"Devoluted urban system －Japanese "Macjzuikuri Kyogikai“ and US

“Neighborhood Council" .Neighborhoods,USA

Memphis Conference, 2016 May 26 , Cook Convention Center L-6

Soichiro MAEYAMA Ph.D,

Professor, Fukuyama City University, Dept. Urban Management

masichiro@aol.com s-maeyama@fcu.ac.jp

OutlineUS. -- Development of Neighborhood Councils in US cities

since 1970s, mainly in 80's and 90s such as Dayton (OH), Tacoma (WA), Seattle (WA), Portland (OR)

Japan – Development of “Machizukuri Kyogikai”ssince 2000, especially 2010s have been adopted approximately in 500 cities among total 2000 cities.

↓How and why Neighborhood Council Movement is developing ?What is common points and difference?

the like of neighborhood

councils

Ⅰ Background – Aging society with fewer children

○Growing Numbers of Senior Citizens,

Growing Numbers of “senior living alone”

○Growing social problems

Isolating

Alzheimer-type walk-around

Involvement to accidents, incidents

Victim of crimes (fraud)

Among all population Senior exceeded 25% !

12,9％

63.6％（平成25年）

25.1％

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Estimated Future Population

Productive Age Population (15-64)

Senior Population (65- )

Young Population (0-14)

1950 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 2005 2010

Transition of Population(Fukuyama City ,Hiroshima Prefecture)

Total Population

Productive Age Population (15-64)

Senior Population (65- )

Young Population (0-14)

○growing “households with 65+ persons”. 44%! among all households (50,110,000).○Household of “senior living alone” (5,730,000) occupy 10.4% among all households!

What is the solution from Japanese context?

～ development of Machizukuri Kyogikai

(the like of Neighborhood Council)

Ⅱ Development of MACHIZUKURI KYOGIKAI

Formation of Machizukuri Kyogikai(Nonohama Area, Fukuyama City ,Hiroshima)

President

Vice President(2persons)

Directors ofDivisions

(7 persons)

Accounting(2 persons)

General Manager(2 persons)

Advisor Auditors(2persons)

(Division)General Affairs

and PRNeighborhood

AffairsHuman

CommunicationMutual Support Safety Youth

NeighborhodDevelopment

association in chargeCommunityCenterGoverning Board

*Union ofCHONAIKAI=ResidentialNeighborhoodOrgaization

*HumanCommunicationCommittee

*WelfarePromotionAssociation

*DisasterPreventionAssociation

*PhysicalEducationAssociation

*SupportingAssociation

composition

.*CommunityCenterGoverning Board*CommunityCenter*City StaffVolunteerAssociation

*ResidentialNeighborhoodOrganization

*HumanCommunicationCommittee*ElementarySchool PTA*Middle SchoolPTA*Public HealthCommittee

*WelfarePromotionAssociation*VolunteerAssociation*local welfarecommissioner*Senior Cluｂｓ

*DisasterPreventionAssociation*CrimePreventionAssociation*Women disasterteam*Safety

*Children RaisingUnion*PhysicalEducationAssociation*Youth RaisingAssociation

*Vp;imtaruPersons*ElementarySchool

projects

*Publish ing ofPR brochure*Managing ofoperation money

*Rose Garden*NeighborhoodIssues

*SummerBONODORIfestival*Beautif ication

*friendly visiting*CommunicationFestival

*DisasterPreventionTrain ing forResidents*RaisingAwareness

*Festival forKids*TAIKO (Drum)Class

*Prehending thevoices ofresidents

MachizukuriKyogikai has

organizational formation.

(Consisted of 30-40 small

asociations)

MK is set to Elementary School Area.

(approxiamately 10,000 population)

Machizukuri Kyogikai

(79)

City Hall

Life Long Learning Center(6)

Community Center（79）

Support (Accounting; Neighborhood Plans)

Consult

Director 1personStaffs 2persons

Before Cities’ Merger

each was City Hall

Machizukuri Kyogikai and Municipal Organizations

City Council

●Aspects of Machizukuri Kyogikaifrom JAPAN CENTER FOR CITIES

– Questionnaire to 812Cities/Municipalities (2013)

“Questionnaire to 812 Cities/Municipalities in Japan”(2013):「日本都市センター「全国812都市自治体へのアンケート調査結果」

・2013Nov

・ Sent to 812 Cities/ Municipalities

・ Collection rate 62.4% (507 Cities)

Ⅱ－１ As to MACHIZUKURI KYOGIKAI

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

bef.1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010after none

Number of cities that established Machizukuri Kyogikai system

bef.19698%

1970-19799%

1980-19898%

1990-19994%

2000-20048%

2005-200929%

2010after22%

none12%

NUMBER OF CITIES THAT ESTABLISHED MACHIZUKURI KYOGIKAI SYSTEM

N=248

● Since 2000, Machizukuri Kyogikai System are developing.

● Among that cities (248 cities), 51% established after 2005.

N=248

JAPAN CENTER FOR CITIES “Questionnire to 812 Cities/Municipalities in Japan”(2013):日本都市センター「全国812都市自治体へのアンケート調査結果」

Result from the questionare-Answers from the cities

○ 248Cities (48.9%) established Machizukuri Kyogikai

○ Legal Basis

(N=248) Ordinance 15.7%

Implementation Outline（要綱） 28.6%

Comrehensive Plan/ Strategic Plan 14.1%

Budgeting 14.1%

Machizukuri Kyogikai with no legal basis 15.4%

○ Purpose

for residents to resolve the areal problem-issues 80.2%

for supplement for traditional neighborhoods 57.7%

for absorbing intention of residents/ reflecting 42.7%

56.8%with municipal legal basis

70.9%authorized with municipality

More “COMMUNITY

WORK” orientated!

