Developmental Timeline for Engineering

Engineering Your FutureChapter 1

Progress of engineering is a continuum•History allows for understanding where

we have been, where we are, and where we are going

•History is about people and accomplishments

•Study of history helps us create new futures and understand what good qualities from the past are worth repeating and continuing

Definition of Engineering“The profession in which

knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to use, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.”

-ABET

http://www.abet.org

Prehistoric Culture• Designed and built needed

items by trial and error, using intuition

• Lack of communication and transportation prevented sharing of knowledge among civilizations

• Knowledgeable about surroundings, craftsmanship was marvelous in effectiveness, integrity and intricacy, and information was passed down from generations very seriously

Prehistoric Culture cont.• Physical limitations of

prehistoric man:▫ No known written

language▫ Oral language limited▫ No significant means of

transportation▫ No concept of formal

education▫ No specialized

methodology for discovery▫ Survived by gathering

food and hunting with primitive weapons

▫ Material aspects of life came about slowly

http://www.netsnake.com/sigrid/gallery/gallery1.html

Cave painting in Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe

The Speed of History• Innovations introduced

far more rapidly now than in the past 6000 years

• Years to accomplish tasks finished in a very short amount of time▫ Up to 200 years to build

one church!• Proper connection to

God, truth, justice, fate, reality, life, and ancestry was goal of early science in many cultures

http://groody.free.fr/divers/photos/portfolio/files/notre-dame.jpg

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France

Engineering’s Beginnings• Foundations of

engineering were laid with our ancestors’ efforts to survive and improve quality of life.

• Every person was part of a community, not separate of it.

• To an extent, everyone was an engineer

• Modern aborigines and the Amish live like their ancestors, while taking advantage of modern technologies (tools, motors, medicine) but still preserving their culture.

www.harmony.mn.us/ phototour.html

Egypt and Mesopotamia

• Between 4000 and 2000 B.C., focal points for engineering

• Stone tools, copper and bronze axes, plow, wheel, sailing boat, and methods of writing helped improved the way of life

http://www.openschool.bc.ca/courses/ss7/mesopotamia/lesson7.html

Mesopotamia’s First System of Writing

Pyramid Design and Construction

• 2700 - 500 B.C.• Engineering tactics:

▫ Stones properly transported

▫ Stones effectively lifted into place

▫ Everything fit▫ Tombs secure against

robbery• Stepped Pyramid at

Sakkara▫ About 2700 B.C.▫ Chief Engineer Imhotep

to King Zoser

www.biblicalisraeltours.com/ photos99/99pics.htm

Stepped Pyramid in Sakkara

The Great Pyramid of Khufu• Constructed about 200

years after the Stepped Pyramid of Sakkara

• Largest masonry structure ever built

• Base = 756 ft. each side• 480 ft. tall• Over 2.3 million

limestone blocks used▫ Weigh over 58 million

tons• Casing blocks of fine

limestone were attached to all four sides▫ Removed for other uses

throughout the years

http://puffin.creighton.edu/museums/cohagan/giza_great.htm

Outline of Engineering History

• Modern age, inventions appear to narrow, with much focus on computers.

• The following slides contain significant engineering innovations throughout history.

Original McMicken Hall used for Engineering at the University of Cincinnati circa 1892

http://www.uc.edu/news/enghist.htm

1200 B.C. - A.D. 1• Quality of wrought iron

is improved• Swords are mass

produced• Siege towers perfected• Greeks develop

manufacturing• Archimedes introduces

mathematics in Greece• Concrete is used for

arched bridges, roads, and aqueducts in Rome

http://lpn.rotospeed.net/tertium_millennium.htm?rome_10

Roman Aqueduct

A.D. 1 - 1000

• Chinese further develop the study of mathematics

• Gunpowder is perfected

• Cotton and silk are manufactured

http://www.maths.adelaide.edu.au/people/pscott/history/mark/mhains.html

1000 - 1400

• Growth in the silk and glass industry

• Leonardo Fibonacci (1170-1240), medieval mathematician, writes the first text on algebra

