.

How it works

Through its unique combination of chemistries, the megadrIl system produces an improved relationship among the 6 RPM reading, gel strength and yield point. The result is a system that controls fil tration without increasing overall viscosity and that has a higher tolerance for drill solids which can cause progressive gel strengths. This allows for reduced pump pressures and increased hole-cleaning capabilities while retaining manageable ECD values.

Features■■ Single-drum emulsifier / wetting agent■■ Reduced rheological properties

result in lower pump pressure and ECD values

■■ Excellent drill-solids, temperature and contamination tolerance

■■ Lower HTHP fluid loss■■ Capable of withstanding higher

water content, especially in the lower mud densities

Advantages■■ Simplified logistics■■ Reduced disposal costs■■ Decreased ECD for better hole cleaning■■ Optimized drilling efficiency■■ Lower pump pressures■■ Increased hole cleaning

An entire system engineered to minimize product additions and reduce overall fluid costs

The megadrIl system’s minimal product requirements simplify life on the rig through greatly reduced product requirements, while still maintaining desired fluid properties. The primary components of the megadrIl system include:■■ megamul A one-drum product that

serves as an emulsifier and wetting agent for the megadrIl invert-emulsion system. The product is effective over a wide range of temperatures, contaminants and OWRs. Initial system formu lation requires 4 to 12 lb/bbl (11.4 to 34.2 kg/m3), depending on density, OWR and required temperature stability

35


■■ Supplemental fluid-loss control is obtained through additions of M-I SWACO Versatrol* products. When HTHP fluid-loss values of less than 2 mL are required, additions of megatrol filtration-control additive, designed to be used in diesel-oil-base invert emulsion systems or ecotrol for mineral-oil-base invert emulsion systems are recommended. The megatrol and ecotrol polymeric additives are specially designed to complement the emulsifiers of the invert-mud systems to provide HTHP fluid-loss control at low product concentrations. megatrol is also effective in 100% diesel-oil-base applications and at temperatures up to 300°F (149°C)

Field results that deliver the promise

In the field, the megadrIl system has shown superior performance characteristics above conventional invert-emulsion systems. ■■ Reduced mud losses,

less dilution and improved drilling performance

■■ Lower rheologies compared to traditional invert-emulsion systems

■■ Improved relationship among the gel strength, yield point and 6 RPM reading delivers higher penetration rates, improved cuttings transport and reduction in downhole losses

■■ Lower consumption of supplemental fluid-loss additives

■■ Reduced pump pressures and increased hole-cleaning capabilities while retaining manageable ECD values

The megadrIl system in action

The system’s relationship among the yield point, 6 RPM dial reading and the gel structure allows for superior cuttings transport, dra matically improving hole cleaning. The sys tem’s constant rheological relation ship ensures efficient cuttings transport and fewer packoffs.

These properties are based on actual field data where the fluid design is optimized for an 8.5 in. horizontal well and where the OWR remains constant at 87:13 with 5.3% low-gravity solids in the system.

Problem A: High gels

In the mid-continent, operators required elevated yield points and 3 and 6 RPM dial readings for sufficient hole cleaning, when drilling horizontally but wish to maintain a close relationship with the gels.

The megadrIl solution: With its tight rheological profile, this new invert-emulsion system maintained a close relationship between the 6 RPM readings and the 10 sec through 30 min gel strengths.

Problem B: Base-oil costs

Base-oil costs were driving up the total AFE costs of wells drilled in the Bakken shale area of North Dakota.

The megadrIl solution: Because the megadrIl system lowered the overall diesel content by 10%, the operator not only saved an average of $20,000 per well but also bene fitted from a generally lower overall rheological profile for the drilling-fluid system.

Learn more about the megadrIl solution

Your M-I SWACO representative can give you the whole story about this one-drum system that enhances the economics of drilling with an invert- emulsion system.

Typical formulationsDensity 9 lb/gal 11 lb/gal 13 lb/gal 16 lb/gal

Base-fluid:water ratio 70:30 80:20 80:20 85:15

Diesel, bbl 0.637 0.666 0.605 0.550

VG-plus*, lb/bbl 5 4 4 3

Lime, lb/bbl 4 5 6 6

megamul*, lb/bbl 6 7 8 9

25% CaCl2 brine, bbl 0.296 0.181 0.164 0.110

Barite, lb/bbl 49.4 174.0 280.8 448.6

120 Hydration (%)

100

80

60

40

20

0

Gel/LignosulphonateKCl/PHPACaCl2/PolymerSeawater/glycol/PHPAKCl/glycol/PHPA

ULTRADRIL (Seawater only)ULTRADRIL (20% NaCl)ULTRADRIL (KCl)Invert OBM

–20

30

25

20

15

10

5

YP, lb/100 ft2 6 rpm 10 sec, Gel 10 min, Gel 30 min, Gel0

MEGADRIL 14.0 lb/gal



megadrIl rheology vs gel strength

Conventional invert system vs megadrIl system, 10 lb/gal


Products: Oil-base Systems: m

egadrIl System

36


rHelIantDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems

An entire system engineered to reduce dilution and costsThe rHelIant system’s lower clay content, fit-for-purpose viscosifiers, specially designed emulsifiers, rheology modifiers and adaptability to different base fluids yield a high-performance system that is cost-effective yet easy to maintain.

The non-aqueous system with the flat rheology you can trust to reduce expensive mud losses and protect your AFE.

ECD Problem A In deepwater, the surface rheology must be reduced when encountering cold temperatures to offset negative ECD effects.

ECD Problem B Adjusting the rhe ology upwards to compensate for higher downhole temperatures and pressure can lead to excessive ECD values and gel strengths.

The rHelIant* solution With its flat rheology, this new generation system maintains consistent fluid properties that are independent of temperature and pressure. It maintains constant 150°F (65.5°C) prop erties even when confronting temperatures as low as 40°F (4.4°C). You can drill with ECDs lower than, or equal to, conventional invert systems while encountering fewer drilling problems and successfully avoiding the loss of whole mud.

The practical side of a flat rheological profile

35 YP ( lb/100 ft 2)

30

25

20

15

50° 70° 90° 110° 130° 150° 170°10

Temperature (°F)

Conventional SBM RHELIANT System

rHelIant system vs conventional SBM

37


Now, manage ECD without sacrificing hole cleaning or promoting barite sag

rHelIant field data well B:PWD comparison with direct offset

rHelIant system vs conventional SBM barite sag performance

Minimized pressure surges

12,800

13,800

14,800

15,800

16,800

17,800

18,800

19,800

20,800

21,800

14,000

15,000

16,000

17,000

18,000

19,000

20,000

21,00012.3 12.7 13.1 13.5 13.9 14.3 12.5 13 13.5 14

0.5 lb/gal

728 gpm

0.4 lb/gal

770 gpm

SBM 12∏ in. PWD (lb/gal)

RHELIANT 11∑ in. PWD (lb/gal)

PWD MW (in.)

12.8

12.7

12.6

0 50 100 150 200 25012.5

Time, min

12.9 Sag flow loop test, NOVAPLUS and RHELIANT systems

Conventional system RHELIANT system

1400 Pump output (gpm) ECD (lb/gal) 11.5

11.4

11.3

11.25

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

4:07:41 4:10:34 4:13:26 4:16:19 4:19:12 4:24:584:22:050

Time

Flow rate ECD

11.45

11.35

The rHelIant system’s superior cuttings transportation properties translate into smoother ECD profiles, reduced incidents of barite sag and dramatically improved hole cleaning. And, since the rate of removal keeps pace with the cuttings generated, the drill solids will not accumulate in the annulus and increase the ECD values. The system’s constant yield point ensures efficient hole cleaning and fewer packoffs.

Not only is the rHelIant system ideal for the challenging deepwater or cold temperature environment, it has also yielded tremendous benefits in any application where superior ECD management is needed to reduce the risk of lost circulation.

The rHelIant system also has demonstrated its capacity to eliminate pressure spikes on connections. During the static period, the high gel strengths that can develop in conventional systems, especially at low temperatures, can cause excessive pressures to develop when the pumps are restarted, creating the potential for a formation breakdown.

The rHelIant system’s low clay content and flat rheology profile ensure minimum buildup of gels, effectively eliminating these pressure surges seen with other invert drilling fluids.