○What is the merit?

Promotion for voluntary- autonomous actions 80.2%

in the areas

○What kind of power given?

Decision to use of the grant from municipality 33.9%

Advocacy power to the municipality 14.5%

No specific power 50.8%

Ⅱ－２ Effort from Municipalities

What kind of Effort to Support for Neighborhoods?

Support for activity money in the way of “grant” 92.2%

Providing places for activity of neighborhoods 47.6%

(such as place in the branch of city hall, community center)

Persons in charge from the city hall 39.6%

(in the city hall, branch etc)

Support for offices of neighborhoods 31.8%

Human Raising for neighborhood leaders 30.7%

City “coordinator staff” 26.7%

92.2% are supporting

MONEY

Supporting by Place (47.6%), Staffs(66.3%)

Cities are trying to support neighborhoods by Money (92.,9%), Place (46.7%) and Staffs(66.3%)

Theme of Neighborhoods

Areal disaster prevention 93.1%

Beautification 87.2%

Safety 84.8%

Friendly event (local festival) 82.8%

Sports,recreation 70.2%

Areal social work, public health 69.8%

From the view of city staffs,disaster prevention, beautification, safety and social work is the necessary works.

Namely:

Machizukuri Kyogikais have been developed since 2000, especially 2005, by organizing 30-40 small neighborhoods groups.

Cities tend to provide grant, place (office) and coordinator city-staffs.

MKs’ mission tend to be understood as “COMMUNITY WORK” -orientated! (compared to “vessel for residential intention”).

And MKs are suppose to work with disaster prevention, beautification, safety and social work.

Ⅲ Delivery function of areal public services

○aging society with fewer children○ Household of “senior living alone” are growing

Up to 10.4% of all households!○ Growing Social Problems

※how could we cope with? → Test Case (Fukuyama City)

Fukuyama City（Hiroshima Prefecture)

Miyuki

19

・Population 471,340・79 Elementary Schools・79 Machizukuri Kyogikais

Since 2006・Grant for each MK per year:

1,600,000Yen（14,500＄）

Machizukuri Kyogikai

(79)

City Hall

Life Long Learning Center(6)

Community Center（79）

Support (Accounting; Neighborhood Plans)

Consult

Director 1personStaffs 2persons

Before Cities’ Merger

each was City Hall

Machizukuri Kyogikai and Municipal Organizations

City Council

Implemented Projects by Machizukuri Kyogikai

○Rose Garden (Place to stay and belong; for elderly etc)○Lively Saloon (Place to stay and belong; for elderly etc)

○Volunteer Center （for seniors, weak persons)

○Watching Team for Kids’ Commuting to School

○Finding Areal History (publishing sub-text for schools)

○Preserving history and traditional arts

○Building Multi-Purpose Ground for many generations.

○Building Bike-Parking Lot (Railroad Station)

○Neighborhood Plans

○Establishing and Running Supermarket for residents

One attempting case -Miyuki Machizukuri Kyogikai(Fukuyama City)

< Miyuki Area >

・Population １１，６１９

・Household ４，６６０

・Senior Citizen ２，８３６

・Population Aging Rage ２４．４ ％

22

○Established “Volunteer Center”

run by volunteers of Machizukuri Kyogikai

and

○17 lively Saloon (for Seniors etc.) in Miyuki Area.

Organizational Chart

Local W

elfa

re C

om

mis

ioner

socia

l welfa

re c

ouncil

Ele

menta

ry S

chool P

TA

MIYUKI Machizukuri Kyogika i MIY

UK

I Volu

nteeer C

neter

CommunityCenter

Senio

r Clu

b

Chonaik

ai (N

eig

hborh

od

Org

aniz

atio

n )

Welfa

re P

rom

otio

n A

ssocia

tion

Child

ren C

lub

Suppoering 17"Lively Saloon"s

Consulting for residents/ Elderly

SendingVolunteers to residents

Volunteer Center in Miyuki Community Center

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Volunteer Center

○Established 2012 August○ to consult and help residents’ life problems

～ motto “we, residents, help each other”

○President 1Staffs 7Volunteers (registered) 50

1)Services for elderly/ weak persons:・Trash conveying Service for Drop-off Site (Fee100yen)・Weeding yards (Fee 500yen onetime)

2) Assistance for 17“Lively Saloon”

“Lively Saloons” in Miyuki Area

○Held in small center, residents’homeetc once or twice a week.

○ Enjoy time, through Chatting; Easymusic, Easy Cooking

Announce at the drop-off site

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Process for the Service delivery

Machizukuri KyogikaiProject Plans

↓ （Submit to city)City

offers grant for Machizukuri Kyogikai

↓Machizukuri Kyogikai

Implementing Projects Report

Avarage14,500$ for each area

In the case of MIYUKI, “Volunteer Center” and “Lively Saloon” for elderly persons needs (Trash,

Weeding, Communication etc)

IV Findings

１）Machizukuri Kyogikais tend to focus on “solving issues and committing urban services”.

(In the case of US Neighborhood Councils have their focus on democracy.)

２）That is related to Trend and Needs of Aging Local Society in Japan.

３）Machizukuri Kyogikais strongly commit to delivery of local public services (for elderly persons’ problems and needs) by hands of citizens

“ Community Work”