The Fibonacci Quilt

http://www.durham.edu.on.ca/oame/puzzles/fibonacci.htm

1400 - 1700• Federigo Giambelli

constructs the first time bomb

• First water closet invented in England

• Christian Huygens begins work on a pendulum-driven clock

• Charles II charters the Royal Society

• Isaac Newton constructs a reflecting telescope

• Leibniz makes a calculating machine to multiply and divide

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/reflecting_telescope.html

How a Reflecting Telescope Works

1700 - 1800• Industrial Revolution begins • Leyden jar stores a large

charge of electricity• James Watt makes the first

rotary engine• Ecole des Ponts et

Chausses, first civil engineering school established by Louis XV

• Society of Engineers formed in London

• David Bushnell designs first human-carrying submarine

• John Smeaton completes construction of Eddystone lighthouse

http://www.btinternet.com/~k.trethewey/images/eddy53.gif

Eddystone Lighthouse

1800 - 1825• Automation first used in

France• First railroad locomotive

unveiled• Chemical symbols as used

today are developed• Safety lamp for

protecting miners is first used

• Simple wire telegraph is developed

• Photography is born• Electromagnetism is

studied• Thermocouple is invented• Aluminum is prepared

http://www.pastperfect.org.uk/sites/woodhorn/archive/1433.html

First Miner’s Safety Lamp

1825 - 1875• Rubber is vulcanized by

Robert Goodyear in U.S.• Rotary printing press comes

into service• Reinforced concrete is used• Sewing machine invented• Henry Bessemer originates

process to mass-produce steel cheaply

• First oil well drilled near Titusville, PA

• Typewriter is perfected• Challenge Expedition (1871

- 1876) forms basis for future oceanographic study

http://www.rootsweb.com/~usgenweb/pa/crawford/postcards/ppcs-crawford.html

Postcard of First Oil Well

1875 - 1900

• Alexander Graham Bell Patents first telephone

• Thomas Edison invents phonograph and incandescent light bulb

• Gasoline engine invented by Gottlieb Daimler

• Karl Benz introduces automobile

• Steam turbine appearshttp://autostadt.hornecker-online.de/benz_patent-motorwagen.html

Karl Benz’s Automobile

1900 - 1925• Wright brothers complete

first sustained flight• Detroit becomes center of

auto industry• Stainless steel introduced

in Germany• Diesel engine tractors

produced by Ford• First commercial airplane

service between London and Paris commences

• Diesel locomotives appearhttp://www.ssbtractor.com/features/Ford_tractors.html

Ford’s First “Automobile Plow”

1925 - 1950• Modern sound recordings

introduced• John Logie Baird invents

a high-speed mechanical scanning system▫ Leads to development

of television• Volkswagen Beetle goes

into production• First nuclear bombs are

used• Transistor is invented

World War II Kommandeurwagen

http://money.cnn.com/2003/07/10/pf/autos/bc.autos.volkswagen.beetle/

1950 - 1975• Computers first enter the

commercial market▫ In common use by 1960

• Sputnik 1 (USSR), first artificial satellite, goes into space

• Explorer I (first U.S.) follows

• LASER is introduced• Manned space flight begins• First communication

satellite, Telstar, goes into orbit

• Integrated circuits introduced

• First manned moon landing occurs

Sputnik 1

http://www.wiw.pl/astronomia/0401-badania.asp

Explorer I

http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/explorer/explorer.html

1975 - 1990

• Supersonic transport from U.S. to Europe begins

• Cosmonauts orbit the Earth for a record 180 days

• Columbia space shuttle is launched and reused for space travel

• First artificial heart is implanted

http://library.thinkquest.org/5171/hhis.html

First Artificial Heart Implant

1990 - Today• Hubble Space Telescope is

carried into orbit (1990) in space shuttle Discovery

• Internet Society is chartered▫ 1 million host computers

connected in a network• Computer processor speeds

dramatically improve• Channel Tunnel (Chunnel)

between England and France is completed

• MP3 audio format traded widely through computer servers

Hubble Space Telescope

http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/telescopes/hst.html

1990 - Today cont.• World’s newest tallest

building opens in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

• Global Positioning Satellite technology is declassified▫ Hundreds of safety,

weather, and consumer applications available

• High Definition Television signals/products become available

• Genetic code of a human chromosome is mapped

• Robots walk on Mars

http://www.asienreise.com/bal/malaysia/kuala_lumpur.htm

Petronas Towers: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia