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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGYChapter 15 Perspectives on AdulthoodChapter 16 Physical Development
Adulthood: When Does It Begin?
Are you adults? How do you know? At what age does
adolescence end and adulthood begin?
What age is old? Am I old? What defines old?
Changing Perceptions
Our ideas about age appropriate behaviors for adults needs to change Physically active Mentally fit Sexual Active
These changes in adult norms are changing the way psychologists and society view adulthood and old age.
Defining Adulthood
Early Adulthood 20’s and 30’s
Middle Adulthood ___________
____________ 60’s and 70’s
How Do We Define This Term
Socially The definition comes from the perception of others
Physically The point at which we reach our adult height and
strength Emotionally
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Legally 18 years old to vote, smoke, go to jail 16 years old to drive 21 years old to drink
Developmental Tasks
20’s and 30’s Early Adulthood Achieving autonomy Molding identity Developing emotional
stability Establish and solidify a
career Finding Intimacy Establishing participation in
social groups ________________________ Becoming a parent and
rearing children
Developmental Tasks
40’s and 50’s Middle Adulthood Adjusting to physical changes Finding satisfaction and
success in their career Assuming social and civic
responsibilities ___________________ Revitalize marriage Assuming care of aging
parents Developing new social
networks and leisure activities Finding new meaning in life
Developmental Tasks
60’s and over Late Adulthood Staying physically healthy
and adjusting to limitations Maintain adequate income
and means of support Adjusting to redefined work
roles __________________________ Maintaining identity and
social status Finding companionship and
friendship Establishing new family roles Achieving integrity through
acceptance of one’s life
Causes of Change and Transition
__________________ This model describes human development
in terms of a sequence of age related biological, social, and emotional changes. Based on age related norms and events
Puberty Menopause
Some of these norms are socially defined Social clock
When to marry When to retire etc
Causes of Change and Transition
___________________ Says that development is not a result of a set
plan or a schedule of crisis but it is a result of the time in people’s lives when important events take place. Idiosyncratic influences
Unemployment Divorce Health emergencies Death
These greatly influence change and transitions in life more so than normative influences
Physical Changes in Adulthood
Physical Development peaks in the mid 20’s Studies of athletes
identify athletic performance peaking in the ________ Have you noticed declines
in your physical health and athletic performance?
Are there double standards for men and women about aging, youthfulness and attractiveness?
Chronological Age vs Functional Age
Reaction Time Remains constant through mid 20’s Declines are evident after 20’s
Estimates suggest a 17% increase from age 20 to 40 Note that athletes usually peak in their late twenties and see
a decline in functioning in their 30’s and 40’s…..and so on. Motor Ability, Coordination, and Dexterity
Most declines occur after the 30’s Strength
Remains constant through the 30’s Atrophy has been noted during late 30’s and greater
declines are noted in the 50’s Endurance
_____________________________________
Maintaining Fitness and Health
Some studies suggest _______of aging decline is preventable through regular exercise. Fewer heart attacks Reduction in diabetes
rates Improvements in
mental functioning Do you exercise? How has it impacted
your health?
Nutrition
Video “60 Minutes” Diet Metabolism Increasing
nutritional needs/ Deficiency
Obesity Cholesterol
__________ ______________
Bodily Systems
Nervous System Decline in gray matter Greater declines later in
adult life Slowed movements Declining senses
Cardiovascular System ____________________
Hardening of arteries Systolic Blood Pressure-
leaving the heart Diastolic Blood
Pressure- returning to the heart
Angina Myocardial Infarction
Heart Disease In 2005, 652,091 people died of heart disease (50.5% of them women).
This was 27.1% of all U.S. deaths. The age-adjusted death rate was 222 per 100,000 population.1
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for American Indians and
Alaska Natives, blacks, Hispanics, and whites. For Asians and Pacific Islanders, cancer is the leading cause of death (accounting for 27.5% of all deaths), heart disease is a close second (25.0%).2
Heart disease crude death rates per 100,000 population for the five
largest U.S. racial/ethnic groups are as follows: Hispanics, 69.2; Asians and Pacific Islanders, 73; American Indians, 82.5; blacks, 189.8; and whites, 235.5.2
In 2005, the age-adjusted death rates for diseases of the heart was 211.1
deaths per 100,000 for all Americans. The age-adjusted death rate for whites was 207.8, and 271.3 for African Americans. Age adjusted rates are used to compare populations with differing age distributions.2
By state, age-adjusted death rates per 100,000 for diseases of the heart
ranged from 141.1 (Minnesota) to 306.8 (Mississippi) in 2005.1
Homosexuality
Video 1
Other Areas to Explore
Other physical declines Gastrointestinal Urinary Skeletal/ Dental Reproductive Health
Menopause Sexual Dysfunction
Senses Theories on Biological Aging