Field results that deliver on the promise of the laboratoryIn the field, the rHelIant system has shown performance characteristics far superior to those of any conventional synthetic-base and other invert drilling fluids in deepwater applications.■■ ROP as much as 20 ft/hr

(6.1 m/hr) faster than typical synthetic-base systems

■■ On-bottom drilling time reduced by as much as 24 hrs per interval

■■ Reduced mud losses, less dilution and improved displacement characteristics

■■ Balanced yield point delivers higher penetration rates, vastly improved cuttings-transport and considerable savings in hole-conditioning time

rHelIant technology builds on the noVaplus system’s successNo name is more synonymous with synthetic-base drilling fluids than the widely accepted noVaplus* system. Long the system of choice for the deepwater and similarly challenging environments, this award-winning system set the standard for balancing cost- effective performance with environmental efficiency.

While just as robust as its forerunner, the rHelIant system’s easier-on-the-AFE formulation allows it to deliver value-added performance that no conventional synthetic-base or other invert drilling fluids can match.


Products: Oil-base Systems: r

HelIant

38


The Versaclean* and VersadrIl* systems are oil-base fluids formulated with Versamul-Versacoat or Versacoat-Versawet emulsification packages and engineered to meet any drilling-fluid requirement. The only difference between the two systems is that the Versaclean system uses a highly refined mineral oil while the VersadrIl system is formulated with No. 2 diesel oil as the continuous external phase.

Both systems deliver excellent thermal stability for drilling deep, hot holes. Their formulation provides inherent protection against acid gases, such as CO2 and H2S, as well as corrosion due to the presence of lime (used as an alka linity control reagent) in the con-tinuous oil phase. Versaclean and VersadrIl systems can drill water-soluble formations (anhydrite, gypsum, salts and complex salts) with minimum or no hole-washout problems. They provide improved lubricity for drilling deviated holes and for significantly reducing occurrences of stuck pipe. Versaclean and VersadrIl systems minimize damage to producing formations through the prevention of water intrusion, thereby eliminating clay swelling which can cause reduced permeability of the pay zone. They also provide increased rates of penetration and ability to drill thick, water-sensitive

shale sections with relative ease, thus providing for gauge hole drilling.

In many cases, oil muds are not considered, although the drill ing conditions warrant their use, because of their initial makeup costs. However, if the overall drilling costs are considered, the costs accompanying the use of an oil mud are usually comparable with, or less than, those of a water-base fluid, particularly when most drilling problems are eliminated, resulting in substantial time savings. In addition, both Versaclean and VersadrIl oil muds can be salvaged and reused following the drilling operation.

Features■■ Low coefficient of friction■■ High-temperature stability■■ Chemically stable■■ Excellent filtration control

Advantages■■ Maximizes production■■ Reduces torque and drag■■ In-gauge wellbores■■ Optimized ROP■■ Stable wellbores

Oil:Water ratio 70:30 80:20 90:10

Versamul (lb/bbl) 6 - 8 8 - 10 8 - 10

Versacoat (lb/bbl) 1 - 2 1 - 2 2 - 3

Lime (lb/bbl) 6 - 8 8 - 10 8 - 10

VG-69 (lb/bbl) 2 - 4 2 - 3 1 - 1.5

Oil:Water ratio 75:25 80:20 85:15 90:10

Versacoat (lb/bbl) 2 - 3 3 - 4 4 - 5 5 - 6

Versawet (lb/bbl) 1 - 2 2 - 3 2 - 3 3 - 4

VG-69 (lb/bbl) 8 - 10 6 - 8 6 - 8 4 - 6

Lime (lb/bbl) 1 - 2 1 - 2 1 - 2 1 - 2

System Base oil

Versaclean Mineral oil

VersadrIl Diesel

Versaclean/VersadrIlDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems

39



Products: Oil-base Systems: w

arp Advanced Fluids Technology

Warp Advanced Fluids TechnologyDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems

warp Fluids Technology gives you high fluid weights and low rheologies with no barite sag

Every manual on drilling-fluid engineering tells us that micron-size particles are detrimental to drilling fluids. With too many fines in the fluid, the rheology increases, often with detrimental effects. The technology behind Warp Fluids Technology lies in grinding the weighting material to extremely fine particle sizes — from 0.1 to 10 microns, with the majority measuring 1 micron. By treating these extremely fine particles, there is no rheology increase.

Features■■ Warp* Fluids Technology particles

are 10 times smaller than drilling-grade barite

■■ Low-viscosity fluids with low plastic viscosities and yield point and low-shear-rate viscosity, with no risk of barite sag

■■ Lower friction factors: up to 10% in cased hole and 25% in openhole

■■ Warp micron-sized weighting agents pass more efficiently through shaker screens and openhole-completion screens

■■ Non-damaging to producing formations and completion hardware

■■ Lower dynamic and static fluid loss with thinner filter cakes and lower breakthrough pressures

Advantages■■ Reduces risk of static and dynamic sag■■ Lower ECD values■■ Lower swab and surge pressures■■ Lower pump pressures■■ Improves cement-job quality■■ Faster pipe-running and tripping speeds■■ Improves MWD/LWD data quality■■ Lowers rotary torque and

friction factors■■ Increases solids-removal efficiency

and lower dilution/maintenance■■ Reduces risk of completion-screen

plugging■■ Lower downhole fluid losses

can be used

40


The treated micronized weighting agents of warp Fluids Technology - a new concept in drilling-fluid designHere are just a few examples of howthe micronized weighting agents ofWarp Fluids Technology can solvetoday’s drilling problems:■■ Low-rheology drilling and completion

fluids for extended-reach drilling■■ Weight materials that do not settle,

even with very low rheologies■■ Better management of ECD and

downhole losses while drilling and cementing

■■ Lower torque and friction factors for long reach wells

■■ Ultra-fine shaker screens that improve solids-removal efficiency without sacrificing valuable products for environmental performance

■■ Oil-base completion fluids for water-sensitive hydrocarbons

Compared to conventionally weighted drilling and completion fluids, there is no comparison

When evaluated against conventionallyweighted fluids, both water-baseand invert systems formulated withWarp Fluids Technology deliver moreadded-value benefits:■■ Reduced sag tendencies make fluids

using Warp Fluids Technology ideal for horizontal and extended-reach wells. With dramatically reduced particle diameters, compared to conventional weighting agents, settling velocities are reduced by a factor of 10,000. This makes Warp Fluids Technology an excellent option for all lower and intermediate portions of long-reach-horizontal sections and for completion and workover fluids

■■ Lower plastic viscosity is another advantage of Warp Fluids Technology over a conventionally weighted fluid with the same yield point. This effectively reduces ECD for drilling narrow mud-weight windows.

Owing to higher allowable pump rates and non-laminar flow regimes, fluids formulated with Warp Fluids Technology enhance bit hydraulics, thereby improving hole cleaning, with associated increases in ROP and tripping and casing speeds

■■ Improved filtration properties are the result of the ultra-fine particle sizes of Warp Fluids Technology contributing to enhanced filtration control, minimizing the risk of differential sticking

■■ Improved solids-separation efficiency results in less dilution, optimum product performance and reduced costs. The fine particle size of the weighting agent in Warp Fluids Technology allows weight material to easily pass through 500-mesh shaker screens, removing virtually 100% of drilled cuttings on the first pass. The lower fluid viscosities at the shakers improve screening efficiency while reducing fluid discharge associated with cuttings. The improved solids-separation efficiency also improves the tolerance of the fluid to low-gravity solids

Comparison of barite and warp particles

The specially treated micron-size weighting materials unique to warp Fluids Technology are 10 times smaller than drilling-grade barite. Their ultra-small size, combined with their proprietary treatment, ensures that fluids formulated with warp Fluids Technology have exceptionally stable properties.

API barite75 μm top size

API barited50 ~25 μm

1 micron colloidalWarp particle

WARP API barite

d100.6µ

d501.6µ

d903.8µ

Typical particle-size distribution

The average size of particles in warp Fluids Technology are less than 2 microns and nearly all the particles are less than 5 microns — about the same size as human red blood cells. For the first time since weighting agents were first used in drilling fluids more than 80 years ago, warp Fluids Technology overcomes many of the deficiencies of barite. It is the weighting agent for solving 21st-century drilling problems.

