DeVry HIS 415 Complete Course

DeVry HIS 415 Complete Course

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week 1 discussion

Westerners Reading Overseas History (graded)

Most people, most of the time, know their own national history better than they know that

of other nations, even their neighboring nations. Even though we know our own history

better than that of others, we often learned it during our secondary education through

factual information about dates, places, and leading personalities.

The study of history is much more than memorizing sets of facts and inferences based on

facts. The boundary of what constitutes history is a vague one, and it is driven by the broad

or narrow viewpoint that is chosen by authors. Every author has a viewpoint, and the

authors are motivated to research and write by considerations that are often not made

known but which are operating nonetheless. The boundary also intersects a great many

academic disciplines to establish the context in which the facts occur and the factors

operate.

As viewpoints drive authors, so our own viewpoints drive our work as readers and

discoverers. As people of “the West,” our perspective is limited by our own experience of

living in our own time and place –limits known individually as persons, and collectively as

citizens of nations. We discover just how foreign we are as Westerners when we venture

across boundaries of time, distance, culture, and language to learn about what happened

overseas. What a telling word “overseas” is!

So, let’s go on a treasure hunt.

What do we need to know that we do not (yet!) know in order to make progress as we

begin our study of Vietnam and the 20th-century experience? What do we need to know

and discover in order to analyze the history in an expansive sense of that part of Southeast

Asia that became known as French Indochina a half century ago?

Having thought that through, go hunting to find those things and bring them back to class

to tell your classmates about them.

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Rising Tide of Nationalist Expectations (graded)

The history and identity of the Vietnamese people reaches very far back. Their hopes and

expectations for their own future do not just begin where our class textbook begins (at the

end of World War II), nor do their often troubled relations with their neighbors in

Southeast Asia.

For all the horrors of global warfare, World War II brought such disruption to world order

that long-repressed hopes of colonized people found opportunity for new expression and

leaders rose to the opportunities for change.

Our course is about the whole of 20th-century experience, with the Vietnam War being the

centerpiece. For our discussion, let’s start here with TCO #4: How can we best understand

how the agrarian Vietnamese people could come together during and after global warfare

to restore their national identity and raise up leaders to meet their challenges?

Week 2 discussion

Failure of Diplomacy in 1954 (graded)

The readings and lecture have identified several formative activities that defined the

American understanding of world history from 1946 to 1989 (and American activity during

that period): Baruch’s labeling of world conflict as the Cold War in 1947, the Truman

Doctrine of 1947, and Eisenhower’s figure of speech about falling dominoes.

As World War II began, the Vietminh formed as a guerilla army to resist French influence in

the Vietnamese portion of Indochina. French respect for the Vietminh was so low that they

called it “the barefoot army” – and yet the Vietminh organized over time to defeat much

more sophisticated French forces by 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.

Let’s discuss how the operating assumptions of conflicting parties and other related

nations prohibited constructive discussion at the Geneva Accords meetings of 1954 and

brought about the continued failure of the diplomatic process to bring settlement in

Vietnam.

From diplomatic effort in general and the 1954 Geneva negotiations in particular, what

lessons can we learn about necessary conditions and understandings that are essential for

conflict negotiations to succeed?


Issues of Collective Security (graded)

An antecedent to the world situation at the time of the Vietnam War was the first collective

security agreement: the League of Nations (1919–1946). President Woodrow Wilson had

broken new ground in international relations when he proposed the League of Nations

concept in 1919 at the Treaty of Versailles negotiations that followed World War I – known

at the time as The Great War. Other collective security agreements relating to the situation

in Southeast Asia include the UN, Warsaw Pact, NATO, and SEATO. There were also other

agreements elsewhere in the world. The United States was involved in the creation of all

these agreements except the Warsaw Pact.

What were the purposes to be achieved in collective security agreements? What were the

dangers to be avoided, and what were the fears?

And what was going on at their creation that made them differ so sharply in form,

authority, decision-making ability, and military response capability? Our special concern is

the case of SEATO. Treaties and alliances go back as far as written history will take us, but

in the 20th century we start something altogether new with collective security agreements.

