GLOSSARY

Units used in this book and their conversions to SI units:

Concert tration

Energy

Length

Mass

Pressure

Temperature

Time

Viscosity

ppb ppm vol.% wt.%

cal.

A fathom

atm. bar

day a

(parts per billion) (parts per million) (per cent by volume) (per cent by weight)

(calorie)

(angstrom) (nautical fathom)

(metric ton, tonne)

(atmosphere)

(degree Celsius)

(year)

(poise)

4.184 J

1 01 0

m 1.8288 m

106 g

1.013-105 Pa

10s Pa

86,400 s 3.16-10

7 s

ΙΟ"5 Ν m"

2 s-

(joule)

(meter)

(gram)

(pascal)

(kelvin)

(second)

S.I. unit prefixes:

μ (micro) m (milli) c (centi)

io-10" 10-

k (kilo) 103

M (mega) 106

G (giga) 109

Abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols used in text:

A FM variation diagram alkalis: iron oxide: magnesia An

B A B I CFSE CI C.I. CMAS system DI D L V L Ε

proportion by weight of anorthite, the higher-temperature component, in the solid-solution series anorthite—albite; for example, A n R1 signifies a composition of 81 wt.% anor-thite

basaltic achondrite best initial crystal field stabilization energy crystallization index colour index C a O — M g O - A l 20 3— S i 0 2

differentiation index depleted low-velocity layer explosion index

viii G L O S S A R Y

Abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols used in text (continued):

En proportion by weight of enstatite in the solid-solution series enstatite—ferrosilite (see note above on A n )

F A M O U S French American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study FI fractionation index FM A variation diagram see A FM variation diagram

Fo proportion by weight of forsterite in the solid-solution series forsterite—fayalite (see note above on A n )

h vertical distance in kilometres to Benioff seismic zone H R E E heavy rare-earth elements I A T island-arc tholeiite K5 5-value wt.% K 2 0 in a series at a silica content of 55 wt.% L I L large-ion lithospheric L K T low-potassium tholeiite L R E E light rare-earth elements L V L low-velocity layer M-value 100Mg/(Mg + total Fe) Mg ratio 100Mg/(Mg + Fe

2 +)

M O R B mid-ocean ridge basalt OIT oceanic-island tholeiite PHMP primordial hot mantle plume Q dimensionless quantity expressing seismic measure of anelasti-

city within the mantle REE rare-earth elements SBZ supra-Benioff seismic zone SI solidification index (

S 7S r /

, 6S r ) ° initial

, 7S r /

S 6S r ratio

See also general index for references to further explanation and usage in context of the above.

Frequently used abbreviations of normative mineral molecules for CIPW classification:

ab = albite fo = forsterite ne = nepheline ac = acmite fs = ferrosilite ns = sodium metasilicate an = anorthite hm = hematite ol = olivine C = corundum hy = hypersthene or = orthoclase di = diopside il ilmenite Q = quartz en = enstatite le = leucite wo = wollastonite fa = fayalite mt = magnetite

Chemical symbols and elements:

Ac actinium Β boron Cd cadmium

Ag silver Ba barium Ce cerium Al aluminum Be beryllium Cl chlorine Ar argon Bi bismuth Co cobalt As arsenic Br bromine Cr chromium At astatine C carbon Cs caesium

Au gold Ca calcium Cu copper

G L O S S A R Y ix

Chemical symbols and elements (continued):

Dy dysprosium Mo molybdenum Sb antimony Er erbium Ν nitrogen Sc scandium Eu europium Na sodium Se selenium F fluorine N b niobium Si silicon

Fe iron N d neodymium Sm samarium Fr francium Ne neon Sn tin

Ga gallium Ni nickel Sr strontium

Gd gadolinium 0 oxygen Ta tantalum

Ge germanium Os osmium Tb terbium

H hydrogen Ρ phosphorus Te technetium He helium Pa protactinium Te tellurium Hf hafnium Pb lead Th thorium

Hg mercury Pd palladium Ti titanium Ho holmium Pm promethium Tl thallium I iodine Po polonium Tm thulium In indium Pr praseodymium U uranium Ir iridium Pt platinum V vanadium Κ potassium Ra radium W tungsten Kr krypton Rb rubidium Xe xenon La lanthanum Re rhenium Y yttrium Li lithium Rh rhodium Y b ytterbium Lu lutetium Rn radon Zn zinc Mg magnesium Ru ruthenium Zr zirconium Mn manganese S sulphur