41


■■ Improved pressure drops in narrow annuli allow greater flexibility for optimizing flow rates and pump pressures

■■ Improved torque in open and cased hole by as much as 25% compared to offset wells drilled with conventional weighting agents. Lower friction factors allow for greater horsepower at the bit, better drilling rates and less drag while running pipe

■■ Non-damaging to production formations. Of the sections drilled using Warp fluids, 66% are in 8½ in. and smaller sections. With correctly sized bridging materials, Warp fluids are non-damaging to the producing formation and deliver full flowback through completion screens

When the stakes are high, warp Fluids Technology keeps rheologies and problems down

The low rheological profile of a fluid enhanced with Warp Fluids Technology actually improves hole cleaning by effectively removing any cuttings buildup on the lower side of the hole.

In addition, the low rheologies of Warp Fluids Technology clear the way for better control and management of equivalent circulating density, which is especially critical when a very narrow margin exists between the pore and fracture pressure. In fact, ECD values are actually reduced and pump pressures are lower with Warp Fluids Technology, also reducing pressure spikes while tripping and running casing.

These and other advantages make Warp Fluids Technology the ultimate choice for reducing drilling risk and well costs for a wide array of critical drilling applications, including:■■ Horizontal and extended-reach wells■■ Coiled-tubing and through-tubing

rotary drilling■■ Managed-pressure drilling■■ Reservoir drill-in fluids■■ Wells with narrow operating windows■■ HTHP wells■■ Casing drilling■■ Inhibitive fluids■■ Wells with risk of barite sag■■ Drilling waste management■■ Critical cementing operations

The boundaries of extended-reach and horizontal drilling in “green” and “brown” field development are

extending outward. API-grade barite has served the industry well for the last 80 years or more as the natural product of choice to increase the density of fluids. In practice, drilling-fluid viscosity was controlled to ensure that the barite remained suspended, preventing it from settling out in the wellbore. That was fine in the past, but now well trajectories are becoming increasingly complex, forcing an inevitable compromise between the rheological requirements for barite suspension and hydraulics forwell control.

Conventional oil-base drilling fluids

Plastic viscosity = 35 cps

Plastic viscosity = 25 cps

Yield point = 7 lb/100 ft2Yield point = 17 lb/100 ft2

WARP Fluids Technology

Lower Rheology of warp Fluids Technology




42


warp Fluids Technology keeps your drilling waste management and environmental programs clean, too

Warp Fluids Technology allows solids control equipment to be run muchmore aggressively than with conventionally weighted fluids because the weighting-agent particles are so much smaller than the drilled solids. For fluids formulated with conventional APIgrade barite, the particle size is veryclose to that of the drilled solids whichinvariably become incorporated intothe drilling-fluid system. In these instances, reducing the screen sizeto 250-mesh or finer removes barite aswell as unwanted low-gravity drilledsolids, resulting in higher fluid costs.The small particle size of Warp FluidsTechnology ensures that extremelyfine-mesh screens may be employedon the primary shaker. Meshes asfine as 500 have been used successfully,removing the majority of the drillsolids on the first pass. Not only doesthe very thin viscosity of these fluidsaid screening, it also reduces environmental impact and fluid volumes lost over the shakers, which in turn results in dilution rates as much as 35% lower than conventionally weighted systems.

The clear advantages of warp Fluids Technology over conventional weighting materials

Drill

ing

Flui

ds

Conventional weighting materials warp Fluids Technology

API Barite■■ Higher rheologies to control barite

settlement and sag■■ Problematic ECD management in

sections with narrow pressure windows

■■ Horsepower limitations in extreme, horizontal wells

■■ Near-zero sag and settlement in inclined and horizontal sections

■■ Fluid rheology may be low and independent of sag. No mud-weight variation

■■ Better management of ECD and control of losses

■■ Lower drillstring torque for superior bit horsepower

■■ Lower dilution factors and lower well costs

■■ Reduced discharge volumes and environmental impacted factors and cost AFT

Rese

rvoi

r Dr

ill-In

Flu

ids

Sized calcium carbonate■■ Mud weights limited at higher

densities■■ Limited ECD management and

rheology control at higher densities

■■ All-in-one drilling and completion fluid

■■ Lower rheologies for the same density

■■ Better management of ECD and control of losses

■■ Complete flowback through sand screens

Com

plet

ion

and

Wor

kove

r Flu

ids High-density, solids-free brines

■■ High costs■■ Personnel safety and handling

concerns■■ Disposal issues■■ Environmental concerns

■■ No heavy metals■■ No environmental concerns■■ No particle settlement or sag■■ No personnel safety or handling

issues■■ Easy cleanup and disposal

warp Fluids Technology achievements

Recognized with prestigious awardWarp Fluids Technology receives the Offshore Energy Achievement Award in December 2005.

Southern North Sea recordWarp Fluids Technology drills 810 m in a 24 hr period on an 81/2 in. interval offshore Holland - a client record for Southern North Sea. The 7- x 75 ⁄ 8 in. liner was the third-longest run by the client and reached TD without incident.

Overall drilling performance was regarded as the best in the Zechstein salt formation.

World record ERD in East RussiaWarp Fluids Technology drilled a world-record ERD in East Russia reaching a measured depth of 38,320 ft (11,680 m) and 8,530 ft (2,600 m) TVD.

Highest producer in Statfjord fieldWarp Fluids Technology drills a record 81/2 in. extended-reach well offshore Norway on Statfjord C platform and was categorized as one of the most difficult wells to drill and complete. The daily production rate of 12,600 bbl/d, making it the highest producer in the entire Statfjord field.

43


This is the one technology you should know aboutWe would welcome the opportunity to talk with you face-to-face about this technological development that could save you a lot of time and money. Just call your local M-I SWACO representative and ask for information and proofs about Warp Fluids Technology.

warp Fluids Technology facts

warp Fluids Technology is field-proven in over 190 sections worldwide:

Maximum angle 98°

Highest density 18.4 lb/gal (2,200 kg/m3)

Lowest density 8.4 lb/gal (1,010 kg/m3)

Maximum BHT 405°F (207°C)

Longest 121/4 in. interval 9,839 ft (2,999 m)

Longest 81/2 in. interval 12,011 ft (3,661 m)

Longest 6 in. interval 5,128 ft (1,563 m)

Longest measured depth well 38,320 ft (11,680 m)

Smallest sandscreen completion 150 μm expandable

Number of horizontal sections. 64

Number of sections <81/2 in. 171

Number of sections >81/2 in. 25

Completion fluids 25

9(1.1)

10(1.2)

11(1.3)

12(1.4)

13(1.6)

14(1.7)

Maximum density, lb/gal (kg/L)

15(1.8)

16(1.9)

17(2)

18(2.2)

19(2.3)

20(2.4)

Water-base WARP Fluids Technology (barite)

Oil-base WARP Fluids Technology (barite)

ZnBr 2/CaBr2

K/CsCOOH

Water-base WARP Fluids Technology (CaCO 3 )

Oil-base WARP Fluids Technology (CaCO 3 )

CaBr2

KCOOH

NaBr

CaCl 2

NaCOOH

NaCl

KCl

Maximum density of warp Fluids Technology to common completion brines




44


For completion fluids, warp Fluids Technology wins out over conventional weighting agentsAbove 13 lb/gal (1.6 kg/L), solids-free completion and workover fluids are limited to mixed calcium chloride, calcium bromide and zinc bromide, or mixed potassium and cesium formate brines. These are inherently expensive and environmentally hazardous, carry the potential for scaling, and require special corrosion products.

The only other alternatives are specially formulated barite or calcium carbonate weighted fluids that are prone to sag and settlement.

In Warp Fluids Technology, the micron-sized particles behave as solids-free fluids with no settlement, no reservoir damage and complete flowback through gravel-pack and sand-screen completions - all with no environmental or disposal hazards. In addition, you now have the option of high-density oil-base completion fluids for a complete oil-base drilling and completion fluid train, minimizing spacers and the potential for emulsion blocks.