Week 3 discussion

Cold War Always Lurking (graded)

The Cold War ran from the end of World War II in 1945 to the fall of the Berlin Wall in

1989. That is a lot of history, and a great many events occurred in the world during those

44 years. One of them, but only one of them, is the proxy war that we call the Vietnam War.

There was always a danger that a rather low-level proxy war could escalate and even rise

to the level of nuclear confrontation and war. The dangers were perceived as great – that

the Cold War could get hot and out of control.

To start, what other events of the Cold War years fit this idea of “proxy war?” What kind of

steps did world leaders take to keep Cold War proxy wars from heating up? What were

such leaders thinking?


Shifting from Advisors to Combatants (graded)

Not long before the Vietnam War is considered to have started – around the time period we

focus on this class week, 1963 and 1964 – Dag Hammarskjøld of Sweden was serving as

Secretary General of the United Nations. He is quoted to have said, “Peacekeeping is not a

soldier’s job, but only a soldier can do it.” This quote is often the driving logic behind what

came to be known as mlitary operations other than war.

With the years prior to this week’s discussions, American forces in southern Vietnam were

relatively few and were called “advisors.” They brought American expertise with them for

the purpose of training. From 1950 onward, the MAAG and later Special Forces trained

Vietnamese forces to serve as a modern combatant force, but in this course week period,

American forces moved beyond a partnership arrangement and took on direct combat

roles.

Such a shift called for decisions at the highest levels. What can we learn about the minds

and concerns of American senior leaders that allow for difficult decisions and

commitments at such moments – what we might call “turning points?”

Week 4 discnn

Trying to Succeed in Limited War (graded)

Limited war as an ideology depended on a number of assumptions that limited what results

could be achieved at the practical level.

The standing rules of engagement (ROE) were the practical expression of limited war

ideology at the battlefield command and execution level. Think expansively and

generatively about the impact of limited war ideology and then discuss these questions

with other students:

• Within the concept of limited war, what would constitute the “winning” of the Vietnam

War?


• What sort of successful outcomes would measure the win?

• How would we ever know if we had won it?

And then, what was the glue that held the lmited war concept together with all its

difficulties of thought and application?

Formless” and “Frontless” Warfare (graded)

The Vietnam War was often described as a “formless war” and a “frontless war.” It

resembled no other war in history as seen by military theorists and historians.

Thinking expansively, what sorts of assumptions needed to be made and what sorts of

values had to be honored in order to make such a formless and frontless war even possible

– let alone sustainable? Discuss that issue within our classroom to understand the impact

of that situation fully before we discuss what sort of tactics could be effective there.

Be thinking ahead a few days as this discussion evolves; be clear in your mind what sort of

activities are described by words such as “strategy,” “tactics,” “logistics,” and “attrition.”

Week 5 discnn

Making Presidential Decisions (graded)

President Harry Truman, the first Cold War President, had a sign on his desk saying “The Buck Stops Here.” The Webliography contains a link to the photo and story. Indecisive people can pass on their responsibilities and “pass the buck,” and advisory people can propose their


concepts and lobby for acceptance, but the President can ultimately turn to nobody else. Presidents must make the hard decisions. It is a heavy mantle to bear on those presidential shoulders. It is lonely at the top.

President Johnson’s “wise men” possessed depth in their areas of expertise beyond that of the President, who was a master mover of legislation to accomplish domestic social programs but very much out of his league in military matters and international relations.

To begin, evaluate this question: To what extent was the March 1968 reevaluation of the Vietnam War, as a function of Cold War ideology, accomplished to satisfy domestic concerns rather than international concerns? In a time of mixed obligations, how can we differentiate what is domestic from what is international in American politics?

Impact of News Photography (graded)

When the dissolution of European colonialism began after World War II, the news media technology of the day was called a “newsreel.” To see the faces and hear the voices of world leaders and reports of events, you would watch one or two short films at the movie theaters along with the movie previews. These newsreels would be weeks or even months old, but they were the closest one could get to witnessing the events that we can see instantaneously on television today. If, as they say, “a picture is worth a thousand words,” then the photographs in newspapers and the filmed newsreels taught powerful lessons. Our textbook contains some powerful photographs that still rivet our attention today.