Casing pressure control

Cementdisplacement

fluids

Coiled-tubing drilling

Replacing orcomplementing MPD

High-density spacers

Extended-reachdrilling

Slim-hole andsmall-bore drilling

Horizontaldrilling

Through tubingrotary drilling

Openholescreened completions

Multilateral drilling

Reservoir fluid drill-inand completion fluids

Kill fluids andbarrier fluids

Reservoir fluiddrill-in fluids

Loggingand

testing fluids

High-densityZnBr2 brinealternatives

Casingdrilling

Packerfluids

Casing pressureremediation

High temperature and high pressure

45


ecogreen delivers high performance in environmentally sensitive areasecogreen*, our ester-base synthetic fluid system, is one more example of the uncompromising pledge from M-I SWACO, to balance high performance downhole with environmental stewardship. Like the other members of our industry leading family of synthetic fluids, ecogreen delivers the high level of drilling performance you would otherwise expect only from an invertemulsion fluid. And, it does so routinely, in some of the world’s most fragile marine ecosystems. Good inhibition and lubricity. Low fluid losses. Solids and chemical tolerance. Temperature-stable up to 320°F (160°C). Ease of maintenance. ecogreen exhibits all these performance characteristics and more.

Versatility is an ecogreen trademark

When you prefer an ester-base system in order to meet local discharge requirements without sacrificing the economic benefits of a high-performance fluid, look no further than ecogreen.

The true value of the ecogreen system lies in its versatility. It is easily formulated to address a wide range of drilling requirements, including Extended-Reach Drilling (ERD) and horizontal drilling, and drill-in fluid applications. ecogreen produces the penetration rates consistent with oil muds, while eliminating or dramatically reducing the instances of stuck pipe, out-of-gauge holes and unstable

wellbores normally associated with water-base systems. Its low lubricity coefficients dramatically reduce torque and drag, making it particularly beneficial in deviated and high-angle wellbores.

From an environmental standpoint, ecogreen is a synthesized material, and the fatty-acid ester comprising its base fluid contains no “priority pollutants” and is biodegradable. ecogreen has passed some of the most rigorous toxicity, biodegradation and vapor tests in the industry and has been approved for discharge in some of the world’s most restricted environments.

ecogreen is also completely reusable after only minimal treatment, significantly reducing your mud consumption costs.

ecogreen’s “fingerprint” simplifies crude detection

ecogreen’s unique chemistry generates a very identifiable fingerprint - so identifiable, in fact, that crude oil concentrations as low as 0.5% are easily detectable.

The ester that is the base for the ecogreen system is synthesized from natural fatty acids and alcohol. The system is synthetically formulated as an emulsion in which the ester forms the

continuous phase while a brine solution serves as the dispersed phase. As such, it contains no toxic hydrocarbons and possesses an aromatic content of zero.

ecogreen has been formulated with Synthetic/Water (S/W) ratios as low as 60/40 and as high as 95/5 with densities ranging from unweighted to as high as 17 lb/gal.

ecogreen balances high performance with environmental stewardship

Features ■■ Biodegradable■■ Synthetic, invert-like system■■ Non-aqueous-fluid system■■ Ester chemistry

Advantages■■ Wellbore stability■■ Increased ROP■■ Cuttings integrity■■ Lubricity■■ Hole cleaning■■ Permission to discharge

Results■■ Cost-effective drilling rates■■ Reduced torque and drag■■ Environmental compliance

ecogreen biodegradation data with Finagreen BDMF base fluidTest protocol Finagreen BDMF (%) ecogreen

28 day aerobic degradation (OECD 306) 85 Not required

Anaerobic degradation (ISO.DIS 11734) 96.3 in 60 days Not required

Bioaccumulation potential (Log POW) 4.99 Not applicable

Bioaccumulation test (BCF) 4.45 (dry weight) Not applicable

ecogreen is rated Category E in UK, meaning it carries no restrictions.

ecogreenDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems


Products: Synthetic-base Systems: ecogreen

46


ecogreen is a true systemLike the base fluid, the additives complementing ecogreen are engineered to optimize all the properties desired in a system, from rheology to temperature stability to environmental compliance.

ecogreen B is the base fluid for the ecogreen system. Depending on its origin (an ester derived from vegetable oils such as palm or coconut, or from fish oils), the actual name, and technical information may vary accordingly. The variations in physical properties between different types of esters will affect the final properties of the ecogreen system.

ecogreen P is the primary emulsifier and wetting agent. While it can be used alone to form tight water-in-ester emulsions, ecogreen P is particularly effective when used in combination with the secondary emulsifier and wetting agent, ecogreen S. Along with providing high emulsification and wetting, ecogreen P contributes to the system’s High-Temperature, High- Pressure (HTHP) fluid-loss control.

ecogreen S, a blend of surfactants, is incorporated in the ecogreen system as a secondary emulsifier and wetting agent. ecogreen S also contributes to HTHP fluid-loss control, but primarily assists in the dispersion and suspension of solids within the ecogreen system, thereby effecting better rheological control.

ecogreen VIS is an organophilic clay used to impart viscosity, with small treatments of 1 to 4 lb/bbl normally sufficient. Because it is designed to rapidly yield viscosity in all types of non-aqueous fluids to provide instantaneous rheology and gel strengths, you no longer have to wait for shear and temperature to obtain the desired properties.

ecotrol is the primary fluid-loss controladditive for the ecogreen system. This additive is specially engineered to complement the emulsifiers and provide tight, HTHP fluid-loss-control at low product concentrations.

ecogreen A, an organic surfactant, is a concentrated, powerful emulsifier in a protonated form, formulated for synthetic-base muds. It is used primarily in acidic environments. ecogreen A is an excellent emulsifier and conditioner that is especially effective in the presence of acid gases, such as CO2 and H2S, in the absence of alkalinity.

ecogreen and VIrtual HydraulIcs

maximize cost-efficiency

Like our other synthetic-base systems, ecogreen is highly compressible, making it susceptible to lost circulation. As such, careful monitoring of its behavior downhole is critical.

Our VIrtual HydraulIcs software gives the M-I SWACO engineer, and you, a snapshot of ecogreen’s downhole behavior, making accurate control of such factors as rheology, pressure loss and density an instantaneous

proposition. We program and monitor all of our high-performance synthetic systems, including ecogreen, with our proprietary VIrtual HydraulIcs program.

Take a closer lookTo learn more about ecogreen, contact your local M-I SWACO representative and ask to see our case histories.

VIrtual HydraulIcs provides a snapshot of downhole fluid behavior

47


System componentsProduct Function Composition/Treatment Levels*

ecogreen B Base fluid Mono-ester fatty acid

ecogreen PPrimary emulsifier, wetting agent; HTHP fluid-loss control

Typically 4 - 8 lb/bbl

ecogreen SSecondary emulsifier, wetting agent; rheology and HTHP fluid-loss control

Typically 2 - 4 lb/bbl

ecogreen VIS Impart viscosity 1 - 4 lb/bbl

ecotrol Fluid-loss control; mild rheology modifier 0.5 - 3.0 lb/bbl

System supplementecogreen A Emulsifier for low-alkalinity environments 1 - 2 lb/bbl

*These ranges are typical, but exact treatment levels are dependent on fluid properties required.

Sample formulation 80:20 synthetic: water ratio, with a 25% active CaCl2 phaseecogreen B 0.612 bbl

ecogreen P 10 lb/bbl

ecogreen S 4 lb/bbl

ecogreen VIS 4 lb/bbl

ecotrol 2 lb/bbl

Water 0.162 bbl

Lime 4 lb/bbl

CaCl2, 96% purity 20 lb/bbl

M-I BART weight material 220 lb/bbl


Products: Synthetic-base Systems: ecogreen

48


noVa SystemsDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems

The noVa line has what you’re looking for to replace your conventional system■■ Compared to water-base systems,

noVa systems deliver signifi cantly improved drilling rates and improved lubricity

■■ The choice of low synthetic-to-water ratios to reduce formulation costs and environmental impact

■■ The ability to discharge cuttings■■ Excellent wellbore, temperature and

contamination stability■■ Superior return permeability results,

ensuring minimal formation damage■■ Increased hole cleaning, even in

high-angle wellbores■■ Improved health and safety

compared to oil-base systems■■ The choice of rheological profile to

suit drilling requirements■■ Available in a wide range of drilling-

fluid properties and densities

noVa systems deliver superior drilling performance

Although the cost per barrel of a noVa system is higher than traditional, water-base systems, its improved performance significantly outweighs the initial investment. M-I SWACO customers report that noVa systems have reduced their overall drilling costs by up to 55%. And rigs running noVa systems programs have set world-record penetration rates, representing improvements of up to 70% compared to other mud systems.

noVa systems have also reduced costs by minimizing wellbore stability problems associated with hydratable clays. The sub stantial improvement in hole gauge obtained by using noVa fluids delivers in-gauge wellbores. This means better logging and casing runs, reduced bit-balling, fewer stuck-pipe and downtime incidents, and a substantial reduction of waste volumes and cement consumption.