• Page 68 Figure 3.1 – President Eisenhower greeting President Ngo Dinh Diem at Washington National Airport in 1957• Page 105 Figure 4.3 – The Buddhist monk immolating himself on a Saigon street in 1963• Page 232 Figure 8.5 – Brigadier General Nguyen Ngoc Loan executing a Viet Cong member on a Saigon street in 1968• Page 340 Figure 12.2 – President Nixon greeting returning POW LCDR John McCain in 1973

Your assignment is to go on a field trip through the Internet and bring back two photographs for discussion of their impact: one from Vietnam activity (not necessarily combat-related) and one from any other source that you think made significant impact on the public. Be sure to give the URLs in your discussion post for others to go and see them. Then, with each one, write a paragraph about why that photo made significant impact on the public perception of events. Okay, off you go on your field trip. We will await your return.

Week 6 discnnn

How Diplomacy Involves Saving Face (graded)

The class lectures and readings from Dr. Moss’ book speak about how presidents get personally invested in the results of their work, and how that investment impacts the decisions they make.


Presidents do not, however, engage in diplomatic negotiations directly. They send ambassadors and negotiators who may be as senior as the Secretary of State, in the example of Dr. Henry Kissinger at the Paris Peace Talks. Diplomats also get personally involved. They get involved with their own desires for career success, as well as their desires for positive outcomes for their own countries. Doing poorly and conceding often requires that negotiators not be embarrassed; that is, that they “save face” for themselves personally and for their governments at home. Let’s start this discussion with the famous leaders mentioned so far in the course: In the Week 6 readings you see their own need to “save face” for themselves and their countries. What are some of the great examples shown so far of “saving face” on the part of diplomats? What does “saving face” mean in diplomatic situations?

Welfare of Those Who Serve (graded)

By 1968, over one million Americans were stationed outside the United States on their country’s business, wearing the uniform and trying to accomplish the missions of their commander-in-chief. Of that number, over a half million served in and near Vietnam, with that number capped at 549,500 in April 1968.

Vietnam assignments “in country” were generally limited to thirteen months fixed duration. Service members reported in and departed individually on fixed departure dates called DEROS (date of rotation) rather than with their whole unit together.

How can we assess the impact that deploying individually rather than by unit had on those who served those tours? How might that differ between those who had joined the Army voluntarily and those who had been conscripted for service by the Selective Service System?

Week 7 discnn

Coping with After-effects of Combat (graded)

Everyone reacts to experiences, often for a lifetime. The scars of warfare are not all physical ones. The deepest scars are not seen; they are psychological and well hidden. People who live and work with combat veterans often cope with those effects also, because they relate to those veterans who struggle with their memories and harsh experiences. The Vietnam War differed from other wars, in that the experiences were highly individualized and personalized. Divisions and support units were deployed to Vietnam for many years, and individuals would transfer in and out for tours of specified length, most commonly for 13 months. They would fly in for transfer to replace somebody who had been there for 13 months, or who had been wounded or killed, and then fly out alone to other assignments at the end of their own tour. This system was very destructive to both unit integrity and personal welfare. Perhaps you are, or know some combat veterans from Vietnam. With great care to not violate the privacy of people or divulge their names, what can be understood and applied from the stories of those who served and left their commands and teams to return home individually, as opposed to the experiences of other war veterans?


American Foreign Relations After the War (graded)

Cold War ideology after World War II fostered the developing viewpoint that the American military was invincible, even as a viable and dangerous enemy worked toward global superiority: the Soviet Union.

The practical application of this ideology was the policy of containing the expansionist intentions of global communism as attempted by the Soviet Union in locations of opportunity. The most notable of these proxy confrontations was the attempt to contain the communist threat in Vietnam– the subject of this course.

President Nixon and Secretary of State Kissinger labored long and hard to achieve “peace with honor” and end American involvement in Southeast Asia in the Paris Accords of 1973. The failure of that peace to endure is the story that ends our course.