Along with record-breaking drilling rates, noVa systems provide superior hole cleaning and lubricity for drilling “designer,” high-angle, extended-reach wells. The filter cake characteristics of a noVa system provide excellent lubricity equal to or better than that provided by oil-base systems.

Lubricity, combined with effective cuttings removal, results in significant reductions in torque and drag.

The noVa* line has proven itself in some of the stickiest applications■■ Where increased rates of penetration

are required to reduce total time spent drilling the well, reducing overall well costs

■■ Drilling through highly reactive shales where aqueous fluids produce wellbore instability and viscosity problems asso ciated with hydration and dispersion of the formation

■■ High-angle wells, including extended-reach and horizontal wells where maximum lubricity is a high priority

■■ Controlling the stability and gauge of the wellbore while drilling through massive salt sections

■■ Depleted reservoirs where high differential pressures require low fluid loss, as well as the best available filter cake and lubricity to reduce the potential for differential-pressure sticking

■■ Production zones that may be sensitive to formation damage when drilled with water-base fluids

■■ High-pressure, high- temperature (>350°F or >177°C) wells where continuous phase temper ature stability is critical

■■ While drilling wells with potential formation-related problems: bit balling, gumbo heaving and blinding of shale shaker screens

49


The noVa line satisfies virtually every country’s environmental regulations

One of the main reasons for developing a synthetic-base system was environmental considerations. noVa systems not only have proven less damaging (environmentally) than diesel-base and mineral-oil-base systems, but they also generate less waste than water-base systems.

Among the many stringent environmental tests conducted on noVa systems are those for the Gulf of Mexico.

In 2001, the EPA established new regulations for the use of Synthetic-Base Drilling Fluid (SBF) for use in the Gulf of Mexico. These regulations included stock limitations and discharge limitations in a two-part approach to control SBF-cuttings discharges. The first part was based on product substitution through use of stock limitations (i.e., sediment toxicity, biodegradation, PAH content, metals content) and discharge limitations (i.e., sediment toxicity, limit on the retention of SBF on SBF-cuttings).

The noVa system is designed to meet both the stock limitations and the discharge limit of sediment toxicity. It is also designed to biodegrade in the most difficult of environments: those without oxygen. Detailed documentation is developed to insure the compliance of the noVa system. The EPA has viewed the use of a product like the noVa system, in combination with the VertI-g* technology, as a pollution-prevention technology.

M-I SWACO formulated noVa systems with the health and safety of rig crews in mind. In addition to protecting the environment, noVa system fluids go a long way in making life easier for the people who handle and work with them.

Extensive testing has been carried out on the basic ingredient in the noVa system, the base fluid.

Details of, and results from, the testing procedures for eye and skin irritation are available upon request.

A significant safety benefit provided by the noVa products are high flash points. This is confirmed by the results of a study to detect and analyze the vapors emitted by the base fluids at different temperatures. The reduction in vapors has improved the work environment, especially in enclosed areas around shale shakers and mud pits.

M-I SWACO supports the noVa line with complete environmental testing and analytical services

M-I SWACO confirms the environmental acceptability and regulatory compliance of its products. We maintain an environmental division within our R&D departments in Houston and Aberdeen and have the ability to run all tests for U.S. protocols within our own facilities. An in-house analytical department can supply further tests, including gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer for evaluating fluid samples for early signs of contamination.

Extensive screening and analysis of synthetic-base fluids has made M-I SWACO a leader in understanding environmental issues, a function of developing technologies that optimizes drilling performance and minimizes environmental impact. Among the environmental services with which we support our noVa line are: coordinating research samples, conducting seabed impact studies, developing appropriate protocols, interfacing with government officials and providing onsite monitoring.

Skilled specialists and full computer support ensure high productivity on your well. It takes highly trained drilling-fluid specialists to support the exceptional noVa line. In addition to the extensive training in drilling fluids and our advanced programs, our specialists receive in-depth training in running noVa systems, including the environmental and QHSE aspects of the systems.

We support our rigsite specialists with local, area technical services supervisors and a technical services group working at our R&D facilities. This critical well support group of field and staff specialists has at its disposal some of the most advanced software available.

one-trax* reporting software can be used on a daily basis to track any losses of noVa system fluids while drilling and to provide information about the volume of fluid discharged into the sea.

By analyzing the results from one-trax, M-I SWACO specialists can detect areas where fluid loses can be reduced, saving money.

VIrtual HydraulIcs is proprietary software that provides cal culations for dynamic downhole conditions involving temperature and pressure specifically for noVa systems. Our specialists use it to determine pressure drops, equivalent circulating densities, stand pipe pressures and more. This information is extremely valuable when planning well hydraulics to minimize losses in areas of low fracture gradients.

Supporting our field specialists is the most extensive drilling-fluids plant and warehouse network in the industry. This distribution network ensures that M-I SWACO customers have access to the noVa line of fluids 24/7.


Products: Synthetic-base Systems: n

oVa Systems

50


paradrIlDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems

The paradrIl* invert-emulsion system was designed specifically as an alternative to conventional or mineral-oil-base drilling-fluid systems, balancing high performance with environmental compliance.

The heart of the system is the paraffinic component which, depending on the application, discharge requirements and availability, can range from synthetic Linear Paraffins (LP) to mixed blends of refined paraffins. All of the products comprising the paradrIl system have been formulated to meet local discharge requirements.

The true value of the paradrIl sys tem lies in its flexibility. Weights can range from unweighted to 18 lb/gal (2.2 kg/L). The paraffin/water ratios can range from as low as 50:50 to as high as 95:5, depending on mud weight and solids loading. The system is formulated as an emulsion in which the paraffinic liquid forms the continuous phase, while a brine solution serves as the dispersed phase. It is easily formulated to address a wide range of requirements, including extended-reach, horizontal and reservoir drill-in applications.

Hydrocarbon monitoring

All too often, the inability to accurately monitor the presence of crude oil in mud returning from the production zone restricts the use of oil-base drilling fluids. With the paradrIl system’s linear-paraffin base fluid, that concern has been eliminated. The unique chemistry of the paradrIl SB base fluid generates a very identifiable fingerprint, and GC/MS work has shown that even in concentrations as low as 0.5%, crude oil is still detectable in the system.

Weightmaterial

Internal phaseOthers

EmulsifiersExternalphase

51


paralandDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems

The non-aqueous system designed to deliver outstanding performance coupled with unsurpassed environmental excellence

External phase Typically diesel or mineral oils, these materials only partially and slowly degrade, leaving behind toxic, degradation-resistant waste that can pose a long-term liability for disposal.

Emulsifiers Typically these materials only partially and slowly degrade leaving behind toxic, degradation-resistant waste.

Internal phase Typically calcium chloride, which provides high levels of conductivity to any waste and inhibits plant growth.

Weight material Typically barite, non-toxic in itself, which can be substituted with an improved weight material that can promote site recovery.

Other components Typically lime, organoclays and filtration-control additives, the latter materials can be slow to degrade leaving behind toxic, degradation-resistant waste.

The issues with conventional invert-emulsion fluids

Typical formulationsProduct Concentration

paraland* B 45 – 85%

suremul* 6 – 8 lb/bbl

surewet* 1 – 3 lb/bbl

Lime 3 – 6 lb/bbl

VG-plus* 5 – 8 lb/bbl

Water 5 – 30%

K-52* 5 – 45 lb/bbl

Hematite As needed


Products: Synthetic-base Systems: p

araland

52


An entire system engineered to reduce environmental liabilityThe paraland* system design incorporates ready biodegradability and low terrestrial toxicity into all of its organic components. In addition, the inorganic components are designed to minimize conductivity and enhance plant growth. All of this is accomplished while maintaining the high-performance characteristics of an invert-emulsion fluid.

Multiple treatment options ensure minimal environmental riskA wide range of efficient techniques can be used to treat the paraland system to either meet local disposal regulations or to convert drill cuttings into a useful byproduct which can be utilized as a topsoil or a fertilizer, in a true beneficial-reuse, zero-waste environmental scenario. Landfarming, biopiling, composting, bioreacting and vermiculture are all suitable treatment techniques for paraland drill cuttings. With efficient composting and vermiculture, these cuttings can be beneficially reused as a soil-enhancing additive.

The use of paraland allows faster treatments with less dilution additives than conventional invert fluids, resulting in lower treatment costs and less environmental risk.

Field results deliver performance promises from laboratoryIn the field, paraland has con sistently exceeded performance expectations with high rates of penetration, low dilution rates and high levels of contamination tolerance. Mud weights from 7.5 to 16 lb/gal (0.9 to 1.92 kg/L) have been easily achieved with ideal rhe ological and filtration prop erties. The system is easily and economically maintained with actual total fluid-cost reductions of as much as 30% below estimate.

The paraland system has been used in various zero-waste operations. In New Zealand, paraland cuttings were used as a food source for worms in a local vermiculture farm, converting the cuttings into vermicast fertilizer. In Colorado, paraland cuttings were co-composted with straw, bark and sand to provide a topsoil for reseeding the drillsite.

Features■■ High-performance,

invert-emulsion system■■ Readily engineered and maintained ■■ Biodegradable organic components ■■ All components low terrestrial toxicity ■■ Variety of compatible treatment options

Advantages■■ Optimized drilling performance■■ Low dilution rates■■ Minimum environmental exposure■■ Lower well costs■■ Beneficial reuse of cuttings■■ Zero-waste option

Bioremediation: The Paraland options

Increasing containment

Increasing containment Vermiculture

Co-composting (bag composter)

Total containment

Co-composting (rotary composter) Slurry bioreactor

climate dependent

climate independent

Landfarming Biopile/biocell

53


paratHerm/VersatHermDrilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems


Products: Synthetic-base Systems: p

aratHerm/V

ersatHerm

Typical system componentsAdditive Material Function

Linear Paraffin Base fluid Continuous phase

Low-Toxicity Mineral Oil (LTMO) Base fluid Continuous phase

Versagel HT Organophilic clay Viscosifier

VG-supreme* Organophilic clay Viscosifier

Lime Calcium hydroxide Alkalinity

suremul/paramul* Polyamide Primary emulsifier

surewet/parawet* Fatty acid Secondary emulsifier

Freshwater Freshwater Internal phase

CaCl2 Calcium chloride Salinity

Versatrol* Gilsonite Fluid loss

Versatrol HT Gilsonite Fluid loss

Barite Barium sulfate Density

The paratHerm* and VersatHerm* systems are invert-emulsion systems with one significant difference in their formulations. paratHerm uses a linear-paraffin base oil, while VersatHerm employs a low-toxicity mineral oil.

Both were originally designed for use in HTHP applications, but can be engineered for use in low-temperature wells. It was developed to meet the technical challenges associated with drilling wells with narrow hydraulic windows and extended-reach profiles.

The system was designed with the specific goal of delivering the following qualities:■■ Stability at high temperatures■■ Reduced high-shear-rate viscosity■■ Stable low-shear-rate viscosity■■ Reduction in Equivalent

Circulating Density (ECD)■■ Reduced sag potential

ApplicationsThe paratHerm system is suit able for applications with narrow hydrau lic windows, regardless of the expected Bottomhole Static Temperature (BHST). The first field application of the paratHerm system was in a low-temperature (160°F [71°C]), narrow-hydraulic-window well. The well was successful due in large part to the lower rheological properties and associated reduction in ECD obtainable with the paratHerm system. This application confirmed the ability of the paratHerm system to provide a fluid with reduced high-shear-rate viscosity compared to conventional systems, providing a direct benefit in reduced total system pressure loss.

The paratHerm system has also been used successfully to drill Extended-Reach Drilling (ERD) wells.

The VersatHerm system has been successfully used in HTHP applications. The maximum bottomhole static temperature the system has been used to drill is slightly above 356°F (180°C). The system has exhibited very stable properties and low, non-progressive gel strengths.

54


Drilling Fluid Products

Product Trade Name Description Type Primary Function Secondary Function

Biocidesm-I cIde*

Biocide – Not available in the U.S.A.

Water Biocide —

saFe-cIde*Biocide – Not available in the U.S.A.