Looking beyond the fall of Saigon in April 1975, we will consider how the domino theory ultimately proved false, as President Johnson had speculated: There was no global Communist surge of expansion, and the United States, with its NATO allies and its worldwide interests, did not collapse. How has American ability to act worldwide been affected by the fact that some of the most dire claims made in support of the war ultimately proved wrong?

Homework 1NOTE: The basic directions that apply to all the written assignments are available in Doc Sharing.

Although the Viet people have a long history, our course begins in the 19th century with Vietnam as part of a larger area called French Indochina, a colony of France. The colonization took decades, but for our purposes the process of French control was complete in 1893.

Many nations of historic significance matured to the point where they sent out colonial settlers to faraway lands and over time eventually extended dominion over those lands. The United States also came into possession of faraway territories but without the same process of sending talented citizens to those lands with an agenda of establishing domination over them or of establishing an empire.

Your assignment is to write a short paper of two or three double-spaced pages on the topic listed below. Follow the directions carefully, and for this first week also explain carefully what you are saying.

The Week 1 Topic: Explain why it is both necessary and helpful to study the context of prior history, especially the experiences of participants in that history, in order to understand what is valued by these participants. Also, what resources will be most helpful to you as a student of history?

Submit your assignment to the Dropbox located on the silver tab at the top of this page.


homework 2NOTE: The basic directions that apply to all the written assignments are available in Doc Sharing.

In a paper limited to three pages double-spaced, answer one of the following two questions:

1. In the context of the Vietnamese society as the course has presented it through the online textbook so far, what evaluation can be made about the leadership styles and personal examples of Ho Chi Minh and Ngo Dinh Diem that would enable both of them to tap into the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese people and mobilize support for their initiatives? Why, in Vietnam, was personal leadership so very important? Refer to specific examples.

2. Given the emerging role of the United States in mid-20th century world affairs as described on the online textbook, what evaluation can be made of the leadership styles Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy that made them effective or inhibited their effectiveness? Why in the United States is the direct leadership of the President so very important?

Submit your assignment to the Dropbox located on the silver tab at the top of this page

3

NOTE: The basic directions that apply to all the written assignments are available in Doc Sharing.

While history often appears to be a continuous stream of events and decisions, there are some that are so dramatic that historians sometimes call them “turning points.” Sometimes the term “tipping points” is also used. These are the moments when the whole future of events hangs in the balance.

There were several such turning points in this week’s readings and discussions: the Buddhist riots of 1963, the coup d’etat against Diem in 1963, the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, the attack on USS MADDOX in 1964, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 1964, and the 1964 presidential elections.

In a short paper of two pages double-spaced (maximum), take one of those turning points of your choice and write about it, answering these three questions:

1. Why is your chosen turning point actually a turning point and not just another event?2. Why were the events immediately preceding the turning point necessary and essential in preparing

for the turning point?3. What subsequent event or events were dependent on the action of the turning point; also, what

possible event or events became impossible because the turning point occurred?Give your paper a filename that includes your name in this format:

Homework 5This is the first of two written assignments that will deal with the lessons to be learned from the American experience of the Vietnam War. This assignment deals specifically with military lessons learned.

By your own orientation to cooperative work in a mission-driven organization like the armed forces, do you consider yourself to be a strategic thinker, a tactical planner, or a logistician? How do you determine that, and how does your own daily life and work demonstrate that?

Then, with your own understanding of what cooperation and support you need from others involved, what do you need from others in their roles to accomplish your own work successfully?


Finally, what strictly military lessons have you learned from the course so far that would help you accomplish your mission more effectively?


Homework6This is the first of two written assignments that will 6deal with the lessons to be learned from the American experience of the Vietnam War. This assignment deals specifically with military lessons learned.

By your own orientation to cooperative work in a mission-driven organization like the armed forces, do you consider yourself to be a strategic thinker, a tactical planner, or a logistician? How do you determine that, and how does your own daily life and work demonstrate that?

Then, with your own understanding of what cooperation and support you need from others involved, what do you need from others in their roles to accomplish your own work successfully?

Finally, what strictly military lessons have you learned from the course so far that would help you accomplish your mission more effectively?



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DeVry HIS 415 Complete Course