Water Biocide —

Breakers BreaKloose lItHIum HypocHlorIte Water Breaker —

Calcium removers

cItrIc acId pH reducer Water Calcium remover pH reducer

soda asH Sodium carbonate Water Calcium remover pH control

sodIum BIcarBonate Bicarbonates of Soda Water Calcium remover pH reducer

Corrosion inhibitors

conqor* 101 Filming amine Water Corrosion inhibitor —

conqor* 202 B Persistent filming amine

Water Corrosion inhibitor —

conqor* 303 A Amine corrosion inhibitor for clear brines


conqor* 404 General-use, phosphorus-base inhibitor


os-1l* Sulfite-base oxygen scavenger

Water Corrosion inhibitor Thermal stability

sulFatreat* DFS H2S scavenger Water Corrosion inhibitor —

sulFatreat* XLP Extended-life H2S scavenger


Defoamers

BuBBle Buster* Low-toxicity defoamer

Water Defoamer —

deFoam-A* Alcohol-base defoamer

Water Defoamer —

deFoam-X* All-purpose liquid defoamer

Water Defoamer —

Emulsifiers

ecogreen* P Primary emulsifier for the ecogreen system

Synthetic Emulsifier Surfactant

ecogreen* S Secondary emulsifier for the ecogreen system

Synthetic Emulsifier Surfactant

emul HT* HTHP emulsifier Oil

Emulsifier —Synthetic

megamul*Multi-purpose emulsifier

Oil Emulsifier Wetting agent

noVamul* Basic emulsifier package

Synthetic Emulsifier

Surfactant

Filtration

Thermal stability

Viscosifier

noVapro P/S Sufactant Synthetic Emulsfier Wetting agent

noVatec* P Primary emulsifier for the noVatec system

Synthetic Emulsifier Filtration

55



Product Trade Name Description Type Primary Function Secondary Function

Emulsifiers

noVatec* S Secondary emulsifier for the noVatec system


oIlFaze* Sacked oil-base concentrate

Oil EmulsifierFiltration

Viscosifier

one-mul* Emulsifier package Oil Emulsifier Wetting agent

paramulEnvironmentally acceptable emulsifier


parawet* Primary wetting agent for rHelIant

Oil Wetting agent Emulsifier

Synthetic

suremul* Primary emulsifier for invert-emulsion systems

Oil Emulsifier Surfactant

Synthetic

surewetPrimary wetting agent for rHelIant

OilWetting agent Emulsifier

Synthetic

swa EHSpecialized surfactant

OilWetting agent —

Synthetic

Versacoat* HFHigh flash-point emulsifier for oil-base fluids

Oil Emulsifier Temp stability

Versacoat Na Primary emulsifier for Oil base fluids

Oil EmulsifierSurfactant

Thermal stability

Versamul* Basic emulsifier package

Oil Emulsifier

Surfactant

Filtration

Thermal stability

Viscosifier

VersatrImCutting retention reducer

Oil Wetting agent LSRV modifier

Versawet Organic surfactant Oil Wetting agent —

Filtration reducers

caustIlIg Causticized lignite Water Filtration Rheology control

dual-FloSpecially modified starch additive

Water Filtration LSRV modifier

dual-Flo HTSpecially modified starch additive

Water HT Filtration LSRV modifier

duralon* High-temperature filtration-control polymer

Water Filtration Thermal stability

ecotrol* Filtration control additive

OilHTHP filtration —

Synthetic

ecotrol* HtFiltration control additive

OilHTHP filtration —

Synthetic

ecotrol* RD Readily dispersible filtration control additive

Oil Filtration —

Synthetic

ecotrol FReadily dispersible filtration control additive

Oil Filtration —

ecotrol LLiquid filtration control additive

Oil Filtration —

Synthetic

56


Product trade name Description Type Primary function Secondary function

Filtration reducers

Flo-plex

Polysaccharide derivative to control filtration in drIlplex system

Water Filtration —

Flo-trolSpecial starch derivative

Water Filtration

HIBtrol* Modified metal-cellulose polymer

Water Filtration Shale inhibition

HIBtrol* Ulv

Fluid-loss additive and secondary shale inhibitor with ultra-low viscosity

Water Filtration Shale Control

HIBtrol* Hv

Modified metal-cellulose polymer that also provides viscosity

Water FiltrationShale inhibition Viscosifier

megatrol*Readily dispersible filtration control additive

Oil Filtration —

M-I 157Specialized emulsifier for filtration

Oil Filtration Control Emulsion stability

M-I gel* Bentonite, meets API specifications

Water Filtration Viscosifier —

M-I pac* R PAC polymer, tech grade

FiltrationViscosifier

Shale inhibitor

M-I pac SRRegular semi-pure grade quality PAC

Water Filtration Viscosity control

m-I pac SULRegular semi-pure grade quality PAC


m-I pac* UL PAC polymer, low-viscosity, tech grade

Water Filtration Shale inhibitor

my-lo-Jel* Pregelatinized starch Water Filtration —

noVatec FMaleated rosin polymer/glycol ether

Synthetic Filtration —

onetrol* HtFiltration control additive

OilFiltration —

Synthetic

poly-sal*Preserved modified starch

Water Filtration Viscosifier

Poly-sal* HT High-quality preserved polysaccharide


poly-sal* t Non-fermenting tapioca starch derivative


polypac* ELV Extra-low-viscosity PAC

Water Filtration Shale inhibitor

polypac* R Polyanionic cellulose Water Filtration Viscosifier

polypac* supreme ULPAC, premium-grade, ultra-low viscosity

Water Filtration Shale control

polypac* UL Polyanionic cellulose Water Filtration Shale control

57



Filtration reducers

resInex* Resinated lignite complex

Water FiltrationThermal stability

Thinner

resInex* II Resinated lignite, tech grade


Thinner

resInex EHResinated lignite additive


Thinner

SP-101* Sodium polyacrylate Water FiltrationShale control

Thermal stability

tannatHIn* Ground lignite WaterFiltration Emulsifier

Thinner Thermal stability

tHermpac ULPure grade polyanionic polymer


unIpac supreme rModified polyanionic cellulose

Water Filtration Viscosity

unIpac supreme ULModified polyanionic cellulose


unItrol* Modified polysaccharide


VersalIg* Amine-treated lignite Oil Filtration Lost circulation

Versatrol* Asphaltic resin Oil FiltrationLost circulation

Viscosifier

Versatrol* HT High-temperature Gilsonite

Oil Filtration —

Synthetic

Versatrol NSBlend of lignite & gilsonite for HTHP filtration

Oil Filtration Thermal stability

Vert-trolAsphaltic fluid loss additive

Oil Filtration —

Flocculants FloxIt

Powerful organic floculant

Water Flocculant Shale control

gelex* Bentonite extender Water Flocculant viscosifier —

Foaming agentsplatInum Foam

Biodegradable foaming agent

Water Foaming agent —

platInum Foam plusFoaming agent for air drilling applications

Water Foaming agent —


58



Lost circulation materials

c-seal* Coke FLCA

Water

Lost circulation —Oil

Synthetic

c-seal* F Coke FLCA (fine grind)

Water


Synthetic

Form-a-plug* ACCAccelerator for the Form-a-set II system

Water


Synthetic

Form-a-plug* II Acid-soluble plug

Water

Lost circulation FiltrationOil

Synthetic

Form-a-plug* RET Retarder for the Form-a-set II system

Water


Synthetic

Form-a-set* Cross-linked polymer plug

Water Lost circulation —

Form-a-set* ACCAccelerator for the Form-a-set pill

Water


Synthetic

Form-a-set*AK Polymeric lost-circulation material

Water


Synthetic

Form-a-set* AKX Variant of Form-a-set AK for water shut off

Water


Synthetic

Form-a-set* RET Retarder for the FORM-A-SET pill

Water


Synthetic

Form-a-set* XLCross-linker for the Form-a-set pill

Water


Synthetic

G-seal* Sized graphite bridging agent

Water

Lost circulation LubricantOil

Synthetic

g-seal pus coarseCoarse-size graphite bridging agent

Water


Synthetic

g-seal plus Sized graphite bridging agent

Water


Synthetic

59



Lost circulation materials

g-seal HRG FIneFine-size high-resiliency graphite

Water


Synthetic

g-seal HRGCoarse-size high-resiliency graphite

Water


Synthetic

m-I cedar FIBer* Shredded cedar fiber Water Lost circulation —

m-I seal* LCM for fractured or vugular formations

Water


Synthetic

m-I-x* II Ground cellulose

Water


Synthetic

nut plug* Ground nut shells

Water


Synthetic

saFe-carB* Ground marble (calcium carbonate)

Water

Bridging agent DensityOil

Synthetic

VersapacThermally activated organic thixotrope

Oil Lost circulation Gelling agent

VInseal* Filtration control and electrical stability agent

Oil Lost circulation Filtration

Synthetic

Lubricant

drIl-Free* High-performance lubricant, anti-sticking agent

Water Lubricant Surfactant

IdluBe* XL Extreme-pressure lubricant

Water Lubricant —

LOTORQ

Lubricant for high potenial toque and drag in Flopro systems

Water Lubricant —

luBe-945* Water-dispersible lubricant

Water Lubricant Shale inhibition

luBe-100*Water-dispersible lubricant








luBe xlsExtreme-pressure lubricant

Water Lubricant —

m-I luBe* General-purpose lubricant

Water Lubricant —

SIL-luBe* Lubricant for the SILDRIL system

Water Lubricant —


60



Lubricant

sIldrIl EPLsIldrIl torque/drag/differential sticking reducer

Water Lubricant —

starglIde*Lubricant and ROP enhancer

Water Lubricant Surfactant

steel luBe* EP Extreme-pressure lubricant

Water Lubricant —

VersaluBe* Oil-soluble lubricant Oil Lubricant —

Pipe freeing compounds

pIpe-lax* Oil-base, stuck-pipe-freeing surfactant

WaterFree pipe —

Oil

pIpe-lax* ENV Low-toxicity, stuck-pipe spotting fluid

Water Free pipe Lubricant

pIpe-lax* w exportLiquid, one-drum, stuck-pipe spotting fluid

WaterFree pipe —

Oil

pIpe-lax* w EHLiquid, one-drum, stuck-pipe spotting fluid

WaterFree pipe —

Oil

Scale inhibitors SI-1000

Blend containng water soluble organic phosphorus compounds

Water Scale inhibitor —

Scavengers

zInc oxIdeVery fine particle size Sulfide Scavenger

Water

Sulfide scavenger —Oil

Synthetic

zInc carBonateFine particle size zinc carbonate

Water

Sulfide scavenger —Oil

Synthetic

Shale inhibitors

aspHasol* Sulfonated organic-resin blend

Water Shale inhibitor Filtration

aspHasol* D Sulfonated organic blend

Water Shale inhibitor Filtration

aspHasol* supreme Sulfonated asphalt Water Shale inhibitor Filtration

BoretexWater dispersible asphaltic compound for shale stability

Water Shale Inhibitor Filtration

glydrIl* GP

Broad-cloud-point, general-purpose polyglycol for low-salinity fluids and low temperatures

WaterShale control Filtration

Lubricity

glydrIl* HC Polyglycol for high-salinity fluids and high temperatures


Lubricity

glydrIl* LC

Low-cloud-point polyglycol for low-salinity fluids and low temperatures


Lubricity

61



Shale inhibitors

glydrIl* MC

Medium-cloud-point polyglycol for moderate-salinity fluids and high temperatures


Lubricity

Idcap* d Polymeric shale inhibitor

Water Shale inhibition —

Kla-cap* Shale encapsulator Water Shale inhibition —

K-52* Potassium supplement

Water Shale control —

Kla-cure* Hydration suppressant


Kla-cure* II Hydration suppressant plus detergent


Kla-gard* Shale stabilizer and inhibitor

Water Shale control Filtration

Kla-gard* B Salt-free Kla-gard Water Shale inhibitor

KlaFloc* I Low-cost shale inhibitor for floc water drilling

Water Shale inhibitor —

KlaFloc* II Cationic flocculant for floc water drilling


Kla-stop* Shale inhibitor Water Shale control —

poly-plus* Liquid PHPA Water Encapsulator Shale stabilization

poly-plus* dry Dry PHPA polymer Water Encapsulator Shale stabilization

porosealCo-polymeric shale sealing additive

Water Shale control Filtration

poly-plus* lV Low-viscosity PHPA Water Encapsulator Shale stabilization

poly-plus* rd Readily dispersible PHPA powder

Water Encapsulator Shale stabilization

sIldrIl* d Dry sodium silicate Water Shale inhibitor —

sIldrIl* K Potassium silicate Water Shale inhibitor —

sIldrIl* l Liquid sodium silicate Water Shale inhibitor —

tarclean* Anticrete agent for heavy oil to thin asphaltenes


ultracap* Encapsulator for the ultradrIl system


ultracap pEncapsulator for the ultradrIl system - powder


ultracap plus Encapsulator for the ultradrIl system


ultraHIB* Shale inhibitor for the ultradrIl system



62



Surfactants

clean up*

Detergent for general rig cleaning when using oil- and synthetic-base fluids

Water

Surfactant EmulsifierOil

Synthetic

D-D* Drilling detergent Water SurfactantEmulsifier

Shale control

d-sperseMixed surfactant solution

Water Surfactant Dispersant

drIl-Kleen* Concentrated, mild drilling detergent with low toxicity

Water SurfactantEmulsifier

Shale control

drIl-Kleen* II Anti-bit balling agent Water SurfactantEmulsifier

Lubricant

drIlzone* ROP enhancer Water Surfactant —

drIlzone* l Low-cost anticrete Water Surfactant —

ecoKleen* Anticrete for tar applications

Water Surfactant —

Faze-mulPrimary emulsifier and wetting agent for Fazepro systems

OilEmulsifier Wetting agent

Synthetic

mudwasH* Rig wash Rig wash Rig wash —

noVawet* Wetting agent Synthetic Surfactant

Emulsifier

Thinner

Thermal stability

surewet* Wetting agent for invert-emulsion systems

Synthetic Surfactant Emulsifier

Oil

swa* EH Oil-base wetting agent for high-brine-content systems

Oil Surfactant Emulsifier

tarlIFt* Solvent for the sagdrIl* system


tarsurF* Water-wetter for the sagdrIl system


ultraFree* ROP enhancer for the ultradrIl system


ultraFree* l Low-cost anticrete Water Surfactant Lubricant

ultraFree* NH Non-hydrocarbon version of ultraFree ROP enhancer

Water Surfactant Lubricant

Versacoat* Emulsifier and wetting agent

Oil SurfactantEmulsifier

Thermal stability

Versawet* Wetting agent for oil-base fluids

Oil Surfactant

Emulsifier

Thinner

Thermal stability

63



Temperature stabilizers

glydrIl* DG Water-miscible glycol-hydrate inhibitor

Water Thermal stability Surfactant

PTS-200* Polymeric temperature stabilizer

Water Thermal stability —

XP-20K* Potassium chrome lignite

Water Thermal stability

Emulsifier

Filtration

Thinner

xp-20* N Chrome lignite, sodium hydroxide, neutralized

Water Thermal stabilityThinner

Filtration

Thinners

caustIlIg* Caustilized lignite Water Thinner filtrationThermal stability Emulsifier

Idsperse* XT High-temperature polymeric dispersant

Water Thinner —

K-17* Potassium lignite Water ThinnerFiltration

Shale control

rHeduce* Thinner for rHelIant system

Synthetic Thinner —

Oil

rHeocHecKModified lignin compound

Water Thinner —

rHeosperse* Polymeric high-temperature deflocculant

Water Thinner —

spersene* Chrome lignosulfonate

Water Thinner

Emulsifier

Filtration

Thermal stability

spersene* CFChrome-free lignosulfonate

Water Deflocculant Filtration

spersene* CFI Iron lignosulfonate Water Thinner —

spersene* I Ferrochrome lignosulfonate

Water ThinnerThermal stability

Filtration

suretHIn* Thinner for invert-emulsion systems

Synthetic Thinner Surfactant

Oil

tacKle*

Liquid, low-molecular-weight polyacrylate (dry available)

Water Thinner Filtration


64



Thinners

tacKle* dry Powdered low-molecular-weight polyacrylate

Water Thinner —

tHInsmart* Thinner for water-base drilling fluids

Water Thinner —

VersatHIn* Thinner and conditioner for oil-base fluids

Oil Thinner —

VersatHIn* HFHigh Flashpoint thinner and conditioner for Oil base fluids

Oil Thinner Conditioner

xp-20 n Chrome Lignite Water Thinner Filtration

Tracers optItraK 600 Blue dye Water Tracer —

Viscosifiers

drIlplex* Viscosifier for the drIlplex MMO system

Water Viscosifier Shale inhibitor

duo-tec* Xanthan gum Water Viscosifier —

duo-tec* NSHigh molecular weight biopolymer

Water Viscosifier —

Duo-VIs* Xanthan gum Water Viscosifier —

duo-VIs* l Liquified xanthan gum, non-clarified

— Viscosifier —

duo-VIs* NS Xanthan gum Water Viscosifier —

duo-VIs* plus Xanthan gum Water Viscosifier —

duo-VIs* plus NSHigh molecular eight, nondispersable biopolymer


durogel* Sepiolite clay Water Viscosifier —

ecogreen* m Low-end rheology modifier

Synthetic Viscosifier —

Flo-VIs plus High yield, premium-grade, clarified xanthan gum

Water Viscosifier—

gelplex* Water Viscosifier

guar gumRapidly mixing,high viscosity polymer


HRP* Liquid viscosifier for oil fluids

Oil Viscosifier —

m-I gel* supreme Non-treated bentonite, meets API specifications

Water Viscosifier Filtration

m-I gel* wyomIng API-spec bentonite sourced only from Wyoming

Water Viscosifier Filtration

noVamod* Rheology modifier, LSRV


65



Viscosifiers

noVamod* Rheology modifier, LSRV


noVatec* M Low-end rheology modifier for the noVatec system


rHeBuIld* Viscosifier for rHelIant system


Oil

rHeFlat* Rheological modifier for rHelIant system


Oil

rHetHIK* Rheological modifier for rHelIant system


Oil

salt gel* Attapulgite clay Water Viscosifier —

supra-VIs* High-performance biopolymer viscosifier


suremod* Viscosifier, gelling agent for invert-emulsion systems


Oil

suretHIK* Rheological modifier Synthetic Viscosifier —

tarVIs* Liquid viscosifier for the sagdrIl system


truVIs* Viscosifier for the trudrIl system

Oil Viscosifier Filtration

Versagel* HT Hectorite Oil Viscosifier Filtration

Versamod* Rheology modifier, LSRV

Oil Viscosifier —

VG-69* Organophilic clay Oil Viscosifier Filtration

VG-plus* Organophilic clay Oil

Viscosifier FiltrationSynthetic

VG-supreme* Organophilic clay for the noVa systems

Synthetic Viscosifier Filtration

Weighting agents

Fer-ox* Hematite

Water

Density —Oil

Synthetic

m-I Bar* Barite, meets API specifications

Water

Density —Oil

Synthetic

m-I wateHigh quailty drilling grade barite

Water

Density —Oil

Synthetic

salt Sodium Chloride Water Density Inhibition

warpMicronized weighting agent

Water

DensityEco reduction

OilSAG mitigationSynthetic


66



Wellbore strengthening mateial

optIseal ILCM blend designed for wellbore strengthening

Water

Fracture sealing Fluid loss controlOil

Synthetic

optIseal IILCM blend designed for wellbore strengthening

Water


Synthetic

optIseal IIILCM blend designed for wellbore strengthening

Oil Fracture sealing Fluid loss control

Synthetic

optIseal IVLCM blend designed for wellbore strengthening

Water


Synthetic

General Products

ecogreen* B Ester base fluid Synthetic Thinner Lubricant

enVIroBlend*Salt for enVIroVert system

Oil Shale inhibitor —

HydraBloK* Deepwater hydrate inhibitor


noVatec* B LAO base fluid Synthetic Thinner Lubricant

paradrIl* B Base fluid for the paradrIl system


paraland* B Base fluid C11-17 linear paraffin for the paraland system


paramIx* a Salt for the paraland system

Synthetic Shale inhibitor —

paramIx* n Salt for the paraland system

Synthetic Shale inhibitor —

Versaclean* B Base fluid for the Versaclean system

Oil Thinner Lubricant

VersaVert* B Base fluid for VersaVert system


VersaVert* BT Thin version of worker-friendly base oil


67



68


©2011 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.FMC.0600.1104.R3 (E) 1M Litho in U.S.A.

This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.

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